History Annd Generation of Computer

8/2/2019 History Annd Generation of Computer

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Erik Jonsson School of En ineerin andComputer Science

e n vers y o exas a a as

EE 2310EE 2310 EE 2310 is a required course, prerequisite for EE 3320/3120.

Major topic areas:

Binary and hexadecimal numbers

Combinational and sequential digital logic

Assembly language programming

Computer architecture overview

EE 2310 Home Page: (http://www.utdallas.edu/~dodge/ee2310)

Syllabus, course information, lectures, announcements

Homework work sheets classroom exercise sheets

Review regularly!

Note: Acrobat Reader required. Obtain from Acrobat:

N. B. Dodge 01/121 Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing

software site: http://www.utdallas.edu/ir/local/index.html.


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Note on 2310 InformationNote on 2310 Information

Note that I do not use WebCT.

EE 2310 information is available on my website

(http://www.utdallas.edu/~dodge/ee2310 ). o oo or any course n orma on on

WebCT. I grade and return tests 1 and 2

,your grade for long.

N. B. Dodge 01/12

2 Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing


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2310 S llabus/Due Date Documents2310 S llabus/Due Date Documents

There are three important EE 2310 documents: EE

2310 S llabus EE 2310 Homework Due Dates and EE

2310 Lab Result Due Dates.

The syllabus is very complete. It describes lectures,

s ows w en es s an es rev ews are sc e u e , an

lays out the semester schedule.

Most course uestions are answered in the s llabus or

in the due date documents. The syllabus even has

references to the texts used in the course.

N. B. Dodge 01/12

t ree ocuments are on t e we s te.



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Syllabus/Homework Due (Contd)Syllabus/Homework Due (Contd)

Read the syllabus carefully (preferably early thissemester).

Because 2310 documentation is so complete, here are

questions that I really do NOT want to hear:

When is the next test? Do we have a worksheet today?

What should I be reading? What is the lecture about?

Come to class prepared! Class exercises printed.

Homework com lete.

N. B. Dodge 01/12

Lab report or results turned in.



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Announcements on the WebsiteAnnouncements on the Website

At the top of the 2310 website is an announcements

.

Important announcements will be listed there, either

those made in class (e.g., about an upcoming test orassignment) or special items concerning a lecture or

homework assignment.

.also be noted in the announcements area.

Scan the announcements section regularly!



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HomeworkHomework

There are three kinds of homework in EE 2310: Homework Homework is posted on the web site. Turn in at the

of final grade. Answers posted on-line shortly after the due date.

Note: The semester project is a homework assignment, but is a more

difficult design assignment, that counts an additional 5% of your final

grade. This assignment will be posted a little later in the semester.

Test Review Sheets Bring each completed review sheet to class the

day of the test review. Will be checked by the instructor before class.

. - final grade (the +1 is a completion grade). Answers to test review

sheets are NOT posted! You must come to class for the answers.

Lab Re ort/results. Due accordin to the lab result due date sheet.

N. B. Dodge 01/12

Worth 10% of your final grade. More on labs below.



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Homework ProceduresHomework Procedures

All homework (including lab reports) will be turned at thebeginning of EE 2310 class on the due date listed, except for the

items noted below.

Software lab results (programs in labs 5 and 6) and programs in

Homework #7 will be emailed as an attachment directly to the

class TA. Each student turns in homework #7.

The TAs schedule, availability, and office location will be listed on

the EE 2310 web site as soon as TAs are assigned.

In the case of labs 5 and 6 onl one ro ram is re uired er team.

Make sure you list both partners names on each lab report and

program, so that proper credit is given to both lab partners!

N. B. Dodge 01/12

,

although they may work on it together.



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Class Exercise SheetsClass Exercise Sheets

Print out and bring (real paper!) class exercise sheets toclass. They are included in the lecture notes, which you

.

Selected exercise sheets will be collected to earn points

on your next test (+1-3 per sheet; up to 5 points total).

You will not know in advance which in-class exercises

will be turned in, or which worksheets will be checked.

Certain class exercise sheets will not be completed inclass, but will be assigned as a bonus homework.

