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History of aerosol measurements from space - where do we go from here? Yoram Kaufman. Dust, smoke, sea salt or pollution particles suspended in the air - Why aerosols? - climate, air quality - From hand held camera on Vostok 6 in 1963 to multi-spectral, polarization and lidars - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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History of aerosol measurements from space - where do we go from here?
Yoram Kaufman
Dust, smoke, sea salt or pollution particles suspended in the air
- Why aerosols? - climate, air quality
- From hand held camera on Vostok 6 in 1963 to multi-spectral, polarization and lidars
- Exponential rate of publications
-20 year record on some satellites
- GSFC contribution: AVHRR, TOMS, MODIS, GLASS… Glory….
- Maturity: Review papers in Science and Nature
- inclusion in air quality and climate models
Coo
lin
g W
arm
ing
2.6±0.3 W/m2
1.8±1 W/m2
Hansen & Sato, 2001
Greenhouse gases lifetime10-100 years
Aerosol lifetime - 1 week
Why aerosol ? - climate:
The stronger the aerosol effect is today the stronger the greenhouse effect will emerge in the future (Andreae, Nature2005)
Operational use of satellites to
monitoring air pollution
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 15.5 40.5 65.5 150.5
Aerosol Optical Depth Cloud Optical Thickness PM2.5 (ug/m3)
Sept 9 Sept 10
Sept 11 Sept 12
No EPA sitesMODIS fills in
“The aerosol roadmap”0.1
1
10
100
1000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Pub
licat
ion
per
year
on
"Aer
osol
AN
D s
atel
lite"
Year
0 1 10 100 10001960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Publication per year on "Aerosol AND satellite"
Year
1967: Sekera: aerosol from satellites polarization meas. 1967: ATS III
1972: ATS III dust transport
1976: dust-gr/m2 - Landsat
1972: Landsat,
1980s: Burst in aerosol research: transport, effect on climate; stratospheric aerosol, aerosol over land
1999: MODIS, MISR2002: GLI
1990s: Satellites designed for aerosol research: POLDER, ATSR, MODIS, MISR
2000s: aerosol climatology, aerosol-cloud interaction, effect on the hydrological cycle, 20yr record
1996-2004: POLDER
1991: ATSR
1984: Earth Radiation budget satellites
1975: GOES-VISSR
1978-1981: AVHRR, TOMS SAGE,
1965: stratospheric aerosol profiles from Vostok 6 -
Rosenberg and Tereshkova
2003: GLAS
1963: Vostok 6
Quick history of aerosol research 2004: OMI
Stratospheric aerosol
MCCORMICK MP, HAMILL P, PEPIN TJ, et al. SATELLITE STUDIES OF THE STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL BULL AMER MET SOC 1979 Cited: 158
RUSSELL PB, SWISSLER TJ, MCCORMICK MP, et al. SATELLITE AND CORRELATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL .1. AN OPTICAL-MODEL FOR DATA CONVERSIONS J ATMOSPH SCI 1981 Cited: 69
RUSSELL PB, MCCORMICK MP, SWISSLER TJ, et al. SATELLITE AND CORRELATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL .2. COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENTS MADE BY SAM-II, DUSTSONDES AND AN AIRBORNE LIDAR
J ATMOSPH SCI 1981 Cited: 62
Tropospheric aerosol
FRASER RS, KAUFMAN YJ, MAHONEY RL SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS OF AEROSOL MASS AND TRANSPORT ATMOS ENVIRON 1984 Cited: 71
KAUFMAN YJ SATELLITE SENSING OF AEROSOL ABSORPTION JGR 1987 Cited: 43
NORTON CC, MOSHER FR, HINTON B, et al. A MODEL FOR CALCULATING DESERT AEROSOL TURBIDITY OVER THE OCEANS FROM GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE DATA J APPL METEOR 1980 Cited: 43
Burst in aerosol research: transport, effect on climate; stratospheric aerosol, aerosol over land: most cited:
BAMS 1979, Cited: 158
Cited: 181
1990s: Stratospheric aerosol, AVHRR, TOMS, SeaWifs and preparation for POLDER, MODIS and MISR (most cited)
Herman JR, Bhartia PK, Torres O, et al. Global distribution of UV-absorbing aerosols from Nimbus 7/TOMS data JGR 1997 (314)
Husar RB, Prospero JM, Stowe LL Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product JGR 1997 (286)
