public.rcas.org History Modern 2017... · Web viewThose who, against God's Word, boast of the Church's authority, are mere idiots. The pope gives more power to the Church, which

Topic 1: The Renaissance and Reformation

Assignments to do:1. Video Questions : “The Renaissance: Was it a Thing?” ______

2. Topic 1 Lesson 1 Interactive Reading Notepad ______

3. Topic 1 Lesson 1 Quiz ______



6. Video Questions: Luther and the Protestant Reformation ______







13. Luther and the Reformation ______

14. Topic 1 Test ______

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Video Questions: The Renaissance—Was it a Thing?DIRECTIONS: Watch the video and answer the questions below.

1. (1:10) Before arguing whether or not it happened, what was the Renaissance?

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2. (2:00) What are humanists?

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3. (3:00) When and where did the Renaissance occur?

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4. (3:25) Why was Italy, and to more detailed extent Venice and Florence, primed for funding the arts?

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5. (5:15) Why were Florentine textiles so popular and valued?

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6. (6:00) To whom did the Pope grant a monopoly on the mining rights of Italian alum?

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7. (6:30) Who was the source of the many writings and texts the Renaissance scholars studied?

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8. (7:00) Who, does John argue and cite, is the Renaissance’s greatest mind?

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9. (8:20) What reasons does John give as to why the Renaissance “didn’t happen?”

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Interactive Reading NotepadTopic 1 Lesson 1: The Italian Renaissance—Pages: 74 to 80

Key Terms —Use the textbook to define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper.1. humanism2. Petrarch3. vernacular4. patron 5. Leonardo da Vinci 6. Michelangelo 7. Raphael 8. Baldassare Castiglione 9. Niccolò Machiavelli

Academic Vocabulary—This is just for reference.comprehend: understand; take inemerge: develop; rise from; become known

The Italian Renaissance: Text1. Cite Evidence Which characteristics of the Italian Renaissance are present in modern-day American society and culture? Explain the Renaissance characteristics you think are present today with at least one example for each characteristic listed.

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2. Draw Conclusions Explain how the work of Petrarch had an intellectual impact on generations in Europe after the Renaissance.

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3. Compare What did Renaissance humanists have in common with ancient Greek and Roman thinkers?

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The Renaissance Begins in Italy: Text4. Identify Supporting Details. What are some examples of how the Medicis’ great wealth and influence

transformed Florence into a prominent Renaissance city?

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5. Integrate Information From Diverse Sources Use “Political Europe Map, About 1500” and the text to answer this question. What role did Italy’s geography play in the development of the Renaissance?

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Art Flourishes in the Renaissance: Text6. Categorize Read the section “Renaissance Art Flourishes.” Fill in the chart below, which lists famous

Renaissance artists and architects. In the right side of the chart, write the artist’s accomplishments, such as a major work of art, a fresh approach, or a technical innovation that influenced later generations.

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7. Determine Meaning of Words Read the last paragraph of “Leonardo da Vinci.” What do you think the word testament means in the context of the last sentence? How was Leonardo’s sketch book a testament to his genius? Use evidence from the text to support your answer.

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8. Draw Inferences. Raphael’s painting The School of Athens shows a gathering of thinkers, scientists, and artists that included Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Averroës, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo. How does this grouping of people represent some Renaissance ideas and ideals?

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New Books Reflect Renaissance Themes: Text9. Draw Inferences What characteristics of ruling families in Italian city-states during the Renaissance

would Machiavelli, author of The Prince, have appreciated?

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10. Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast the topics and themes that Machiavelli and Castiglione wrote about.

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Topic 1 Lesson 1 Quiz

Directions: You may use the text to answer the following 5 questions. Please clearly write the correct answer on the line next to the number.

_____1. Petrarch's work was an example of typical Renaissance characteristics because heA. studied poets and playwrights.B. valued education and classical learning.C. assembled manuscripts for churches.D. revived an interest in medieval scholarship.

_____2. Here is a general sequence of events in the development of the Renaissance. Which statement BEST completes the second event? Event 1: Italy's location encouraged trade. Event 2: Event 3: Italy's families became art patrons.A. Italian merchants helped artists and writers study in Muslim lands.B. Italian merchants gained wealth and political power.C. The Renaissance spread beyond Italy to other countries in Europe.D. New Italian city-states emerged to sponsor the Renaissance.

