HISPANIC AMERICANSHISPANIC AMERICANS

CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9

Hispanic PopulationHispanic Population

• More than one in eight people in US are of Spanish of Latin American origin

• By 2005• 41.9 million Latinos, outnumbering 39 million

African Americans

• Generally urban dwellers• 91% live in metropolitan areas compared to

78% of Whites

Latino IdentityLatino Identity• PanethnicityPanethnicity

• The development of solidarity between ethnic The development of solidarity between ethnic subgroupssubgroups

• Hispanic or Latino• Collective term is subject to debate• Latino more common in the West• Hispanic more common to the East and the

term used by federal government• Actions of the dominant group have an impact in

defining cultural identity to some degree

• 24% prefer to use panethnic names• Among US born Latinos

• Move away from using native country as means of identity

• 46% first use or only use “American”• 29% use parent’s country of origin

• Contrasts with foreign-born Latinos• 21% use American• 54% use national terms of reference

• Name issues or “language battles”“language battles” distract group’s attention from working together

• Income and education does not appear to influence Hispanics’ perceptions

• Younger generation think more in pantethnic terms

• EthclassEthclass• Merging of ethnicity and class in a person’s Merging of ethnicity and class in a person’s

statusstatus• Identity is complicated as they move

economically and socially further from their roots

The Economic PictureThe Economic Picture• Median income increased over past 25

years• Gap remains between Latinos and Whites• Latino household earns 70 cents for every

dollar earned by Whites• Low wealth is characteristic of Hispanic

households• Likely to earn less annually and have fewer

financial resources to fall back on

• Poverty rate reflects pattern in income• Beginning of 2006

• 21.8% below poverty level compared to 8.3% of Whites

• Typical Latino income in 2005 was over $10,000 behind typical 1972 White household

• Situation difficult to predict• As a group, poor Latinos are more mobile

geographically• Half send money abroad to help relatives

• Puts a strain on supporting themselves in the US

The Growing Political PresenceThe Growing Political Presence

• Federal law requires bilingual or multilingual ballots in voting districts where 5% of voting-age population does not speak English

• Voting turnout was poor• Many were ineligible – non-citizens

• 2004 election• 53% Democrat v. 44% Republican• Stand against Republican support favoring reducing

legal immigration, limiting welfare benefits to legal immigrants, and eliminating bilingual education

• Evidence indicates younger Hispanics becoming more conservative and likely to consider Republican candidates

• Factors that elicit support from politicians• Rapidly growing population• Higher proportions of voter registration• Higher participation in elections• Less commitment to a single political party

• Resent the fact that existence is rediscovered during election years• Little interest in between except by Latino

officials

The BorderlandsThe Borderlands• BorderlandsBorderlands

• Refers to the area of a common culture along Refers to the area of a common culture along the border between Mexico and USthe border between Mexico and US

• Notion of separate Mexican and US cultures obsolete because of• Legal and illegal immigration• Day laborers crossing the border to go to jobs

in the US• Implementation of (NAFTA) North American

Free Trade Agreement• Exchange of media across the border

• MaquiladorasMaquiladoras• Foreign-owned companies that establish Foreign-owned companies that establish

operations in Mexico yet are exempt from operations in Mexico yet are exempt from Mexican taxes and are not required to provide Mexican taxes and are not required to provide insurance or benefits for workersinsurance or benefits for workers

• Multinational companies found even lower wages in China• Over 40% of the 700,000 new maquiladora

jobs created in 1990s were eliminated by 2003• Immigrant workers have significant

economic impact on home countries• RemittancesRemittances or migradollarsmigradollars estimated at

$20 billion in 2005

• Homeland ClubsHomeland Clubs• Typically are non-profit organizations that Typically are non-profit organizations that

maintain close ties to immigrants’ maintain close ties to immigrants’ hometowns in Mexico and other Latin hometowns in Mexico and other Latin nationsnations

• Collect money for improvements in hospitals and schools

• Some states in Mexico began matching-funds programs

• Work of over 1,500 hometown clubs in US or Mexican communities reflects blurring of border distinctions

