History Capsule Ssc 2014

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SSCHISTORYCAPSULEHISTORYOFINDIA

ANCIENTINDIANHISTORYBasisforPeriodization

Theearliest traces of human existencego backtotheperiodbetween3,00,000and2,00,000BC.

A large number of primitive stone tools found intheSoanvalleyandsouthIndiasuggeststhis.

The modern human being first appeared around36000BC.

PrimitivemaninthePalaeolithicagewhichlastedtill 8000 BC used tools and implements of roughstone.

Initiallymanwasafoodgathereranddependedonnature for food. He learnt to control fire whichhelpedhimtoimprovehiswayofliving.

From 8000 BC the Mesolithic age began andcontinuedupto4000BCinIndia.

During this time sharp and pointed tools wereusedforkillingfast‐movinganimals.ChotaNagpurplateau, Central India and south of the riverKrishnaaresomeofthesites.

Neolithicsettlementsare not older than 4000BC. Man began to domesticate animals andcultivateplants.

Thewheelwas an important discovery. Towardstheendof theNeolithicperiodmetals likecopperand bronze were used. This was the Chalcolithicphase.

INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATIONININDIAAncientCivilizationsinIndia

The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancientcivilizationthrivingalongtheIndusRiverandtheGhaggar‐HakraRiverinwhatisnowPakistanandnorth‐westernIndia.

According to radio‐carbon dating, it spread fromtheyear2500–1750BC.

R.B. Dayaram Sahni first discoveredHarappa (onRavi) in 1921. R.D. Banerjee discoveredMohenjodaroor‘MoundoftheDead’(onIndus)in1922. Sir John Marshal played a crucial role inboththese.

Harappan Civilization forms part of the protohistoryofIndiaandbelongstotheBronzeAge.

Copper, bronze, silver, gold were known but notiron.

The Indus‐Valley people were well‐acquaintedwiththeusebothofcottonandwool.

Domesticationofanimals:

Stockbreedingwas important in Indusculture.Besides sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattlebuffaloand elephant was certainly domesticated.Thecamelwasrareandhorsewasnotknown.

IndusValleyCivilizationTownPlanning:

Elaborate town‐planning. It followed the GridSystem. Roads were well cut, dividing the townintolargerectangularorsquareblocks

Usedburntbricksof goodquality as thebuildingmaterial. Elsewhere in the contemporary world,mud‐brickswereused.

In Mohanjodaro, a big public bath (Great Bath)measuring12mby7mand2.4mdeep,hasbeenfound. Steps led from either end to the surface,with changing rooms alongside. It was probablyusedforritualbathing.


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MajorCitiesandTheirFeatures: Mohenjodaro (Sind) is situated ontheright

bankoftheIndus. Chanhudaro lies on the left bank of the Indus

about130kmsouthofMohenjodaro. Kalibangan (Rajasthan) was on the banks of the

riverGhaggarwhichdriedupcenturiesago. LothalisattheheadoftheGulfofCambay. Banawali (Haryana)wassituatedon thebanksof

thenowextinctSarasvatiRiver. Surkotada (Gujarat) is at theheadof theRannof

Kutch. Dholavira (Gujarat) excavated is in the Kutch

district

TradeandCommerceinAncientIndia:

There was no metallic money in circulation andtradewascarriedthroughBarterSystem

Weights and measures of accuracy existed inHarappan culture (found at Lothal). The weightswere made of limestone, steatite, etc and weregenerallycubicalinshape.

16wastheunitofmeasurement(16,64,160,320). A dockyard has been discovered at Lothal.

Rangpur, Somnath and Balakot functioned asseaports.SutkagendorandSutkakohfunctionedasoutlets.

IndusValleyCivilizationScript:

The script is not alphabetical but pictographic(about600undecipheredpictographs).

The script has not been deciphered so far, butoverlaps of letters show that itwaswritten fromrighttoleftinthefirstlineandlefttorightinthesecondline.Thisstyleiscalled‘Boustrophedon’

VEDICPERIODININDIA

TheHarappan civilization was followed by Vedicor Rig‐Vedic culture which was completelyopposed to it. The Vedic culture was foundedbytheAryans.

They were immigrants and arrived in Indiabetween2000and1500BC.

The Aryans were considered to be one of theworld'smostcivilizedcommunities.Theywerefaraheadofotherracesoftheirtime.

Theword ‘Arya’cametorefertoanypersonwhowasrespected.

Aryanswerefondofsoma,sura,foodanddresses.Soma was drunk at sacrifices and its use wassanctifiedbyreligion.Surawaspurelysecularandmorepotent, andwasdiapprovedby thepriestlypoets.

RiversinRigveda

ModernNamesRigvedicNames Indus Sindhu JhelumVitasta ChenabAsikni RaviPurushni BeasVipasa SutleiSutudri GomatiGumal KurramKrumu GhaggarDrisshadva

VedicPeriodReligion: The most important divinity was Indra who

played the role of warlord (breaker of forts –Purandar, also associated with storm andthunder).

The second positionwas held by Agni (fire‐god).Heisconsideredasanintermediarybetweengodsandmen.

Varuna occupied the third position. Hepersonifiedwaterandwassupposedtoupholdthenaturalorder.HewasethnicallythehighestofallRigvedicgods.

BUDDHISMININDIA

Bornin563BContheVaishakhaPoornimaDayatLumbini(nearKapilavastu)inNepal.

HisfatherSuddhodanawastheSakaruler. His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynasty) died

after7daysofhisbirth.BroughtupbystepmotherGautami.

Marriedat16toYoshodhara.Enjoyedthemarriedlifefor13yearsandhadasonnamedRahula.

Lefthispalaceat29(withChanna, thecharioteerand his favourite horse, Kanthaka) in search oftruth (also called ‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or TheGreatRenunciation)andwanderedfor6years.

Attained‘Nirvana’or‘Enlightenment’at35atGayainMagadha(Bihar)underthePipaltree.

Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where hisfivediscipleshadsettled.Hisfirstsermoniscalled‘Dharmachakrapravartan’ or ‘Turning of theWheelofLaw’.

Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar(identical with village Kasia in Deoria district ofUP) in 483 BC at the age of 80 in the Mallarepublic.

BuddhistCouncils:

The monks gathered 4 times after the death ofBuddha and the effect of these events had theireffectonBuddhism.

FirstCouncil :At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under thechairman ship of Mehakassaapa (King was


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Ajatshatru).Divided the teachingsofBuddha intotwoPitakas–VihayaPitakaandSuttaPitaka.Upalirecited theVinayaPitaka andAnanda recited theSuttaPitaka.

Second Council : At Vaishali, in 383 BC underSabakami(KingwasKalasoka).FollowersdividedintoSthavirmadinsandMahasanghikas.

Third Council :At Pataliputra, in 250 BC underMogaliputtaTissa (KingwasAshoka). In this, thethird part of the Tripitakawas coded in the Palilanguage.

FourthCouncil :At Kashmir (Kundalvan), in 72AD under Vasumitra (King was Kanishka). Vice‐Chairman was Ashwaghosha). Divided BuddhismintoMahayanaandHinayanasects.

BuddistLiterature:

BuddhistscripturesinPaliarecommonlyreferredtoasTripitakas,ie‘ThreefoldBasket’.

Vinaya Pitaka : Rules of discipline in Buddhistmonasteries.

Sutta Pitaka : Largest, contains collection ofBuddha’ssermons.

Abhidhamma Pitaka : Explanation of thephilosophicalprinciplesoftheBuddhistreligion.

JAINISMININDIA

FoundedbyRishabhanath. There were 24 tirthankaras (Prophetsor Gurus),

allKshatriyas. FirstwasRishabhanath(Emblem:Bull). The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem:

Snake)wasthesonofKingAshvasenaofBanaras.His main teachings were: Non‐injury, Non‐lying,Non‐stealing,Non‐possession.

The24th and the last TirthankarwasVardhmanMahavira(Emblem:Lion).

VardhmanMahaviraHistory:

He was born in Kundagram (Distt Muzafffarpur,Bihar)in599BC.

His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrikaclan. His mother was Trishla, sister of LichchaviPrinceChetakofVaishali.

MahavirawasrelatedtoBimbisara. Married to Yashoda, had a daughter named

Priyadarsena, whose husband Jamali became hisfirstdisciple.

At30,afterthedeathofhisparents,hebecameanascetic.

In the13thyearofhisasceticism(on the10thofVaishakha),outsidethetownofJrimbhikgrama,heattainedsupremeknowledge(Kaivalya).

FromnowonhewascalledJainaorJitendriyaandMahavira,andhisfollowerswerenamedJains.HealsogotthetitleofArihant,i.e.,worthy.

At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, nearPatna,in527BC.

Note: In Jainism, three Ratnas (Triratnas) aregivenandtheyarecalledthewaytoNirvana.Theyare Right Faith, Right Knowledge and RightConduct.HistoryofJainCouncils:

First Council : Held at Pataliputra bySthulabhadrainthebeginningofthirdcenturyBC.It resulted in the compilation of 12 Angas toreplace14Purvas.

