History Book Part I (a)

WETHALI : THE LANDOF

HISTORIC FINDS

U SHWE ZAN B.Sc, B.C.S2008 A.D

COVER STORY

Please See Page 237 to 240

Author

U Shwe Zan is a native of Rakhine state, Myanmar Naingan. He passed B.Sc from Univer-sity of Yangon in 1952. Served as Demonstortor in Physics Department of University of Yangon.Served as Census officer in Census Department, under the Ministry of National Planning of Unionof Myanmar for two years. Joined Burma(Myanmar) civil service (Sr:Br:) in 1954. Served as aSr:Br: under training officer, Township Administrative officer, Sub-divisional Administrative of-ficer. Head quarter's assistant of Katha District under the Ministry of Home Affair. Served as anAssistant secretary and Deputy Secretary and Assistant controller of State Lottery Departmentunder the Ministry of the Finance and Revenue.

Served as Additional Deputy Commissioner, Pha Ann District of Karen State. Deputy Com-missioner of Thandway District, Rakhine Division and Deputy Head of office of Rakhine Divi-sional Security and Administrative Council.

Elected as a member of Rakhine State People's Council and served as Secretary of StateCouncil and Chairman of Judges Committee of the Rakhine State People's council respectively forthree successive terms.

During tenure of State Committee services, U Shwe Zan took the responsibility of editorshipand publishers of the Rakhine State Magazine published in commenmoration the 10th anniversaryspecial issue of the Rakhine State and served as chairman of the publishing committee of Mrauk-U. Lan Hnyun(a guide to Mrauk-U) in 1988.

Acted also as chairman of the Compilation commite of Rakhine State Gazetteer comprising(5) volumes (unpublished).

After the retirement from State services he absorbed completely on the research works ofnative History and Culture.

Published many articles from regarding History and culture of ancient Rakhine Dynasties inboth English and vernecular mostly in the Magazines of Rakhine cultural and Religious. Associa-tions in Sittwe, Yangon and Others.

Also published some Historical and cultural books like the Golden Mrauk-U, an ancientcapital of Rakhine and *]]&cdkifordkif;acwfumvydkif;jcm;rIajrMuD;uoufaownfoa&GU}} as well as a book is usingthe facts shown in records of anti colonial and Fascist resistance movements of Rakhine peoplehand in hand with Myanmar Brethren in the common cause of regainning independence of ourcountry, Myanmar Naingan. This book was based on the records of late U Ba San's notes of hisdiaries, about the anti fascists and anticolonialists.

FOREWORD

By studying the Rakhine(Arakanese) History, we came to know that there were two eras by thename of Wethali (Vesali). Tharaban Dynasty and Wethali, popularly, known as “Wethali stone pier”Dynasty. Now, we are going to present the latter one entitled with Wethali: The Land of Historic finds”

The first Wethali or Wethali Tharaban Dynasty was succeeded by Dhanyawaddy starting fromB.C 3325 and ended in 327A.D. It means founder King Marayu started the first Dhanyawaddy andsuccessively succeeded by King Kanrazargri or Kammarazar as second Dynasty and founder KingSandathuria ruled the third Dhanyawaddy and ended in the reign ot Thuria Ketu in 327 A.D.

It also means first Dhanyawaddy started in the year four thousand B.C and the third Dhanyawaddyended in fourth century A.D. The length of Canda Thuria reign was 906 years.

Dven Candra in synonymous name Mahataing Candra with other alternate name Thuria TaingCandra, the son of Thuria Ketu the last ruler of Dhanyawaddy period, founded the new Candra Dynastywhich was named as “Wethali the city of stone pier”. The meaning of Wethali was abundaut of grainsand flourishing of trade and commerce.

Moreever, there were another similar name in neighbouring country India(Mijima). The full namewas Vesali(Wethali) belonging to leiksawi people. In ancient days, that Wethali was very popular, be-cause a Buddhist synod was held under the sponsership of King Ka Ka after the lapsed of 100 yearsfrom the 1st synod held in Patali Putra under the sponsership of King Azartathet immediate after theBuddha’s Parinibana.

Again, another interesting event was happened in that leiksawi Wethali. In early 11th centuryA.D, the King Ahnawrahta (Anurokda) of Bagan, came to Rakhine during the time of Mong Lahtaw inPyinsa period to fatch Pyinsakalayani, the princes of leiksawi. Wethali King to be a Queen of KingAhnawrahta(Annawrahta) of Bagan. We also learnt that Kyansittha of Bagan was happened to be theson of King Ahnawrahta and Queen Pyinskalayani.

We also know that trade relationship between Wethali and Pyu kingdom were well established inthose days and pyu kingdom and Wethali, the Rakhine(Arakanese) Kingdom were in good terms. Pyupeople called the Rakhine Wethali as “Sheli” city and it was about 20 days walk from Pyu kingdom and“Sheli” in the western direction. (Please see P.35,36 of a researched). Specially published by U Yee Seinof Archaeological Department under the ministry of Culture, Union of Myanmar.

In 1985, we have recovered a hoard of coins. Out of 48 numbers of Wethali coins, surprisinglyTaing Pyu coins, supposed to be Peikthano or Tharekhitara were found in the hoard of Wethali coins. Itshows Wethali and Pyu kingdom were in good relationship of trade and commerce and it was anotherindication of good relationship between two kingdoms.

References:1. Ancient History of Wethali and Lemro Dynasties by U Shwe Zan and U Maung Kyaw (unpub-lished)2. P.P 35-36, a book published by Yee Sein, U from Archaeological Department under the minis-try of Culture, Union of Myanmar.3. P.53 The Golden Mrauk-U, an ancient Capital of Rakhine, by U Shwe Zan (2004 A.D)

WETHALI ; THE LAND OF HISTORIC FINDS

CONTENTS

PART I Pages-Foreword

CHAPTER 1 -Introduction 1- 3

CHAPTER II -Recording of Rakhine History (A) Eras in use in early Rakhine History 4 (B) Alteration or cancellation of those eras 4-7 -Some remarkable occasions to be remembered during the

range of Maha era 7 -Maha Era, Kawza Era and Christian Era 7 -Religious Era and Kawza Era cancellation of aha Era 148 by 8

King Azartathet & King Candathuria

CHAPTRR III-Two different concepts of last cancellation dates corresponding Christian Era which became conversion factors to both sides. 9

-Cancellation Dates 10 -Supporting evidences of Mrauk-U period 10

-Supporting evidences of Dhanyawaddy period 10-12 -Records made by Dr. Forchhammer 13 -Indirect or special proofs of Wethali dating against Phayre’s recordings. 13- 14 -Comparison of three consolidated dating of Wethali 15-16 -Important Eras of date to be remembered in Rakhine chronicles 16- 17

Table 1 -Table showing a vision of dating linked of Rakhine Dynasties by foreign scholars 18

Table II -Comparative statements between Rakhine scholars and Sir Arthur P. Phayre showing ancient dynasties and different periodisations. 19

Table III -Table showing various periodasations 20

CHAPTER IV-Comparative Dates between chronicle and inscription sides of Wethali period and review. 21 -22 -Review 23

CHAPTER V -Comments on Dr. Surcar’s tentative assignments 24

U Shwe Zan, B.Sc, B.C.S.

