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RECONSTRUCTION, 1863-1877

Though slavery was abolished, the wrongs of my people were not ended. Though they were not slaves, they were

not yet quite free. No man can be truly free whose liberty is dependent upon the thought, feeling, and action of other,

and who has no means in his own hands for guarding, protecting, defending, and maintaining his liberty.

- Frederick Douglass, 1882

Civil War Ends Problems in the South

Rebuilding How? Who is responsible?

Should Confederacy be accepted in Union?

Who has the authority? Whose interests?

Regional Political Economic

Major Goals Northern Republicans

Continue economic progress

Build the North into a major power

Expand cities and industry

Southern Aristocracy Plantation owners Need free labor Anti-freedmen

Freedmen Equal rights Protection under the law Education Economic help Property

“…free people in a free society have the ability to provide for themselves.”

- Southern business owner, 1867

Rebuilding Efforts Physical rebuilding left

up to the South Southern states and

rich landowners took over much of the rebuilding

Political rebuilding – federal government

Emancipation Proclamation - 1863

Lincoln’s Politics Wanted Southern states back in the

Union U.S. must stay under Republican

rule

Proclamation of Amnesty (1863) Full presidential pardon to

Southerners who: Take an oath of allegiance Accepted emancipation of

slaves States could be reestablished

if 10% of population took oath

Wade Davis Bill (1864)

Conservative Republicans didn’t agree with 10% oath

Benjamin Wade/Henry Winter Davis

Raised loyalty oath to 50% Permitted only non-

Confederate voters to vote Lincoln pocket-vetoed

WDB

*Republican Congress was ready to retain and control power

Freedman’s Bureau (1865) Earliest welfare agency Provided food, education, and

medical aid Mostly for freed slaves and poor

whites

General Oliver O. Howard Education a major concern 3,000 black schools 200,000 learned to read

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Manson_marriage_certificate_Bureau_Refugees_Freedmen_and_Abandoned_Lands_1866.jpg

Lincoln’s Final Speech April 11, 1865 Brought up controversial

topics: Should blacks be

allowed to vote? Should the Union give

the South another chance?

Assassinated on April 14, 1865

Andrew Johnson Grew up in TN – runaway Self-taught tailor Won political offices in

TN by championing poor whites

Appointed wartime governor of TN

Ran as Lincoln’s running mate in 1864 Democrat Republicans wanted him for

the southern votes White supremist– clashed

with Republicans

Johnson’s Policies Reconstruction

Proclamation (1865) Much like Lincoln’s…

PLUS: Disenfranchised

Confederate leaders and office holders

Disenfranchised southern landowners w/ more than $20K in property

Presidential pardon

Reconstruction Legislation 13th Amendment

Passed December 6, 1865 Abolished slavery in ALL

states The only form of “slavery”

permitted is imprisonment

Blacks were still not allowed to vote

Southerners were taking Congressional office Alexander Stephens

Black Codes Southern states adopted

race-driven codes

Blacks couldn’t own property

Debt peonage Racial etiquette Blacks couldn’t testify

against whites in court Separate public facilities

*Northern Republicans began to question Johnson

Controversy Under Johnson Critical vetoes:

Republican bills that: Increased protection and services offered

by the Freedmen’s Bureau Got rid of black codes Allowed blacks to vote Granted blacks citizenship

Radical Republicans Feared that South would have more

representation in Congress Southern states had more strength

in electoral college

The Radical Program

Civil Rights Act of 1866 All blacks were U.S.

citizens

14th Amendment Passed in 1866/Ratified in

1868 All persons born in U.S.

were citizens States must provided “equal

protection” and due process States required to uphold

citizens’ rights

Impeachment!!!! 1867 – Congress passed

Tenure of Office Act President CANNOT fire

military commanders Strictly a political move Republicans wanted to

protect people in Cabinet Secretary of War Edwin

Stanton Johnson fired Stanton Republicans impeached

Johnson Never got the 2/3 vote to

oust him completely

Election of 1868

Ulysses S. GrantRepublican

Horatio SeymourDemocrat

15th Amendment (1869) Allowed black men the

right to vote

Civil Rights Act of 1875 Equal accommodations in

public places Not followed by southern

states - abandoned

Southern ReconstructionMilitary occupation of states

Tennessee – 1 yearFlorida – 10 years

Whites controlled state governmentsExcept in South CarolinaFreedmen controlled

lower house in 1873

Reconstruction for African Americans Major adjustment to freedom Migrated to North from South Black communities

Centered around church Formation of black colleges

Howard University UMES

Sharecropping African American Legislators

Educated property holders Hiram Revels

Scalawags & Carpetbaggers

Ku Klux Klan

Northern Reconstruction Driven by capitalism and

Industrial Revolution Pro-business policies by

Republicans Greed and corruption

Patronage Spoils System

Roscoe Conkling – NY James Blaine – ME

Credit Mobilier Gave stock to railroad companies Tried to avoid investigations into rates and profits Railroads made huge profits by setting rates high

New York Central – 350%

Election of 1872

Ulysses S. Grant - RHorace Greeley - D

Panic of 1873 Rendered thousands

jobless Caused by overbuilding

by industry and railroads Debtors and farmers call

for Greenbacks – not supported by gold

Grant sided with industrialists – print more money!

Election of 1876

Rutherford B. HayesRepublican

Samuel TildenDemocrat

Compromise of 1877 Hayes will become

president if he: Takes all federal

troops out of the South

Supports the southern transcontinental railroad