Historic, archived document assume · 2013. 7. 15. · bulletinno.59. u.s.departmentofagriculture, divisionofchemistry. the compositionofamericanwines. by w.d.bigelow, secondassistantchemist

Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current

scientific knowledge, policies, or practices

Bulletin No. 59.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE,DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY.

THE

COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN WINES.

BY

W. I). 1UUELOW,SECOND ASSISTANT CHEMIST.

PREPAEED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF H. W. WILEY,CHIEF CHEMIST.

WASHINGTON:GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1900.

Bulletin No. 59.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY.

THE


BY

W. D. BIGELOW,SECOND ASSISTANT CHEMIST.

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF H. W. WILEY.CHIEF CHEMIST.

WASHINGTON:GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1900.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,Division of Chemistry,

Washington, D. (7., August 21, 1900.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit for your inspection and approval

the accompanying manuscript of a compilation of the analyses of

American wines, which has been prepared in this Division by Dr. W.D. Bigelow. The tables of analyses are accompanied by statements inregard to the interpretation of the analytical results and by a descrip-tion of the best methods now in use for the analysis of wines. It isproposed to publish this compilation and the accompanying text as

Bulletin No. 59 of this Division.

Respectfully,

Ervin E. Ewell,A cting ChiefofDie isio ? i

.

Hon. James Wilson,Secretary.

INTRODUCTION.

The rapid growth of viticulture in the United States indicates that

this branch of agriculture will soon assume national importance. It

is evident from a cursory study of this industry that it has often been

conducted in a desultory manner, without scientific control and without

the aid of experts either on the part of the grape growers or the wine

makers. It is not at all surprising, therefore, under these conditions,

that the American wines should vary greatly in character among them-selves and also from wines of the same type in other countries.

The red wines or clarets, which are made in an indiscriminate wayin the various parts of the country, under widely varying climatic con-

ditions and without uniformity of methods in fermentation or clearing,

are evidently of the most widely diverging character.

This great variation in the character of our wines has been the chief

impediment in the way of their becoming established in the marketsof this country as well as of the world. A wine merchant is not ableto handle a brand of wine which varies from year to year in such amanner as to be almost unrecognizable as being of the same variety.He demands a uniformity of type which, with slight variations due tothe conditions of the vintage, may be practically the same from yearto year.

It is believed that one of the first steps toward securing such a

uniformity in the types of our wines will be accomplished by bringingtogether, in so far as possible, the data which have been obtained in

the analyses of wines in different parts of the country. The object ofthis compilation is not so much to show the character of our wines asto indicate their widely divergent properties. One object which hasbeen kept in view also has been to make a starting point for futureinvestigations in regard to the uniformity of our wines of reasonably

well-established t}Tpes.

The analytical data which follow, therefore, must be consideredsolely in this light, namely, as an expression of what has been accom-plished heretofore in the analysis of wine in this country over a series

of 3'ears, as the result of the investigations conducted by various ana-lysts and by methods which have been entirely lacking in uniformity.The desirability of having all these analyses compiled lies in havingthem accessible as knowledge.

4 INTRODUCTION.

There is, however, one caution to be observed, and that is that these

analyses are not to be accepted in any way as expressing the qualityof the American wines produced to-day by the competent wine makersin wineries conducted in accordance with the latest scientific principles

of fermentation and ripening.

It is our purpose to take up at once the investigation of which thefollowing compilation of analyses is introductory and to determine by

careful chemical studies all the typical American wines and their chief

characteristics.

The analyses which are compiled in the following bulletin have beenmade in various parts of the country, and include those which havebeen made at various times in the Department of Agriculture. Thework of compiling these data has been intrusted to Dr. W. D. JBige-low, who has also prepared the text describing the official methodsof analysis employed and the slight variations which have been intro-

duced from time to time as suggested by the experience obtained

during the progress of the analytical work.

H. W. Wiley.June 18, 1900.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 3

Tables of analyses 7

Interpretation of analytical results 47

Alcohol 47

Glycerol 48

Glycerol-alcohol ratio 48

Sugar-free extract 48

Ash 49Extract-alcohol ratio 49

Total acids 50

Volatile acids 50

Undetermined extract 51

Polarization 51

Reducing sugars " 52

Potassium sulphate . . 52

Sulphurous acid 53

Analytical methods 53Examination of must 53Examination of wine " 53

Estimation of specific gravity 54

Estimation of alcohol 54

Estimation of glycerol 54

Estimation of extract 55

Estimation of ash 55

Estimation of total acids 55

Estimation of volatile acids 56

Estimation of fixed acids 56

Estimation of undetermined extract 56

Estimation of sugar 56

Estimation of sodium chlorid 57

Estimation of potassium sulphate 57

Estimation of sulphurous acid 57

Estimation of free sulphurous acid 58

Detection of preservatives 58

Detection of salicylic acid 59

Detection of benzoic acid 59

Detection of saccharin 61

Detection of abrastoL 61

Detection of hydronapthol 62

Estimation of boric acid 62

Detection of fluorid -. 63

Detection of borofluorids and silicofluorids 63

Tables used in examination of wines 64

5


TABLES OF ANALYSES.

It was intended when this compilation was begun to include onlythe analyses of wines of known purity. As the work progressed,however, it was deemed advisable to include the data of all analyses

of samples having a definite history or origin.

A large number of known samples of California wines have beenexamined, but only a few complete analyses have been made. Ordi-

narily only those determinations were made which were essential tothe control of the fermentation. In other States very little attention

seems to have been given to the composition of wine. A few labora-tories have purchased samples on the market for the purpose of analy-

sis, but usually the source of the wine was not ascertained. It there-

fore seemed desirable to include all the analyses which could be found

of samples which from their labels and composition appeared to be

pure and whose sources were stated.