SecondCouncil:ItwasheldatVallabhi(Gujarat)in the fifth century AD under the leadership ofDevridhigani.

THEMAGADHAEMPIRE

PeriodofMagadhaEmpire :6th Century – 4thCenturyBC.

ExtentofMagadhaEmpire :Magadhaembracedthe former districts of Patna, Gaya & parts ofShahabad & grew to be the leading state of thetime.

HaryankaDynasty:Originallyfoundedin566BCby the grandfather of Bimbisara, but actualfoundationbyBimbisara.

KingBimbisaraofMagadha(544BC–492BC):

ContemporaryofBuddha. HiscapitalwasRajgir(Girivraja) Hiscapitalwassurroundedby5hills,theopenings

inwhichwere closed by stonewalls on all sides.ThismadeRajgir

AjatshatruHistory(492BC–460BC):.

Son of Bimbisara killed his father & seized thethrone.

Buddha died during his reign; arranged the firstBuddhistCouncil.

HistoryofUdayin (460 –444BC):He foundedthe new capital at Pataliputra, situated at theconfluenceoftheGanga&Son.

ShishunagaDynasty:

Founded by a minister Shishunaga. He wassucceededbyKalasoka(IIBuddhistcouncil).

Dynastylastedfortwogenerationsonly. Greatest achievement was the destruction of

powerofAvanti.NandaDynasty:

FounderwasMahapadmaNanda. Alexander attacked India in their reign. Dhana

Nandawasthereatthattime.


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Alexander’sInvasionofIndia

Alexander(356BC–323BC)wasthesonofPhilipofMacedonia (Greece)who invaded India in 326BC.

AtthattimeNWIndiawassplitupintoanumberof small independent states like Taxila, Punjab(kingdomofPorus),Gandharaetc.

Except Porus who fought the famous battle ofHydaspes(onbanksofJhelum)withAlexander,allotherkingssubmittedmeekly.

Except Porus who fought the famous battle ofHydaspes(onbanksofJhelum)withAlexander,allotherkingssubmittedmeekly.

When Alexander reached Beas, his soldiersrefusedtogofurther,sohewasforcedtoretreat.

To mark the farthest point of his advance, heerected 12 huge stones altars on the northernbankofBeas.

RemainedinIndiafor19monthsanddiedin323BCatBabylon.

THEMAURYANDYNASTY

ChandraguptaMauryaHistory(322–297BC): With thehelpofChanakya, knownasKautilyaor

Vishnugupta, he overthrew the Nandas &establishedtheruleoftheMauryadynasty.

Builtavastempire,whichincludednotonlygoodportionsofBiharandBengal,butalsowesternandnorthwesternIndiaandtheDeccan.

This account is given by Megasthenes (A Greekambassador sent by Seleucus to the court ofChandraguptaMaurya)inhisbookIndica.WealsogetthedetailsfromtheArthashastraofKautilya

Chandragupta adopted Jainism and went toSravanabelagola (nearMysore)withBhadrabahu,wherehediedbyslowstarvation.

HistoryofBindusara(297–273BC):

ChandraguptaMauryawas succeeded by his sonBindusarain297BC.

Heissaidtohaveconquered‘thelandbetweenthe2seas’,i.e.,theArabianSea&BayofBengal.HistoryofAshoka(269–232BC):

Ashoka was appointed the Viceroy of Taxila andUjjainbyhisfather,Bindusara

AshokabecametheBuddhistunderUpagupta.TheKalingaWarHistory : (261 BC, mentioned in XIIIrock edict). It changed his attitude towards life. AshokabecameaBuddhistafterthat.

CausesofthefallofMauryanEmpire: Ashoka’s patronage of Buddhism and his anti‐

sacrificial attitude is said to have affected theincome of the Brahmins. So they developedantipathyagainstAshoka.

Revenuefromagrarianareaswasnotsufficienttomaintain such a vast empire as booty from warwasnegligible.

Successors of Ashoka were too weak to keeptogethersuchalargecentralizedempire.

Note: The last Mauryan king Brihadratha waskilled by Pushyamitra Shunga (Commander inChief)in185BC,whostartedtheShungadynastyinMagadha.

SANGAMAGEININDIAHistoryofPandyas:

TheircapitalwasMadurai. First mentioned by Megasthenes, who says that

their kingdom was famous for pearls and wasruledbyawoman.

The Pandya kings profited from trade with theRomanEmpireand sent embassies to theRomanemperorAugus.

HistoryofCholas:

The kingdom was called Cholamandalam orCoromondal.ThechiefcentrewasUraiyur,aplacefamous for cotton trade. Capital wasKaveripattanam/Puhar.

A Chola king named Elara conquered SriLanka&ruleditoverfor50years.

Karikalawastheirfamousking. Main source of wealthwas trade in cotton cloth.

Theyalsomaintainedanefficientnavy.


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HistoryofCheras Their capital was Vanji (also called Kerala

country). Itowed its importancetotradewiththeRomans.

TheRomanssetuptworegimentstheretoprotecttheirinterests.

FoughtagainsttheCholasabout150AD. GreatestkingwasSenguttuvan,theRedChera.

THEGUPTADYNASTYGuptaEmpireGoldenAgeofIndia

On the ruins of the Kushan empire arose a newempire,whichestablisheditswayoveragoodpartof the former dominions of both Kushans andSatavahanas. The first two kings of the dynastywereSriguptaandGhatotkacha.ChandraguptaI(AD319–335):

FirstimportantkingofGuptaDynasty. StartedtheGuptaerain319‐320AD. He enhanced his power & prestige by marrying

Kumara Devi, princes of the Lichchavi clan ofNepal.

HeacquiredthetitleofMaharajadhiraj. Struck coins in the joint names of himself, his

queen and the Lachchavi nation, therebyacknowledginghismarriagealliance.

HistoryofSamudragupta(AD335–375):

TheGupta kingdomwas enlarged enormously byChandragupta’sson&successorSamudragupta.

Samudragupta believed in the policy of war andconquest and because of his bravery andgeneralshipheiscalledthe‘Napoleon’ofIndia(bythehistorianV.A.Smith).

HistoryofChandragupta–II(AD380–413):

Samudragupta was succeeded by Ramgupta butChandraguptaIIkilledhimandmarriedhisqueenDhruvadevi.

He was the first ruler to issue silver coins. Alsoissuedcoppercoins.

His court was adorned by celebrated nine gems(navratnas) including Kalidasa, Amarsimha,Varahmihir,andDhanvantri.

ChinesepilgrimFahienvisitedIndiaatthistime.HistoryofKumaragupta–I(AD413–455):

HeadoptedthetitleofMahendraditya. Founded Nalanda University (a renowned

universityofancientIndia). Hewas theworshipperofLordKartikeya (sonof

LordShiva).

In the last years of his reign, the peace andprosperityoftheempirewasdisturbedduetotheinvasionofTurko‐

Mongol tribe, Hunas. During the war with theHunas,Kumaraguptadied.

HistoryofSkandagupta(AD455–467):

Kumaragupta‐IwasfollowedbySkandagupta. RestoredSudarshanaLake. Afterhisdeath,thegreatdaysoftheGuptaswere

over. The empire continued but central controlweakened,and localgovernorsbecame feudatorykingswithhereditaryrights.

GuptaLiteratureinIndia:

Kalidas, thegreatSanskritdramatist, belonged tothisperiod.Hisbooksare:Abhigyanashakuntalam,(considered as one of the best literary works intheworld&oneof theearliest IndianworktobetranslatedintoEuropeanlanguage,theotherworkbeing the Bhagavadgita), Ritusamhara,Meghadutam, Kumarasambhavam,Malavikagnimitram, Raghuvansha, Vikramurvashietc. Out of these, Ritusamhara, Meghadutam,Raghuvanshawereepicsandtherestwereplays.

Vishakhadatta wrote Mudrarakshasa andDevichandraguptam

VishnuSharmawrotePanchtantraandHitopdesh The Gupta period also saw the development of

SanskritgrammarbasedonPaniniandPatanjali Ramayana&Mahabharatawerealmostcompleted

bythe4thcenturyAD.Other Dynasties and Rulers (7th Century–12thCenturyAD)

HistoryofHarshavardhana(AD606–647) Belonged to Pushyabhuti family & son of

PrabhakarVardhan. OriginallybelongedtoThaneshwar,butshiftedto

Kannauj (after Harsha’s death Kannauj was wonfromHarsha’ssuccessorsbythePratiharas).

Chinesepilgrim,HieunTsang(PrinceofTravelers)visitedduringhisreign.

Harsha himself wrote 3 plays – Priyadarshika,RatnavaliandNagananda.

AfterthedeathofHarshain647,theempireonceagainbrokeupintopettyStates.

I – tsing, another Chinese pilgrim, visited in 670AD.

TheVakatakasHistory:

TheVakatakascametocontrolpartsoftheDeccanandCentralIndiatilltheriseoftheChalukyas.