Bonus exercise sheets should be turned in at the start of

N. B. Dodge 01/12

the next office hours (similar bonus points apply).



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EE 2310 LabsEE 2310 Labs

There are six lab exercises in EE 2310. The lab portion consists of four digital hardware

exerc ses w c are to e comp ete n t e

1202/2310 lab. You will work with a lab partner, and

the partnership will submit a joint report summarizing

the exercise and their results.

There are also two software assignments that count as

, .partner to complete the software design assignment,

and email your result to the class TA.

N. B. Dodge 01/12

Labs count 10% of your final grade.



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EE 1202/2310 Lab Facility OverviewEE 1202/2310 Lab Facility Overview

The EE 1202/2310 lab is ECSS 4.622 (new engineering

u ng , on e r oor o e u ng.

As noted above, lab exercises will be done by teams of two

students, working together. You can choose your own labpartner. If you do not have a partner, come to the

instructor and he will find you one.

You will do these labs on our own at our own rate.

There are no scheduled lab times. Go to the lab and do

your lab work when you wish (subject to lab open hours).



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Lab HoursLab Hours

ECSS 4.622 is open ten hours a day, 10 AM to 8 PM,four days a week, Monday-Thursday.

You are free to work on your lab at any time during

these hours. You can do the lab all at once, or do a

There are 12 workstations in the lab. You must sign up

to reserve a workstation. Workstations may be

reserve n wo- our s o s, - . If you come to the lab and a station is free, you may

start work immediately. Remember to put your name

N. B. Dodge 01/12

on the reservation chart for that current period!



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Reservation SheetsReservation Sheets Each week, reservation sheets for the

next week be available in the lab at 10

AM Thursday morning.

Time Slot Reserved

Workstation 10 AM 12 Noon 2 PM 4PM 6 PM

1

drop in and start immediately if a

station is free). Write your name in the

reservation block. Include the course

3

4

5,

both use this lab.

You can reserve no more than four hours

per week, either in different 2-hour slots

6

7

8

or con guous y. Please be prompt. If you are 15 minutes

or more late, your reservation is voided.

Reservations for the week may be made

9

10

11

N. B. Dodge 01/12

from the previous Thursday through the

rest of the next week.11 Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing


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ECSS 4.622 LabECSS 4.622 Lab

The entrance to 4.622 is shown on the

There are twelve workstations in the

lab room.

instruments, but you will only use the

IDL-800 digital prototyping unit and

ossibl the PC.

Instruments leads are on hangars at

the front of the lab, although you will

robabl not need these.

N. B. Dodge 01/12

Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing13


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Lab CabinetsLab Cabinets

ECSS 4.622 is used for two sets of

laboratory exercises, those in EE 1202

.

As shown in the picture to the right,

there are three cabinets inside the 4.622

door, to your immediate left.

One cabinet contains EE 2310 parts.

The second contain EE 1202

experimental parts.

-

for both labs, containing miscellaneous

support material required for both labs.

If any EE 2310 material is not in the

N. B. Dodge 01/12

2310 cabinet, it is in the misc cabinet.



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Layout of 2310 CabinetLayout of 2310 Cabinet

The contents of the

shown to right.

Note the layout ofthe cabinet to be

sure that you can

uickl et re uired

components and get

to work.

N. B. Dodge 01/12Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing15


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Layout of Miscellaneous CabinetLayout of Miscellaneous Cabinet

The Miscellaneous cabinet

contains many items that will

not be used regularly.

Items such as the first aid kit

are available in case of minor

injuries (unlikely in EE 2310,

but possible).

Check items in this cabinet

when you first go into the lab tomake sure you know the various

items that are available.



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Digital Parts KitsDigital Parts Kits

These kits are mainly for EE

for one EE 1202 experiment.

They contain the digital

circuits, (ics) also

arranged in partitions in

groups of digital circuits.

Circuit parts needed for each

lab exercise are identified onthe last page of the exercise.

You can select ics from the

N. B. Dodge 01/12

y e r par num ers.



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Wiring KitsWiring Kits

Wiring kits are used to

together for each experiment.

The wires are various lengths,-

with hardened tips to plug

into the circuit boards.