CHAPTER VI Pages ANALYSIS -The comparison between two sides of kings and their reigns. 25 -33

CHAPTER VII Bronze and copper Images of Dhanyawady period (a) Mahamuni Shrine 34-36

(b) Mahamuni Sculptures 37 Bronze and coppar Images of Dhanyawaddy period 37 (1) The great Mahamuni 37

(b) Shinggyaw Muni 37 (c) Yan Aung Myin Muni 37 (d) Sanda Muni 37-38 (e) Thetkya copper Muni 39-40 (f) Sekkkya Muni Copper Image 41-46

PART II

CHAPTER VIIIScript in the Third Dhanyawaddy Age, B.C. 580-AD 327 -The Age of the Advent of Script in Rakhine 47-49

-”Saccakaparibba” Fat monk Inscription 49-The Taunpaukkri Inscription 49-50

CHAPTER IX -Script in the Vesali(Wethali) Age(AD 327-AD 818) 51 -54-Chronological arrangement of the (43) slabs of inscription of the Wethali period 54 -89-Review

Comment -Views of Historians and Rakhine scholars 90 -91 -Important recovery of inscriptions and Literary Heritage 92-97

CHAPTER X Dedicatory inscriptions of Niticandra and Viracandra of Vesali 98-160

Wethali : The Land of Historic finds

PART III Pages

CHAPTER XI Coins belonging to Wethali Age-Paeleography of coins legend 161-167

CHAPTER XII -Coin types belonging to the fifth-sixth century AD, total number II 168-178

-Coin types belonging to the sixth-seventh century AD, total number II 179-180-Coin types belonging to the seventh- eighth century AD, total number I 181-Coin types belonging to the eighth century AD, total number I 182

-Coin types belonging to the ninth-tenth century AD, total number I 187-183

CHAPTER XIIIDiscovery of coins-Un inscribed coins most probably Dhanyawaddy coins and two types of Raja Candra coins 184-Three types of Deva Candra coins 185-Raja Candra and Candra Bhandhu coins 185-Circulation of coins in different sizes. 185-190-Some special remarks on Wethali coins. 191-Sula Maharaza coin. 191-192-Possessions of Raja Candra coins 193-Possessions of Wethali coins up to date. 194-Comments on possession of Wethali coins. 194-195-The two unclaimed coins of Surya Candra and Dharmarazar. 195

CHAPTER XIVMore discussions about Wethali Coins 196-197-Harikela Coins 198-200-Dharmaraza Coins 201-Sula Maharaza Coins 201-Gold Coins of Priti Candra 202-A gold coin from Vesali-Myint Aung 203-204-Auspicious designs of Wethali Coins in summary. 205-Tentative arrangement of Wethali Coins 206-Remarks upon Wethali Kings 207-212-Rakhine Territory in Wethali Period 213-Appreciations 214-219

U Shwe Zan , B.Sc, B.C.S.

PART IV Pages

CHAPTER XV Specimen of Artifacts made of various metals. 220-222-Shong Gyaw Shrine 223-Notable Artifacts 223-226

-Metal vase displayed in Bangladesh 227-Stone Artifacts 228-247

- Bronze Artifacts 248-253-Gold Artifacts 254-Silver Artifacts 255-257-Copper Artifacts 258-260-Terracotta Artifacts. 261

PART V

CHAPTER XVILiterary Heritages 262-265Some justifications about Wethali, a single Rakhine Dynasty

existing between fourth and ninth century Mahamuni sculptures 265-274 Wethali Excavation. 275-278

Appreciation and tragic end of Wethali. 279-280Maida Pinna Mawkun Linger (ar ynmarmfuGef;vuFm) 281

Theinkanmaintwin Ratu (odefuefrdefwGif&wk) 282Byee Thonseitthone Hledaw Than (Asnf; 33 vHk;&cdkifvSDawmfoH) 283-284Synonymous 285List of illustration 286-297Biblography 298-299Glossary 300-304Clarifications of some relevant topics 304-311Fundamentals of Theravada Buddhism 311-315Theravada Buddhism I 316-317

Maps 318 Tables 318

Index 319-322

WETHALI: THE LAND OF HISTORIC FINDS

CONTENTS

PART - I Pages- FORE WORD

CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION 1- 3

CHAPTER II - Recordings of Rakhine History 4(A) ERAS in use in early Rakhine History 4(B) Alteration or cancellation of those Eras 4- 7- Some remarkable occasions to be remembered during

the range of Maha Era 7- Maha Era, Kawza Era and Christian Era 7- Religious Rea & Kawza Era (Cancellation of Maha 148 by Azartathet & Sandathuria) 8

CHAPTER III - Two different concepts of last cancellation dates and corresponding Christian Era which became conversion factor to both sides. 9- Cancellation dates 10- Supporting evidences of Mrauk-U period 10- Supporting evidences of Dhanyawaddy period 10-12- Records made by Dr. Forchhamer 13- Indirect or special proofs of Wethali datings against Phayre's recordings 13-14- Comparison of three consolidated dating of Wethali 15-16- Important Eras of Dates to be remembered in Rakhine

chronicles 16-17

TABLE 1 - Table showing a vision of dating linked of Rakhine Dynasties by foreign scholars 18TABLE II - Comparative statements between Rakhine Scholars and Sr;: Arthur P.Phayres 19

CHAPTER IV - Comparative dates between chronicles & Inscription sides of Wethali period 21-22- Review 23

PagesCHAPTER V - Comments on Dr: Sircar's tentative assignment 23-24

CHAPTER VI - ANALYSIS, The comparison between two sides of kings and their reigns 25-32 Bronze & Copper Images 33

CHAPTER VII - Bronze and Copper Images of Dhanyawady period 34-46

WETHALI: THE LAND OF HISTORIC FINDS

CHAPTER I PART IINTRODUCTION

Wethali is one of the most well known periods of ancient Rakhine(Arakan) History. It isalso called in Chronicles of Rakhine(Arakan) as Kyauk-Hle-Ga city because founder king Dven Candra(a) Ma Ha Taing Sandra son of Thuria Ketu the last king of Third Dhanyawady, build a stone pier, aboutone mile in length on the bank of the river Randha Nadi.

The city became a noted trade port to which as many as a thousand ships from abroad cameannually.

Wethali is situated some sixteen miles south of old Dhanyawady site along the downwardcourse of the Kaladan river. Wethali phase that started from early 4th Century A.D. i.e, about 327 A.D(revised 364) witnessed all round development including political stability under a long line of kings,known by the ‘surname’ Candra. Though according to the old glory till about A.D 818, we noticed ashift of political activities from Wethali on the Kaladan to Pinsa on the river Lemro.

Nine kings are believed to have ruled during this dynasty. According to the Anandacandrain scriptions and numismatic evidences besides fifteen Candra kings. We came across four more kingsof the same dynasty who denied The Candra surname and four other coming from families other thanCandra.

The monolith, the Anandacandra pillar, contain a verse describing about the king DvenCandra, founding father of the city that could well laugh at the beauty of the home of celestial beings.Other 20 kings who ruled between 4th and 8th centuries are also recorded. Wethali thrived with tradeand commerce Gold and silver coins of five denominations were used. Earlier coins had only the King’sseal but later on the author King’s names were also stamped. Coins bearing the names of fifteen kingshave so far been found.

Although some Razacandra Deva Candra coins were stamped with Conch in obverse side.Wethali coins are stamped with a sitting bull on obverse side and the crown flanked by two Thazinorchid stalks on the reverse. The latest collection of Raza Candra coins from Khayine island in Toungoketownship were found in two types 1st with a conch in an obverse side and the crown flanked by twoThazin. The other types is bull on obverse and the crown on the reverse. Collection of Deva Candracoins from The Khayine Kyun possess three types firstly with conch/ Thirivetsa, 2nd with Bull left turn/Thirivetsa and third Bull right turn/ Thrivesta.

People of Wethali City with great efforts built a civilization that bear the name of wethaliup to this day. The abundant findings of inscribed Ye Dhamma verse, which is considered as the es-sences of Theravadin spirit in nooks and corners of Rakhine(Arakan) land bears testimony to the factthat Buddhism flourished to an utmost degree. Wethali folks built pagodas stupas and temples. Theycast Buddha images. They established illustrious Buddhist monasteries. They donated lands,copied old treatises. Pali and Sanscrit were officially used and widely learned. The AnandaCandra pillar stone inscriptions, Copper plate land grants and bell inscriptions, bear testimonyto the heritage. Besides the prevailing faith of Buddhism, Brahminism and Mahayanic practices alsocoexisted.

Wethali; The land of Historic finds 1

The old palace city wall encompassing are area of 2.7 square miles forming an oval shapecan still be traced easily. Pibaungrong village lying west of it served in the outer city. Palace site situatedin the centre of the palace city, serves to day on the settlement ground of Wethali village. Brick rubblesgoing hints to what it once was adjacent to the eastern of the palace city is Lat Khatt Gung or Loombatten hill lock where some Wethali artefact from nearby are displayed. This believed to be the originalsite of the Anada Candra pillar now preserved at Shitethoung.