The volume of work which has been done is not sufficient to justifythe adoption of standards for American wines. It appears that our

wines differ to some extent from those of other countries, but we arenot yet able to determine just how great these differences are. Itseems important, therefore, that this work should be continued, andthat the musts and wines from all the wine-producing sections of thecountry should be examined.

In the first of the tables which follow is given a list of the samples

of wine analyzed, together with all the descriptive data available.

The second table contains the results of the analysis of these samples,recalculated for the sake of uniformity. The numbers assigned to thesamples, arranged consecutively in the first table, are the same in thesecond, though differently arranged. The tables for use in the exami-nation of wines are placed at the end of the bulletin.

Description of samples of American wines analyzed.

ARKANSAS WINES.

No.Labo-ratoryNo.*

Variety. Source. Analyst.

1 Hock..|c. B. Collingwood.i

?. Claret do

Published in Second Annual Report of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1889.

7

COMPOSITION OF AMEEICAN WINES.

Description of samples of American wines analyzed—Continued.CALIFORNIA WINES.

Labo-ratoryNo.


63j

64

V2G2S1262912630

12631

12632126331263412635126361263712638126391264012641126421264312644

1264512646

126471264812649126501265112652126531265412655126561265712658

126591266012661126621266312664

126651266612667126681266912671126721267312674126751267612677126781267912680rv.M126851268612687P26SS

1268912690

1269112692

65 1269366 1269467 1269568 1269669 1269770 12698

St. Hubert port.

St. Hubert sherry . .

.

Riesling, 1887... '.....St. Hubert Sauterne.

California Wine Growers' Union.San Francisco.

.do

St. Hubert Sauterne,ChateauYquem.

St. Hubert Margaux ' do

F. Albertz, CloyerdaleCalifornia Wine Growers' Union,San Francisco.

....do

St. Hubert claret

.

ZinfandelClaretSauterneBurgundyHockRieslingMuscatelGutedelCabernetJohannisberger Riesling.Pinot Gris, Asti

Sauyignon Cabernet

.

Riesling, Asti

Tipo Chianti, AstiBurgundy, AstiBarbera, AstiBurger, AstiZinfandel, AstiGutedelChateau YquemHaut SauterneSauterneCabernet El Quito, table wineEl Quito, dessert winePort Trousseau, yintage 1884.

BurgundyZinfandelCabernetJuranconChablisSherry, yintage 1882.

.doG. Migliayacea, Napa CityH. Lefranc, San Jose

dodododo

Wm. Palmtag, Hollisterdo :dodo

Italian-Swiss Agricultural Col-ony, Sonoma County.

Wm. Palmtag, HollisterItalian-Swiss Agricultural Col-ony, Sonoma County.dododododo

Wm. Wehner, Eyergreendo....dodo

Santa Clara Countydo

L. J. Rose Co., Limited, San Ga-briel.

J. C. Merithew, San Josedodo

A. G. Chauche, San Franciscodo

L.J.Rose Co., Limited, San Ga-briel.

Haut Sauterne, 1888 Geo. West & Son, StocktonHock Ewer & Atkinson, RutherfordBurgundy .doSauterne*. doCabernet doZinfandel H. W. Crabb, OakvilleHermitage doBurgundy doClaret doChablis doRiesling doCabernet Traminer

J

J.Gundlaoh&Co., San Francisco.Cabernet Gutedel doPort doTokay ' doChateau Gundlach doSauterne doSemillon doCabernet Sauyignon doBurgundy doChambertin, Burgundy do( labernet Napa Valley Wine Co., San Fran-

cisco.Angelica, 1890 Julius P. Smith. LiyermoreSauterne, 1889 : Los Hermanos Vineyard, Berin-

ger Bros., St. Helena.Claret, 1889 doZinfandel, 1889 doBurgund v. 1 889 doOld Hock, 1X.S9 doRiesling, 1889 doSauterne. 1888 Julius I\ Smith. Liyermore

W. H. Krug. UnitedStates Departmentof Agriculture. 1Do.Do.Do.

Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Published in Report of California State Viticnhural Commission for 1893-94, Appendix B.

AMERICAN WINES ANALYZED.

Description of samples of American wines analyzed—Continued,CALIFORNIA WINES—Continued.

No.Labo-ratoryNo.


71 12699

127001270112702127031270412705127061270712708127091271012711127121271312714127151271612717

1271812719127201272112722

127231272412725

•

12726127271272812729127301273112732127331273412735127361273712738

12739127401274112742127431274412745127461274712748127491275012751127521275312754

127571275812759

12760

12761

12762127631276412765127661276712768127691277012771

Haut Sauternc, 1887 Julius P. Smith, Livcrmore

do

W. H. Krug, UnitedStates Departmentof Agriculture.Do.79 Haut Sauterne, 1888

78 Haut Sauterne, 1890 do Do.74 do Do.75 Claret, 1890 do Do.76 Cabernet, 1890... ...do... Do.77 Malbeck, 1891 . .

.

do Do.78 Zinfandel, 1891 do Do.7 l) Burgundy, 1888 do Do.80 Riesling, 1887 . .

.

...do... Do.81 Riesling, 1890 . .

.

...do... Do.82 Port Do.83 Sherry do Do.84 Cabernet do Do.85 do Do.8fi ....do Do.87 Sauterne do Do.88 Riesling do Do.89 Burgundy (red seal) Ben Lomond Wine Co., Santa

Cruz County.do

Do.

90 Burgundy (gold seal) Do.91 Claret ...do Do.9?, Gray Riesling, 1887 ...do Do.93 Gray Riesling, 1888 ...do Do.94 Claret Howes' Vineyard, Mountain

View.do

Do.