Please be certain that the

wires are returned to the kitsand properly arrange in the

various kit partitions.



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Bench LayoutBench Layout

The layout of the benchinstruments is shown to

the right.

The items as shown to the

Power supply

Digital multimeter

Signal generator Oscilloscope

Di ital rotot er

N. B. Dodge 01/12

LC meter (stations 5, 12)



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Erik Jonsson School of En ineerin andComputer Sciencee n vers y o exas a a as

Instrument IdentificationInstrument Identification

BC

ED

F

Instrument identification:

A

A Power supply

B Digital multimeter

D Oscilloscope

E Digital prototyper (only instrument used in EE 2310)

N. B. Dodge 01/12

F LC meter (stations 5, 12)



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Lead HangersLead Hangers

Leads are stored on the

the lab as shown in the

picture to the left (leadsa so on e o er s e o

the cabinet).

You will robabl not

need these in EE 2310

they are mainly for use

N. B. Dodge 01/12

.



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Lab LayoutLab Layout

Cabinet

et

Workstation

9

Workstation

10

Workstation

12

Workstation

11

Workstation

Cabi

Workstation Workstation t able

Comm 8Workstation

3

7Workstation

4

6Workstation

5Cabine

File

Cabinet

TA

Cabine

t

Workstation WorkstationEE 2310Misc.EE 1202

Door


a nea nea ne


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Lab Report Due CycleLab Report Due Cycle

Lab assignments are due per dates in the due date

.

Late lab reports are generally NOT accepted.

Exceptions can be made for very severe problems (suchas your death).

For the two software lab assignments, no reports are

.

your partner and turn in on the assigned date. The

method of submission is to email the assembly language

N. B. Dodge 01/12

program as an attac ment to t e c ass .



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Lab RoutineLab Routine

1. Read your lab exercise in the text before the briefing.2. Reserve your lab space (can do on previous Thursday).

. .

Do the lab exercise at your reserved station.

4. When finished, have the lab TA initial your results, put

workstation is clean. The lab TA will check your station.

5. Each team submits one lab report, turned in to the EE

2310 class TA his/her information will be osted on the

2310 website). Make sure to follow report guidelines asposted on-line. Lab reports only on labs 1-4.

6. Submit programs (labs 5 and 6), as discussed above, by

N. B. Dodge 01/12

email no lab reports for these labs.



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Lecture Ground RulesLecture Ground Rules

Turn off your cell phone.

use your laptop in class (except as directed).

Please a attention and erha s take a few briefnotes. EE 2310 material is tough and it is

easier than most courses to come!

Bring required materials to class (test reviewsheets and class exercise sheets). These are

N. B. Dodge 01/12

worth points on tests or on your final grade.



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Pur ose of EE 2310Pur ose of EE 2310

Digital Digital Computing Computer

and Designs

Instruction

Architecture Assembly Assembly

and

Design

anguage

Programming

ays e oun a on or an un ers an ng o compu er

architecture (that is, the way computers are put together, the

identity and characteristics of their component parts, and their


.


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What is a Computer?What is a Computer?

Computer: A collection of electronic switches that canperform mathematical and logical calculations.

instructions which the computer can execute.

Computer components circuits, chasses, peripherals

Computer programming instructions are called software.

Most computers have common hardware components: ,

Data and instruction memory (called RAM or DRAM)

Permanent storage memory (hard drive or CD-ROM)


Information output devices (LCD display, printer, CD/DVD)


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History of the ComputerHistory of the Computer

Although mathematical computation devices go backinto the middle ages (e.g., the abacus), modernelectronic computers have a relatively short history.

This history is one of the most remarkable stories of

technolo ical innovation in the histor of mankindmade possible by the invention of the transistor in the1940s.

computer since its invention only a few decades ago(although we start with a few antecedents of the


.


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Erik Jonsson School of En ineerin and

Computer Sciencee n vers y o exas a a as

History of the Electronic ComputerHistory of the Electronic Computer In the beginning, there were only a very few computers, and

they were VERY, VERY LARGE. First mechanical (cams and levers), early 1900s-1940s.

Then large, HOT vacuum tubes (a picture later), 1940s-1950s.