_____3. What new Renaissance artistic technique, partly revived from classical times, did Leonardo da Vinci use?A. realism, as in his painting of the Mona LisaB. panel painting, as in his painting of The Last SupperC. two-dimensional views, as in his sketches of inventionsD. angular style, as in his sketches of architectural buildings

_____4. What theme did Machiavelli address in his writing?A. high ideals to improve societyB. how to gain and maintain powerC. guidance for men and women to develop multiple talentsD. instruction for rulers and courtiers on how to improve themselves

_____5. Which statement BEST explains an artistic impact of the Italian Renaissance?A. The use of religious themes in art diminished drastically.B. Art moved away from realism and toward mystery.C. Art became more stylized to appeal to wealthy patron families.D. The use of perspective in art allowed more accurate representations.

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Interactive Reading NotepadTopic 1 Lesson 2 The Renaissance in Northern Europe—Pages: 81 to 85

Key Terms —Use the textbook to define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper.1. Albrecht Dürer--2. Erasmus--3. Sir Thomas More--4. Utopian--5. Shakespeare--6. Johann Gutenberg--

Academic Vocabulary—This is just for reference.prosperous: successful; wealthy

Artists of the Northern Renaissance: Text1. Summarize What were some characteristics of northern European Renaissance paintings?

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2. Infer In what ways did Albrecht Dürer’s engravings reflect his own time period and culture, including his travel to another country?

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Northern European Humanists and Writers: Text3. Identify Point of View How did Erasmus’s training as a priest sharpen his critique of the Church?

Give some examples from the text.

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4. Identify Effects What were some long-term impacts of Shakespeare’s writings?

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5. Draw Conclusions. Complete the chart below to show some universal themes that writers such as Sir Thomas More, Rabelais, and Shakespeare addressed in their writings.

The Printing Revolution: Text6. Cite Evidence The text states that the printing revolution “brought immense changes” to Northern

Europe. Do you find this to be true or not? What evidence would you cite to support or debate this statement?

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_____1. Which BEST describes a main cause of the northern European Renaissance?A. the end of the plagueB. the discovery of realistic painting techniquesC. the invention of the printing pressD. the shift from urban to agricultural lifestyles

_____2. Based on the text, which northern European Renaissance writer would have most appreciated the printing revolution for eventually allowing everyday people to purchase and read their own copies of the Bible?A. Desiderius ErasmusB. Sir Thomas MoreC. François RabelaisD. William Shakespeare

_____3. What were some themes explored by the artist Jan van Eyck?A. royalty, urban life, freedomB. nature, upheaval, upper classesC. classical themes, mythology, historyD. religious themes, townspeople, peasant life

_____4. What purposes and themes were common to the writers Erasmus, More, and Rabelais?A. using the vernacular and rejecting realismB. humanism, education, and social reformsC. promoting justice and valuing organized religionD. ideal societies and how to achieve them

_____5. Based on the text, which statement BEST describes William Shakespeare's genius as a writer?A. he always pressed for social reformsB. he explored radical ideas and institutionsC. he rejected ideal societies of peace and harmonyD. he expressed universal themes in everyday settings

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Video: Luther and the Protestant ReformationDIRECTIONS: Watch the video and answer the questions below.

1. (1:00) Aside from just splitting the Catholic Church, what are some additional effects of the Reformation?

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2. (2:15) Why was the Catholic Church the most powerful economic and political force in Europe?

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3. (2:35) Who is responsible for the Reformation?

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4. (2:55) When Luther visited Rome in 1505, what was he struck by?

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5. (4:25) With respect to the Church, what are indulgences?

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6. (5:00) On what date did Luther display his Ninety-Five Theses against indulgences?

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7. 6:35) Plenty of radical friars had criticized the Church’s abuses and hypocrisies – why would Martin Luther prove to be so influential?

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8. (7:15) What is perhaps the most revolutionary of Luther’s actions?

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9. (8:00) What are some examples of the spin-off denominations from the Catholic Church as a reaction to the Reformation?

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10. (10:50) What was the biggest revolutionary uprising in Europe before the French Revolution?