95 Cabernet Do.96 . ..do Do.97 Riesling do Do.98 Chablis C. C. Mclver, Mission San Jose

doDo.

99 Sauterne Do.00 Zinfandel ...do Do.01 Hock, Linda Vista do Do.0?, Riesling, Linda Vista do Do.03 Moselle, Linda Vista ...do... Do.04 Jacob Schram, St. Helena

...do ..Do.

05 Claret Do.06 Sauterne ...do... Do.07 Sauvignon Vert ...do... Do.08 Hock do Do.09 Riesling do Do.10 Chablis, Asti Italian-Swiss Agricultural Col-

ony, Sonoma County.do

Do.

11 Chasselas, Asti Do.1?, Sweet Muscatel, Asti do Do.13 Mataro, Asti ...do. . Do.14 Barolo, Asti ...do Do.15 Port, Asti ...do Do.lfi Malbeck, 1888 Julius P. Smith, Livermore

...doDo.

17 Burgundy, 1891 Do.18 Cabernet, 1888 ...do... Do.19 Zinfandel, 1888 do... Do.20 Sauterne, 1890 do Do.21 Port, 1892 ...do... Do.22 Sauterne H W. Crabb Oakville Do.23 Port do Do.24 Muscatel . .do. Do.2fi Catawba do... Do.26 El Quito table wine, Cari-

gnane.Haut Medoc, C6te d'Eta, 1890.

Do.

27 Do.28 Haut MMoc, Cote d'Eta, 1891. Do.29 White Burgundy, Cote d'Eta,

1891.

Haut Sauterne, Cote d'Eta,1890.

Haut Sauterne, Cote d'Eta,1891.

Hedgeside Cabernet, 1885Hedgeside Cabernet, 1886Mataro, 1890

Do.

30 Do.

31 Do.

L32

33Hedgeside Vineyard, Napa Do.

Do.34 Chas. M. Hammond, Upper Lake .

doDo.

35 Mataro, 1891 Do.36 White Semillon, 1890 do Do.37 White Semillon, 1891 ...do. Do.38 Semillon, 1890 F. W. Billing, Redwood City

doDo.

39 Gutedel,1890 Do.40 Marsanne, 1890 ...do. Do.L41 Sauvignon Vert, 1890 do Do.

10 COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN WINES.

Description of samples of American wines analyzed—Continued.CALIFORNIA WINES—Continued.

Labo-ratoryNo.

Variety, Source. Analyst.

12772

1277312771

1277:-

1277G1277712778

1277912781127S2127S312784L2785127m;

12787127881278912790127911279212793127941279512796127971279812799128001280112802128031280412805

12806128071280812X0912810128111281212813128] l

1281512816

12817I2S1.S

12819

1282012821

128231 282

1

12825128261282712828

21

Franken Riesling, 1890

Green Hungarian, 1890Sauterne Souvenir, CrestaBlanca.

Chateau Y quern, CrestaBlanca.

Table d'Hote, Cresta Blanca .

.

Alto Douro, Cresta Blanca...Angelica, 1888

Cabernet, 1890Ruby Hill ClaretRuby Hill Cabernet ,Ruby Hill BurgundyRuby Hill SauterneRubv Hill Haut Sauterne .Ruby Hill HockRubv Hill Riesling ,Claret, 1896Zinfandel, 1888Chateau MoultonSauterne, 1887 ,Golden ChasselasMataro ,Zinfandel

doCabernet SauvignonRieslingCabernet GutedelTrammer, 1890Mondeuse, 1890PortRhine Wine tvpe, 1891Chateau Margaux, 1889 ...Sauterne tvpe, 1886Sherrv

ZinfandelRieslingClaret, 1887Claret, 1888Claret, 1889Port, 1882Port, L885Port, 1886Port, 1888Sherry, 1885Sauvignon, Asti.

Pinot Blanc, AstiSauterne, AstiDry Muscatel, AstiAngelica. AstiSherry, AstiZinfandelLa Loma. 1886BurgundyRiesling.SauterneJohannisberg RieslingFeherSzagos,1881

F. W. Hilling, Redwood City,

.doChas. A. Wetmore, Livermore

.do

doMntarn.1883

doGrenache, 1888

doCarignane, 1883

doZinfandel. 1883

doChauch

doFranken Riesling, 1888.Chauchg Noir, 1883

Barton Estate Co., Limited. Bar-ton Vineyard. Fresno County.

I. De Turk, Santa RosaJ. Crellin & Sons, Livermore

do.do.do.do.do.do

G. Migliavacca, Napa CityF. Albertz, Cloverdale.....do....doJ. L. Beard, Warm Springs

dodo

Otto Norman, Howell Mountain ......do....do....do:F. W. Billing, Redwood City

doC. C. Mclver, Mission San Jose...Tiburcio Parrott, St. Helena....do....doLisbon Winery Co.. Mathews,Napa County.do

....doGeorge West & Son, Stockton....do

.do.

.do

.do,

.do

.do

.doItalian-Swiss Agricultural Col- !ony, Sonoma County.

....do

....do

....do

....do

....doC. Carpy A: Co., San Francisco ...

do..:.do....do....doI-'. Eaesters, WrightsFresno

.do

Glenw l

.

st. Eelena

Published in Viticulture.! Report of Cal. Exp

W. II. Krug, Unitedstates Departmentof AgricultureDo.Do.

Do.

Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.


E. W. Hilgard, Califor-nia Experiment sta-tion. 1

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.

•

AMERICAN WINES ANALYZED. 11


No.Labo-ratoryNo.


211 117

211212213214215216217218219220221222223224226227230231232233235236237238239240241242243252254255258259260261263264266267268269270272273274275294342344345348349350354356359361362365366367384471481484487488489490491500501505508512513

Chauche Gils, 1883 E.W.Hilgard, Califor-nia Experiment Sta-tion.