The founder of this Brahmin dynasty wasVindhyasakti.


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ChalukyasofVatapi(Badami):

Founder:Pulakesin–I. Established their kingdom at Vatapi (modern

Badami,Karnataka). Pulakesin – II Was their most famous king, who

wasacontemporaryofHarshaTheRashtrakutasDynasty:

Founder:Dantidurga.

Their king, Krishna – I is remembered forconstructing the famous rock – cut Kailashatemple at Ellora. It was constructed in theDravidian style and elaborately carved with finesculptures.

Their king,Krishna– III set up apillar of victoryandatempleatRameshwaram

Rashtrakutas are credited with the building ofcaveshrineofElephanta.ItwasdedicatedtoShiva

ThePallavasHistory:

Founder:Simhavishnu.TheysetuptheircapitalatKanchi(southofChennai).

Narsimhavarmanwastheirgreatestking. HieunTsangvisitedKanchiduringhisreign.

MEDIEVALINDIANHISTORYInvasionofGhazniMohammed:

Bornin971AD,MahmudGhaznaviwastheeldestsonof Subuktagin, thekingofGhazni (inpresentdayAfghanistan).WhenSubuktaginattackedKingJaipalaofPunjab,Mahmudfoughtforhisfatherinthebattlefield

ThoughMahmudwastheeldestsonofhis father,it issaidthat inhis lastdays,SubuktaginwasnothappywithMahmud.

So,whenSubuktagindied in997AD,hisyoungerson Ismail became the king of Ghazni. Ismailreignedonly fora little time.Verysoon,Mahmuddefeatedhimandbecametheking.

Mahmud began a series of seventeen raids intonorthwesternIndiaattheendofthe10thcentury.Nonetheless, he did not attempt to rule IndianTerritory except for Punjab, which was hisgatewaytoIndia

His first expedition was directed against thefrontiertownsin1000AD.

His sixteenth expedition was the plunder ofSomnathtemple(dedicatedtoShiva) in1025AD,situatedontheseacoastofKathiarwar

After looting theSomnath temple,whenMahmudwasgoingbacktoGhazni,theJatshadattackedhisarmy. So, to punish the Jats, he returned anddefeatedthemin1026.

The Somnath Temple located in the Kathiarwarregion of Gujarat, is one of the twelve Jyotiriings(goldenlingas)symbolsoftheGodShiva

HistoryofMuhammadGhori

The real founder of the Muslim Empire in Indiawas Shihab – ud – Din Muhammad Ghori orMuhammadofGhur

It istruethatMuhammadbinQasimwasthefirstMusliminvaderofIndiabuthefailedtocarveoutaMuslim empire in India on account of hisprematuredeath.

Prithviraj Chauhan,whowas the king of Delhi atthat time,receivedcontingents fromotherRajput

kingsanddefeatedhimintheFirstBattleofTarain(1191).

ButhedefeatedPrithviraj in theSecondBattleofTarain in 1192. Captured Delhi and Ajmer andthus laid the foundation ofMuslimRule in India.Also defeated Jaichandra (Gahadval Rajput, rulerofKannauj)attheBattleofChandweriin1194AD.

Ikhtiyar – ud – din Muhammad bin BakhtiyarKhalji,oneofGhori’scommanders,annexedBiharand Bengal and destroyed Nalanda andVikramshilaUniversity.

Died in1206AD, leavingQutab–ud–DinAibakthecharge.

TheIlbariDynastyorSlaveDynastyofIndia

Out of all the kings belonging to the so – calledSlave Dynasty, only three, viz., Qutab – ud – dinAibak,IltutmishandBalbanwereslavesandeventheyweremanumittedbytheirmasters.

The dynasty is called Ilbari dynasty because allrulers of this dynasty, except Aibak, belonged totheIlbaritribeofTurks.

Qutab–ud–dinAibakHistory(1206–1210): Md.GhorilefthisIndianpossessionsinhishands.

He ruledon thedeathof hismaster and foundedthisdynasty

Famous for his generosity and earned thesobriquetoflakh–baksh(giverofLakhs).

LaidthefoundationofQutabMinarafterthenameoffamousSufisaint,KhwajaQutbuddinBakhtiyarKaki.

Died of a horse fall at Lahore, while playingChaugan(polo).TheTurksonlyintroducedpoloinIndia.


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Built the first mosque in India – Quwwat – ul –Islam (at Delhi) and Adhai Din Ka Jhonpara (atAjmer).

HistoryofAramShah(1210): WhenQutab–ud–dinAibakdiedallofasudden

at Lahore, the Amirs and Maliks of Lahore putAramShahon the throne. Some texts say thathewasthesonofAibakwhileothersdenyso.

HewasaweakandworthlessyoungmanandwasrejectedbythepeopleofDelhi.Iltutmish,whowastheGovernorofBadaunatthattime,defeatedhimandacquiredthethrone.

Iltumish(1210–36): Shams–ud–dinIltutmishwastheson–in–law

ofAibak. PreventedChengizKhanattackbyrefusingtogive

refuge to an enemy of Khan, JalaluddinMangabarani(aruler fromIran).Thus,duetohisdiplomaticskillhepreventedMongolattack.

He got his authority (Sultanate of Delhi)recognizedbytheCaliphofBaghdad(Khalifa),asamemberofworld,fraternityofIslamicstates.

He formed Turkan – i – Chahalgani or Chalisa (agroupof40powerfulTurkishnobles to suppressnobles).

Divided his empire into IQTAS, an assignment ofland in lieuof salary,whichhedistributed to hisofficers. Every Iqtadar had to maintain law andorder and collect revenue. After deducting hissalary and the expenses of the government, hesent the surplus revenue to the CentralGovernment.Iqtadarsweretransferable.

He is called the Father of Tomb Building (builtSultanGarhiinDelhi).

As his successor, declared Razia, thus deviatingfromthenormalpractice.

RaziyaHistory(1236–1240):

ShewasthefirstandthelastMuslimwomanrulerof medieval India. She succeeded her brother in1236andruledfor31/2Years.

She disregarded purdah, began to adorn maleattireandrodeoutinpubliconelephantback.

ShepromotedJamaluddinYaqut,anAbyssinian,tothe important office of superintendent of thestables. It provoked the Turkish nobles. Thereweresimultaneousrevolts in thevariouspartsofthekingdom.TheGovernorofLahorewasthefirsttocreatetroublebuthewasdefeated.

Therewas a serious rebellion in Bhatinda. MalikIkhtiyaruddin Altunia, Governor of Bhatinda,refused to acknowledge the suzerainty of Raziya.

Raziya, accompanied by Yaqut Mared againstAltunia.Ontheway,the

Turkish followersofAltuniamurderedYaqutandimprisonedRaziya.ShehadtomarryAltuniatogetoutofthesituation.

But she was killed, along with her husband, byBahramShah,asonofIltutmish,ontheirwaybacktoDelhi

BalbanHistory(1266–1286): HehimselfwasamemberofChalisa. To guard himself, he got every member of

Iltutmish family killed and gave a death blow totheTurkishnobility(Chalisa).

IntroducedSijdahorPaibospractice,inwhichthepeople were required to kneel and touch thegroundwiththeirheadtogreettheSultan.

In order to win the confidence of the public, headministeredjusticewithextremeimpartiality.Heemployedanefficientspysystem.

Hewas a liberal patron of Persian literature andshowedspecialfavourtothepoet,AmirKhusro.

But his son, Muhammad’s death was a smashingblow to Balban and the death – knell to hisdynasty.

AfterBalban’sdeath,Kaiqubad(1287–1290)saton throne but he was an inefficient and fun –lovingperson.

KHALJIDYNASTYININDIA

JallaluddinFiruzKhaljiHistory(1290‐1296): The most important event of his reign was the

invasion of Devagiri in 1294 by his nephew andson‐in‐law, Ali Gurshap or Ala‐ud‐din Khalji.DevagiriwasthecapitaloftheYadavakingdominthe Deccan and Ala‐ud‐din plundered the vasttreasury.

MarriedhisdaughtertoUlughKhan,adescendentofChengizKhan,towintheirgoodwill

HeadoptedBalban'spolicyof 'Bloodand Iron' intacklingtheMongolmenace.

Added an entrance door to Qutab Minar, AlaiDarwazaandbuilthiscapitalatSiri.

Also built Hauz Khas, Mahal Hazaar Satoon andJamaitKhanaMosqueinDelhi.

AdoptedthetitleSikandar‐i‐Sani.

AlauddinKhilji: First Sultan to have permanent army‐ paid

soldiers in cash, imported horses, detaileddescriptionofeachsoldier

(Chehra) and each horse (Dagh) was kept (firsttime).

First Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separatedreligionfrompolitics.

ThoughAlauddinwasilliterate,hewasapatronoflearningandart.Thereweremanygreatpoets in


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hiscourt.BothAmirKhusroandMirHasanDehlvienjoyedhispatronage

QutbuddinMubarakShahHistory(1316‐1320): He was one of the sons of Alauddin who,

somehow, escaped the preying eyes of MalikKafur.AfterthedeathofKafurhebecametheking.