In this period, territory of Wethali extended to the southeastern part of Bengal known as 12towns of Bengal in Rakhine, we called as 12 Benga provinces. Those 12 Provinces were (1) Mushidabad(2) Dakha (3) Cambila (4) Shilat (5) Pattikara (6) Gangacara (7) Chittagong (8) Gandawpalin (9) Kansa(10) Talinga (11) Barisal and (12) Rangpur. In other words the Rakhine territory in Bengal was from theeast bank of Gangues river to the mouth of Naff river.

According to the Sanscrit stone and copper plate inscriptions the possibility of close contactbetween the Candra of Wethali(Rakhine) and Candra of Harkela Samatata has been hinted. Both thegroups of rulers were Buddhists.Traditional history of Bengal refers that the Candra dynasty ruled theBengal region from 825 to 1035 A.D. Based on the Anadacandra stone inscription , we have known thatWethali of Rakhine(Arakan) flourished in trade and commerce were from the 4th century to 8th centuryA.D.

In Rakhine(Arakan) chronicles the name of the Queen of this founder king Mahataing Candrawas Thupaba Devi , who was happened to be a most pious Queen . When they ascended to the Wethalithrone, they requested to despatch a rear Buddha Image by her father king in India. On the way fromIndia to (Arakan)Rakhine , that very Buddha Image was lost in the sea near Mrauk-U. It was happeneddue to the heavy stormy weather. The Queen became so much grieved for these unfortunate events. Toease her grief and its substitute the Image the king Mahating Candra planned to exect a new great Imagemade of Bronze as a founding Image to commemorate of their completion of the Wethali city. That isthe brief story of the great Image of Wethali which is still seated in Thinlawady village in the old site ofWethali city. (Please see the picture of great Image of Wethali, Thupaba Devi worshiped and prayedabout this bronze Image that as soon as the Image was recovered from the sea . She should be the firstqueen to be worshiped to the Image was the brief of story of Wethali Image.

U Shwe Zan B.Sc, B.C.S. 2

THE GREAT IMAGE OF VESALI & BUD-DHIST SYNOD HILL

The 17-ft high Great Image of Wethali,carved of a single block of sandstone, restson a hill half a mile north of the palace city.It was built in 327 AD, the same year thatWethali was established. Lying east to theGreat Buddha is the 70- ft high Sanghayanaor Buddhist synod hill. A Sanghayana was

held by the combined efforts of one thousand SriLankan monks and another one thousand Rakhine(Arakanese)monks during Thiri DhammaWizaya’s rule in 638AD. The Crown Prince man-sion lies to the north of the palace. Close to thewestern Palace City wall on the Rann-chaungtributary stood the stone piers that helped earnthe name of the StonePier City.


CHAPTER IIRecordings of Rakhine(Arakan) HistoryThere are so many essential points to be remembered in Recordings of Rakhine History.

(A) Eras in use in early Rakhine(Arakan) History(a) Kokethamin Era(b) Bodaw Einzana Era or Maha Era(c) Religious or Thathana Era(d) Kawza Era

(B) Alteration or Cancellation of those Eras Four times of cancellation or alteration were observed in early periodisations ofDhanyawaddy and Wethali. First cancellation was taken place in Kanrazagri dynasty. 2ndand 3rd cancellation in Sandathuria dynasty and 4th and last cancellation in Wethaliperiod.

4. We learned from his writing that Phayre’s seemed to be ignored such cancellations andneglect some essential points also in the recordings of Rakhine(Arakan) History. This really isa weak point of the Brilish Scholar.

5. Cancellation of dates & Eras.(a) Cancellation of Kokethamin Era 8645 to 2 by Bodaw Einzana as well as

Ralamaru and started a new era of Einzana or Maha.(b) Cancellation of Bodaw Einzana or Maha Era 148 to 1 by Azartathet of Myitjima as

well as King Sandathuria started a new Religious Era 1 from the date of Buddha’sParinibbana. Moreover Sandathuria not only started a Religious Era 1 but also simultaneously started a new Kawza Era 1. Third, King Thuria Seitara, 16th in the lineafter Sanda Thuria altered the Kawza 609 to 2.Fourth and lastly Thiri Sandra , 32ndKing after Sanda Thuria or 9th King after Dven Sandra , erased the Kawza 560 to0 and started a fresh Era afterwards.We learned from his writing that Lt. general Sir Arthur P. phayre seemed to beignored such cancellations and neglect some essential points also in the recordingsof Rakhine History. Moreover the most unthinkable and unacceptable action doneby Phayre was that he dared to close down or come to end the BC dates without anyreason just after the Ralamaryu’s cancellation dated and started a new Christian ADera 15 from that same starting point of Maha Era , and also recorded the date ofKing Sandathuria as AD146. In this way he continued the dating of the successive kingswith the same trend and the end of 3rd Dhanyawaddy became AD 788.4At the same timethis ending date became starting date of Wethali. From this point , Phayre started to mention the Rakhine Era as 150. That means the tried to equate the conversion dates of the two

1. Lt.general Sir Arthur P. phayre auther of book entitled " History of Burma" 1833 AD.4. Chronological table of the Kings of Rakhine(Arakan).

Comparative dates between chronicle sides of wethali.


eras by using the conversion factor 638 wrongly. If we count backward from this point it was sure toreach the Sandathuria’s reign and coincided with the accession date of the same King on AD 146. If weprocceed further backward it will definitely reach the starting christian era AD 15 at the same point ofRalamaru’s cancellation date which is also the starting date of Maha.Infact this sort of conversionmethod applying in the circulations can be done only after the last cancellation date (i.e 560 Kawza) inWethali period. That was also the reason why ending date of Wethali became 1018 AD and that was 200Eras over to the actual ending date 818 AD.

First of all let me show one of the supporting evidences of Inscription records engraved withRakhine(Arakan) Kawza era belonging to Wethali period. It is a metal vase inscribed about a land grantin Harikela kingdom which is now displayed at national museum of Bangladesh in Dakka.5 It is inter-esting to note that Rakhine(Arakan) Kawza Era dating is engraved as an Era of priority among thevarieties of Eras in existance at that time and two persons by the name of Kula Candra and Ratna.Candrawere included among the donorlists. They were supposed to be the decendents of Candra Kings ofRakhine(Arakan) Wethali .The Rakhine Kawza Era engraved on the Vase is 77 RE, which was hap-pened to be coincided with the reign of Theinga Sandra of Rakhine Wethali period recorded in Rakhine(Arakanese) Chronicles.

By assessing that event, it can be assured to say that the dating with Rakhine(Arakan) Kawza Erawas the indications of faithfulness to their father land as well as the Rakhine(Arakanese) culture andthe strong belief of Buddhism. This remarkable inscription was dated some years after the final cancel-lation of RE 560 by Thiri Sandra.

In other way it was inscribed some years before the ending date of wethali or starting of Lemroperiod.on the contrary we cannot count this date by Phayre’s recording in Wethali period, but in ThuriaKethi reign of Third Dhanyawaddy period6 only, which is entirely impossible. By judging thesediscrepencies it is quite evident to say that it is a strong supporting evidence of Rakhine(Arakanese)Choniclers dating which is reliably acceptable in contrast to Phayre’s recordings.

5. (a) Chowdhury, Vasent ‘India Museum’ title of Book, Town, press(b) The picture of metal vase.(c) Instead of any other method of dating practised there at Vanga and Samatata onlyestablishes how prevalent the Arakani (Rakhine) cultural penetration was in the Harikilaterritory at that point of time.

6. Chronoligical table of the Kings of Rakhine.


By reviewing the whole records of Phayre, it is crystal clear that Sir Arthur Phayre learned scholarhad never been come across the records of Wethali mentioned in the inscription pillar of Anada CandraInscription. In the inscription side, Dven Candra started to rule Wethali in the year AD 370, the date ofDr. Sircar’s tentative assignment which is different of 6 years to Rakhine(Arakanese) Secholar’s datementioned in (A) assignment in Appendix III. Ananda Candra engraved this record in the 9th year of hisreign on which Dr: Sircar’s Tentative date is AD 729.7

From our analytical study of Rakhine(Arakanese) chronicles, many verses like “Thainkanmaintwin”Retu of Saw Prai Nyo.8 “Thaswalay” poem9 of Lemro period, Adoo minyo’s “Rakhine” minthamiAyechum10 (Lullaby) and U San Hla’s “Mahamuni” Nigone Ywa verse11 collaborated with Dynasticrecords inscribed in the stone pillar we can draw a conclusion that, there were more kings who ruledWethali for some extra years that is Ananda Candra still continued to rule 10 years. After his engravementtime of his inscription on the pillar before death and Sula Sandra succeeded to the Wethali thtone for 36years, after the death of Ananda Candra, who happened to be his own brother. Afterwards, Amratu 7years, Pe Pru 17 years, reign less 1 year and Ngamin Ngaton, son of Sula Candra and Sandadevi for 24years successively12. That means there were 95 more years left before the end of Wethali after Anandacandra.