Do.91*) Malbeck, 1884?13 Cabernet Franc, 1884 do Do.914 do Gubscrville Do.?rf5 Cabernet Sauyignon, 1884

Merlot, 1884Natoma Do.

?,16 do Do.917 Verdot, 1884 do Do.?,18 Tannat,1884 Oakville Do.9nt Beclan,1884... Do.99

12 COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN WINKS.

Description of samples of American win.es analyzed—Continued.C u.ii-oKMA WINES—Continued.

Labo-ratoryNo.


515

535538540.>.-)

681682

694

695696697698699701708715724727728712

745746748749750753754762763765771771

77G781784

785789830845849858865866867874880885

899900914'.'17

929948953954

1068H17:.

L0841 1 185

L088

L095

L096IKK)

L105

U06U08L11011121121

1129L130

L131

L133

L139Ills

11581167

1170

Folle Blanche, 1886 .. Cupertino

Clairette Blanche. IN81'. Mission San JoseJohannisberg Riesling, 1886.. PatchenChauehe Gris, 1886 doVerdal, 1886 ! doBurger, 1887

j

FresnoChauehe Gris,1887 doPalomino, 1887 LivermoreChauehe Gris, I887

j

CupertinoWest's White Prolific, L887 doChasselas Dor6,1887 doSauvignon Vert, 1887 doPalomino, 1887 doFranken Riesling, 1887 doVerdal, 1887 LivermoreSauvignon Vert, 1887 CupertinoKleinberger, 1887 doSauvignon Vert, 1887 LivermorePalomino, 18S7 Mission San Jose

do CupertinoJohannisberg Riesling, 1887 doSemillon, 1SS7 doBarbarossa, 1887 doBurger, 1887 doWest's White Prolific, 1887 doSemillon, 1887 do

do doBurger, 1887 doFolle Blanche, 1887 do :

do doPalomino, 1887 doClairette Blanche, 1887 Mission San JoseSultano, 1887 CupertinoPinot Blanc Cnardonay, 1887 doBlack Prince, 18^7 doPedro Jimenes, 1887 doUgni Blanc, 1887 doFeher Szagos,1887 FresnoBurger, 1S8S doPinot Blanc, 1888 CupertinoPinot Blanc Cnardonay, 1888 do

do Mission San JoseKleinberger, 1888 Cupertino

do doVerdelho, 1888 doJohannisberg Riesling, 1888 doSauvignon Vert, L888 doFranken Riesling, 1888 Mi -ion San JoseSemillon, 1888 Cupertino

do doVerdelho, 1888 Mis-ion San JoseChasselas Dore, 1888 CupertinoFranken Riesling, 1888 Santa CruzClairette Blanche, 1888 Mission San JosePedro Jimenes, 1888 CupertinoUgni Blanc, 1888 doJohannisberg Riesling, 1889 . Mission San JoseRed 1 raminer, L889 CupertinoChauch6Gris, L889 Mission San JoseBoalde Madeira,1889 doKleinberger,1889 doSauvignon Vertl 1889 FresnoChauehe Gris, 1889 doVerdelho, 1889 CupertinoRothgipfler, 1889 doKleinberger, 1889 doGriiner Velteliner, 1889 do

anc Cnardonay, 1889.Chasselas Dore, L889I'inoi Blanc Cnardonay, 1889.Franken Riesling, M.Sauvignon Vert, 1889Semillon, 1889Zinfandel, 1889Johannisberg Riesling, 1889.

.

Vernaccia Bianca, I8iWalschriesling, 1889Folic Blanche, L889Clairette Blanche, 1--

doMission San Jose

do..Cupertino

do....do

dododododo

Mission San Jose

E. W. Ililgard, Califor-nia Experiment Sta-tion.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.DoDo.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.DoDo.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.DaDo.Do.DaDo.Da


Description of samples of American wines analyzed—Continued.CALIFORNIA Wl N ES—Continued.

No.Labo-ratoryNo.

Variety. Source Analyst.

369 1173

1174119011911195119611971201120312041205120612071208124012411242124312441246124712491250125112521253125512561261126212641272127312741275127612771281128212831292129512961297129813001301130213041307130913101312131313151317131813261327133013341339134013411342134313451346135213611362136313771378137913811382

Burger, 1889 Mission San Jose

do

E. W. Hilgard,nia Experirntion.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

370 Rother Stcinschiller, 1889

—

Peverella, 1889 . . ,

ent Sta-

371

S7'> doS7S Ugni Blanc, 1889 .

.

...do...371 Clairette Blanche, 1889. .

.

...do...375 doS7fi Rother Stcinschiller, 1889

Verdclho, 1890do

377 Fresno378 Trousseau, 1890. do...379 Teinturier, 1890 .

.

do380 Blue Portuguese, 1890 do381 Chauche Gris, 1890 ...do...88? Griiner Yelteliner, 1890 .

.

do...383381

Wiilschricsling, 1890Alicante Bouschet, 1890Sirah,1890

do...do...

385 ...do38(1 do387 Pedro Jimenes, 1890 do3S8 do389 Tinta de Madeira, 1890 . .

.

...do...390 Grenache, 1890 do391 Verdot, 1890 do39? do393 Mataro, 1890 . .

.

do394 Zinfandel, 1890 do...395 Mataro, 1890B9fi Mission, 1890 do397 Ploussard, 1890 Mission San Jose39,8 Blue Portuguese, 1890 do399 Johnnisberg Riesling, 1890 . .

.

Folle Blanche, 189041)0 do401 Franken Riesling, 1890. .

