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HippocraticJournal of
unani Medicine
Volume 12, Number 1, January – March 2017
Hippocratic J. Unani Med. 12(1): 1 - 198, 2017
CeNtral CouNCil for researCh iN uNaNi MediCiNe Ministry of ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, unani, siddha and homoeopathy (aYush)
Government of india
hippocratic Journal of unani MedicineChief Patron
Minister for aYush, Government of india
Patron
secretary, Ministry of aYush, Government of india
International Advisory BoardProf. G.N. Qazi, new delhi, india Prof. talat ahmad, new delhi, indiadr. fabrezio speziale, paris, france hakim syed Khaleefathullah, chennai, indiaMrs. sadia rashid, Karachi, paKiStan dr. suraiya h. hussein, Kuala lumpur, MalaYSiaProf. ikhlas a. Khan, uSa Prof. allauddin ahmad, patna, indiaProf. abdul hannan, Karachi, paKiStan dr. Maarten Bode, amsterdam, tHe netHerlandSProf. rashid Bhikha, industria, SoutH africa Prof. usmanghani Khan, Karachi, paKiStanProf. ram Vishwakarma, Jammu, india dr. s.s. handa, Gurgaon, Haryana, india Prof. irfan ali Khan, Hyderabad, india
Editorial BoardProf. Wazahat husain, aligarh Prof. V.h. talib, dehradundr. (Mrs.) Nandini Kumar, new delhi Prof. K.M.Y. amin, aligarhdr. o.P. agarwal, new delhi Prof. Ghufran ahmad, aligarhProf. Y.K. Gupta, new delhi Prof. a.B. Khan, aligarhProf. a. ray, delhi dr. Mohammad Khalid siddiqui, faridabaddr. s. asad Pasha, new delhi dr. (Mrs.) Neena Khanna, new delhiProf. s. shakir Jamil, new delhi dr. (Mrs.) Yasmeen shamsi, new delhiProf. Mansoor ahmad siddiqui, Bengaluru dr. M.a. Waheed, Hyderabad
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Vd. K.s. dhimandirector General
central council for research in unani Medicine (ccruM)
Associate Editordr. V.K. singh, ex. assistant director (Botany), ccruM
Assistant Editorsdr. Munawwar hussain Kazmi, deputy director, criuM, Hyderabad Mr. Mohammad Niyaz ahmad, Research Officer (Publication), CCRUMMr. aminuddin, Research Officer (Botany), CCRUM dr. sadia ayub, Research Officer (Biochemistry), RRIUM, Aligarh
Mr. Shamsul Arfin, Research Officer (Chemistry), CCRUM
Managing Editordr. shariq ali Khan, deputy director, rriuM, aligarh
Editorial Office
central council for reSearcH in unani MedicineMinistry of ayurveda, Yoga & naturopathy, unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (aYuSH), Government of india
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Fax: +91-11-28522965 • Email : [email protected] • Website: www.ccrum.net
annual subscription: ` 300/- (india) uS $ 100/- (other countries) single issue: ` 150/- (india) uS$ 50/- (other countries)payments in respect of subscription may be sent by bank draft marked payable to director General, ccruM, new delhi.