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Interactive Reading NotepadTopic 1 Lesson 3: The Protestant Reformation—Pages 86 to 91

Key Terms —Use the textbook to define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper.1. indulgence2. Martin Luther3. Charles V4. diet5. John Calvin6. predestination7. theocracy

Academic Vocabulary—This is just for reference.radical: extreme, calling for changedoctrine: practice; teaching

Causes of the Reformation: Text1. Summarize What factors encouraged the Protestant Reformation?

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2. Identify Cause and Effect Why were people emboldened to start questioning an institution as powerful as the Church?

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3. Draw Conclusions Do you think the Protestant Reformation would have taken place if the printing press had not existed?

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Martin Luther’s Protests Bring Change: Text 4. Summarize Why did Luther gain an immediate following?

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5. Infer Luther said that “Printing was God’s highest act of grace.” What do you think he meant by his statement?

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6. Determine Central Ideas What ideas did Luther share with humanist scholars?

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7. Analyze Sequence Describe the sequence of events that led to Martin Luther successfully founding Lutheranism. Fill in each step in the chart below.

Number of events Steps towards Establishing Lutheranism1.

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John Calvin Challenges the Church: Text8. Draw Conclusions What aspects of Calvinism might have appealed to people in a time of

uncertainty?

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9. Contrast What is the key difference between Lutheranism and Calvinism regarding salvation?

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10. Determine Central Ideas Why did Calvin and other church leaders choose to set up a theocracy in Geneva?

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_____1. Which of Calvin's beliefs set him apart from Catholics?A. papal infallibilityB. predestinationC. link between personal wealth and salvationD. acceptance of religious rituals

_____2. What did the priest Johann Tetzel do that prompted Martin Luther to take action?A. Tetzel sold Bibles printed in Latin.B. Tetzel accused Luther of heresy.C. Tetzel challenged Luther to defend his 95 Theses in public.D. Tetzel sold indulgences, promising buyers an assured entry into heaven.

_____3. How did the printing press impact Europe?A. It allowed ideas to spread quickly among many people.B. It encouraged the continued use of Latin as the common language.C. It made the Counter-Reformation possible.D. Printed bibles united the various Protestant sects.

_____4. Martin Luther helped shape the Protestant Reformation byA. successfully challenging abuses of the Catholic Church.B. setting up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland.C. encouraging and supporting the Peasants' Revolt.D. working with Anabaptists to form a united Protestant front against the Catholic Church.

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Interactive Reading NotepadTopic 1 Lesson 4: Reformation Ideas Spread—Pages: 92 to 97

Key Terms—Use the textbook to define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Henry VIII2. Mary Tudor3. Elizabeth4. canonize5. Council of Trent6. Ignatius of Loyola

Academic Vocabulary—This is just for referencevariations: differencessuppress: forcefully push down denounce: publicly condemnmoderate: within reasonable limits; not extremerigorous: strict, thorough

An Explosion of Protestant Sects: Text1. Identify Cause and Effect Why did Protestants develop many different sects, rather than embracing

Lutheranism?

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2. Determine Meaning of Words The prefix ana- is taken from the Greek language. One meaning of the prefix is against. What do you think is the meaning of the word Anabaptist? Cite evidence for your definition from the text section “An Explosion of Protestant Sects.”

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The English Reformation: Text3. Draw Inferences Why was the pope’s denial of Henry VIII’s request for an annulment so critical to the

formation of the Church of England?

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4. Identify Supporting Details What is significant about the fact that during the dissolution, Henry “granted some of these lands to nobles and other high-ranking citizens”?

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5. Draw Conclusions How might Mary’s burning of heretics have strengthened the Protestant cause in England?

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6. Summarize How did the Elizabethan Settlement affect the Reformation in England?

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The Catholic Reformation: Text7. Summarize What were the basic components of the Catholic Reformation? Use evidence from the text

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8. Draw Inference What does the term Counter-Reformation imply about the causes of this movement? _______________________________________________________________________________________

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9. Cite Evidence Read the text under “Legacy of the Catholic Reformation” and cite evidence that the Catholic Reformation achieved its basic goals.

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Religious Persecution Continues: Text10. Summarize Why was religious persecution widespread during the Reformation?

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_____1. Anabaptists believed thatA. baptism was a Catholic ritual that Protestants should reject.B. babies should be baptized immediately after birth.C. infant baptism should be followed by an adult baptism.D. infants were too young to be baptized.