.

do409 Ruliinder, 1890 do403 Sauvignon Vert, 1890 do404 Gamai Teinturier, 1890 do405 do...406 St. Macaire, 1890 do...407 Kleinberger, 1890 do...408 Teinturier, 1890 do409 do do410 St. Macaire, 1890 Mission San Jose

do411 Sirah, 189041 ?, Verdelho, 1890 do413 Chauche Noir, 1890 do414 Boal de Madeira, 1890 do...415 Tinta de Madeira, 1890 do41 fi Tannat, 1890 do....417 Red Traminer, 1890 do418 Kadarkas, 1890419 Walschriesling, 18904'?0 Moscatello Fiho, 1890491 Mondeuse, 1890 do ...4'?? Affenthaler, 1890 ...do... ......

'•

4?3 Ruliinder, 1890 Mission San JoseCupertino494 Sauvignon Blanc, 1890

Refosco, 18904*>5 do ...4?6 Mourastel, 1890 do...4?7 Fresa, 1890 do....4?8 Mourastel, 1890429430

Mondeuse, 1890Gros Mansenc, 1890

dodo

431 Tinta Amarella, 1890 do...489 Sirah, 1890 ....do...433 Cabernet Sauvignon, 1890

Refosco, 1890do

434 do435 Muscat of Alexandria, 1890 .

.

Griiner Velteliner, 1890do

436 do437 Pedro Jimenes, 1890 .....do438 Verdal , 1890 Cupertino439 Bonardo, 1890 do440 Tinta de Madeira, 1890 do....441 Aramon, 1890442443

Petit Bouschet, 1890Tinta Cao,1890

do....do...

444 Grossblaue, 1890 do445 Verdot, 1890 do

14 COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN WINKS.


Labo-ratoryNo.*


Burger, 1890.

13841-101

1 106

14081409141214141415141714181419142014341 135

1453145414551456145814591460146314641465146614671468146914711472147314741482148314961497149814991501150215031505150914101513L5141515

15161517

L5181.VJ1

L525L526

L527

L661

L562

1563

L564

L565

L566

L567

L568

L5691572

15731571

1 575L576

L577

L578I.'.Ml

1 58

1

L582

L683

L584

1592

Bonardo, 1890Pedro Jimenes, 1890Ugni Blanc. 1890Peverella, 1890Cinsant,1890Carignane, 1890Marsanne, 1890Aramon.1890Bother Steinschiller, 1890 .

.

Affenthaler, 1890Kadarkas, 1890Lagrain, 1890Clairette Blanche, 1890Cinsaut, 1891Petit Bouschet, 1891Verdal,1891Griiner Velteliner, 1891Sauvignon Yert, 1891Muscatof Alexandria, 1891.Trousseau, 1891Tinta de Madeira, 1891Affenthaler, 1891Peverella, 1891Savignon Blanc, 1891West's White Prolific, 1891

.

Verdelho, 1891Tinta Cao, 1891Gros Mansenc, 1891Fresa-,1891Mourastel, 1891Sirah,1891Boal de Madeira, 1891Aranxm, 1891Folle Blanche, 1891Sultano,1891Refosco, 1891Teinturier, 1891Trousseau, 1891Chauche Gris, 1891Franken Riesling, 1891Pedro Jimenes, 1891Feher Szagos, 1891Ploussard, 1891Chauche Gris, 1891 ,Trousseau, 1891Sauvignon Vert, 1891

doSt.Macaire,1891Refosco, 1891Pinot Blanc, 1891Verdelho, 1891Teinturier, 1891Carignane, L890Refosco, L891Grenache, 1891Chasselas Dor6, L891Gros Mansenc, 1891Mondeuse, L891Sirah,1891Burger, 1891Tinta Amarella, L891Tintade Madeira, L891Tinta Cao, L891Mourastel, L891Dolcetto, L891 ,Barbera L891Mataro, L891Nebliolo,1891 ,Carignane, 1891Zierfahndler, L891Kleinberger, 1891 ,Gamai Teinturier, 1891Alicante Bouschet, L891 ...Mondeuse, 1891 ,Affenthaler, L891Refosco, L891Verdot.lJsUl

,

Mission San Jo.se

Cupertinodo

....dodo

Mission San.lose.do

Cupertinododo

Mission San Jose.dododo

Tularedodo

Fresnodododododododododo

......do

dodododododododo

Paso Roblesdo

Asti, Sonoma Count

v

dodo

Fresnodo

Mission San Josedodo ,

CalistogaAsti, Sonoma CountyMission San Jose

dodododo

Asti, Sonoma Countydo

Paso RoblesMission San Jose—

dododododododo«l«)

Asti, Sonoma Countydododo

Paso RoblesMission San Jose . . .

.

dodo.do.do.do.do.do

E.W.Hilgard, Califor-nia Experiment Sta-tion.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.DaDo.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.


Description of samples of American wines analyzed—Continued.

CALIFORNIA WINES—Continued.

No.Labo-ratoryNo.


fPA 1593

159415951596159916001602160416051606160916101611161416151618161916261627162816291630163116391640166716681670167216731674167516771683168416871689169017051706170717081709171117121720172117611764176517661767176817691770177117731774177517761781178317851789179117931796179718131814181518421844184618471850185118641865

Pinot Blanc, 1891 Los Guilicos

Kenwood

E. W. Hilgard,nia Experimtion.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

505 Cesar, 1891

ent Sta-

F>?fi do5^7 Mataro, 1891...R">8 Bonardo, 1891 CupertinoF>?9 Fresa, 1891 do530 Peverella, 1891 .

.

do...531

5S? do533 Pedro Jimenes, 1891 .....do534 Mataro, 1891 Mountain View535 do536 do.... Mountain View537 Cinsaut, 1892 Tulare53H Refosco, 1892 . .