on behalf of central council for research in unani Medicine (ccruM) published and printed by prof. Vd. K.S. dhimandirector General, ccruM at ccruM headquarters, 61-65 institutional area (opposite ‘d’ Block), Janakpuri, new delhi – 110058
and printed at india offset press, a-1, Mayapuri industrial area, phase-1, new delhi – 110064
• Instructions toContributors
Contents
1. EvaluationofHypoglycemicEffect ofQurs-e-ZiabetusKhas inAlloxanMonohydrate InducedDiabeticAlbinoRabbits ..................................................................................................................1
Azhar Javed, Aziz ur Rahman and Tajuddin
2. InterplayofArkān Arba΄a--AnUnderstandingTowards theBasicDesignofNatural SubstancesasDiscussed inUnaniMedicine ...........................................................................................11
Azizur Rahman, Wasim Ahmad, Mohd Zulkifle and G. Sofi
3. Hypertension inUnaniSystemofMedicine ..............................................................................................21
Danish Ali, Tabassum Latafat, B.D. Khan, Jamal Azmat and Md. Wasi Akhtar
4. Anisoon (Pimpinella anisum L.):A reviewofPharmacologicalActivities andClinicalEffects ...............31
Khadija Zahid Ali, Azhar Hasan, Shabir Ahmad Parray, Wasim Ahmad
5. TheMizaj (Temperament)Patterns versusSomatotypes:ConcordanceorCoincidence ......................47
Ghazala Mulla, Jalis Ahmed, Farhan Qureshi, Sufiyan Ghawte, Kalpana Joshi and Tejas Shah
6. SafetyStudyof aSingleUnaniDrugKhare-e-khasakKhurd (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) ........................57
Mohd.Waseem, Abdul Latif, Sumbul Rehman, Reesha Ahmed and Zafar Javed Khan
7. StudyofMarketSamplesofKhulanjan forTheirQualityStandards ......................................................65
Abdul Wadud, Mohd Imran Ansari, Shaista Perveen, Shaikh Ajij and Ahmad Maqbool
8. SafetyStudyof ‘Qurs-e-Ziyabetus’–AUnaniPharmacopoeialCompoundFormulation .........................75
Bushra Abrar, Sayeed Ahmad, B.D. Khan and Ghufran Ahmad
9. Physico-chemical andPhyto-chemicalAnalysis ofMarketSampleofBanafshah (Viola odorata Linn.) ...................................................................................................................................83
Sumbul Rehman and Abdul Latif
10. AContribution to theEthnomedicinal FloraofChakrataForests inDehradunDistrict, Uttarakhand ................................................................................................................................................95
Zaheer Anwar Ali, Sarfraz Ahmad, Parwez Ahmad and Shariq Ali Khan
11. Physico-chemicalStandardizationofHabbe Kafoori:AUnaniFormulation ..........................................107
Osama Akhtar, Roohi Zaman and Shariq Shamsi
12. Useful FolkMediicnalPlants andTheirDiversityStatus inSouthernWesternGhats of TamilNadu,KarnatakaandKerala .........................................................................................................117
R. Murugeswaran, K. Venkatesan, P.K. Sagar, Kabiruddin Ahmed and Asiya Khanum
13. EthnomedicinalStudyofSomeMedicinalPlants ofBoudhDistrict,Odisha ........................................135
Usha Devi, Himanshu Dwivedi and Hkimudin Khan
14. PharmacognosticStudiesonLeafDrugs -BibliographicReview .........................................................157
Nitin Rai and Rajeev Kr. Sharma
EditorialNewdrugdevelopmentishighlytediousandarduouslycomplexprocessentailingalotoftimeandoverweeningcostalongwiththehighrateoffailureateverystageofdevelopmentevenafterthedrughasbeenmarketed.Therefore the drug industry is facing serious challenge of innovation deficit. In conventional pharmacology(forwardpharmacology)fourphasesofdrugdevelopment;(i)discovery;(ii)pre-clinicalstudies;(iii)clinicaltrialsand; (iv) postmarketing surveillance (PMS) are consideredmandatory.Thousandsofmolecules are testedthroughhighthroughputscreeningtofindfewputativemoleculestobedevelopedasdrugbutunfortunatelymostof themfail topassthesubsequent testsboth inpre-clinicalandclinicalphaseandoftenafter themarketingof thedrug.Liability to inducetoxicity isanothermajorproblemwithsuchdrugs. Inrecentyears,however,aparadigmshiftinthefieldofdrugdevelopmenthastakenplaceandaninterdisciplinaryapproachcalled‘reversepharmacology’ has emerged as newdisciplinewhich can reduce threemajor bottlenecks – cost, time andtoxicity–frequentlyencounteredinforwardpharmacologyset-upofnewdrugdevelopment.Thisinvolvesbasicscientists,allopathicdoctorsandexpertsof traditionalmedicines in thecourseofnewdrugdevelopment. Inthisnewapproach,wisdomandpracticesoftraditionalmedicineareassimilatedwiththeknowledgeofmodernmedicineand sophisticated technical know-how to findbetter and safer drug candidates.Byusing ‘reverse pharmacology’inISMdrugstheprocessofdrugdevelopmentcanbesubstantiallyreducedtoabout5yearsfromconventional12-15years.Unanimedicinehasahugetreasureofplantdrugsandnaturalproducts,andtheirage-oldpracticeswithhighdegreeofefficacyandsafety.ItishightimeforUnaniphysiciansandmodernscientiststocometogetherandputtheircollectiveeffortstofindasolutiontotheproblemofshortageofnewdrugsforanumberofdiseasesthat,hitherto,donothaveeffectiveandsaferemedy.
