HISTORY & GEOGRAPHYHISTORY & GEOGRAPHY

►HISTORY-HISTORY-PAST EVENTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE INVOLVING PAST EVENTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE INVOLVING HUMAN AFFAIRS. AN ACCOUNT OR RECORD OF PAST EVENTS HUMAN AFFAIRS. AN ACCOUNT OR RECORD OF PAST EVENTS THAT IS WRITTEN IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.THAT IS WRITTEN IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.

►GEOGRAPHY-GEOGRAPHY-THE STUDY OF PEOPLE, THEIR THE STUDY OF PEOPLE, THEIR ENVIRONMENT, AND THEIR RESOURCES.ENVIRONMENT, AND THEIR RESOURCES.

FACTS OF HISTORYFACTS OF HISTORY

►WHERE (PLACE)- WHERE (PLACE)- BOSTON,MASSACHUSETTSBOSTON,MASSACHUSETTS

►WHEN (DATE)- MARCH 5, 1770WHEN (DATE)- MARCH 5, 1770►WHO (NAMES OF PEOPLE)-CRISPUS WHO (NAMES OF PEOPLE)-CRISPUS

ATTUCKSATTUCKS►WHERE,WHEN,& WHO ARE THE ONLY WHERE,WHEN,& WHO ARE THE ONLY

THINGS THAT CAN BE FACTS!!!!!!!!!THINGS THAT CAN BE FACTS!!!!!!!!!

HISTORYHISTORY

► PREHISTORYPREHISTORY- THE TIME PERIOD FOR WHICH THERE ARE NO - THE TIME PERIOD FOR WHICH THERE ARE NO WRIITEN MATERIAL.WRIITEN MATERIAL.

► ORAL HISTORY-ORAL HISTORY- HISTORY OR TRADITION OF A PEOPLE HISTORY OR TRADITION OF A PEOPLE HANDED DOWN FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER BY HANDED DOWN FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER BY WORD OF MOUTHWORD OF MOUTH

► ARCHAEOLOGYARCHAEOLOGY- THE STUDY OF EVIDENCE LEFT BY EARLY - THE STUDY OF EVIDENCE LEFT BY EARLY PEOPLE IN ORDER TO FIND OUT ABOUT THEIR WAY OF LIFE.PEOPLE IN ORDER TO FIND OUT ABOUT THEIR WAY OF LIFE.

► ARTIFACTSARTIFACTS- OBJECTS MADE BY HUMANS. TOOLS, WEAPONS, - OBJECTS MADE BY HUMANS. TOOLS, WEAPONS, BASKETS, & CARVINGS.BASKETS, & CARVINGS.

► CULTURE-CULTURE- THE WAY OF LIFE THAT A PEOPLE HAS DEVELOPED. THE WAY OF LIFE THAT A PEOPLE HAS DEVELOPED. IT INCLUDES THEIR HOMES, CLOTHING, ECONOMY, ARTS, IT INCLUDES THEIR HOMES, CLOTHING, ECONOMY, ARTS, GOVERNMENT, CUSTUMS,IDEAS, BELIEFS, & SKILLS.GOVERNMENT, CUSTUMS,IDEAS, BELIEFS, & SKILLS.

CHRONOLOGYCHRONOLOGY

►THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OVER THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OVER TIME.TIME.

►ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY-ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY- REFERS TO THE REFERS TO THE EXACT TIME AN EVENT TAKES PLACE.EXACT TIME AN EVENT TAKES PLACE.

►RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY-RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY- TIME WHEN TIME WHEN EVENTS TAKE PLACE IN RELATION TO OTHER EVENTS TAKE PLACE IN RELATION TO OTHER EVENTS. IT HELPS US UNDERSTAND CONNECTIONS EVENTS. IT HELPS US UNDERSTAND CONNECTIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT EVENTS.BETWEEN DIFFERENT EVENTS.

HISTORIANS MAKE:HISTORIANS MAKE:

►ASSUMPTIONS-ASSUMPTIONS- GUESSES BASED ON GUESSES BASED ON PRELIMINARY EVIDENCEPRELIMINARY EVIDENCE

►HYPOTHESESHYPOTHESES-- FIRM POSITIONS OR BELIEFS FIRM POSITIONS OR BELIEFS BASED ON EVIDENCE THAT IS BEING TESTED.BASED ON EVIDENCE THAT IS BEING TESTED.