Computers in the future may have only 1,000 vacuum tubes and

perhaps only weigh 1 tons.Popular Mechanics (1949).

In the intervening years, things have changed

the cost of computing has fallen 10 million-fold since themicroprocessor was invented in 1971. Thats the equivalent of getting

a Boeing 747 for the price of a pizza. If this innovation had beenapplied to automotive technology, a new car would cost about $2; itwould travel at the speed of sound; and it would go 600 miles on a


. , ,Nader (11/13/97)

Quotations courtesy C. Cantrell


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The Need for Computers Drove DevelopmentThe Need for Computers Drove Development

Scientific Needs: Accurate math tables

complex scientificcalculations

Business automation: Artillery Calculator Payroll, accounting

Government needs: Census tabulation, employee

recor s, ax es

Military requirements: Artillery tables, decryption,


Eniwetok Atoll, 1952


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The First ComputersThe First Computers

Scientists begin to design calculating

machines in the 1800s. Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

mechanical computer in 1834.

He and colleagues attempted to build

a steam-powered model with 20,000funding from the British government.

The machine was never finished (dueto limitations of mid-19th centurytechnology), but a copy built in the

1990s actually worked! It was the work of mathematician

George Boole, later in the 19th Reproduction of the Babbage Difference

En ine built in the earl 1990s.


modern computing.


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Two Other Early Mechanical ComputersTwo Other Early Mechanical Computers

Just prior to and during WWII, Germany invented

cryptographic device that

enabled supposedly

undecipherable messagesur ng war me.

Germany sold this technology

to Japan, their WW II ally.

center at Blechley Park haddeciphered the Enigma code,

allied forces got to listen in

Enigma Cipher

Machine


to axis messages, a terrific

tactical advantage.


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Two Other Early Mechanical Computers (2)Two Other Early Mechanical Computers (2)

Also prior to WW II, the

-

card sorter was

invented, enabling theau oma c sor ng o

large amounts of data.

IBM entered the

computing businessmaking these sorters. Hollerith Card Sorter

N. B. Dodge 01/1233 Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing, Binary Numbers


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The First Electrical ComputersThe First Electrical Computers

Computer

Relay

One of the first computers powered by electricity was the Harvard

Mark II, which used direct-current electrical relays to do all its


.

Such a relay is shown above.


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The First Computer BugThe First Computer Bug

The term computer bug wasborn when a small moth flew into

stuck a relay open.

Searching for why the computer

had ceased operation, a young

Grace Hopper and the First Computer Bug

female computer scientist, Grace

Hopper, discovered the Bug.

The page shown is reputed to be in

.

Grace Hopper was a career Naval

Officer and retired as an Admiral

she also invented COBOL .



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The First Electronic ComputersThe First Electronic Computers

After the advent of electrical computers using relay switches,designers began to incorporate vacuum tubes, which were becomingreadil available due to their use in radios.

An early computer was ENIAC, a monster that weighed 30 tons andwas designed to calculate artillery ballistics tables.

John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, who designed it (with help

the first computer.

History has pretty well ignored womens contribution to thedevelopment of this first computer (and computing in general).

In fact, a group of women were the first programmers on theENIAC. In those days (circa 1943-44), programming was a reallyhard task, since there was NO software (and no manuals!).


as some of our most important computer pioneers.


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The First ProgrammersThe First Programmers

Programming the ENIACmeant physically configuring

elements to do the calculatingtask.

This involved not softwarebut switches, plug panels, anda thorough knowledge of thehardware.

own at r g t s one o t esefirst programmers.

Women were major players


the start.

Courtesy IEEE Spectrum


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Vacuum Tube Computer ElementsVacuum Tube Computer Elements

To the right is a typicalvacuum tube computerc rcu t.

This circuit (about as big andcomplicated as the entire

modern PC) was only one tinypart of a vacuum tubecomputer.

As noted earlier, vacuum tubecomputers typically weighedmany tons.

Courtesy University of Virginia Computer Department



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Second-Generation Electronic ComputersSecond-Generation Electronic Computers

The second generation ofdigital computers were

eve ope n t e ear y susing transistors, invented inthe late 1940s and now

be innin to be availablecommercially.