Therefore the total lifespan of Wethali became 454 years (in contrast to Phayre’s counting of 230years) or in other words ending date of the dynasty is AD824. But according to (A) assignment ofAppendix III starting date of Wethali is AD 364 and ending date is AD 818, the difference of tworecords is only 6 years in both ends again13. Moreover U Nyunt Han of Archaeology Department whoconducted the particular eccavation process, which were taken place between 1981 and 1984 remarkedand supported that Wethali existed in between 4th and 9th century also.13(a)

There are more supporting evidence of inscription records engraved with Kawza orRakhine(Arakan) Era dating collected in Lemro period. Likewise, Kawza or Rakhine(Arakan) Era datingsuch as 180, 290, 451, 452, 480, 488, 573, 612, 657, 692, 718, 759, 783, 792 which were mentioned incolumn (3) of the list coincided with the exact reigns of Khetta Thin, Mong Reng pru, Mong Bon Than,Mong Pati of Pyinsa period, Kawlia, Datha Raza of Parein period, Kaba Laungnge of Narein sara,Taungoo period, Alaw Mar Pru, Monghti, Nankyar (Younger), Mong Saw Mon Narameikhla of Loungretperiod respectively as mentioned in the column (3) of the list by Rakhine Scholars.

7. Table of comparative Dates between the Chronicles and Inscription of Wethali period.8. odefuefrdefwGif

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14. List of Inscription records engraved with Kawza or RE datings in Lemro Period.


Phayre’s recordings as mentioned in column (2) of the list, it can be noticed that the dates werenot tally with the inscription records mentioned in column (3) of the list like Rakhine(Arakanese)Chronicler's recordings. That sort of things were happened because of unfair adjustments of LemroPeriod done by the British Scholars. So it is clear to say that Phayre’s recording of Periodisation withadjusted Kawza or RE dating as well as corresponding Christian dating are not acceptable and authenticas of Rakhine Chronicler's recordings in this case too.

Again the two recording of Rakhine chroniclers & Phayre are seemed to be different in manyways to each other, because of their two contradicting concepts. As a result, we found many discrepan-cies between the two recordings especially in Christian era dating.

Some remarkable occasions to be remembered during the range of Maha Era are:-Maha (Kaliyug) (Vikram Sambat)

1. Buddha’s birth 68 624 BC 578 BC2. Buddha’s Renunciation 97 595 BC 543 BC3. Accession of Sanda Thuria 97 595 BC 543 BC4. Buddha’s Enlightenment 103 589 BC 537 BC5. Buddha’s Visitation to Dhanyawady 123 569 BC 517 BC6. Buddha’s Parinibbana 148(1) 544 BC 492 BC7. King Sandathuria’s death 149(2) 543 BC 491 BC 15

Maha Era, Kawza Era and Christian EraPresent Kawza Era 1370 is the year between post final cancellation date of 560 down to the

present date. In other words, that is the total length between post cancellation date and present date. But,final cancellation date of Rakhine(Arakan) Chroniclers and Phayre are not coincided to each other.Rakhine(Arakan) Chroniclers date is in 560 R.E of Thiri Candra of Wethali period where as Phayre’scancellation date is in 638 AD (638+10 AD) of Thuria Renu reigns in Third Dhanyawady period.16

Phayre over looked or most probably neglected the first cancellation date of Rala Maru’s reign inKokethamin Eras 8645 which was the corresponding Era of BC 638.17 The Maha Era started from 2 atthat point, which was the most important and beginning of this era, Guatama Buddha was born, maderenunciation, attained enlightenment and passed to Nibbana. According to Maydha Pyinnya MawgunLinger and Records of Dhanyawady Sandathuria ascended to the throne, met Guatama Buddha, castMaha muni Image and other Bronze Images and died in the same Era. The British Scholar had failed tomention those facts and figures which were the most important to a Buddhist country like Myanmar/Rakhine(Arakan).

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15. OD;a&TZHa&; aqmif;yg;acgif;pOf "n0wDacwf &cdkifacwfOD;? jrwfyef;oZif? &cdkiftrsKd;orD;r*¾Zif;2002 pmrsufESm29-40

16. a&S;acwf&cdkiforkdif; "n0wDacwf OD;a&TZH? OD;armifausmf?

17. BC 638= cancellation date of Kokethamin Era.n 8645(2). clarifications =Buddha attained Nibbana -mMaha148=BC492=RE1.

Maha (148+492=640) = AD 1 = RE 1 + 492=493Rakhine Scholars Maha 2= (Ralamaru's first cancellation) = BC638.


Religious Era & Kawza EraCancellation of Maha Era 148 by Azartathet & Sandathuria

We understand from ancient Buddhist records and glass palace chronicle (1992), Azartathet ofMyitjima and Sandathuria of Dhanyawady18 simultaneously cancelled the Maha Era148 after the Buddha'sParinibbana. A new Eras of Thathana and Kawza started since then. The corresponding chinstian Erasof Buddha's birth and Parinibbana were in6 7 century BC and 6 century BC respectively. Those Eras ofreligious and Kawza are being used in the recordings of Rakhine(Arakan) chronicles till to day.Thathana Era or religious Era is being used without break since the date of Buddha' sParinibbina.However, there were two more alteration or cancellation in Kawza Era made by Thuria Seitra 16th in theline of Sanda thuria and Thiri Sandra of Wethali , the 32nd king after Sanda thuria . The last or finalcancellation date was in 560 Kawza Era, from that date of final cancellation , a fresh Kawza date wasstarted and 638 AD became the corresponding Christian dates as proved in the following. The last orfinal cancellation date was started and 638 AD became the corresponding Christian dates as proved inthe following. The present Kawza became 1370 which is the length of years counted between postcancellation date of Thiri Sandra and the present date.

Three types of Eras being used at present in Myanmar/Rakhine(Arakan) Calendars are: 1. Religious Era = 2552 2. Kawza Era = 1370 3. Christian Era = 2008 AD

Kawza Era = Christian Era Conversion Factor 1370 = 2008 AD (-) 638

Vice VersaChristian Era = Kawza Era + Christian factor 2008 AD (-) 1370 + 638Religious Era (-) Buddha's Parinibbana + Christian Era 2552 (-) BC 544 (Kaliyug) + 2008 AD

Actually, these are established facts in the recordings of Rakhine(Arakan) Chronicles. Withoutthe knowledge of above mentioned facts it will be very difficult to get a correct and authentic recordsof Rakhine(Arakan) chloricles.

Moreover only in coming of British to Rakhine Land which was happen to be forty yearslater after the lost of sovereignty of Rakhine(Arakanese) Kingdom, the datings with Christian Eraswere introduced only by British scholars. The British came to Rakhine(Arakan) land only after thecountry's experienced 40 years (from 1784 to 1824) of Burmese rule. Hence they cannot form a correctidea of Rakhine(Arakanese) Kingdom from antiquity. They can only form a superficial idea of Rakhine(Arakan) by seeing ancient monuments.

18. Azartathet line Sandathuria of Dahnyawady lineAsoka of India Thuria SakkaAccession Date RE 218 =274 BC Accession Date = RE 214 = 278 BCBuddha's Death =1 =218 Buddha's Death = 1 = 214

492 BC 492Buddha's life =80 = 80 Buddha's life = 80 = 80i.e. Buddha's Birth = =572 BC Buddha's Birth = 572Reference-U Shwe Zan & U Maung Kyaw's-Ancient Rakhine(Arakan) History Dhanyawady period - PP 157 - 166(do) and Mahamune Nigone Ywa verse by U San Hla of Mrauk-U reference to Doe Wai's history.