Cuban AmericansCuban Americans• Cuban settlements in Florida date back to

the early nineteenth century• Where small communities organized around

single family enterprises• 1960 census – 79,000 Cuban born in US• 2005 – more than 1.4 million Cuban born

in US• Increase followed Fidel Castro’s

assumption of power after 1959 Cuban revolution

• Three significant influxes of immigrants through the 1980s• 1st - About 200,000 came during the first

three years after Castro came into power• 2nd – Freedom Flights; 340,000 refugees

between 1965 and 1973• 3rd – 1980 Mariel boatlift is most controversial

– “Freedom Flotilla”• Castro used President Carter’s invitation to send

prison inmates, patients from mental hospitals, and addicts

• MarielitosMarielitos• Implies that refugees were undesirable and remains a Implies that refugees were undesirable and remains a

stigma in the media and in Floridastigma in the media and in Florida

• Wet Foot, Dry Foot PolicyWet Foot, Dry Foot Policy• Refers to government policy which generally Refers to government policy which generally

allows Cuban nationals who manage to allows Cuban nationals who manage to reach the US (“dry foot”) to remain while reach the US (“dry foot”) to remain while those picked up at sea (“wet foot”) are sent those picked up at sea (“wet foot”) are sent back to Cubaback to Cuba

• Cuban refugees have special advantage over other refugees in terms of public opinion• 2000 – Elian Gonzalez

• Issue of communism still overshadows attitudes about US relationship with Cuba

The Present Picture: Cuban AmericansThe Present Picture: Cuban Americans

• The influence of Cuban Americans

• Miami area

• In Urban centers• Generational relations among Cubans

• Generational clash between cultures (parent and child)

• Inter-ethnic relations between Cubans and other Hispanic’s at times have been strained

• Long-range perspective of Cubans in the U.S. depends on several factors• Most important – events in Cuba

• Refugees proclaim desire to return if communist regime is overturned

• Cuban Americans have selectively accepted Anglo culture

• Split between original exiles and their children• Children more concerned with Miami

Dolphins than they are with Havana

Central and South AmericansCentral and South Americans• Central and South Americans came from

• historically different experiences and times• culturally diverse backgrounds

• Unlike racial groupings in US, use Color Gradient• Describing skin color along a continuum from

light to dark• Another indicator of the social construction of

race

• Little in common other than hemisphere of origin and Spanish language• Other languages are Portuguese, French,

and Dutch

• Other distinctions• Social class distinctions• Religious differences• Urban versus rural backgrounds• Differences in dialects among those

speaking same language

• Central and South Americans do not form a cohesive group

• Do not naturally form coalitions with• Cuban Americans• Mexican Americans• Puerto Ricans

• Immigration has been sporadic and influenced by• US immigration laws• Social forces in the home country

• War and persecution• Economic deprivation

Central and South Americans:Central and South Americans:Present ViewPresent View

• Two issues clouding recent settlement• Many are illegal immigrants

• Citizens from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Colombia are outnumbered only by Mexican nationals

• Brain Drain• Immigration to US of skilled workers,

professionals, and technicians• Experience high unemployment compared to

Whites• Better educated than most Hispanics

• Colombians• Close to half million in US• Rural unrest in 1980s triggered large-scale

movement to US• Success found in catering to other

Colombians• Many obliged to take menial jobs and

combine income of several families to meet high cost of urban life

• Colombians of mixed African descent face racial as well as ethnic and language barriers

• Future of Central and South Americans in the US?• Could assimilate over generations• Alternative is being trapped with Mexican

Americans as a segment of the dual labor market

• Encouraging possibility is that they retain an independent identity while establishing an economic base

QUESTIONS QUESTIONS

• What different factors seem to unite and to divide the Latino community in the United States?

• How do Hispanics view themselves as a group? How are they viewed by others?

• Identify the factors that serve to contribute and to limit the political power of Latinos as a group in the United States.

• To what extent has the Cuban migration been positive, and to what degree do significant challenges remain?

• How have Central and South Americans contributed to the diversity of Hispanic people in the United States?

• What factors would prevent the successful assimilation of some Central and South Americans into American society?