During his reign, many revolts took place acrossthecountry.Althoughhewasable tocrush them,hewasn'tabletoruntheadministrationsmoothly.

HistoryofNasiruddinKhusroShah(1320):

HekilledMubarakShahandusurpedthethrone Hewas defeated and killed by GhaziMalik.With

him, the thirty year rule of Khalji dynasty alsocametoanend.

HistoryofMalikKafur: HewasanIndianeunuchandslavewhobecamea

generalinthearmyofAlauddinKhilji.In1297,hewas purchased for 1,000Dinars by Nusrat Khan.That is the reasonwhyMalikKafur is sometimescalledHazar ‐Dinari. It is reported thatAlauddinfellinlovewithhiseffeminatehandsomenessandnamedhimseniorcommanderinhisarmyafterheagreedtoconverttoIslam.

After the death of Alauddin he placed, Kafurwasresponsible for the execution of all those princesof royal blood who had any claim to the throne.Thirty sixdaysafter thedeathofAlauddin,Kafurandhisassociateswerekilled

AmirKhusro(1253‐1325): Ab'ulHasanYaminal‐DinKhusro,betterknownas

AmirKhusroDehlavi,isoneoftheiconicfiguresintheculturalhistoryofIndia.

AmirKhusrowasnotonlyoneof India'sgreatestpoets,heisalsocreditedwithbeingthefounderofbothHindustaniclassicalmusicandQawwali(thedevotionalmusicoftheSufis).

Hewas born of a Turkish father, Saif Ad‐din andanIndianmother,inIndia

HewasgiventhetitleTuti‐i‐Hind(parrotofIndia).THETUGHLAQDYNASTYGhiyasuddinTughlaq(1320–25):

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq or Ghazi Malik was thefounderoftheTughlaqDynasty.

Hewas the first Sultan ofDelhiwho took up thetitleofGhaziorslayeroftheinfidels.

BuiltthefortifiedcityofTughlaqabadandmadeithiscapital.

Had troublesome relationshipwith the sufi saint,ShaikhNizamuddinAulia.

Died in 1325, after a fall from a high‐raisedpavilion. IbnBatuta, theMoroccon traveller,whowas in Delhi at that time, opined that his deathwas due to sabotage arranged by his son, JaunaKhan.

HistoryofMuhammadBinTughlaq(1325–1351):

RealnamewasJaunaKhan. He built the fortress of Adilabad and the city of

Jahanpanah The famous traveller, Ibn Batuta came to Delhi

during1334.He acted as theQuazi of the capitalfor8years.He

Has recorded the contemporary Indian scene inhis‘Safarnamah’(calledRehla).

HistoryofFirozShahTughlaq(1351–1388): He was Muhammad’s cousin. He was chosen the

Sultanbythenobles. He tried to appease everybody. He cancelled the

loansofpeasantswhichhadbeenadvancedbyhispredecessor.

He made iqtadary system hereditary. Theprinciple of heredity was recognised not only inciviloffices,butalso inarmy.Soldiersweregivenlandassignmentsinsteadofcashpayment.

Imposedsomenewtaxes:1.Kharaj:alandtaxequalto1/10oftheproduceoftheland(byHindusonly).2. Jaziya : a tax by non – muslims (even bybrahmins).


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3.Zakat:Taxonproperty(@2.5%)(byMuslimsonly).4.Khams:1/5thofbootycapturedinwar.

Took steps to translate Hindu religious texts &SanskritbooksonmusicintoPersian.

Built new towns : Hissar, Firozpur, Fatehabad,Firozabad (the present day Firoz Shah Kotla inDelhi)andJaunpur.

Repaired Qutab Minar when it was struck bylightening.

Built his capital Firozabad and to beautify it,brought 2 Ashoka Pillars, one from Topara inAmbala&theotherfromMeerut.

Wroteabook‘FatuhatFirozshahi Khwaja Abdul Malik Isami wrote Futuh – us –

Sulatin. HeformedDiwan–i–KhairatandbuiltDar–ul–

Shafa or a charitable hospital at Delhi. Alsointroduced 2 new coins – Adha (50% jital) andbikh(25%jital).

TheLaterTughlaqsHistory: Firoz Tughlaq was succeeded by his grand son

whotookupthetitleofGhiyasuddinTughlaqShahII. He was a pleasure – loving king who tried tostrengthenhispositionbymerelydisposingofallpossiblerivals.

Ghiyasuddin was replaced by Abu Bakr Shah in1389.

AbuBakrwasreplacedbyNasiruddinMuhammadin1390,whoruledtill1394

SayyidDynasty

Khizr Khan (1414 – 1421) founded the dynastyandclaimed tohavedescended from theprophetofIslam.

KhizrKhan’s3successors–MubarakShah(1421–33), Muhammad Shah (1434 – 43) and AlauddinAlamShah(1443–51)wereincapableleaders

Yahya–bin–Ahmed–bin –Abdullah – Sirhindiwrote Tarikh – i – Mubarakshahi (history fromMahmudtoMuhammadShahofSayyidDynasty).

THELODHIDYNASTYHistoryofBahlulLodhi(1451–1489):

ConquestedJaunpurbyoustingSharquidynasty. RevivedSultanatetoquiteanextent.

HistoryofSikandarLodhi(1489–1517):

RealnamewasNizamKhan.Noblest of the threeLodhirulers

Introduced the Gaz‐i‐Sikandari (Sikandar’s yard)of32digitsformeasuringcultivatedfields.

In1504,he founded the cityofAgraandmade ithiscapital.

Was a poet himself and wrote verses in Persianunderthepen‐nameofGulrukhi.

RepairedQutabMinar

IbrahimLodhi(1517–1526): WasdefeatedandkilledbyBaburintheIBattleof

Panipatin1526. WiththistheSultanateofDelhiended.

HistoryofMalwa:

Malwa was annexed by Alauddin Khalji in 1305and remained a part of Sultanate until itsGovernor; Dihawan Khan Ghuri asserted hisindependencein1435.

It became powerful under the reign of HushangShah. He beautified the city Mandu with JamaMasjid,HindolMahalandJahazMahal.Nextruler,MahmudKhaljiwasdefeatedbyRanaKumbha.

MalwabecameapartofGujaratin1531,andwasfinallyannexedbytheMughalsin1562.

HistoryofMewar:

Alauddin Khalji captured its capital Chittor in1303.ButRajputrulewassoonrestoredbyRanaHamir(1326‐64).

The greatest ruler of this house was the famousRana Kumbha Karan (1538‐68). Rana Kumbhabuilt the famousvictory toweror ‘VijayaStambh’at Chittor to commemorate his victory overMahmudKhaljiofMalwa.

His court was adorned by Mandan who wrotemany books on architecture (Parsad Mandan,RupaMandan).

Another importantkingwasRanaSangramSingh(1509‐28),whodefeatedMahmud‐IIofMalwaandIbrahim Lodhi. But he was defeated by Babur atKhanuain1527.

RELIGIOUSMOVEMENTSINHISTORY

HistoryofSufis: Therewere 3 chief orders of Sufis in India : The

Chishti, The Suharawadi and the Silsilah ofFirdausi.

TheChishtiHistory:

The Chisti order was established by KhwajaMuinuddinChishti(Ajmer).HistwomaindiscipleswereBakhtiyar

KakiandShaikhHamiduddinSufi.


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Others were Nizamuddin Auliya, NasiruddinChiragh– i –Dehlvi, thehistorianBaraniand thepoetAmirKhusro.

ItwaspopularinDelhiandtheDoabregion.VIJAYNAGARKINGDOMHistoryofVijaynagarKingdom

Founded in 1336 as a result of the political andculturalmovement against theTughluq authorityinthesouth.

The empire of Vijaynagar was founded byHarihara – I and Bukka, two of the five sons ofSangama. They were originally feudatories ofKakatiyas.Harihara–Iwasthefirstruler.ABhaktisaintVidyaranyamotivatedthem.

TheNayakarandAyagarSystems:TheNayakarand Ayagar systems were the backbones of theVijayanagaradministration.

TheNayakarSystem:Underthissystem,militarychiefswereassigned certainpiecesof land calledamaram. These chiefs, known as nayaks, hadrevenueandadministrativerightsontheirlands.

TheAyagarSystem :It involvedtheconstitutionofa12–memberofficialsgroupbytheCentretomaintainadministrationatthevillagelevel.Theseofficials, called the ayagars, were villagefunctionariesandconstitutedofgroupsoffamilies.

Adilshahi Kingdom of Bijapur : Founded byYusufAdil Shah. Itwas annexedbyAurangzeb in1686.

Nizam Shahi Kingdom of Ahmednagar :FoundedbyMalikAhmad. Itwas annexedby theMughalsin1636.

ImadshahiKingdomofBerar:FoundedbyFatehUllah ImadShah. Itwas annexedbyAhmednagarin1574.