CHAPTER IIITwo different concepts of last cancellation dates and corresponding Christian Eras whichbecame conversion factor to both sides(A) Rakhine(Arakan) Chroniclers Counting in reverseorder starting form present day to the postconcellation date in Thiri Sandra reign of Wethali-

1. 2008 AD to 1948 AD - (Independence day) = 60 years2. 1948 AD to 1824 AD - (British occuptation) = 124 years3. 1824 AD to 1784 AD - (Myanmar Rule) = 40 years4. 1784 AD to 1430 AD - (Mrauk - U Period) = 354 years5. 1430 AD to 818 AD - (Lemro Period) = 612 years6. 818 AD to 638 AD - (Post concellation date of

Thirisandra and ending date ofNgaton or Starting dateof Khettathin.) = 180 years

Total years = 1370 years(B) Phayre's counting in reverse order starting form present day to Thuria Renu of 3rdDhanyawaddy period.

1. 2008 AD to 1948 AD - (Independence day) = 60 years2. 1948 AD to 1824 AD - (British occuptation) = 124 years3. 1824 AD to 1784 AD - (Myanmar Rule) = 40 years4. 1784 AD to 1430AD - (Mrauk - U Period) = 380 years5. 1430 AD to 1401 AD - (Lemro Period) = 386 years6. 1401 AD to 818 AD - (Wethali Period) = 230 years7. 788 AD to 638 AD - (Up to Thuria Renu reign

of 3rd Dhanyawaddy) = 150 yearsTotal years = 1370 years

Rakhine(Arakan) Chroniclers Phayre difference1. Mrauk - U period - 354 years - 380 years -26 years2. Lemro Period - 612 years - 386 years +226 years3. WeThali Period

(Between post cancellationdate and ending date ofWethali Period) - 180 years - 230 years - 50 years

4. Dhanyawaddy Period - - - 150 years -150 years Balanced

If we counter checked the difference of two groups, we will difinitely get a balanced sheet asshown above. Therefore, it is not unjustified to alledge that Phayre's periodisations and datings ofRakhine(Arakan) Chronicles were not an authentic ones but only an adjusted and make shift documentsof recordings which should be kept aside from the ancient Historical records.

* 20- AMB Irwin 105-author of the book entitled, The Burmese and Arakanese Calender


Cancellation DatesAccording to Rakhine(Arakan) Chroniclers Thiri Sandra of Wethali and Popa Saw Rahan of

Bagan were the contemporary Kings who took the last cancellation of Kawza 560 in Rakhine(Arakan)and Myanmar respectively. But, in contrast to Rakhine(Arakan) chronicler's concept, Phayre equatePopa Saw Rahan with Thuria Renu of 3rd Dhanyawaddy20 instead of Thiri Sandra of Wethali. It is alsooccured because of adjustments made by Phayre especially in Lemro, Wethali and 3rd Dhanyawaddyperiods. We are very much doubtful to say that, the motive of Phayre is to upset the actual standingpositions of Bagan and Wethali period.

Supporting evidences of Mrauk - U PeriodWe have already verified the periods of Wethali and Lemro sofar. To complete the whole records

of Rakhine(Arakan) Chronicles, it is better to continue to show more supporting evidences of rest of theperiods of Rakhine(Arakan). In Mrauk - U period we can show at least two types of inscription recordsbelonging to this period, one is inscription records of inscribed in stone slabs engraved with, Rakhine(Arakan) Kawza dates and the other is inscription records of coins engraved with Rakhine(Arakan)Kawza dates on top of both obverse side and reverse side shich is presummably the accession date of aking who was believed to be ruled Mrauk - U in this particular date. Some powerful kings unusuallyissued more than once in some special occassions during rigns. Here, we prefer to present the records ofMrauk-U coins issued by successive kings of three periods. Out of the collections of Mrauk-U coins wecan show at least 29 types of coins engraved with Rakhine(Arakan) Kawza era starting from the founderking Narameikhala, an alternate name of Mong Saw Mon up to the ending King Thamada Raza alsocalled Aggaw Ponya Zaw covering both of periods of Mrauk-U. If we totaling the years between thecoins of successive kings through out the three periods, we get the result figure as 354 which agree withthe total span of Mrauk-U period as recorded by Rakhine chroniclers. But the total length of Mrauk-Uperiod, as recorded by Phaayre is 380 years, it is also shown that there were also some discrepencies inthe recording even in Mrauk-U period too.Supporting evidences of Dhanyawaddy Period

Up to the moment, we have clarified Wethali period of Rakhine(Arakanese) chronicles. It isessencial to contiue to clarify the remaining Dhanyawaddy period, out of which the range starting fromRalamaryu reign, the 24th in line of Kanrazagri Dynasty, down to Thuria Ketu reign, the last king ofSanda thuria Dynasty and father of Maha Taing Sandra, the founding king of Wethali period is the mostimportant to be cleared. Why? and How? The following are some of the reasons to be shown.

If we go back about three millenium years deep into our ancient History, we have noticed someoccassions, out of which, the two events of happenings in the early part of third Dhanyawaddy i.e.in6BC-4 BC, were the greatest and most interesting of all regarding flourishing of Buddhism inRakhine(Arakan).

From the ancient Rakhine(Arakan) historical point of view, Rakhine(Arakanese) King Ralamaryu,24th in the line of Kanrazagri altered the ancient Kokethamin Era 8645 to 2 as mentioned above and theoutcoming era was happened to be called Maha Era. (Mi Ba Sam Zi)24. In that era as already mentionedabove Guatama Buddha was born in 68 Maha 624 BC Kaliyug 572 BC. Vikram Sambat, renounced theworld in 97 Maha ( 545 BC/543 BC), attained enlightenment in 103 Maha (589 BC/537 BC) and passedto Nibbana in 148 Maha (544 BC/492 BC).

21. - See Legends of Mrauk-U Coins, by U Sanda muni Beikhhu 127/293.- U San Tha Aung's Rakhine Dinger.-ajrmufOD;acwf'*Fg; (odkU) '*Fg;uajymaom ordkif;twGJ 24? &ckdifr*¾Zif; ppfawG/ OD;a&TZH/

22. - Chart Table showing Comparative Dates between Rakhine Chronicle sides and Lt: General Six Arthur P. Phayre.23. - (a) ar"ynmarmfuGef;? vuFmtydk'f(3)/ APPENDIX VII

- (b) ajrmufOD;NrdKU? ausmuf&pfau&yfrS OD;pHvS\ r[mrkeded*krf;&Gmtydk'f(2) ESifh tydk'f(5)/ APPENDIX VIII24. - ar"ynmarmfuGef;? vuFmtydk'f(1)/ APPENDIX XII


Again, we further learned that Sandathuria the founder of 3rd Dhanyawaddy, was also born in 72Maha (620 BC/563 BC), ascended to the Rakhine(Arakanese) throne in 97 Maha. (548 BC/543 BC)and died in 149 Maha (543 BC/491 BC). New Religious Era (491 BC) one year after the GuatamaBuddha's parinibbana. In other sense, Guatama Buddha and Sandathuria were contemporary to eachother in the same Maha Era, corresponding, Before Christ range. (6 BC -5 BC)

Moreover, we also learned that Guatama Buddha visited to Dhanyawaddy and preached KingSandaturia in 123 Maha (569 BC/517 BC) after the 20th monsoon retreat. At the same date KingSandathuria was allowed to cast a famous bronze image of Mahamuni.

As we all know that for about forty-five years, Buddha and his disciples travelled from place toplace, preaching to people of all works of life and the greatest kings of the time favored the Teacher andhis disciples.25

Indeed! Those were some events happened in Sandathuria reign.Again, after the lapsed of nearly 300 undered years another important and impressive event was

occurred. This time, it was happened during the reign of Thuria Sakka, a religious King, a great greatgreat grand son of Sandathuria, the founder of Third Dhanyawady, original donor of famous MahamuniImage and 1st Buddhist king and the believer of Buddha Sasana.

