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Welcome to History 44
The Mexican-American in the History of the
United States II
Prof. Valadez
1
I. 1848-1900 the 1st Mexican-
American Generation
II. 1900-1929 Mexico Lindo Generation or Immigrant Gen.
III. 1930-1964 Mexican-American Generation
IV. 1965-1979 Chicano Generation
V. 1980-2000 Hispanic/Latino Gen.
2
We Didn’t Cross the Border…
3
4
U.S.
Economy
MA/MO/LA
California
Hide-Tallow Trade
Texas
Austin Colony
New Mexico
Santa Fe Trade
Mexican Economy
5
Texas
– Stephen Austin
– Empresarios
– Read article
6
Tejanos
• Cultural brokers (Vaqueros)
• Juan Seguin
• Texas Revolution 1836
7
Santa Fe Trail 1821
8
California Hide/Tallow Trade
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10
11
Causes of Mexican-American War
• Annexation of Texas
• Texas border dispute
• U.S. Expansionist policy (Manifest Destiny)
• Thornton Affair (immediate cause)
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13
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
• Peace treaty signed February 2, 1848 at the Cathedral of Guadalupe Hidalgo
– Ended the Mexican-American War.
– Mexico ceded 55% of its territory for $15 million.
• Mexicans under the legal jurisdiction of the U.S.
– Article VIII granted U.S. citizenship to Mexicans and stipulated
that property of every kind shall be respected.
– Article IX guaranteed Mexicans the free enjoyment of property,
Liberty, and freedom of religion.
14
Explain how the 1st generation of Mexican-Americans dealt with the political and social changes in the U.S. Southwest after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848.
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Assimilation
• to adopt the ways of another culture : to fully become part of a different society, country, etc.
Acculturation
• cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture; also : a merging of cultures as a result of prolonged contact
17
19
From Ranchero to Peon
• Proletarianization: the social process where one moves from being an employer to an employee.
• This process explains the experience of Mexican-Americans in the Southwest.
• The lost of land in American courts led to their loss of status: from landowner to a wage laborer.
20
1848-1900
Economy
Political
Control
Resistance Socialization
Latino Americans
• http://www.pbs.org/latino-americans/en/watch-videos/#2365075996
• Mariano Vallejo
• Juan Seguin
• Apolinaria
• Las Gorras Blancas
• What did U.S. expansion mean for them? Was the Mexican elite successful in preserving their status, property, and rights?
22
Congressional Scales, 1850
Library of Congress 23
24
Compromise of 1850
– California was a free state
– New Mexico & Utah would decide status
– Texas’s debt and claim
– Ban the slave trade in Washington, D.C.
– Amended Fugitive Slave Act
25
Compromise of 1850
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27
Rail Roads 1870
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Gadsden Purchase 1854 $10,000,000
29
Election 1852
30
After 1852 Election
• Whig Party splits into the Republican Party and the American Know-Nothing Party.
31
Nativism
• Heavy Catholic immigration produces Protestant backlash; nativist, anti-Catholic
• 1850s, a nativist society, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, becomes Know-Nothing Party, an important political party
• native-born workers fear job competition from Catholic immigrant workers.
• Know-Nothing Party in Texas involved an instigating race wars in Texas.
32
Texas and New Mexico
33
Cart War CART WARS 1855-1857
By the mid-1850s, Tejanos are successful arrerios (Cartmen)
Violence breaks at as Tejanos are attacked
Texan authorities end the conflict
34
“El Cheno”
• Juan Cortina 1824-1894
35
CORRIDO DE JUAN CORTINA - OSCAR CHAVEZ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmF5jrzjSH0
1859 para ser preciso
por andar debiendo ajeno se agarraron bien macizo
dizque muy serio tratado de Guadalupe-Hidalgo la tierra se han robado México sufre un despojo
y dijo Juan cortina ahorita yo me enojo.
leyes y tratados sirven solo a los americanos
Cortina es de Tamaulipas y paga las ofensas con balas en las tripas
Si dicen que soy un bandido por defender mi raza
1859 to be precise
To walk around with other people’s stuff
They locked horns
Supposedly the very serious treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo the land has been stolen Mexico suffers a despoliation
Juan Cortina said right now I am angry.