QutubshahiKingdomofGolconda:FoundedbyQutubShah.ItwasannexedbyAurangzebin1687.

BaridshahiKingdomofBidar:FoundedbyAmirAHBarid.ItwasannexedbyBijapurin1618–19.

MUGHALEMPERORSOFINDIA

BabarEmperor(1526–1530): WasadescendedofTimuronhisfather’ssideand

ChengizKhanonhismother’sside Originally ruledover Ferghana (Afghanistan). He

becametheSultanattheearlyageof12,whenhisfatherSultanUmarShaikhMirzadied.

He was invited to attack India by Daulat KhanLodhi (Subedar of Punjab), Alam Khan (uncle ofIbrahimLodhi)andRanaSanga.

Defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle ofPanipatin1526.

DefeatedSangramSingh(RanaSanga)ofMewarintheBattleofKhanuain1527

Defeated another Rajput ruler, Medini Rai (ofChanderi)intheBattleofChanderiin1528.

Defeated the Afghan chiefs under Mahmud LodibrotherofIbrahimLodi)intheBattleofGhagrain1529.

Died in1530.BuriedatAramBagh inAgra; laterhisbodywastakentoAramBagh,Kabul.

Humayun(1530–40and1555–56)

HewasborntoMahimBegamandBabur. DefeatedtheAfghanforcesatDaurahin1532. HewasattackedbySherShahatChausa(Battleof

Chausa)in1539,butescaped.HereHumayunwassavedbyNizam,awatercarrier(saqqa).

But intheBattleofKannauj(alsocalledBattleofBilgram) in 1540, he was defeated by Sher Shahandhadtoflee.

Passednearly15years(1540–1555)inexile. Had the chance to return in1555. SherShah, the

victorofKannauj,diedin1545.Hewassucceededbyhisson

Islam Shah, who ruled up to 1553. He wassucceededbyMuhammadAdilShah.

BairamKhan,hismostfaithfulofficer,helpedhiminthis.

Diedin1556,duetoafallfromhislibrarybuildingstairs(SherMandal,Delhi)sevenmonthsafterhecaptured

Delhi.Itissaidabouthimthat“Humayuntumbledthroughlifeandhetumbledoutofit”.

GulbadanBegum,hishalf–sister,wroteHumayun–nama.

HistoryofAkbar(1556–1605): Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar was the son of

HumayunandHamidaBanuBegam.HewasbornatAmarkotin1542.

BairamKhancoronatedhimatKalanaurwhenhewas14yearsold.

BairamKhanrepresentedhimintheSecondBattleof Panipat in 1556 against Hemu Vikramaditya.Hemu,thePMofMuhammadShahAdilofBengal,was defeated.Hemu is considered the lastHindukingofDelhi.

ConqueredMalwain1561defeatingBazBahadur. Won Gujarat in 1572. It was in order to

commemorate his victory of Gujarat that Akbargot the Buland Darwaza constructed at FatehpurSikri.

Also introduced the Mansabdary System toorganise the nobility as well as the army.Mansabdarmeantholderofarank.

Akbar’sNavratnaHistory:


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Abu’l–Fazl,theWazirofAkbarandauthoroftheAkbamamaanaccountofAkbar’sreign.

FaiziwashistorianAbulFazl’sbrotherinAkbar’scourt.HewasapoetcomposinginPersianandanall–roundgenius.

Tansen, believed to be one of the greatestmusicianofall times,wasborn inaHindu familyinGwalior

RajaBirbal, aliasMahesh Das,was a courtier intheadministrationofAkbar.

Raja Todar Mai was Akbar’s finance minister,who overhauled the revenue system in thekingdom.

Raja Man Singh was the Kacchwaha raja ofAmber.HewasamansabdarandatrustedgeneralofAkbar

AbdulRahimKhan–e–KhanawasapoetandthesonofAkbar’strustedcaretaker,BairamKhan.After BairamKhanwasmurdered, Bairan Khan’swife became the second wife of Akbar, whichmadeAbdulRahimKhan–eKhanhisstepson

FaqirAziaoDinwasoneofAkbar’schiefadvisors. MullahDoPiazawasamongtheMughalemperor

Akbar’schiefadvisors

HistoryofJahangir(1605–1627): Akbar’s eldest son Salim assumed the title of

NuruddinMuhammad Jahangir and ascended thethrone.

The fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjun Dev, had helpedKhusro. So he was also executed after 5 days oftorture

His greatest failure was the loss of Kandahar toPersiain1622.

ThemostimportanteventinJahangir’slifewashismarriage toMehr–un–Nisa, thewidowofSherAfghani in 1611. The title of Nur Jahan wasconferredonher.

CaptainHawkins(1608–11)andSirThomasRoe(1615–1619)visitedhiscourt.Duetotheeffortsof Sir Thomas Roe English factories wereestablishedatSuratandsomeotherplaces.

HistoryofShahjahan(1628–1658):

Shahjahan’s policy of annexing the Deccan wasquite successful. Ahmednagarwas annexedwhileBijapurandGolcondaacceptedhisoverlordship.

In 1639, Shahjahan secured Kandahar andimmediatelyfortifiedit.

Aurangzeb’s second term as Viceroy in Deccanbeganin1653andcontinuedtill1658.AurangzebbuiltaneffectiveRevenueSystemthere(MurshidKuliKhanwashisdewanthere).

Last8yearsofhis lifewereverypainful,astherewas a brutal war of succession among his foursons – Dara, Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad. DarawashisfavouritebutAurangzebwastheablest.

Ultimately, Aurangzeb took control and he wasmade theprisoner in theAgraFort, being lookedafter by his daughter, Jahan Ara, till his death in1666.

His reign is considered the ‘Golden Age of theMughalEmpire’

TajMahal,theeternallovemonumentislocatedinAgra.ShahJahancommissioneditsconstructionasa mausoleum lor his favourite wife, ArjumanclBano Begum, better known asMumtazMahal, in1631.

AurangzebAlamgir(1658–1707):

At the time of Shahjahan’s illness, Dara was inDelhi and the other brothers were in differentplaces – Shuja in Bengal, Murad in Gujarat andAurangzebinDeccan.

AurangzebfirstdefeatedtheImperialarmyintheBattleofDharmatandthendefeatedaforceledbyDaraintheBattleofSamugarh

He caused serious rift in the Mughal‐Rajputalliance byhis policy of annexation ofMarwar in1639afterthedeaofRajaJaswantSingh.

In 1675, he ordered the arrest and execution ofninthSikhguru,GuruTeghBahadur


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KOHINOORDIAMONDHISTORY: Kohinoor is a 105 carat (21.6 gm) diamond that

wasoncethelargestknowndiamondintheworldit originated in India, belonged to various Indianand Persian rulers who fought bitterly over it atvariouspoints inhistory, and seizedas a spoil ofwar, it became part of the Crown Jewels ofEngland when Queen Victoria was proclaimedempressofIndia

Most sourcesagree that theKohinoorwasminedat Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh. It was firstowned by Kakatiya dynasty, but the Kakatiya

kingdom under Pratapa Rudra was ravaged in1323byMuhammadbinTughluq.

Fromthenonwards,thestonepassedthroughthehands of successive rulers of the Delhi sultanate,finallypassingtoBaburin1526

Shah Jahan had the stone placed into his ornatePeacockThrone.ItwastakenawaybyNadirShahin1739alongwith thePeacockThrone.After theassassination of Nadir Shah in 1747 it came intothehandsofAhmedShahAbdaliofAfghanistan.Itwaspassed down to his descendants until itwastakenbyMaharajaRanjitSinghofPunjabin1813.

Fromhim,thegempassedontotheBritish. Ranjit Singhs successor, Duleep Singh gave the

gemtoQueenVictoriain1851. Thestoneispresentlyusedasthecentrepieceof

the crowns of the Queens consort of the UnitedKingdom.QueenAlexandrawasthefirsttousethestone,followedbyQueenMary.

In 1936, the stonewas set into the crown of thenew Queen Elizabeth (later known as the QueenMother), wife of King George VI. In 2002, thecrownrestedatophercoffinasshebyinstate.

COMMUNALANDREGIONALUPRISINGSTheSikhsHistory:

BelongtoareligioussectfoundedbyGuruNanak(1469–1539).Hismain teachingswere the faithinonetrueLord,theworshipoftheNameandthenecessityofaGuruintheworshipofthename.

After his death, GuruAngad (1539 – 52) becamehis successor. He invented the Gurumukhi scriptforthePunjabiLanguage.

GuruAmardas(1552–74)wasthenextguru.Hereformedtheinstitutionofhangarandgavemoreimportance to it. He divided his spiritual empireinto 22 parts calledManjis. EachManjis was putunderthechargeofaSikh.

IV guru, Guru Ramdas (1575 – 81) had verycordial relations with Akbar. He laid thefoundationofAmritsarcity.

Heduga tank(sarovar)and itexistsatAmritsar.In the midst of the tank, the Harmandir Sahib(TempleofGod)wasconstructed.