AlltheseongoinginvestigationsintheareaofdrugdevelopmentinIndiaandabroadhavegeneratedlotofnewresearchdatainrecenttimes,andthereisanenormousneedforexchangeofthisvital informationamongstacademiciansandresearchersengagedinthescientificvalidationoftraditionaldrugs.Inthiscontext,CentralCouncilforResearchinUnaniMedicine,throughitsclinical,drugresearch,literaryresearch,survey&cultivationofmedicinalplantsprogrammeiscontributingsignificantly forover threedecades.Vitiligo,sinusitis,filariasis,eczema,malaria, infectivehepatitis,asthmaaresomeof theconditionswhereUnani therapieshaveearnedrecognition.
Inviewofanoverwhelmingresponse,Hippocratic Journal of Unani MedicineearlierpublishedbyCounciltwicea year, its periodicity hadbeen changed to quarterlyw.e.f. January 2008 to accommodatemorearticles forquickdisseminationof researchdataamongscientificcommunity.The journalhassufficient room for invitedarticles from luminariesofmodernmedicineandsciencesaswellasscholarsofUnanimedicine.Thebroadareasbeingcovered includeclinical researchonsingleandcompoundUnanidrugs,validationof regimentaltherapy,experimentalpharmacologicalstudies,standardizationofsingleandcompounddrugs,developmentofstandardoperatingprocedures,ethnobotanicalstudiesanddevelopmentofagro-techniquesthereof,andliteraryresearchonclassicsofUnanimedicine.ThejournalisalsoopenforstudiesonsafetyevaluationofUnaniandotherherbo-mineraldrugs,nutraceuticals,cosmotherapeutics,aromatics,oralhealth,lifestyledisorders,sportsmedicineetc.andsuchothernewerareaswhicharetheoutcomeofmoderndayliving.
Thecurrentissueofthisjournal(January-March2017)provides14originalandreviewpapersintheareasof:Clinicalstudies,Fundamentalandappliedresearch,Safetystudies,Qualitycontrolanddrugstandardization,Experimentalpharmacologyandallieddisciplinescontributedbyeminentscholarsintheirrespectivefields.ItishopedthatdatapresentedwillcontributesignificantlyinR&Dsectoroftraditionaldrugsandprovetobeanexcellentexpositionofcurrentresearcheffortsofscientistsinthisdirection.Councilacknowledgestheauthorsfortheircontributionsincludedinthisissueandhopefortheircontinuedsupportinthisendeavor.Wewishtoensurethereaderstobringoutthefutureissuesofthejournalontime.
Weat theCCRUMhavebeenconstantlystriving to reach tohigherstandardsandmakeHJUM the leadingjournalofUnanimedicineandrelatedsciences.Inthiscontext,wethankourlearnedreviewersfortheirinvaluableinputs in improvingthemanuscripts.Wesincerelyhopeandtrust that themissioncanbeaccomplishedwithactivepartnershipofquality-consciousindividualsandinstitutions.Throughtheselinesweseekyourcooperationandsupport inmaterializingourdreamsabout theHJUM. In this regard,werequestyou foryouraswellasyourcolleagues’contributionsforpublicationinandsubscriptiontothejournal.Further,wewillappreciateifthejournal is introduced farandwide.Wewouldalsowelcomeesteemedsuggestions forachieving thehigheststandardsofqualityforthejournal.