_____2. King Henry VIII hoped that by breaking with the Catholic Church he wouldA. end papal authority in England.B. become the leading figure in the Protestant Reformation.C. ensure the right of his daughters to inherit the throne.D. free Church worship from Catholic rituals.

_____3. Ignatius of Loyola was a key figure in the Catholic Reformation because he actively put into practice the Church's new emphasis onA. maintaining the authority of the pope.B. spiritual discipline and religious education.C. identifying and executing heretics.D. establishing a military order of priests.

_____4. The Council of Trent is important because itA. brokered a peace between Protestants and Catholics in Europe.B. began the process of change that became the Catholic Reformation.C. reinforced the idea that people could still reach salvation through Protestantism.D. established the Catholic doctrine that the Bible was the only source of religious truth.

_____5. Witch hunts were most deadly in the German states, Switzerland, and France becauseA. those countries had higher populations of social outcasts.B. Protestants had a special fear of magic, which they believed came from the devil.C. those countries had the most religious conflicts.D. the Inquisition was most powerful in those areas.

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Interactive Reading NotepadTopic 1 Lesson 5: The Scientific Revolution—Pages: 98 to 102

Key Terms—Use the textbook to define the following terms on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Nicolaus Copernicus2. Johannes Kepler3. Galileo Galilei4. scientific method5. Francis Bacon6. René Descartes7. Robert Boyle8. Isaac Newton

Academic Vocabulary—This is just for referencecontradict: to go againstphilosopher: a person who is an expert in the study of knowledge

Changing Views of the Universe: Text1. Identify Cause and Effect Why would the social, political, and artistic changes of the Renaissance

encourage changes in science?

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2. Identify Central Issues Why did many scientists and the Church reject Copernicus’s hypothesis that the universe was heliocentric?

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3. Draw Conclusions How might the Reformation have shaped the Church’s response to Galileo’s discoveries?

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A New Scientific Method: Text4. Summarize What were the contributions of the philosophers Francis Bacon and René Descartes?

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5. Identify Steps in a Process Identify the steps in the scientific method.

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Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry: Text6. Summarize What are some of the medical advances made during the 1500s and 1600s?

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7. Draw Conclusions In what ways did the scientific method differ from earlier approaches to learning?

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8. Identify Cause and Effect What impact did Renaissance ideas have on medicine during the Scientific Revolution?

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9. Synthesize How did Newton use Plato’s emphasis on mathematics in his work?

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_____1. The discoveries of astronomers like Copernicus and GalileoA. established that the universe was sun-centered, or heliocentric.B. reinforced most of the traditional teachings of philosophers and the Church.C. were supported by most scientists of the time.D. proved that ancient philosophers, like Ptolemy, were correct in their views of how the

universe works.

_____2. Why is it important that the scientific method is a structured step-by-step process?A. It ensures that all scientists start with a hypothesis.B. It ensures that observations and discoveries are the result of steps that can be repeated.C. It makes it harder to duplicate the final result.D. It makes it possible for the hypothesis to always be proven correct.

_____3. Why was the work of Andreas Vesalius so important to medicine?A. His development of a more powerful microscope allowed scientists to see

microorganisms for the first time.B. His studies of the human circulatory system correctly identified the heart as a pump that

pushed blood through the human body.C. His work with ointments to prevent infection led the way for later discoveries in disease

prevention.D. His book accurately describing human anatomy helped other medical scientists' research

and discoveries.

_____4. Isaac Newton's contributions to science are sometimes referred to as the "Newtonian Revolution" because he

A. was directly responsible for advances in all the fields of science of his time.B. totally disproved the traditional Ptolemaic belief that the sun and planets revolved around

Earth.C. combined physics, mathematics, and astronomy to explain why the planets moved as

they did.D. developed the laws of geometry that are still used today.

_____5. What characteristic was shared by all the important scientists of the Scientific Revolution?A. The belief that the ancient philosophers were correct in their original observations of the

laws of nature.B. The belief that traditional methods of inquiry and discovery were correct, but needed

greater accuracy.C. The importance of challenging authority at all times in the pursuit of truth.D. Truth is only achievable through a process of inquiry and observation.

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Martin Luther and the ReformationDirections: Read the Timeline, Document A, and Document B and answer the questions that follow.

Reformation Timeline—This is just for reference. 1517--Johann Tetzel travels in Germany preaching on indulgences.