V guru, Guru Arjun Dev (1581 – 1606) compiledthe Adi Granth. He also completed theconstructionofAmritsarandfoundedothercitieslikeTaranTaranandKartarpur.HewasexecutedbyJahangirforhelpinghisrebelliousson,Khusro.

VIguru,GuruHarGovindRai(1606–44)defeatedaMughalArmyat Sangrama.He transformed theSikhs intomilitarycommunity,estd.AkalTakhtatthe Golden Temple and held court there toconduct secular matters. He himself took up thetideofSachchaPadshah.HealsofortifiedAmritsar.

Guru Har Rai (1644 – 61) and Guru Har Kishan(1661 – 64) were the VII and VIII gurusrespectively.

IXguru,GuruTeghBahadur(1664–75)revoltedagainst Aurangzeb but was executed by him. Hewas beheaded at Delhi’s Chandni Chowk inNovember 1675. The Sis Ganj Gurudwara marksthesiteofhismartyrdom.

Xandlastguru,GuruGobindSingh(1675–1708)(borninPatna)organisedSikhsasacommunityofwarrior and called themasKhalsa (Baisakhi day,1699). He summoned a big assembly of Sikhs atAnantpurandselected

5personswhocame tobeknownasPanjPiaras.Theytookthewaterofimmortality.]

MODERNINDIANHISTORYPortugueseinIndia

ThePortuguesevoyagerVascodaGamareachedCalicutonMay17,1498.

The first Governor of Portuguese in India wasFranciscoAlmeida.

In 1661, the Portuguese king gave Bombay toCharles II ofEnglandasdowry, formarryinghissister.

DutchEastIndiaCompany:

DutchEastIndiaCompanywasformedin1602.


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Theyset–uptheir first factoryatMasulipatnamin1605.

EnglishEastIndiaCompany:

The English East India Company was formed in1599,andwasgiven the royalCharterbyQueenElizabethIin1600totradeintheeast.

Captain William Hawkins stayed in Jahangir’scourt from1609–1611.Buthe failed toget theking’s permission to erect a factory at Surat.Captain Middleton succeeded in this effort in1611

Bombay was made the Company’s mainsettlementonthewestcoastin1668.

AurangzebgavetheCompanytheFarmanin1667totradeinBengal.In1690,afactorywassetupatSutanutivillage.

TheFrenchEastIndiaCompanywassetin1664.They established their first factor)’ at Surat in1668andatMasulipatnamin1669.

GOVERNORGENERALSOFINDIAWarrenHastingsPlan1772–1785:

BroughttheDualGovt,ofBengaltoanendbytheRegulatingAct,1773.

The First Anglo – Maratha War (1776 – 82),which ended with the Treaty of Salbai (1782),andtheSecondAnglo–MysoreWar(1780–84),which ended with the Treaty of Mangalore(1784),werefoughtduringHasting’speriod.

LordCornwallisIndia(1786–1793):

Did the Permanent Settlement of Bengal (alsocalledZamindarySystem).

Thecivilservicewasbroughtintoexistence.LordWellesleyinIndia(1798–1805):

Adopted the policy of Subsidiary Alliance asystem to keep the Indian rulers under controlandtomaketheBritishtheparamountpower.

Hedefeated theMysore forceunderTipuSultanintheFourthAnglo–MysoreWarin1799.

GeorgeBarlow(1805–1807)LordMintoIGovernorGeneralofIndia(1807–1813):

Concluded the treaty of AmritsarwithMaharajaRanjit Singh (1809). Charter Act of 1813 waspassed.

LordHastingIndia(1813–1823):

The Anglo‐Nepal War (1814 – 16) was foughtduringhis reignwhichendedwith theTreatyofSagauli(1816).

LordAmherst(1823–1828)LordWilliamBentinckHistory(1828‐1835)

CarriedoutthesocialreformslikeProhibitionofSari(1829)andeliminationofthugs(1830).

Made English the medium ofhighereducationinthe country (Afterthe recommendations ofMacaulay

Charter Act of 1833 was passed; made him thefirstGovernorGeneralofIndia.

SirCharlesMercalfeHistory(1835–1836):Abolishedall restrictions on vernacular press (called Liberator ofthePress).LordAuckland1842(1836–1842)

The most important event of his reign was theFirstAfghanWar,whichproved to be a disasterfortheEnglish.

LordEllenborough(1842–1844)LordHardingeI(1844–1848)LordDalhousieReforms(1848–1856):

Opened the first Indian Railway in 1853 (fromBombaytoThane).

Laid out the telegraph lines in 1853 (First wasfromCalcuttatoAgra).

Introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and capturedSatara (1848), Jaipur and Sambhalpur (1849),Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1854) and Nagpur(1854)throughit.

Established the postal system on the modernlines through the length and breadth of thecountry,whichmadecommunicationeasier.

REVOLTOF1857ININDIACausesofRevoltof1857:

Immediate Cause ‐‐> Soldiers made to bite offends of greased cartridges in ‘Enfield Rifles’havingfatofcowsandpigs

Barrackpore – Mangal Pande refused to usecartridgesandattackedAdjutantofhisregiment,for fear of moss of his caste and religion.(Arrestedandhangedon8thApril,1857)

Delhi :‐ Revolutionaries killed British soldiers,capturedDelhi, and proclaimedBahadur Shah IItherulerofIndia

Kanpur :‐ Led by Nana Sahib, adopted son ofPeshwaBajiRaoII

Lucknow :‐ Led by Begum of Oudh; Sir HenryLawrenceshotdead.DefeatedandrecapturedbySirColinCampbellin1858.


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Central India :‐ Led by Rani Laxmibai of JhansiandTantiaTope.OccupiedGwalior

Military:‐ GeneralServiceEnlistmentAct,1856 NumericalStrengthofIndianSoldiers EffectofAnnexationofOudh UnjustTreatment LossofBritishPrestigeinAfghanWar

Religious SocialandReligiousReforms–SwamiDayanand

Saraswati,RajaRammohanRoy IntroductionofRailwaysandTelegraphs GovernmentSupporttoMissionaries IntroductionofNewLaws–LordDalhousie IntroductionofModernEducation

Economic

ExploitationofNaturalResources SubordinationofIndianIndustry CollapseofHandicraftsandCottageIndustries EconomicDrainingofIndia UnemploymentamongPeople Resumption of Tax‐free Lands – Confiscation by

Lord Dalhousie; Introduction by Lord WilliamBentinck

Unemployment,Poverty,andFamine

Political Policy of Annexation – Doctrine of Lapse; Lord

Dalhousie;AnnexedSatara,Jhansi,Nagpur. TheAnnexationofOudh–LordDalhousie DisrespectshowntoBahadurShah DisrespecttoNanaSahibandRaniofJhansi DisbandingtheArmiesoftheAnnexedStates Inefficient Handling of the Situation – Corrupt

andgreedyBritishofficials. SpreadingofaRumor–BeliefthatrulersinIndia

changeafterevery100yearsVICEROYSOFINDIA(1858‐AUG14,1947)LordCanning(1856—1862)

The last Governor General and the first Viceroy.Mutinytookplaceinhistime.

On Nov.1858, the rule passed on to the crown.WithdrewDoctrineofLapse.

TheUniversitiesofCalcutta,BombayandMadraswereestablishedin1857.IndianCouncilsActwaspassedin1861.

LordElgin(1862‐1863)LordLawrence(1864‐1869)

Telegraphic communication was opened withEurope.

HighcourtswereestablishedatCalcutta,BombayandMadras in 1865. Expanded canalworks andrailways

LordMayo(1869‐1872)

Started the process of financial decentralizationinIndia.

EstablishedtheRajkotCollegeatKathiarwarandMayocollegeatAjmerfortheIndianprinces.

Forthefirst timeinIndianhistory,acensuswasheldin1871.

OrganisedtheStatisticalSurveyofIndia WastheonlyViceroytobemurderedinofficeby

aPathanconvictintheAndamansin1872.LordNorthbrook(1872‐1876)LordL.Ytton(1876‐1880)

KnownastheViceroyofreversecharacters. Organised the Grand ‘Delhi Durbar’ in 1877 to

decorateQueen Victoriawiththetitleof‘Kaiser‐i‐Hind’. ArmsAct (1878)made itmandatory for Indians

toacquirelicenseforarms. PassedtheinfamousVernacularPressAct(1878).

LordRipon(1880‐1884)

Liberalperson,whosympathizedwithIndians. VernacularPressAct(1882) Passedthelocalself—governmentAct(1882). Took steps to improve primary & secondary

education(onWilliam HunterCommission’srecommendations). The I Factory Act, 1881, aimed at prohibiting

childlabourwaspassed.

LordDufferin(1884‐1888) IndianNationalCongresswas formedduringhis

tenure.

LordLansdowne(1888‐1894) II Factory Act (1891) granted a weekly holiday

and stipulated working hours for women andchildren, although it failed to address concernssuchasworkhoursformen.

Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial,ProvincialandSubordinate.