Thuria Sakka ruled the Rakhine(Arakanese) Kingdom of 3rd Dhanyawady from 214 to 258religious era or 278-234 BC with the chief queen Rupita.26 Rakhine(Arkan) Thuria Sakka was contem-porary with the King Asoka of Pataliputra in Western Majjhima. Emperor, Asoka Descaned to theMauria Throne in 218-255 Religious era or 282-252 BC, only difference of four years with the acces-sion date of Thuria Sakka.27

The King Asoka, conqueror of Mauria Dynasty in India, was reputedly described as courageous,wise and honorable in world social History. The King sponsored and hold the third Buddhist council ledby venerable monk Muggali Putra Tissa and five hundred senior monks in 235 Buddhist era. The Bud-dhist synod started on the month of Ngayone with senior monks in 235 Buddhist era. The Buddhistsynod started on the month of Ngayone (June) to the month of Tapotwe (February) last nine months inthe months in 257 BC.28

25. -ar"ynmarmfuGef;? vuFmtydk'f(1)/

26. -ar"ynmarmfuGef;? vuFmtydk'f(3)/

27. -Asoka Reign = 218-258 RE 282-252 BC-Thuria Sakka Reign = 214-258 RE 272-234 BC

28. -Rakhine ancient History-Dhanyawaddy period Vol:1-P166 SN 435,-jrwfr*Fvmpmapmif bmoma&;jyóemrsm;? t&Sifb'´EÅudavmuome (1990? arv) pm-26 &SifOy*kwf &[EÅmonf

jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf omoem 218 ü eef;wufí (235) wGif wwd, o*Fg,emwifcJhaom taomurif;BuD;

vufxufwGifay:xGef;cJhonf/ bDpD (c&pfrzGm;rD) 273-232 cefUwGif jzpfygonf/

-Ak'¨0ifusrf;*efpmay ta&;tom; tukefuvnf; taomu (oD&d"r®maomu yd,'go) rif;eef;wufomoem-218 ck[k wnDw

ñTwfjyqdkMuum yxro*Fg,em tZmwowfESifh &Sifr[muóyrax&f omoem (1)ckwGif &mZN*dKvfjynfüvnf;aumif;? 'kwd,


Just after the end of the third synod, the Mauria emperor sent religious missions to nine regionswith some of Guatama Buddha's relics which were secretly kept by Azatathet, the King who patronagethe first Buddhist council and simultaneously cancelled Buddha's parinibbana date of 148 Maha era andstarted a new religious era(1) as a new starting date which can be equated with 492 BC. Vikram sambator 544 BC kaliyug.29

Among those Buddhist missionaries, a group of mission lead by venerable monk Maha Revertogether with four senior monks were assigned to go to Dhanyawady,30 the Rakhine land. Here weobserved that the arrival dates of this mission to Dhanyawady were supposed to be coincided with thecasting times of Sanda muni and four other Images by the King Thuria Sakka. We learned that themetals used in the casting of these Images were happened to be the same stock of noble alloy (mixtureof gold, sliver, copper, iron and lead) used in the casting of famous Mahamuni Image. Out of these fiveimages only one by the auspicious title of Sandamuni Image is left today. This image is now restingmagnificently on top of ahillock in the precint of Bandoola monastery at Mrauk-U, the ancient capitalof Rakhine(Arakan).31

Moreover, the Buddhist mission combined together with Rakhine(Arakanese) king and peoplebuilt stupas, ceittiyas and pagodas enshrined with Buddha's relics, ranging from Theylagiri KyauktawHill to U Rait Taung Hill of Ponagyun.32

Infect those are the pagodas Eracted as predicted or foretold by Guatama Buddha, to Ah Nandar,33

the chief disciple when the teacher visited to Dhanyawaddy in 123 Mahar or 595 BC/517 BC.To support these great occasions as mentioned above we have discovered inscription records

inscribed in Pali Language with Brahmi scripts. First one was called Taung bout kyi inscription (rockinscription)34 where there inscribed about the aerial visitation of Guatama Buddha with 500 disciples toDhanyawaddy. The inscription also revealed about that landing on the Thelagiri Hill in the east ofgissapanadi river. After all that was the supporting evidence of the Guatama Buddha's visitation toDhanyawaddy.

The other one is a fat Monk stone Image inscription inscribed at the back of the artefact. Theinscription written in Brahmi can be translated as Saccaka paribajacka(ji) na.35 This is one of the Buddha'sincidence, over Nagran Jina ascetic. In fact incidence in Buddha's life story is one of the indications ofthe flourishing time of Buddhism in the area where we collected the artifacts i.e. in Rakhine(Arakan)land.

29. - Rakhine(Arakan) Ancient History-Dhanyawaddy period, Vol:P166-SN425 U Shwe Zan, UMaung Kyaw

jrwfr*Fvmbmoma&;jyóemrsm; - t&Sifwdavmuom& (1990?arv)/

30. - ar"ynmarmfuGef;? vuFmtydk'f(3)/

31. Sandamuni Image-Kyaw Zaw Hla (Mrauk-U)32. - "n0wDacwf &cdkifacwfOD; -OD;a&TZH-jrwfyef;oZifr*¾Zif;? &cdkiftrsKd;orD;(&efukef)? a&;om;ol-OD;a&TZH/ pmrsufESm- 9?10?11/

- The History of Rakhapura as foretold by Guatama Buddha by U Sin Nyo Tun.33. - "n0wDacwf &cdkifacwfOD; aqmif;yg; pm 8-10? jrwfyef;oZifr*¾Zif;? &cdkiftrsKd;orD;(&efukef)? a&;om;ol-OD;a&TZH/


Records made by Dr: ForchhammerDr.Forchhammer a renowned German Archaeologist also stated, in his topic entitled "Maha Muni

Image", about the importance of Palm leaf Manuscript, by the name of Sappadana pakarana kyan wherethere recorded the legend being that of Guatama Buddha with 500 disciples visited to Dhanyawaddy byaerial journey. While sojourning in Dhanyawaddy during, Sandathuria's reign, the blessed one com-plied with the King's request for permission of casting an Image, an exactness to the great Teacher.36

We understand that those former two inscriptions are supposed to be engraved with similar lan-guage and scripts in use in Asokan period of India, where Therawada Buddhism was flourished to thefull bloom. It shows 3rd Dhanyawaddy period of Rakhine(Arakan) and Asokan period of India arecontemporary to each other and existing within the millenium years Before Christ dates.

Recently, we have discovered an eighteen inches sized37 copper image of excellent workmanshipwith combine mudras, of Bumisparsa and Dhama cakras on which the date 520 R.E and the name of thedonor King Thuria Kula were inscribed at the back of the image. We can also read Yedhamma verse inpali with Brahmi scripts were also inscribed at the front of the pedestal. In Rakhine(Arakan) chronicleswe have read that Thuria Kula was the 14th King, the one reigned before Thuria Seitra, the King whotook the 3rd cancellation of Kawza era 609 (116 AD/79 AD) in this period. Surely, it is also anothersupporting evidence of the place where Buddhism flourished well.

Indeed! Those happenings and findings are really remarkable records and supporting evidencesof flourishing time of Therawada Buddhism, Before Christ dates in both Mauria India and Rakhine(Arakan) Dhanyawaddy. Phayre's concept of dating in AD. Era starting from Ralamaryu was quitecontrast to the Rakhine(Arakan) Chronicles which is entirely unacceptable.

To convince the actual positions of periodiations and Dating please see a comparative statementof dates of Rakhine(Arakanese) chronicles, Phayre and Dr Sircar's Tentative assignment of Table No:1Appendix II.Indirect or special proofs of Wethali datings against Phayre's recordings.

There were two types of recordings in Wethali period i.e Chronicle side and Inscritpion side.Firstly, let us verify the possession of inscribed Wethali coins and Artifacts which were belonging

to the same period and inscribed with the names of Donor Kings or Queen in chronological, order aslisted below.

Coins39 Artifacts40

1. Surya coins 1. Yaksa General Panada inscription of Mahamuni Shrine2. Raja Candra coin 2. Copper plate land grant of Bhuti Candra,

3. Dedicatory inscription of Niticandra.

36. - Mahamuni Image by Dr:Forchhammer, reknowned German Archeologist.- The Golden Mrauk-U, an ancient capital of Rakhine by U Shwe Zin.