Oct. 31, 1517-- Martin Luther sends his 95 Theses with a letter to the Archbishop of Mainz (Doc A).

1518-- Pope Leo calls on Luther to take back the 95 Theses, but Luther refuses.

June 15, 1520-- The Pope excommunicates Martin Luther from the Catholic Church.

1521-- The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, declares Luther a criminal and attempts to arrest him.

1521-- Frederick, a German prince, pledges his support to Luther and grants him protection at his castle.

1521-1545-- Luther’s ideas spread throughout Europe and gain more and more support. Over the next twenty years, it becomes clear that an irreversible break has occurred between the Catholic Church and the Protestant movement.

Document A:Introduction:

The Introduction to the 95 Theses (Modified) As a young man, Martin Luther became increasingly bothered by the practice of granting sinners indulgences to buy their way out of punishment for their sins. In 1517, Luther decided to write up his criticisms of indulgences and to send them to the Archbishop of Mainz. Luther’s criticisms, known as The 95 Theses Against Indulgences, eventually made their way to the Pope, who responded by attacking Luther and eventually excommunicating him from the Catholic Church. The passage below is an excerpt from the letter Luther sent to the Archbishop of Mainz with the 95 Theses.

Primary SourceThe grace of God be with you in all its fullness and power!

Spare me, Most Reverend Father in Christ and Most Illustrious Prince, that I, the dregs of humanity, have so much boldness that I have dared to think of [writing] a letter to someone of your Sublimity. . . .

Papal indulgences for the building of St. Peter's are circulating under your most distinguished name. I do not bring accusation against the outcries of the preachers, which I have not heard, so much as I grieve over the wholly false impressions which the people have conceived from [the indulgences]. The unhappy souls believe that if they have purchased letters of indulgence they are sure of their salvation.

Source: Martin Luther’s letter to the Archbishop of Mainz, 1517.

Document A Questions: Luther in 1517

1. (Sourcing) When was this document written? What was Luther’s purpose in writing it?

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2. (Close reading) How would you describe Luther’s tone in this document?

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3. (Close reading) According to this document, why did Luther challenge the Catholic Church?

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Document B: Luther in 1535

Introduction: Against Catholicism (Modified) As Luther gained popularity, some of his followers began to write down things that Luther said in private. These notes were known as Luther’s Table Talk and were collected and published in the 1560s. The following is presumed to be from Luther’s Table Talk in 1535.

Primary Source:

The main reason I fell out with the pope was this: the pope boasted that he was the head of the Church, and condemned all that would not be under his power and authority. He said, although Christ is the head of the Church, there must be a physical head of the Church upon earth. With this I could have been content, if he had taught the gospel pure and clear, and not introduced human inventions and lies. Further, he took power, rule, and authority over the Christian Church, and over the Holy Scriptures, the Word of God. No man can explain the Scriptures. The pope did and he made himself lord over the Church, proclaiming [the Church] at the same time a powerful mother, and empress over the Scriptures. This could not be tolerated. Those who, against God's Word, boast of the Church's authority, are mere idiots. The pope gives more power to the Church, which is begotten and born, than to the Word [the Bible], which has conceived, and born the Church.

Source: From Luther’s Table Talk, 1535.

Document B: Luther in 1535

4. (Sourcing) When was this document written? What was its purpose?

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5. (Close reading) How would you describe Luther’s tone in this document?

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6. (Close reading) According to this document, why did Luther challenge the Catholic Church?

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Topic 1 Test

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Use the chart to describe a historically significant difference between Renaissance and medieval thought.

A. shift to humanism instead of religious studiesB. renewed focus on spirituality over secular doctrineC. less emphasis on classical scholarship in favor of new methods of inquiryD. focus on the divine as inspiration for creativity and intellectual pursuits

____ 2. What conclusion can be inferred from this photo of the famous ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo?

A. The Church introduced new artistic styles such as realism and perspective.B. The Church supported Renaissance artists by hiring them to beautify churches.C. The Church dictated the themes and styles of Renaissance artists.D. The Church insisted all Renaissance art blend religious and classical themes.

____ 3. Leonardo da Vinci is often referred to as a true “Renaissance Man.” Why has he come to symbolize the spirit of the era?

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A. His paintings, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are superlative examples of expressionism and perspective, and are the most famous of the era.