► INFERENCESINFERENCES- - JUDGEMENTS BASED ON THE JUDGEMENTS BASED ON THE ACCUMULATION AND CROSS-CHECKING OF PROVEN ACCUMULATION AND CROSS-CHECKING OF PROVEN FACTS.FACTS.

SOURCES OF INFORMATIONSOURCES OF INFORMATION

PRIMARY SOURCE-PRIMARY SOURCE- FIRSTHAND INFORMATION ABOUT FIRSTHAND INFORMATION ABOUT PEOPLE AND EVENTS.PEOPLE AND EVENTS.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS: COUT DECISIONS, PUBLIC SPEECHES, OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS: COUT DECISIONS, PUBLIC SPEECHES, EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS SUCH AS DIARIES, LETTERS AND EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS SUCH AS DIARIES, LETTERS AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES.AUTOBIOGRAPHIES.

VISUAL EVIDENCE:NEWS PHOTOGRAPH & VIDEOTAPED VISUAL EVIDENCE:NEWS PHOTOGRAPH & VIDEOTAPED INTERVIEWS.INTERVIEWS.

SECONDARY SOURCE-SECONDARY SOURCE- AN ACCOUNT PROVIDED AFTER AN ACCOUNT PROVIDED AFTER THE FACT BY PEOPLE WHO DO NOT DIRECTLY WITNESS OR THE FACT BY PEOPLE WHO DO NOT DIRECTLY WITNESS OR PARTICIPATE IN THE EVENT. Ex. ENCYCLOPEDIAS, PARTICIPATE IN THE EVENT. Ex. ENCYCLOPEDIAS, BIOGRAPHIES, TEXT BOOKS, OR BOOKS OR ARTICLES BIOGRAPHIES, TEXT BOOKS, OR BOOKS OR ARTICLES WRITTEN BY HISTORIANS.WRITTEN BY HISTORIANS.

EVALUATING EVIDENCEEVALUATING EVIDENCE

►AUTHENTICITYAUTHENTICITY--THE SOURCE IS ACTUALLY THE SOURCE IS ACTUALLY WHAT IT SEEMS TO BE.WHAT IT SEEMS TO BE.

►BIASBIAS- - LEANING TOWARD OR AGAINST A CERTAIN LEANING TOWARD OR AGAINST A CERTAIN PERSON, GROUP, OR IDEA.PERSON, GROUP, OR IDEA.

►CARBON 14 TEASTING-CARBON 14 TEASTING- DETERMINES AGE DETERMINES AGE OF ARTIFACTS OR SKELETAL REMAINS. DESTROYS OF ARTIFACTS OR SKELETAL REMAINS. DESTROYS MATERIAL. HAS TO BE LESS THAN 40,000 YEARS MATERIAL. HAS TO BE LESS THAN 40,000 YEARS OLD. YOU NEED A LARGE PIECE FOR TESTING.OLD. YOU NEED A LARGE PIECE FOR TESTING.

►AMINO ACID RACEMIZATION-AMINO ACID RACEMIZATION- AGE UP TO 1 AGE UP TO 1 MILLION YEARS OLD. TEST OBJECTS CAN BE LESS MILLION YEARS OLD. TEST OBJECTS CAN BE LESS THAT AN OUNCE. CARBON TESTING.THAT AN OUNCE. CARBON TESTING.

ECONOMICSECONOMICS

► THE STUDY OF HOW PEOPLE MANAGE THEIR THE STUDY OF HOW PEOPLE MANAGE THEIR LIMITED RESOURCES TO SATISFY THEIR WANTS LIMITED RESOURCES TO SATISFY THEIR WANTS

AND NEEDSAND NEEDS..WHAT GOODS AND SERVICES SHOULD WE PRODUCE?WHAT GOODS AND SERVICES SHOULD WE PRODUCE?

HOW SHOULD WE PRODUCE THEM?HOW SHOULD WE PRODUCE THEM?

FOR WHOM SHOULD WE PRODUCE THEM?FOR WHOM SHOULD WE PRODUCE THEM?