.

540 Blue Portuguese, 1892 Tulare541 do54'? Grenache, 1892 do543 Petit Bouschet, 1892. .

.

do544 Carignane, 1892 do545 Tinta Amarella, 1892 do546 Tinta de Madeira, 1892 do547 Aleatico, 1892 do548 Aramon,1892 do549 West's White Proline, 1892 . .

.

Burger, 1892do

550 do551 Semillon, 1892.. do55'? Pedro Jirnenes, 1892. .

.

do553 Folle Blanche, 1892 do554 Tinta Amarella, 1892 do555 Mourisco Pre to, 1892. .

.

do556 Barbera, 1892 do557 Chasselas Dore, 1892 do ,558 Blue Portuguese, 1892 do559 Gamai Teinturier, 1892

Perruno, 1892Mission San Jose

560 Tulare561 Verdelho, 1892 do56? Mourastel, 1892 do...563 Verdal,1892 do....564 St. Macaire, 1892565 Refosco, 1892 do566 Sirah,1892 do567 Bastardo, 1892 do568 Sultano, 1892 do569 Kleinberger, 1892 do570 Mission, 1892571 Grenache, 1892 do57? Tannat,1892 do573 Mondeuse, 1892 Mission San Jose . =574 Cabernet Sauvignon, 1892

Gros Mansenc, 1892dodo

576 Herbemont, 1892 do577 Grossblaue, 1892 do578 Tinta Cao, 1892 do579 Tinta Amarella, 1892 do580 Tinta de Madeira, 1892. .

.

do581 Burger, 1892 do58?, Chauche Gris, 1892 do583 Barbarossa, 1890 .

.

do584 Chasselas Dore, 1892 . .

.

do5S5 Yernaccia Bianca, 1892 do586 Rother Steinschiller, 1892

Refosco, 1892Cinsaut, 1892

do587 do588 do589 Carignane, 1892 do590 Affenthaler, 1S92

Aleatico, 1893do

591 Tulare59?, Malbeck, 1893 do593 Blue Portuguese, 1893 do594 Sirah, 1893 do595 Blue Portuguese, 1893 do596 Cinsaut, 1893 do...597 Charbono, 1893 ...do598 St. Macaire, 1893 ....do599 Sauvignon Vert, 1893 do600 Tinta de Madeira, 1893

Aleatico, 1893Amador Station

601 do602 ChauchS Gris, 1893603 Bastardo, 1893 do

16 COMPOSITION OK AME1UUAN WINES.

Description of samples of American, trims anahjzed—Continued.CALIFORNIA WINES—Continue.].

No.Labo-ratoryNo.


601

605

L866

1868im;«.i

isso

ISS1

L882lss:;

18841887isss

189118951896189718981899190219031904190519091911191219131914191519171918191919201921192219231924193019311934195319561967I'.i6s

196919701978l'.)N)

l'.l.M

L982

L983

L984

L985198619871988L989

L990

2000•JIM l!

200220032009JUKI

2015201621 il 7

20202U62

20632068206920702U71

207321 17

1

2076

20802081

2082jus:;

Gamai Teinturier, L893

Chauche Noir, 1893

Paso Robles

do

KW.Hilgard, Califor-nia Experiment Sta-tion.

Do.fififi do Do.607 do Do.60S < irossblaue, 1.803 do Do.600 1'etil Bousc.hot, 1803 Do.610 Franken Riesling, 1893 Paso Robles Do.til 1 do Do.61 '> Carignane, 1893 Tulare Do.613 Mondeuse, 1893 do Do.614 Tinta Amarella, 1893 do Do.615 Sirah, 1893 Paso Robles Do.61 ii do Do.617 Tinta Amarella, 1893 do Do.618 Mourastel, 1893

Gros Mansenc,1893Tulare Do.

610 do Do.R?n Tinta Valdcpenas, 1803 do Do.6'>1 West's White Prolific, 1893. . .

.

Verdelho, 1893do Do.

6?? do Do.6'>3 l'erruno, 1893 do Do.6?4 Folle Blanche, 1893. .

.

do Do.6'>5 '1 .'inii.-n, 1893 Paso Robles Do.fi'>6 Verdal,l803 Tulare Do.6'>7 Fresa, 1893 Paso Robles Do.fi?8 Cabernet Sauvignon, 1803 do Do.R?q do Do.630 Malbeck, 1893 do Do.631 Amnion, 1893 Tulare Do.63fl Moscatello Fino, 1893 do Do.633 Tinta Cao, 1893... Do.634 Mataro, 1893... do Do.635 Mondeuse, 1893. .

.

do Do.636 Mourisco Preto, 1893. .

.

do Do.637 Tinta Valdepenas, 1893. .

.

do Do.638 Refosco, 1893 Tulare Do.C",'

i

Barbera, 1893... do.... Do.6-40 Charbono, 1803

Robin Noir, 1893Do.

641 do Do.64'> Black Prince, 1893... do Do.643 Beclan, L893 Tulare Do.611 do Do.645 Clairette Blanche, 1893 ....do Do.646 Mourisco Branco, 1803. do Do.647 Mission, 1893 do Do.648 Barbarossa, 1892 do Do.649 ....do Do.C,",ii Verdal, L893 ....do Do.651 Ploussard, 1893... Mission San.lose Do.652 Ufenthaler L893 ....do Do.653 ....do Do.651 Eadarkas, L893

Chauchg Gria L893do Do.

655 do D".656 Slankamenka, L893

Griiner Velteliner, L893 . .

.

do Do.657 do Do.65s ...do Do.65') Do.1,1,11 fferbemont, 1893... do Do.661 Lagrain, 1893 do Do.66-

'

Black Prince, L890 do Do.i

|

' iviii Bouschet, 1893 Do.661 do Do.I,

i Peverella 1898Rother Bteinachiller, 1893....