DESCHAMPS PY, BREON FM, LEROY M, et al. THE POLDER MISSION - INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES IEEE TGRS 1994 (244)
MCCORMICK MP, VEIGA RE SAGE-II MEASUREMENTS OF EARLY PINATUBO AEROSOLS GRL, 1992 (238)
GORDON HR, WANG MH RETRIEVAL OF WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE AND AEROSOL OPTICAL-THICKNESS OVER THE OCEANS WITH SEAWIFS - A PRELIMINARY ALGORITHM APPL OPT, 1994 (195)
KING MD, KAUFMAN YJ, MENZEL WP, et al.REMOTE-SENSING OF CLOUD, AEROSOL, AND WATER-VAPOR PROPERTIES FROM MODIS IEEE TGRS 1992 (194)
Tanre D, Kaufman YJ, Herman M, et al .Remote sensing of aerosol properties over oceans using the MODIS/EOS spectral radiances JGR 1997 (157)
Field experiments including surface aircraft and satellite: Ramanathan V, Crutzen PJ, Lelieveld J, et al. Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze JGR 2001 (180)
Reviews Ramanathan V, Crutzen PJ, Kiehl JT, et al. Atmosphere - Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle SCIENCE 2001 (194)
Kaufman YJ, Tanre D, Boucher O A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system NATURE 2002 (145)
Results in impact journals Satheesh SK, Ramanathan V Large differences in tropical aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere and Earth's surface NATURE 2000 (127)
Use to develop aerosol transport models Ginoux P, Chin M, Tegen I, et al. Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model JGR 2001 (115)
Long term climatology Torres O, Bhartia PK, Herman JR, et al. A long-term record of aerosol optical depth from TOMS observations and comparison to AERONET measurements J ATMOS SCIE 59: 2002 (81)
Prospero JM, Ginoux P, Torres O, et al. Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the TOMS absorbing aerosol product REVIEWS OF GEOPH 2002 (73)
Reviews, inclusion in field experiments, transport models and start of long term climatology
Long-term record on aerosol optical depth from TOMS observations
India
Massie et al., JGR, 2004
AO
T
(Torres et al, JAS, 2002)
JQSRT 2004
Holben BN, Eck TF, Slutsker I, et al. AERONET - A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization REM SENS ENVIRON, 1998 Cited: 486
Dubovik O, Holben B, Eck TF, et al. Variability of absorption and optical properties of key aerosol types observed in worldwide locations J ATMOS SCIE 2002 Cited: 200
AERONET - a grounded satellite
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Banizoumbou, Niger)
2001-2004MISR
Girolamo et al GRL 2005
Polder 1996
Kaufman, Tanré, Boucher, Nature 2002Population <--> pollution
MODIS 2001 MODIS 2003MODIS 2002
ÅngströmAOTATSR 1999
C. Robles Gonzales2005
http://g0dup05u.ecs.nasa.gov/Giovanni/
145
230±80 tg of dust left Africa. - 120±40 tg deposited in the Atlantic- 40±15 tg reach the Amazon Basin - 70±25 tg arrive to the Caribbean. - 30±10 tg return to Africa and Europe
Dust transport and deposition observed from the Terra-MODIS space observations, Kaufman, et al., J. Geophys. Res 2005
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
MODIS AOTMODIS AOT-anthGOCART AOTGOCART AOT-anthLMDZ AOT
LMDZ AOT-anth
SPRINTAS-AOTSPRINTAS-AOT-anth
month since 2001
Aer
osol
opt
ical
thic
knes
s
2001 2002 2003
aerosoloptical thickness
anthropogenicoptical thickness MODIS 0.033
GOCART 0.030LMDZ 0.032SPRINTAS 0.036
Satellite derivation of the anthropogenic component
Kaufman, Boucher, Tanre, Chin, Remer & Takemura, GRL, 2005
Koren, et al., Biomass Burning Aerosol Inhibition of Cloud Formation over the Amazon Science, 2004.
Science 1987
(89)
(30)Amazon
Aerosol effect on cloud cover, covered by Science, from AVHRR (1987) to MODIS (2004)
0 1 10 100 1000
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Publication per year on "Aerosol AND satellite"
Year
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
First measurements
First applications
Extensive use of satellites not designed for trop. aerosol
Launch and design of aerosol sensors
2010 Multi-satellite analysis <--> transport and climate models
Lidars, wide spectral polarimeters
Aerosols Clouds
Surface
Radiation
Chemistry
HydrologyClimate change
Long term data series
precipitation