Laws and treaties serve only Americans
Cortina is of Tamaulipas, and pays the offenses with bullets in the guts
They said I am a bandit
For defending my people 36
The Election of 1860
Despite so little support in the South that in many areas his name did not even appear on the ballot, Abraham Lincoln, won a decisive victory in the election of 1860. The election of the anti-slavery Republican was seen as a calculated Northern insult by many Southerners and proved to be the last straw that would lead much of the South to secede and sink the nation into civil war.
Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. 37
Secession
38
• Gutted by fire, the fort’s forty-foot walls remained relatively intact after the Confederate shelling that ended with Major Robert Anderson’s surrender. After Anderson officially turned the fort over to his former West Point artillery student General P. G. T. Beauregard, Confederate soldiers raised their flag above the ramparts, ending Union presence in Charleston Harbor and marking the beginning of the Civil War.
Fort Sumter
National Archives. 39
• General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it.
Library of Congress
Scott's Great Snake
40
Mexican-Americans in Civil War
41
42
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9alQGIg9RI
44
April 14, 1865 Lincoln Assassination
45
46
Amendments 13,14, 15
• 13th Amendment (1865)
– Outlawed slavery
• 14th Amendment (1868)
– Declared all persons born in the U.S., citizens
• 15th Amendment (1870)
– Protect the voting rights of African-American men
• The Election of 1876
• Compromise of 1877
47
48
Salt War 1877
• Struggle for control of natural resources
• Spanish Communal law v.s. English Common law
• San Elizario, near El Paso
• 3 groups want control of salt mine
• 1877 riot, 4 dead
• Consequence: loss of economic influence in El Paso area
49
Santa Fe Ring
• Group of lawyers & land speculators
• Largest landowners in New Mexico
San Luis Colorado 1851 Land Grant Sangre de Cristo
Doña Maria Gertrudis Barceló Doña Tules 1800-1852
• Santa Fe, New Mexico
• Independent business woman
Miguel Antonio Otero
• Governor of New Mexico Territory 1897-1906
Las Gorras Blancas, Las Vegas, NM
• Founded in April 1889 by brothers Juan Jose, Pablo, and Nicanor Herrera
• Proclamation of Las Gorras 1890
• “Our purpose is to protect the rights and interests of the people in general; especially those of the helpless classes.”
• Newspaper La Voz de Pueblo
• Santa Fe, NM 1889
• 1890 People’s Party (Partido del Pueblo Unido )
• Hispanics & Anglos
• Alternative to Democrats & Republicans
New Mexico Constitution 1912
• ARTICLE II - BILL OF RIGHTS
• Sec. 5. [Rights under Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo preserved.]
• The rights, privileges and immunities, civil, political and religious guaranteed to the people of New Mexico by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo shall be preserved inviolate.
Arizona • Tucson
• 500 Mexican pop.
• Few Anglo-Americans in southern Arizona
• Apache Threat – Forces bicultural cooperation
• April 1874 Camp Grant Massacre
• Geronimo captured in 1886
• Pedro Aguirre 1852
• Merchant
• Estevan Ochoa 1831-1888
• Tucson Mayor 1876
Don Mariano G. Samaniego 1844-1907
• Fought for the rights of the Mexican immigrants
• Encourage participation in the U.S. political process
• Leader of Tucson
• Supports Alianza Hispano-Americana 1894
Mariano Vallejo 1807-1890
63
• Sept. 1849 Monterrey
• 7 californios
• 1849 Constitution
– Based on NY state’s Constitution
– Prohibited Slavery
– Required laws to be published in 2 languages
– Granted women the right to own property
1849 California Constitution
1849 California Constitution
• ARTICLE XI.
• Sec. 21. All laws, decrees, regulations, and provisions, which from their nature require publication, shall be published in English and Spanish.
66
Diseño del Rancho de San Juan Bautista : [Santa Clara Co., Calif.]
1851 California Land Act • Provided that claims to all lands in California be
presented within two years of the date of the act
• Many people didn’t know the requirements and therefore lost their land
• 200 families 14 million acres
• 1880-1890 only 5 % of Californios landowners
68
1855 Vagrancy Act Greaser Act
• Defined vagrants as “all persons who [were] commonly known as ‘Greasers’”
• Anti-loitering act
Sunday Morning in the Mines by Charles Nahl
• 48ers
• 49ers
• 3 Routes
– Around the Horn
– Via Panama
– Overland
74
Attacks on Chileans
75
The Lynching of Juanita 1851