IndianCouncilActof1892waspassed.


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LordElginII(1894‐1899) Great famine of 1896‐1897. Lyall Commission

wasappointed.LordCurzon(1899‐1905)

Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904) inwhich official control over the Universities wasincreased.

Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into twoprovincesBengal(proper)EastBengal&Assam.

AppointedaPoliceCommissionunderSirAndrewFrazer to enquire into the police administrationofeveryprovince.

The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897‐98 ledhimtocreatethe

NorthWesternFrontierProvince(NWFP). Extendedrailwaystoagreatextent.

LordMinto(1905‐1910)

TherewasgreatpoliticalunrestinIndia.Variousacts were passed to curb the revolutionaryactivities.ExtremistslikeLalaLajpatRaiandAjitSingh(inMay,1907)andBalGangadharTilak(inJuly,1908)weresenttoMandalayjailinBurma.

The Indian Council Act of 1909 or the Morley‐MintoReformswaspassed.

LordHardinge(1910‐1916)

Held a durbar in Dec, 1911 to celebrate thecoronationofKingGeorgeV.

PartitionofBengalwascancelled (1911); capitalshifted fromCalcutta toDelhi (1911).DelhiwasmadecapitalinplaceofCalcutta.

A bomb was thrown at him, but he escapedunhurt (Dec, 23 1912). Gandhiji came back toIndiafromSouthAfrica(1915).

Annie Besant announced the Home RuleMovement.

LordChelmsford(1916‐1921)

AugustDeclarationof1917,wherebycontroloverthe Indian government would be graduallytransferredtotheIndianpeople.ThegovernmentofIndiaActin1919(Montague‐Chelmsford)

LordReading(1921‐1926)

Rowlatt Act was repealed along with the PressActof1910.

Communal riots of 1923‐25 inMultan, AmritsaxDelhi,etc.

Swami Shraddhanand, a great nationalist and aleaderoftheArya

Samajists,wasmurderedincommunalorgy.LordIrwin(1926‐1931)

SimonCommissionvisitedIndiain1928. CongresspassedtheIndianResolutionin1929. DandiMarch(Mar12,1930). CivilDisobedienceMovement(1930). FirstRoundTableConferenceheld inEngland in

1930. Gandhi‐IrwinPact(Mar5,1931)wassignedand

CivilDisobedienceMovementwaswithdrawn. Martyrdom of Jatin Das after 64 days hunger

strike(1929).LordWillingdon(1931‐1936)

Second Round Table Conference in London in1931.

On his return Gandhiji was again arrested andCivil Disobedience Movement was resumed inJan.1932.

CommunalAwards(Aug16,1932)assignedseatstodifferentreligiouscommunities.Gandhijiwentonaepicfastinprotestagainstthisdivision.

ThirdRoundTableConferencein1932

LordLinlithgow(1936‐1944)

Govt. of India Act enforced in the provinces.Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11provinces. They remained in power for about 2yearstillOct1939,whentheygaveupofficesontheissueofIndiahavingbeendraggedintotheIIWorldWar.TheMuslimLeagueobservedthedayas‘DeliveranceDay’

ChurchillbecametheBritishPMinMay,1940.Hedeclaredthatthe

AtlanticCharter(issuedjointlybytheUKandUS,statingtogivesovereignrightstothosewhohavebeenforciblydeprivedofthemdoesnotapplytoIndia.

OutbreakofWorldWarIIin1939. CrippsMissionin1942. QuitIndiaMovement(August8,1942).

LordWavell(1944‐1947)

ArrangedtheShimlaConferenceonJune25,1945with Indian National Congress and MuslimLeague;failed.

CabinetMissionPlan(May16,1946). Elections to the constituent assemblywere held

andanInterim First meeting of the constituent assembly was

heldonDec.9,1946.LordMountbatten(MAR.1947‐AUG.1947)


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Last Viceroy of British India and the firstGovernorGeneraloffreeIndia.

PartitionofIndiadecidedbytheJune3Plan. Indian Independence Act passed by the British

parliament on July 4, 1947, by which IndiabecameindependentonAugust15,1947.

Retired in June 1948 and was succeeded by C.Rajagopalachari (the first and the last IndianGovernorGeneraloffreeIndia).

INDIANNATIONALMOVEMENTS

NATIONALACTIVITIESPART‐ITheIndianNationalCongress

Formedin1885byA.O.Hume,anEnglishmanandaretiredcivilservant

First session in Bombay under W.C.Banerjee in1885(72delegatesattendedit).

In thefirst two decades (1885 – 1905), quitemoderate in itsapproachandconfided inBritishjusticeandgenerosity.

But the repressivemeasures of the British gaverise to extremists within Congress like BipinChandraPal,BalGangadharTilakandLalaLajpatRai(Lal,Bal,Pal).

PartitionofBengal:

ByLordCurzononOct16,1905,througharoyalProclamation, reducing the old province ofBengalinsizebycreatingEastBengalandAssamoutofrestofBengal.

The objective was toset upa communal gulfbetweenHindusandMuslims.

Amightyupsurge swept the country against thepartition. National movement found realexpressioninthemovementagainstthepartitionofBengalin1905.

SwadeshiMovement(1905):

Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played theimportantrole.

INC took the Swadeshicall firstat the BanarasSession, 1905 presided over by G.K.Gokhale.Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted atvariousplaces.

FormationofMuslimLeague(1906):

Setupin1906underthe leadershipofAgaKhan,Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka andNawabMohsin‐ul‐Mulk.

It was a loyalist, communal and conservativepolitical organization which supported thepartition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshimovement, and demanded special safeguards toits community and a separate electorate forMuslims.

DemandforSwaraj:

InDec1906atCalcutta, the INCunderDadabhaiNaorojiadopted‘Swaraj’(Self‐govt)asthegoalofIndianpeople

SuratSessionofIndianNationalCongress(1907):

The INC split into two groups – Theextremistsand themoderates, at the Suratsession in1907.Extremistswere ledbyBal,Pal,LalwhilethemoderatesbyG.K.Gokhale.

IndianCouncilsActorMintoMorleyReforms(1909):

Besides other constitutional measures, itenvisaged a separate electorate for MuslimsAimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and atrallying the Moderates and the Muslims to theGovernment’sside.

GhadarParty(1913):

Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das andSohanSinghBhakna.HQwasatSanFrancisco.

HomeRuleMovement(1916):


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Started by B.G.Tilak (April, 1916) at PoonamoreoverAnnieBesantandS.SubramaniaIyeratAdyar,nearMadras(Sept,1916)

Objective: Self – government for India in theBritish Empire. Tilak linked up the question ofSwaraj with the demand for the formation ofLinguistic States andeducationin vernacularlanguage.Hegave theslogan:Swaraj ismybirthrightandIwillhaveit.

LucknowPact(1916)

Happened following a war between Britain andTurkey leading to anti‐British feelings amongMuslims.BothINCandMuslimLeagueconcludedthis (Congress accepted the separate electoratesand both jointly demanded for a representativegovernment and dominion status for thecountry).

NATIONALACTIVITIESPARTII AugustDeclaration (1917):After the Lucknow

Pact,aBritishpolicywasannouncedwhichaimedat “increasing association of Indians in everybranch of the administration for progressiverealizationofresponsiblegovernment in IndiaasanintegralpartoftheBritishempire”.ThiscametobecalledtheAugustDeclaration.

RowlattAct(March18,1919) Thisgaveunbridledpowerstothegovt.toarrest

andimprisonsuspectswithouttrialfortwoyearsmaximum. This law enabled the Government tosuspend the right ofHabeas Corpus, which hadbeenthefoundationofcivillibertiesinBritain.

Causedawaveofangerinallsections.Itwasthefirst country‐wide agitation by Gandhiji andmarked the foundation of the Non CooperationMovement.

JallianwalaBaghMassacre(April13,1919): People were agitated over the arrest of Dr.

KitchluandDr.SatyapalonApril10,1919. GeneralO’Dyerfiresatpeoplewhoassembledin

theJallianwalaBagh,Amritsar. As a result hundreds of men,women and

childrenwerekilledandthousandsinjured. RabindranathTagorereturnedhisKnighthoodin

protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned fromViceroy’sExecutiveCouncilafterthis.

Hunter Commission was appointed to enquireintoit.

On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killedO’Dyerwhenthe laterwasaddressingameetinginCaxtonHall,London.

KhilafatMovement(1920): Muslims were agitatedby thetreatment done

with Turkey by the British in the treaty thatfollowedtheFirstWorldWar.

Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali startedthismovement.

Non‐cooperationMovement(1920):

It was the first mass‐based political movementunderGandhiji.

Congress passed the resolution in its CalcuttasessioninSept1920.

Chauri–ChauraIncident(1922):

A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (nearGorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22policemenonFebruary5,1922.

This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the NonCooperationmovementonFeb.12,1922.

SimonCommission(1927):

Constituted under John Simon, to review thepolitical situation in India and to introducefurther reforms and extension of parliamentarydemocracy.