37. - "n0wDacwf &cdkifacwfOD; -OD;a&TZH-jrwfyef;oZifr*¾Zif;? &cdkiftrsKd;orD;rsm;toif;(&efukef)

38. - Origin and Devolopment of Arakanese (Rakhines) Script volume I Text by U Sandamurn Bhikku. Thesissubmitted

for the Ph.D (Arts) degree of the Culcutta University university Kolkata 2003. Chapter IV. P-138 Palaeography of Coin legend: cesali period 150 kg. (Vol: II P1XLVI to P1LV III)-The Golden Mrauk-U an ancient capital of Rakhine by U Shwe Zan 1995,P-55, coins struck by Rajasondra and varieties of other coins found in Khayinevillage. Text by U Sandaumi Vol: 1 SN 17 (Vol II PIXIX) SN 36 (Vol:II xxxVIIaxxxVIIb) SN 37(Vol:II Plsxxx 1xa- xxx1xb)

39. - Vol: II Plate VIIIa-VIIIb Plate XVI Plate xiX platexxx VIIIa-xxxVIIb).40. - Plate xxx 1xa-xxxixb.Appendix VIII


3. Deva Candra coin 4. Dedicatory inscription of Vira Candra.4. Yajana Candra coin 5. A ring belonging to Niti Candra.5. Candrabandhu coin 6. In scription of Dharmavijaya(Land grant)6. Bhumicandra coin 7. Ananda candra inscription pillar.(Shitethaung pillar)7. Bhuticandra coin 8. Dhamavijaya inscription8. Niti Candra coin9. Vira Candra coin10. Priti Candra coin11. Prithivi Candra coin12. Dhriti Candra coin13. Dharmmaraja coin14. Dharmavijaya coin15. Dharmma Candra coin16. Ananda Candra coin17. Sula Maha raza coin

On the contrary, we haven't collected any artifacts or coins of Wethali kings belonging to thechronicleside. It shows, there existed no two Wethali but only single Wethali recording in two differenttype that is one in chronicle side named with traditional alternate names of kings and other with ancientnick names of king in the inscription side. Any how it is very fortunateto say that we are able to selectsome common kings with alternate names out of those two types of recordings. In fact those Kings arethe most remarkable ones among the Rulers belonging to Wethali.Period. They are-

Insrcription side-Chronicle side Remarks1. Dven Candra 1.Taing Sandra Founder King (Pl.see V 19,20,31)41 of Annada Candra

Inscription, of Wethali 2nd period2. Raja Candra 2.Raza Sandra 2nd in line of Wethali period,3. Kala Candra 3.Kala Candra 3rd in line of Wethali period.4. Dharma sura 4.Dharmaraja Collected coin no claim of throne to either side. Syn-

onymous names.5. Dharmavijaya 5.Thiri Sanda Patron of Buddhist synod and the last king who can-

called the Kawza era 560 and started fresh Kawza Devi6. Dhamma Candra 6.Thinga Sanra Husband of Thwunna Devi

7. Annanda Candra 7.Htula Sandra Saw Prai Nyo and father of Ananda Candra andSulasandra.

8.Sula Candra 8.Sula Sandra The King who was drowned in Negiris Bay afterreturning from Tagaung expedition.

Moreover, by looking the comparative Table of Appendix I(a), we can equate the tworecords of each with only few difference of years which is rather negligible difference offigurers.

41. - Some Justifications about Wethali a single Rakine Dynasty existing between fourth and Nineth century by Shwe Zan P.206-P.212. Myat Pan Tha Zin Magazine of Rakhine(Arakanese)

women Association, Yangon.- Study of ancient Rakhine(Arakanese) History Vol: 2 part 182 Wethali Kyawkhelga period by

Shwe Zan- U & Maung Kyaw-U, (unpublished).* OD;pHvS\r[mrkede*Hk;&GmuAsm vuFmNrdKUwnfeef;wnfcef; tydk'f(2)pmydk'foHk;wGif xlvpE´&m;wGifjim;wjzmtmeE´m[konmbJGU&

xkdbk&ifrSm[lívnf;aumif;tydk'f(3)wGif pE´&m;ZmwtmeE´mvQif[kvnf;[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/


Comparison of three consolidated dating of Wethali

Different sides Starting Date Ending Date Span1. Chronicle side 327 AD 818 AD 491 yrs.2. Inscription side 370 AD 824 AD 454 yrs. (Dr Sirear's Tentative assignment)3. Phayre's recordings of 788 AD 1018 AD 230 yrs. Chronicle sideBy reviewing the above comparisons of datings, it is sure to say that we cannot definitely equate

Phayre's starting dates, ending dates and spans with inscription side datings of Wethali. Surely, it isanother proof of Phayre's unaceptable and unreliable recordings of periodisations and dating of Rakhine(Arakan) Chronicles. In fact these sort of discrepencies were happened because of unfair and unreason-able adjustments of reigns by only Whims and fancies of the British Scholars After all these things aresaid to be unjustified recordings of Sir Arthur P Phayre by making so much puzzle to the actual andauthentic recordings of Rakhine Chroniclers.

In summary, we have noticed that the whole length of Rakhine(Arakan) Historical periods pre-pared by Lt. General Sir Arthur P Phayre is 695/621 years shorter than that of lengths counted byRakhine(Arakan) Chroniclers. It shows Phayre was a person who adjusted or rearranged the reigns ofeach King as well as the length of each period to shorten the whole lifespan of Rakhine(Arakan) Chroniclestarting from Marayu down to Thamada Raza, the last king of Rakhine(Arakanese) Kingdom.

Phayre firstly measured the length of 1st Dhanyawady as in the chronicler's record as 1818 years,Kyaukpakaung period of Kanrazagri when the king settled there for 24 years before he occupied theDhanyawaddy city and from that place downwards to Rala Maryu's reign, is measured as 824 years. Thetotal addition of three figures became 2666 years.* Phayre counted that numbers as dates, Before Christand marked the figures 2666 as BC 2666 as the founding date of first Dhanyawaddy by King Mala Yu.In the same way the addition of total length between Kanrazagri and 24th King Rala Maryu as 1842.After deduction of 1842 years from 2666 years, the result is 824 years. Phayre again marked the addi-tion of 824+one year = 825 as the founding date 825 BC of second Dhanyawaddy by Kanrazagri.*

In this way in downward trend Christian Era BC had said to end in Ralamaryu's reign and itbecame the turning point of Before Christ dates into Annodomini dates and Ralamaryu dating becameAD 15 and continuously accession date of Sandathuria became 146 AD. If we proceed further down-ward, the date of Thuria Ranu, the 19th King of 3re Dhanyawaddy became 638 A.D on which Phayrecounted as contemporary date of conversion factor 638 of Bagan . From that point of Thuria Renu thechristian era 638 became conversion factor of Phayres's recording of Rakhine chronicle and from thatdate downward the British scholar counted the christian era in to Rakhine Kawza era,with this trendPhayre wquate with Popa Saw Rahan as the contemporary King. In this way of calculation, the endingdate of 3rd Dhanyawaddy and starting date of Wethali were counted as 788 AD. If we proceed furtherdownward, the ending date of Wethali and starting date of Lemro period would become 1018 AD.Surprisingly phayre failed to count the Rakhine era or Kawza era from Thuria Renu down to ThuriaKetu, the last king of Third Dhanyawaddy._____________________________________________________________________________________Table II - Comparative Datas Between Chronicle and Inscription side Wethali period. Chrological Tables of the Kings of

Arakan(Rakhine) Dynasty of City Wethali Appendix(I). - History of Burma by Lieut General, Sir Arthur P Phayre -1833. Chronological Table of the Kings of Arakan(Rakhine), Dynasty of Dhanyawaddy


Since, there were no Kawza era to be counted, Phayre, using the reign of the king by adding with theconversion factor 638 to get the Kawza date in improper and twist and turn way. Only in the reign ofMahataing Sandra, Phayre can show the Kawza dates 150 R.E* abruptly with an unreliable dates incontrast to the actual date of 249* Kawza Rakhine(Arakan) date accepted by Rakhine(Arakanese)Chroniclers.*

Due to the Phayre's wrong way of calculations, the end of 3rd Dhanyawaddy and starting date ofwethali are counted as eight century AD. So also, the ending date of Wethali and starting date of Lemroperiod are counted as 11 century AD the result is at least 200 years of difference than Rakhine(Arakan)chroniclers. Moreover the total length of Wetrhali counted by Phayre is 230 years instead of454/491years by Rakhine Chroniclers. Lemro period was also counted by Phayre as 386 years instead of actuallength 612 years.

