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Historical-Comparative Research
Neuman and Robson Ch. 14
Value of Historical Research
It throws light on present and future trends.
It enables understanding of and solutions to contemporary problems to be sought in the past.
It can illuminate the effects of key interactions within a culture or sub-culture.
It allows for the revaluation of data in relation to selected hypotheses, theories and generalizations that are presently held about the past and the present.
Steps in a Historical-Comparative Research Project
1. Conceptualization of an idea, topic, or research question
2. Locate evidence and do background literature review
3. Evaluate evidence 4. Organize evidence 5. Synthesize evidence and develop general
explanatory model 6. Develop a narrative exposition of the
findings
Data Sources
Primary Sources: first-hand or eyewitness observations of
phenomenon Secondary Sources:
second-hand observation, i.e. the author collected the data from eyewitnesses.
Running Records Statistics, gov’t data
Recollections
What is Oral History?
Video clip:The Oral History Research Method
Oral History Oral history interviewing is valuable for history,
anthropology, and folklore. Collects information about the past from observers
and participants in that past. Gathers data not available in written records about
events, people, decisions, and processes. Can show how individual values and actions shaped
the past, and how the past shapes present-day values and actions.
Methodological problem: Oral history interviews are grounded in memory, and
memory is a subjective instrument for recording the past, always shaped by the present moment and the individual psyche.
Why Collect Oral Histories?
Listen to Ann Nixon Cooper (104 years old) and her recollections of the American south and “the Jim Crow days”
Evaluating Sources
External Criticism: Appraises the authenticity and authorship of the
data source
Internal Criticism: Appraises the meaning and intent of the data
source
Types Of Historical Research
A. Historical Events Research examines particular events or processes that
occurred over short spans of time Methodological problems
Meanings may have changed Information may not be complete
Types (cont.)
B. Historical Process Research focus on how and why a series of events unfolded
over some period of time Methodological problems:
May place too much emphasis on the actions and decisions of particular actors
Not always clear which example represents general pattern
definitions may change over time relies on long-term records and archives
Types (cont.)
C. Cross-Sectional Comparative Research comparing two or more social settings or groups
(usually countries) at one particular point in time Methodological problems:
comparability of measures across countries
Types (cont.)
D. Comparative Historical Research combines historical process researchand cross-sectional comparative research To understand causal processes at work within
particular groups and to identify general historical patterns across groups
Methodological problems: history has not been recorded accurately or reliably difficult to know how to deal with exceptions difficult to conclude that one factor (and not others) is
what causes some outcome groups being compared may not be independent
(Galton’s Problem)
Equivalence in Historical Research
How can we make comparisons across diverse contexts (both in time and geography)?
Lexicon equivalence Contextual equivalence Conceptual equivalence Measurement equivalence
Weaknesses of Historical Method
1. Bias in interpreting historical sources. 2. Interpreting sources is very time
consuming. 3. Sources of historical materials may be
problematic 4. Lack of control over external variables
Strengths of Historical Method
1. The historical method is unobtrusive 2. The historical method is well suited for
trend analysis. 3. There is no possibility of researcher-
subject interaction.
Interesting Internet Sites on Historical Research
Multimedia History Tutorials at U. of Calgary http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/
Where To Do Historical Research (Links) http://www.wheretodoresearch.com/History.htm
History On-Line http://www.ihrinfo.ac.uk/search/welcome.html
University of Washington History Site http://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/History/
Oral History Digital Collection Youngstown State U. http://www.maag.ysu.edu/oralhistory/oral_hist.html
Oral History Project List Columbia University http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/oral/projects.html