UNITED STATES ECONOMYUNITED STATES ECONOMY

►FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM-FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM- THE THE GOVERNMENT PLAYS A LIMITED ROLE IN THE GOVERNMENT PLAYS A LIMITED ROLE IN THE ECONOMY.ECONOMY.

OWNERS OF A BUSINESS DECIDEOWNERS OF A BUSINESS DECIDE::WHAT PRODUCTS TO MAKEWHAT PRODUCTS TO MAKEHOW MUCH TO PRODUCEHOW MUCH TO PRODUCEWHERE TO SELLWHERE TO SELLWHAT PRICE TO CHARGEWHAT PRICE TO CHARGE

COMPETITION IS ENCOURAGED!!!!!COMPETITION IS ENCOURAGED!!!!!

OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCESOTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES

► ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY-- STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE & STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE & CULTURE.CULTURE.

► POLITICAL SCIENCE-POLITICAL SCIENCE- STRUCTURE & ACTIVITIES OF STRUCTURE & ACTIVITIES OF GOVERNMENT AND TRY TO DESCRIBE HOW THEY AFFECT GOVERNMENT AND TRY TO DESCRIBE HOW THEY AFFECT HUMAN LIFE AND SOCIETIES.HUMAN LIFE AND SOCIETIES.

► PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY- - WHY HUMANS ACT THE WAY THEY DO. WHY HUMANS ACT THE WAY THEY DO. HOW THEY GROW UP, LEARN, CHANGE, DIFFER FROM ONE HOW THEY GROW UP, LEARN, CHANGE, DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER, AND HOW THEY GET INTO TROUBLW.ANOTHER, AND HOW THEY GET INTO TROUBLW.

► SOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGY--HUMAN SOCIAL RELATIONS OR GROUP LIFE HUMAN SOCIAL RELATIONS OR GROUP LIFE AND HOW THEY AFFECT HUMAN LIFE AND SOCIETIES.AND HOW THEY AFFECT HUMAN LIFE AND SOCIETIES.

5 THEMES OF 5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY

LOCATIONLOCATIONPLACEPLACE

INTERACTIONINTERACTIONMOVEMENTMOVEMENTREGIONSREGIONS

LOCATIONLOCATION

EXACT: EXACT: LATITUDE & LONGITUDELATITUDE & LONGITUDE

RELATIVE:RELATIVE:IN RELATION TO ANOTHER PLACE.IN RELATION TO ANOTHER PLACE.

PLACEPLACE

► PHYSICAL FEATURES-PHYSICAL FEATURES-NATURAL RESOURCES-CLIMATE, NATURAL RESOURCES-CLIMATE, SOIL,VEGETATION, ANIMAL LIFE, BODIES OF WATER, COAL, SOIL,VEGETATION, ANIMAL LIFE, BODIES OF WATER, COAL, IRON ETC.IRON ETC.

► HUMAN FEATURES-HUMAN FEATURES-KINDS OF HOUSES, TRANSPORTATION, KINDS OF HOUSES, TRANSPORTATION, WAYS TO EARN A LIVING, LANGUAGE, RELIGION, ETC.WAYS TO EARN A LIVING, LANGUAGE, RELIGION, ETC.

INTERACTIONINTERACTION

►PEOPLE ADAPT TO THEIR PEOPLE ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND CHANGE THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND CHANGE THEIR ENVIRONMENT.ENVIRONMENT.

IRRIGATION-IRRIGATION-BRING WATER TO DRY LANDBRING WATER TO DRY LAND

MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

►TRAVEL FROM PLACE TO PLACE-TRAVEL FROM PLACE TO PLACE-SO SO PEOPLE COULD GET WHAT THEY NEED OR WANT.PEOPLE COULD GET WHAT THEY NEED OR WANT.

EXCHANGE OF GOODS, IDEAS,& EXCHANGE OF GOODS, IDEAS,& TECHNOLOGY. TECHNOLOGY.

REGIONSREGIONS

► UNITED BY SIMILAR PHYSICAL UNITED BY SIMILAR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS LAND FORMS. CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS LAND FORMS.

► UNITED BY COMMON CULTURALUNITED BY COMMON CULTURAL TRAITS- TRAITS-PEOPLE PRESERVE THEIR LANGUAGE AND CULTUREPEOPLE PRESERVE THEIR LANGUAGE AND CULTURE