By looking the comparative tables I, I(a) (Appedix I) between chronicle side and Inscription sidewith De: Zicar's Tntative datings, the two sides can be comparable* to each other where as Phayrerecording and Dr:Sircar's Tentative datings, can not be comparable because of unfair adjustments ofreigns and periods made by the British Scholar.

Therefore, in conclusion we can say that Phayre's recording is an out dated as well as obsolete andnot up to the mark. After all it is not an authentic documents for the Scholars and History students oftoday.Important Eras of Dates to be remembered in Rakhine(Arakanese) Chronicles are: -1. The founding date of Dhanyawaddy the First is in BC 3325.2. Founder King of first Dhanyawaddy is Mara Yu.3. The founding date of second Dhanyawaddy is in BC 1507.4. Founder King of Second Dhanyawaddy is [email protected]. First Cancellation Date of Maha Era started in 7th century BC after alteration of Ancient Koketha

min Era 8645 to 2.6. The founding date of 3rd Dhanyawaddy is in 6th century BC.7. The founder King of 3rd dhanyawaddy is King Sandathuria.8. Second Cancellation date took place by King Sandathuria is in 6th century BC.9. King Sandathuria's accession date is in 6th Century BC.10. New Religious Era started in 5th/6th Century BC after the second cancellation of Maha 148, one

year before the death of King Sanda Thuria of 3rd Dhanyawaddy.11. Kawza Era started in the same date as above.12. Third Cancellation date took place in 609kawza by16th King Thuria Seitra of Dhanyawaddy ie.

in AD 79/116.* It seems the Kawza date 150 R.E which was the same date mentioned in the chronicle of Bago Minkyaung Sayada

Upandi of Dhanyawaddy Razawin Thit. Please see wethali period of Dhanyawaddy Razawin thit which was theexact copy of the Myanmar Kinwunming yi's palm leaf manuscript copy-please see P.11 footnote of MyanmarsaNunt Boung Vol:1

* Please See Appendix III & IV.It seems the Kawza dates 150 which was the dated mentioned in the chronicle of Bago Minkyaung Sayadaw UPandi of Dhanyawaddy Razawinthit which was the true copy of Myanmar Kinwanwin palm leaf maun script copy.(Myanmar Sar Nyun Baung, Part I) footnote of Thingan maintwin - P.11(uif;0efrif;MuD;ayrl jzpfaom &ckdif&mZ0ifOD;yPa&;aom "n0wD&mZ0ifopfwdkUwGif nSdEIdif;a&;om;aMumif;awGU&onf/)

* OD;pHvS\r[mrkeded*Hk;&Gm vuFmtydk'f &cdkifou&mZf 1019 ckESpf wpfqifha&;ul;cJhaom ayy&ydkufrS xkwfEIwfí "n0wDjrdKU\

ed*krf;&Gmrsm; orkdif;vuFm (0g) uAsmjrdKUwnfeef;wnf cef;tydk'f(2) ]]uHoHk;qifhü? xD;zGifhrMum? wpfcGifhwmwGif? pGefUcGgjyD;vrf;?

ou&mZfvQif? ESpf&mhav;q,fhudk;ck0,fwGif}}

(uif;0ef;rif;BuD;ayrljzpfaom &cdkif&mZ0ifOD;y@da&;aom "n0wD&mZ0ifopfwdkUwGif ñSdeIdif;a&;om;aMumif;awGU&onf/)

* OD;pHvS\r[mrkeded*Hk;&Gm vuFmtydk'f &cdkifouú&mZf 1019 ckESpf wpfqifha&;ul;cJhaom ayy&ydkufrS xkwfEIwfí"n0wDNrdKU\

ed*krf;&Gmrsm; orkdif; ordkif;vuFm (0g) uAsmNrdKUwnfeef;wnfcef; tydk'f(2) ]uHoHk;qifhü? xD;zGifhrMum? wpfcGifhwmwGif? pGefUcGm

NyD;vrf;? ouú&mZfvQif? ESpf&mUav;q,fudk;ck0,fwGif}


13. The last King of 3rd Dhanyawaddy is in 249 RE or 856 Religious Era of 4th Century AD (370AD) (327 AD) (364 AD)

14. The founding date of Wethali is in 4th century AD.15. The founding King of Wethali is Maha Taing Sandra in Chronicle side.16. The founder King of Wethali Table II in Inscription side is Dven Candra.17. The Final Cancellation is taken place in 560 Kawza in Wethali Period by King Thiri Sandra

and coresponding date of Christian Era is 638AD. Fresh Kawza Era is started after the finalcancel lation date. Popa Saw Rahan is a Contemporary King or counterpart King of Bagan,who Can celled the Kawza 560 in Myanmar Era.

18. The ending date of Wethali is in 9th century AD.19. The last King of Wethali is Nga Min Nga Ton, son of Sula Sandra and Sandar Devi.20. Lemro Period is started in 9th century AD.21. The founder King of Lemro Pyinsa Period is Khetathin.22. The founder King of Parein Period is Letya - min -nan.22(a).The founder King of 2nd Parein Period is Daltha Raza.23. The founding date of Parein is in 12th century AD.24. The founding date of Khreik is in 12th century AD.25. The founder King is Mong Phone Sar.26. The founding date of Sambwak is in 12th century AD.27. The founder King of Sambwak is Danu Ru Paw.28. The founding date of Narein Sara Taungoo is in 12th century AD.29. The founder King of Narein Sara Taungoo is Myitzu Thin.30. The founding date of Laungret is in 13th century AD.31. The founder King of Laungret is Ah Law Mar Pru.32. The ending date of Laungret is in 15th century AD.33. The last king of Laungret and Lemro period is Mong Saw Mon.34. The founding date of Mrauk-U is in 15th century AD.35. The founder king of Mrauk-U Period is Mong Saw Mon (a) Nara Meik Hla.36. The ending king of 1st Mrauk-U is Mong Khaung Raza.37. The founder king of 2nd Mrauk-U is Mong Ba Gri.38. The founder king of 3rd Mrauk-U is Narapadigri.39. The last king of Mrauk-U & all Dynasties is Thamadaraza (a) Aggaw Ponnya Zaw.40. The ending date of Mrauk-U or the last date of Rakhine Kingdom is in Kawzar 1146 or 1784

AD or in 18th century AD.41. The present Religous Era date is 2552.42. The present Kawza or Rakhine Era is 1370.43. The present Christian Date is 2008 AD.



Table showing a vision of dating linked of Rakhine(Arakanese) Dynasties by foreign Scholars

(Table-I)

Notion of different Scholars Dating Regime [Starting dated, ending date]

1.Hall,European group BC 2666 Starting date of Marayu2.-do- BC 825 -do-Kan Raza Gri3.-do-+Dr.Pamela Gutman AD 1 -do-Einzana and Ralamaryu4.-do-+-do- AD 146 -do-Candathuria5.Dr.Johnstan AD 350 -do-Dven Candra6.Dr.sircar-Dr.Pamela Gutman AD 370 -do-Dven Candra7.Dr.A.M.B .Irwin AD 638 Theara Renu &Popa Saw Rahan

(Common date)8.Dr.Sirear & Dr.Pemela Gutman AD 729+ 10 Annda Candra-ending date

9.Dr. Pamela Gutman AD +49 unsettled Period10.Dr.Forchhammer AD 788-9 Starting date of Mahataing Candra11.-do- AD 810 -do-Thuria Taing Candra12.-do- AD 935 -do-Taing Candra13.-do- AD 951 -do-Sula Taing Candra14.-do- AD 964 -do-Pe Pru15.-do- AD 994 -do-Ngaton Min16.-do- AD 24 Ending date of Ngaton Min17.-do- AD 1018 Ending date of (Wethali)18.-do- AD 1086 Athinkhayar (Waraung Nghet)

(Usurper)19.-do- AD 1096 Starting date of Parein Period by

Letyar Minnang, who reginedthe Rakhine(Arakan) Throne by the helpof Alaungsithu of Bagan.

20.-do- AD 1153 Starting Date of Datha Raja (2ndParein)21.-do- AD 1239 Starting date of Alaw Mar Pru22. Dr. Pamela Gutman AD 1279 Ending date of Wethali23. Dr. Forchhammer AD 1430 Starting Date of Mrauk-U24. AD 1785 Min Saw Mon - End of Mrauk-U

AD 4451+621 = 5072 2666+621 = 3287





Documents

History Book Part I (a)