One such computer was theBurroughs B5000 series, Both figures courtesy

developed about 40 years ago.

An early transistor circuit isshown as well.

o n vers y o

Virginia ComputerDepartment



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Early Integrated Circuit ComputersEarly Integrated Circuit Computers

integrated circuits, solid-state circuits with multiple transistors(and other circuit elements) on the same chip of silicon.

The computer shown above is the Control Data Corporation Model


, one o t e rst computers u t w t ntegrate c rcu ts an a soone of the first scientific super computers (cost: > $5 million!).


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Fourth-Generation Electronic ComputersFourth-Generation Electronic Computers

The next generation of electroniccomputers featured VLSIinte rated circuits circuits withmany transistors per chip).

Computer processors stillconsisted of many custom VLSI

modules on multiple printedcircuit boards.

Computers of this era included: General-purpose computers such

as the IBM 3xxx, 43xx series.

The first minicomputers, such asthe Digital Equipment VAX8400, PDP 11, the Data GeneralNova, and the Honeywell 516.

Su ercom uters such as the

The Cray X-MP. Cray computers were the premier

supercomputers in the 1980s. Cray Computer was

founded by Seymour Cray, a former Control Data

employee, who quit CDC and started his own


Cray-2, Cray X-MP.

company ecause e oug a was mov ng

too slowly in bringing out new models.


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Computer MemoryComputer Memory

Early memories were exotic: Magneticdrums, columns of liquid mercury (!).

n t e s, magnet c core memory

became the standard for working data

memory. Data was stored by magnetizing

.

Electronic memory (or DRAM) brought

about the era of cheap computer memory

Computer Core Memory.

.

Magnetic disks remain a primary method

of bulk data storage due to their very low


.Intel 1K DRAM


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Computers on a Chip Generation 5Computers on a Chip Generation 5

Starting in the mid-late 1970s, computer processors on achip and large electronic memories became available.

This led to the first affordable personal computers

Altair A le I Osborne I and the IBM PC . Single-chip processors included the Intel 4004, 8008,

8086, 80286 and 80386 and the Motorola 6800 and 68000.

-(made by TI), the Digital Equipment Alpha, the MotorolaPowerPC and 88000 (as well as the 68010-68040) and the


, , , .


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One of the Chips That Started It AllOne of the Chips That Started It All

Intel 4004 (introduced November1971).

oc spee : z yes, a sright, 108,000 Hz).

~2300 transistors (!).

.

Used initially in some of the firstsmall, portable calculators thatwere roduced.

Also used to provide imbeddedintelligence in some earlycomputer-controlled devices.


Notice 16 output wires/pads.


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State of the ArtState of the Art

Intel Core i7 3960X EE Hex-Core

Processor*, (6 processors on chip**),

~ .

Features: Up to 3.7 GHz clock (4.2

O/C), 15M L3 Cache, 1333MHz FSB. Currently built with the 32 nanometer

(Nehalem) process (32 nanometers =

. , .

minimum feature size of the Intel

4004!).


* As of Jan. 2012 ** This is really a variant of the Intel Xeon 8-core chip with

two cores disabled.


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Generation 6 Embedded ProcessorsGeneration 6 Embedded Processors

Today, computers are not only an invaluable tool for

. ., ,

also embedded in just about any device and appliance

that one can imagine:

Every mobile telephone has a computer in it.

Many appliances have embedded computers (washers, dryers,

televisions, cable boxes, computer printers, DVD players/

recorders, microwave [and regular] ovens, etc).

We are even beginning to see smart clothing apparel that

has embedded computing as a part of the material.


htt ://www.

skuAddTo


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Smart ClothingSmart Clothing

An example of embedded processing is

the Adidas 1.

Introduced in 2005 it features active

cushioning. A processor in each shoe

constantly measures sole forces as the

user runs, then activates a motor, whichs or ens or eng ens a ca e a ac e o

a cushioning element.

The cushion is compressed or relaxed by

the cable makin it softer or firmer

depending on the need of the runner. Cost $250 at introduction in 2005,

discontinued in 2006-7. Still available


from some sources for $100-150.