B. His scientific works showed a level of genius that was confirmed by his prediction of technologies that would not exist for centuries.

C. He excelled at everything he did, bringing him in line with the heroic intellectual stature of the ancient Greek gods who helped inspire the Renaissance.

D. His interests and body of work spanned many subjects, media, and disciplines, reflecting the quest for knowledge and the spirit of creative adventure that embodied the Renaissance era.

____ 4. What aspect of this painting by Northern European artist Pieter Bruegel differs from the work of Italian Renaissance painters?

A. It stresses the Protestant work ethic.B. It focuses on the realities of peasant life.C. It features anatomical expressionism.D. It lacks depth and perspective.

____ 5. What central idea that Erasmus strived to achieve is implicit in this quotation?

“Only a very few can be learned, but all can be Christian, all can be devout, and—I shall boldly add—all can be theologians.”—ErasmusA. to promote the benefits of the printing revolutionB. to form theocratic societies based on a simpler version of ChristianityC. to make religion more accessible by translating the Bible into the vernacularD. to form a Protestant Church that is free from the corrupt dictates of papal rule

____ 6. Which answer provides accurate historical context for the following quotations?

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“27. There is no divine authority for preaching that the soul flies out of the purgatory immediately the money clinks in the bottom of the chest.

28. It is certainly possible that when the money clinks in the bottom of the chest avarice [extreme greed] and greed increase; but when the church offers intercession [intervention], all depends in the will of God.”

—Martin Luther, 95 ThesesA. Protestantism maintained that governments should be run by qualified religious leaders,

however, Rome should play no role.B. Protestantism preached the idea of predestination, arguing that those who gain salvation

had been determined by God long ago.C. Protestantism rejected papal authority, especially relating to what was regarded as the

corrupt selling of indulgences.D. Protestantism denied the Roman Catholic concept of purgatory, rejecting any role for

church officials in a person’s fate after death.

____ 7. Which word or phrase belongs under the John Calvin portion of the diagram?

A. ProtestantismB. rejection of papal authorityC. Diet of WormsD. predestination

____ 8. How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?A. It erupted into turmoil, resulting in greater religious conflict including the persecution of

witches and the split of the Church of England.B. It enacted its own reforms, attempting to end corruption with a renewed emphasis on

morality and discipline.C. It compromised by embracing the Calvinist ideas of predestination, going so far as to

institute theocratic communities.D. The Inquisition established pious new religious orders including the Jesuits and an order

of nuns led by Teresa of Avila.

____ 9. What action by Queen Elizabeth supports the main idea of the quotation?

“I never had any meaning or intent that (my) subjects should be troubled or molested [harassed] by examination or inquisition in any matter either of their faith or for that matters of ceremonies, as long as they shall in their outward conversation show themselves quiet and not manifestly repugnant to the laws of the realm.”—Queen ElizabethA. breaking ties with the Catholic Church so she could divorce and produce a male heirB. compromising by incorporating both Protestant and Catholic aspects into the Church of

EnglandC. establishing the Church of England as a predominantly Calvinist religious institutionD. establishing the Church of England as a predominantly Catholic religious institution

____ 10. Which scientist was responsible for the heliocentric model of the universe?A. Galileo GalileiB. Isaac Newton

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C. René DescartesD. Nicolaus Copernicus

____ 11. What was the eventual result of the scientific contributions of René Descartes and Francis Bacon?A. A new, step-by-step scientific method resulted, based on inquiry, experimentation, and

observation.B. A new body of science called chemistry was established, which proposed that all matter is

composed of tiny particles.C. Mathematics was applied to the movement of planets, in which laws of gravity were

observed and established.D. The geocentric view of the universe was discarded despite Church pressure in favor of the

heliocentric model.

____ 12. What general conclusion did Isaac Newton’s observation of gravity have on the way we understand the universe?A. The law of gravity is the force that explains why the sun is at the center of the solar

system.B. The law of gravity is one of several natural forces that explains and governs the motion of

the planets and stars.C. The laws of physics use gravity to help illustrate and model a form of higher mathematics

called algebra, in part developed by Newton.D. Gravity was the missing link that was needed to link astronomy, physics, and

mathematics.