Indianleadersopposedthecommission,astherewerenoIndiansinit.

The Government used brutal repression andpoliceattackstobreakthepopularopposition.AtLahore,LalaLajpatRaiwas severelybeaten inalathi‐charge. He succumbed to his injuries onOct.30,1928.

LahoreSession(1929):

On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship ofJ.L.Nehru,theINC,atitsLahoreSession,declaredPoorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as itsultimategoal.

On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri‐colourflag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was fixed astheFirstIndependenceDay,wastobecelebratedeveryyear.

RevolutionaryActivities:

The first political murder of a European wascommitted in 1897 at Poona by the Chapekarbrothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their targetwas Mr.Rand, President of the PlagueCommission,butLt.Ayerstwasaccidentallyshot.

In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsirevolutionary unfurled the flag of India atStuttgartCongress(ofSecondinternational).

In1908,KhudiramBoseandPrafullachakithrewabombonthecarriageofkingford,theunpopularjudgeofMuzaffapur.Khudiram,KanhaiyalalDutt


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and Satyendranath Bose were hanged. (AlipurCase)

In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col.WilliamCurzon Whyllie, the political advisor of “IndiaOffice”inLondon.

In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra NathSanyalthrewabombandLordHardingeatDelhi.(DelhiConspiracyCase).

InOct,1924,ameetingofrevolutionariesfromallparts of India was called at Kanpur. They setupHindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army(HSRA).

They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori boundtrainontheSaharanpur‐LucknowrailwaylineonAug.9,1925

Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot deadSaunders(Asst.S.P.ofLahore,whoorderedlathichargeonLalaLajpatRai)onDec.17,1928

ThenBhagatSinghandBatukeshwarDuttthrewabomb in the Central Assembly on Apr 8, 1929.Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdevwere hanged onMarch.23,1931atLahoreJall(LahoreConspiracyCase)andtheirbodiescrematedatHussainiwalanearFerozepur.

In1929onlyJatinDasdiedinLahorejailafter63daysfasttoprotestagainsthorribleconditionsinjail.

SuryaSen,arevolutionaryofBengal, formed theIndian Republic Army in Bengal. In 1930, hemasterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury.Hewashangedin1933.

In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself atAlfredParkinAllahabad.

NATIONALACTIVITIESPARTIII DandiMarch(1930): AlsocalledtheSaltSatyagraha. Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his

march from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12,1930forthesmallvillageDandhitobreakthesaltlaw.HereachedtheseashoreonApr.6,1930.HepickedahandfulofsaltandinauguratedtheCivilDisobedienceMovement.

FirstRoundTableconference(1930):

ItwasthefirstconferencearrangedbetweentheBritish and Indians as equals. It was held onNov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simoncommission.

Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, HinduMahasabha,Liberalsandsomeotherswerethere.

GandhiIrwinPact(1931): Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas

Shastri initiatedefforts tobreak the icebetweenGandhijiandthegovernment.

The two (government represented by Irwin andINCbyGandhiji)signedapactonMarch5,1931.

In this the INC called off the civil disobediencemovement and agreed to join the second roundtableconference

Thegovernmentonitspartreleasedthepoliticalprisonersandconcededtherighttomakesaltforconsumptionforvillagesalongthecoast.

SecondRoundTableConference(1931):

GandhijirepresentedtheINCandwenttoLondontomeetBritishP.M.RamsayMacdonald.

However,thesessionwassoondeadlockedontheminorities issue and this time separateelectorates was demanded not only by Muslimsbut also byDepressed Classes, Indian ChristiansandAnglo–Indians.

TheCommunalAward(Aug16,1932):

Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showeddivideandrulepolicyoftheBritish.

Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs,IndianChristians,AngloIndians,womenandevenBackwardclasses.

Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time,started a fast unto death against it.PoonaPact(September25,1932):

Aftertheannouncementofcommunalawardandsubsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting tookplacealmosteverywhere.

Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya,B.R.AmbedkarandM.C.Rajahbecameactive.

EventuallyPoonapactwasreachedandGandhijibrokehisfactonthesixthday(Sept25,1932).

In this, the idea of separate electorate for thedepressed classes was abandoned, but seatsreserved to them in the provincial legislaturewereincreased.

ThirdRoundTableConference(1932):

Proved fruitless as most of the national leaderswereinprison.ThediscussionsledtothepassingoftheGovernmentofIndiaAct,1935.

DemandforPakistan

In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the FrontierProvince, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir bemadetheMuslimStatewithinthefederation.


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ChaudharyRehmatAligavethetermPakistan in1923.

Mohd.AliJinnahofBombaygaveitpracticality. Muslim League first passed the proposal of

separatePakistaninitsLahoresessionin1940.TheCrippsMission–1942:

In Dec. 1941, Japan entered theWorldWar – IIandadvancedtowards Indianborders.ByMarch7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied theentireSEAsia.

The British govt. with a view to getting co‐operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps,leader of theHouse of Commons to settle termswiththeIndianleaders.

He offered a draft which proposed dominionstatustobegrantedafterthewar

RejectedbytheCongressasitdidn’twanttorelyuponfuturepromises.

Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in acrashingbank.

NATIONALACTIVITIESPARTIVTheRevoltof1942&TheQuitIndiaMovement:

Called the Vardha Proposal and LeaderlessRevolt.

The resolution was passed on Aug.8, 1942, atBombay.Gandhijigavetheslogan‘DoorDie’.

On Aug 9, the Congress was banned and itsimportantleaderswerearrested

The arrests provoked indignation among themassesand,therebeingnoprogramofaction,themovement became spontaneous and violent.Violencespreadthroughoutthecountry.

Themovementwashowevercrushed.

TheIndianNationalArmy: FoundedbyRasbehariBosewithCaptainMohan

Singh S.C.BosesecretlyescapedfromIndiainJain1941,

and reached Berlin. In July 1943, he joined theINAat Singapore.There,RasbehariBosehandedovertheleadershiptohim.

The soldiers were mostly raised from Indiansoldiersof theBritisharmywhohadbeen takenprisoners by the Japanese after they conqueredS.E.Asia.

Two INA head quarters were Rangoon andSingapore(formedinSingapore).

INA had three fighting brigades named afterGandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigadewasanexclusivewomenforce.

TheCabinetMissionPlan(1946):

Thestruggleforfreedomenteredadecisivephasein the year 1945‐46. The new Labour PartyPM.LordAttlee,madeadeclarationonMarch15,1946,thatBritishCabinetMission(comprisingofLordPethickLawrenceasChairman,SirStaffordCrippsandA.V.Alexander)willvisitIndia.

The mission held talks with the INC and ML tobringaboutacceptanceoftheirproposals

On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards itsproposals. It rejected the demand for separatePakistanandinsteadafederalunionconsistingofBritish India and the Princely States wassuggested

BothCongressandMuslimsLeagueacceptedit.FormationofInterimGovernment(Sept2,1946):

Based on Cabinet Mission Plan, an interimgovernmentconsistingofCongressnomineeswasformed on Sept.2, 1946. J.L. Nehruwas its Vice‐PresidentandtheGovernor‐GeneralremainedasitsPresident.

Jinnah’sDirectActionResolution(Aug16,1946):

Jinnahwasalarmedattheresultsoftheelectionsbecause the Muslim League was in danger ofbeingtotallyeclipsedintheconstituentassembly.

Therefore, Muslim League withdrew itsacceptanceoftheCabinetMissionPlanonJuly29,1946.

It passed a ‘Direct action’ resolution, whichcondemnedboththeBritishGovernmentandtheCongress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavycommunalriots.

JinnahcelebratedPakistanDayonMar27,1947.FormationofConstituentAssembly(Dec9,1946):

TheConstituentassemblymetonDec9,1946andDr.Rajendra Prasadwas elected as its president.MountbattenPlan(June3,1947):

On June3, 1947, LordMountbatten put forwardhisplanwhichoutlinedthestepsforthesolutionof India’s political problem. The outlines of thePlanwere:

IndiatobedividedintoIndiaandPakistan. Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a

referenduminNEFPandSylhetdistrictofAssamwouldbeheld.

There would be a separate constitutionalassemblyforPakistantoframeitsconstitution.


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ThePrincelystateswouldenjoythelibertytojoineither India or Pakistan or even remainindependent.

Aug.15,1947wasthedatefixedforhandingoverpowertoIndiaandPakistan.

TheBritishgovt.passedtheIndianIndependenceAct of 1947 in July 1947, which contained themajorprovisionsputforwardbytheMountbattenplan.

PartitionandIndependence(Aug1947):

All political parties accepted the Mountbattenplan.

At the time of independence, there were 562smallandbigPrincelyStatesinIndia.

SardarVallabhBhaiPatel,thefirsthomeminister,usedironhandinthisregard.ByAugust15,1947,alltheStates,withafewexceptionslikeKashmir,Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed theInstrument of Accession. Goa was with thePortugueseandPondicherrywiththeFrench.

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History Capsule Ssc 2014