Do.666 do Do.667 do Do.668 Folle Blanche 1893 do Do.66,'. 1 Mondeuse, L893

St. Macaire 1893do Do.

670 .do Do.671 Rother Steinschiller, 1893

West's \\ hite Prolific, 1893...Do.

672 do Do.6,7:; . do Do.6,7 I Mourastel L893 .do Do.675 Tinta Lmarella L893 Do.676 Mourastel 1893 do Do.6,77 ...do Do.678 Sirah L898 ....do Do.

Bakatoi L893 Paso Robles Do.fifld do Do.681 Verdal, L893

Gros Mansene. l^'SoTulare Do.

682 Paso Robles Do.



Labo-ratoryNo.


•2137

21382139216821702171221022112226228722931414

141514161417141814191420150315041505150615071508304130423043304430453747305030743075

Blue Portugese, 1894

Cinsaut. 1884Sirah, 1894Petit Bouschet, 1894..Grenache, 1894Refosco, 1894Carignane, 1894Barbera, 1894Petit Bouschet, 1894..SauvignonVert, 1894.Petit Bouschet, 1894..Port

....do

....do

....doClaretBurgundyZinfandelWhite wineTraminerBurgundyClaretBurgerZinfandelRed wine, 1892Zinfandel, 1893....Verdal, 1893Sweet sherry, 1892.Red wine, 1895....Semillon, 1896Zinfandel, 1896....Zinfandel, 1893....Beclan, 1893

Tulare.

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....doMission San JoseTulareMission Jan Jose

Sonoma HillsSonoma ValleySanta Cruz Mountains.Napa ValleySanta ClaraSanta Cruz Mountains.Mission San Jose

Windsor .

.

St. HelenaIrvingtonNapa

do

;.W. Hilgard, Califor-nia Experiment Sta-tion.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

. M. Curtis & Son, SanFrancisco. 1

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

IOWA WINES.

716 282930313233343536

133134135136137

Port White Elk Vineyards, Keokuk . .

.

doPeter Collier.2

717 White Concord, 1875. .

.

Do.718 Iowa, 1871 do Do.719 Concord, 1873 do Do.720 ...do... Do.791 Clinton, 1872 do... Do.799 ....do Do.79s do Do.794 Claret, 1874 do Do.7^5 Concord, 1873 do Do.7?6 White Concord, 1875 do Do.7?7 do Do.7?8 Ives, 1874 do Do.7?9 Clinton, 1872 ...do Do.

KENTUCKY WINES.

3817 Concord. ..Catawba . .

.

doHerbemont

Thos. R. Walker, Junction City . .

.

Made in laboratoryN. L. Langworth

do

A. M. PetersRobert Peter.*

Do.Do.

MISSOURI WINES.

734

735

88

899091

92

Imperial Champagne

Concord

Isaac Cook's American Wine Co.,St. Louis.do...

Peter Collier.2

Do.736 Virginia Seedling do... Do.737 Claret do... Do.738 Burgundy do Do.

1 Unpublished. Inserted here by courtesy- of Mr. Marvin Curtis, San Francisco, Cal.2 Published in Annual Report, United Suites Department of Agriculture, 1880.2 Annual Report Kentucky Experiment Station, 1897.4 Reoort of Kentucky Geological Survey, 1861.

6935—No. 59 2


Description of samples of American wines analyzed—Continued.MISSOURI WINES—Continued.

No.Labo-ratoryNo.


739 93

101155

156157158159160161162163164165166

Isaac Cook's American Wine Co.,St. Louis.

do740

States Departmentof Agriculture.Do

711 Ives Seedling, 1S80 Poeschel, Scherer & Co., Herr-mann, Gasconade County.do

Do.

71° Riesling, 1880 Do.7-13 Cvnthiana, 1880 do Do.7'M Clinton, 1880 do Do.7-1*1 Rulander, 1880 do Do.746 do Do.747 Delaware, 1880 do Do.718 Concord, 1880 do Do.749 Herbemont, 1880 do Do750 Catawba, 1880 ...do Do751 Taylor, 1880 do Do.7^9 Goethe, 1880 do Do.

NEW JERSEY WINES.

Black Rose.

Ruby Claret, 1875

Rubv Claret, 1876Ruby Claret, 1877Rubv Claret, 1878Rubv Claret, 1879Rubv Claret, 1880Clevener, 1876.

Charles Saalmann, Egg HarborCity, N. J.

J. H. Bannihr, Egg Harbor Citv,N.J.

Cvnthiana, 1876 doFranklin, 1876 doNorton's Virginia, 1877 > doFranklin, 1868 ! Julius Hincke, Egg Harbor Citv,

N.J.Jersica, 1868 doCatawba, 1868 1 doIolhink, 1868 ! do

NEW MEXICO WINES.

Ills Native wine, 1877 L. & H. Huning, Los Lunas, N.Mex.

NEW YORK WINES.

769

770

24

404445

129130131132184

Great Western Extra DryChampagne.

Pleasant Valley Wine Co.N.Y.do

, Reims,

771 do77° do773 Port do --774 do

do776 do --

do

NORTH CAROLINA WINES.

Norton's Virginia Claret, 1880.Sweet Delaware, 1879Sweet Concord, 1880Dry Concord" Scuppernong," 1880"Scuppernong "sweet, 1878..'

' Scuppernong " dry, 1879

W. J. Green, Fayetteville, N. Cdo.do..do..do..do..do.

OHIO WINES.

785 Made in laboratory of Case Schoolof Applied Science.do

Smith 6z Parks. 1

786 Do.787 do Do.788 Catawba No. 1 do Do.

i Published in Journal American Chemical Society, 1898,20,880.