____ 13. What characteristic of the Renaissance does the quotation reflect?

“To [man] it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.”—Pico della Mirandola, 1486A. perspectiveB. patronageC. a spirit of adventure and curiosityD. religious faith

____ 14. How does the quotation connect to the Renaissance principle of humanism?

“Walk forwards in the radiance of the past.”—PetrarchA. Humanity has already gained all knowledge and must return to it.B. Humanity progresses by building upon past knowledge.C. Humanity draws comfort from the achievements of past thinkers.D. Humanity must abandon the limited thinking of ancient cultures.

____ 15. Which humanist ideals are most expressed in the sculpture David by Michelangelo?

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A. emphasis on exaggerated human anatomical formsB. emphasis on idealized spiritual subjectsC. emphasis on subject matter related to period when sculptedD. emphasis on realistic anatomy and ancient Greek tradition

____ 16. Which answer best summarizes the main idea of the quotation?

“How we live is so different from how we ought to live that he who studies what ought to be done rather than what is done will learn the way to his downfall rather than to his preservation.”—Niccolò Machiavelli, The PrinceA. A successful ruler must be observant and practical, not idealistic.B. A successful ruler must be idealistic to overcome his opponents.C. A successful ruler must consult his teachers to make decisions.D. A successful ruler knows that his enemies will defer to him.

____ 17. What event revolutionized the way people accessed and consumed ideas and information during the Renaissance?A. Raphael's engraving technology led to mass produced art.B. Gutenberg invented a printing press with movable type.C. Erasmus called for the Bible to be printed in the vernacular.D. Shakespeare popularized literature by re-energizing the theater.

____ 18. In what way does this passage and quotation describe a political effect of humanism?

He [Erasmus] called for a translation of the Christian Bible into the vernacular. He scorned those who “. . . don’t want the holy scriptures to be read in translation by the unlearned . . . as if the chief strength of the Christian religion lay in people’s ignorance of it. . . .”A. It is a threat to break from the Church unless demands for change are met.B. It is a demand for the established Church to recommit to classical scholarship.C. It is a call for Church reform so people can be more intellectually empowered.D. It is a demand that biblical teachings be made widely accessible to the public in an

understandable form.

____ 19. Which characteristics belong in the Protestantism portion of the diagram?

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A. prayers to the saints, emphasis on sermon, lavish churchesB. priests can marry, bible printed in the vernacular, no papal authorityC. confession, prayers to saints, allegiance to RomeD. pilgrimages, supreme rule of Pope, excommunication

____ 20. Which factor enabled the central ideas of the Protestant Reformation to gain acceptance throughout northern Europe?A. the printing pressB. the Council of TrentC. the Peasant’s RevoltD. the Peace of Augsburg

____ 21. Which idea differentiates the Protestant doctrines of Calvinism and Lutheranism?A. rejection of saints, indulgencesB. rejection of papal ruleC. belief in purgatoryD. belief in predestination

____ 22. Which is the best example of a theocracy?A. A government run by religious leaders.B. A government run by divine monarchs.C. A government run by citizens of all religions.D. A government run by elected representatives.

____ 23. Identify the person responsible for bringing stability after the religious turmoil that resulted in the formation of the Anglican Church of England.A. King Henry VIIIB. Pope Leo XC. Martin LutherD. Queen Elizabeth

____ 24. Which thinker is credited with establishing the basic principles of physics, including natural laws that govern gravity and motion?A. Robert BoyleB. Francis BaconC. René DescartesD. Isaac Newton

Essay--Answer 3 of the following 6 questions on a separate piece of paper. Use complete sentences that include capitalizing the first word in a sentence, capitalizing proper nouns, and putting punctuation at the end of each sentence. Spell the words to the best of your ability. Each question is worth 5 points.

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1. Evaluate the political and intellectual effects of the Reformation in Europe. Support your answer with valid examples.

2. Compare and contrast the roles played by King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth in establishing the Church of England.

3. Explain how criticisms of the Catholic Church by Renaissance humanists such as Erasmus and Martin Luther led to the establishment of a new religion.

4. How did the Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation lead to its own Counter-Reformation?

5. Contrast the methods used by Renaissance scientists and by the Church to arrive at “truth” in general. Provide a specific, relevant example to support your position.

6. Summarize the contributions of the Renaissance scientific thinkers Francis Bacon and René Descartes.

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public.rcas.org History Modern 2017... · Web viewThose who, against God's Word, boast of the Church's authority, are mere idiots. The pope gives more power to the Church, which