Description of samples of American wines analyzed—Continued.OHIO WINES—Continued.

No.Labo-ratoryNo."


789

"""27"

55118

119120121

122

123124167168169

Made in laboratory of Case Schoolof Applied Science....do

Smith & Parks.

790 Do.791 ...do... Do.794> ...do Do.793 ....do Do.794 do Do.795 do Do.790 ...do Do.797 Gold Seal Champagne

Sans Pareil Champagne

Peter Collier, United

798 Wm. H. Mills, Sandusky . .

.

States Departmentof Agriculture. 1

Do.799 Wehrle, Werk & Co., Middle Bass

Island.do

Do.

800 Do.801 J. &N., 1880 do Do.802 Norton, 1880... ...do... Do.SOS Ives, 1880. .

.

...do Do.81)1 ...do Do.805 Concord, 1880 do Do.80G Sans Pariel Champagne Do.807 do Do.808 Norton's Va. Red Champagne do Do.

VIRGINIA WINES.

17

18192021225659606162

636465

125126127178180181182509

I

50995101

Virginia Claret, Alvey grape.

Virginia Hock, Concordgrape.

Bacchantes, Concord grape..

Concord (claret)Sweet Concord..

Ives (claret), Ives grapeDelaware, Delaware grape...

Sweet Delaware, Delawaregrape,

Delaware (Hock), Delawaregrape.

Catawba (Hock), Catawbagrape.

Norton's, Norton's Virginiagrape.

Dry Norton's Virginia, Nor-ton's Virginia grape.

Virginia Claret, 1879

Virginia Clinton, 1879Cynthiana, 1880Alvey, 1880Norton's Virginia, 1879Virginia Hock, 1879Ives Seedling, 1879" Old Dominion " ClaretConcord, 1880Clinton, 1880Ives, 1880Norton's Virginia Seedling,

1880.

Ives and Clinton, 1880Ives and Clinton, 1879Concord and Clinton. 1879Mount Vernon'

' Old Dominion ' ' ClaretPrince WilliamCatawba, 1880Red ConcordClintonNorton'sClaret

dodo

Monticello Wine Co., Charlottes-ville.

....do

Laurel Hill Vineyard, NorfolkCounty.

Belmont Vineyard, Front Royal.

.


Belmont Vineyard, Front Royal..Monticello Wine Co., Charlottes-

ville.


Belmont Vineyard, Front Royal.

.

R. N. Cooper. 2

Do.

Do.

Do.Do.

Do.Do.

.do




.do

.do

.do

.do

.do

.doC. A. Heineken, HaymarketChr. Xander

dododo

dododo

C. A. Heineken, Haymarketdodo

Fritz Baier, Greenfielddododo

Wm. Hotopp, CharlottesvilleF. Leng & Co., Charlottesville . .

.

Mill Park Wine Co., Haymarket.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Peter Collier, UnitedStates Departmentof Agriculture. 1


Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

C. A.Crampton. sDo.Do.

1 Published in Annual Report United States Department of Agriculture, 1880.^Published in Chemical News, 1875, 32, 160.3 Published in Bui. No. 13, part 3, Division of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture.

20 COMPOSITION OF AMEKICAN WINES.

I

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TABLE OF ANALYSES. 21

CO HO CO i-i CM 30 OOiMi(J3>OOlCD TiOC.'-l- CC OS ~. C 1 -T -P CD

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2982.3112 .2359

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.

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.

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INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS. 47

INTERPRETATION OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS.

In interpreting the analytical results obtained in the analysis of wines

considerable discretion must be used. While the vast majority of

wines from one locality will be fairly constant in composition, occa-

sionally one will be found which will vary greatly from the average.

Climate, location, vintage, age, and methods of preparation will influ-

ence to a marked extent the character and composition of a wine.

Standards should therefore be adopted for the wines produced in each

country, and all these influences should be taken into consideration

before condemning wines of apparently abnormal composition.

This question has been careful ly studied in several European coun-

tries. Countless analyses of wines grown in those countries have been

made by official laboratories, and as a result of these analyses standards

have been adopted which have a certain official weight. Owing to thisfact there is a tendency to judge American wines by the standards

adopted for those of European origin.

This practice is not justified b}^ our knowledge of the composition of

American wines, and it is highly important that both our grapes and

wines should be studied, in order that American standards maj^ be

adopted. Owing to the small number of wines of known origin, whichhave been examined in other States than California, we know practi-cally nothing of their composition.

For the sake of comparison a summary is given, which is believedto include all the important points taken into consideration in inter-

preting the results of wine analysis in Germany, Austria-Hungar}^ andFrance, and also as msniy suggestions as seem advisable at this time

concerning the interpretation of California wines. The latter are takenentirely from a communication from Mr. Marvin Curtis, of the firmof J. M. Curtis & Son, No. 123 California street, San Francisco, Cal.Mr. Curtis states that their firm "occupies the position of reference

chemists between the wine makers on the one hand and the dealersand consumers on the other." It is believed that there is no one bet-

ter able to make suggestions along this line than Mr. Curtis, and thathis suggestions will be perfectly fair to both sides.

ALCOHOL.

According to the German Weinstatistik Commission a pure wineusually contains between 1.5 and 10 grams of alcohol per 100 cc,although wines of known purhV\T have been found to contain as low as2.1 grams of alcohol and as high as 12.19 grams. American winescommonly have a somewhat higher content of alcohol than those of thecountries mentione

Documents

Historic, archived document assume · 2013. 7. 15. · bulletinno.59. u.s.departmentofagriculture, divisionofchemistry. the compositionofamericanwines. by w.d.bigelow, secondassistantchemist