NewDelhi (Prof. Vd. K.S. Dhiman)June3, 2017 DirectorGeneral
1Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
TAbstract
his studywas carried out to evaluate the use ofQurs-e-Ziabetus Khas in hyper-glycaemia clinically. The anti-diabetic effect ofQurs-e-Ziabetus Khaswasstudied inadulthealthyalbinorabbitsofeithersexweighing1.5-2Kgatthedosesof400,800and1200mg/kgorally intheformofsuspension.Theanimalswererandomlydividedintodiabeticcontrol,diabetictreatedand standardgroups, andeachgroup consistingof 6 rabbits. Initiallyanimalsweremadediabetic by injectingalloxanmonohydrate at the doseof150mg/Kgintravenously.Thebloodsampleswereobtainedfromthemarginalearveinsat0h(initial),andafterthetestdrugadministrationat2,3and6thhour.BloodglucosewasestimatedbytheEndPointO-Toluidinemethod.Themaximumreductionof bloodglucoseoccurredafter 3rd hour of test drugadministrationatthedoseof1200mg/kgorallyascomparedtoanimalsofcontrolgroup.Thetestdrugwasalsocomparedwithastandarddrugglibenclamide inadoseof1.5mg/kg.TheobtaineddatawereanalyzedbyonewayANOVAwithposthoc‘t’test.ThefindingsindicatethattheQurs-e-Ziabetus KhashassignificanteffectinnoninsulindependentdiabetesmellitusandscientificallyvalidatedtheclaimsofUnaniphysiciansthatthisdrugpossessesantidiabeticeffect.
Key words:Qurs-e-ZiabetusKhas,Hyper-glycaemia,Alloxanmonohydrate,Antidiabetic
Introduction
Diabetesistheworld’s largestendocrinediseasewithderangedcarbohydrate,lipid and proteinmetabolism. It is distinguished by irrelevant hyperglycemiaproducedby insufficiencyof insulinat thecellular level (Sidhu,et al.,2014). Itis reported that diabetic patient are increasingevery year globally (Samyalet al.,2014),andinferringthatmorethan400millionpeopleoftheworldwidewillbeeffectedfromhyperglycemiaby2030(Samyalet al.,2014).TheoccurrencerateofdiabetesinIndiais1-5%(Senet al.,2016).Statisticalprojectionsuggeststhat thenumber of diabetic patientswill rise from15million in the year 1995to 57million in 2025,making India the countrywith the highest number ofdiabeticsintheworld(Shalamet al.,2006).Itisamajorpublichealthproblemin thedevelopedaswellasdevelopingcountries. It is rankedseventhamongtheleadingcausesofdeath,andthirdwhenallitsfatalcomplicationsaretakenintoaccount.Large-vesselatherosclerosisisthemostcommoncauseofdeathindiabetes(Trivediet al.,2004).
Thephytoconstituentssuchasflavonoidsandpolyphenolcomponentshaveanabilitytoenhanceglucosetransportandmetabolisminmuscleand/ortostimulate
Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Effect of Qurs-e-Ziabetus Khas in Alloxan Monohydrate Induced Diabetic Albino Rabbits1Azhar Javed, 2 Aziz ur Rahman
and 2Tajuddin
1CityHealthCareCentre, BehindHPO,Mithoolal,
Khatauli,MuzaffarNagar-251201
2Dept.ofSaidla(Pharmacy), A.K.TibbiyaCollege,
AligarhMuslimUniversity, Aligarh-202002
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 1-10
2*Author for correspondence;Email : [email protected]
2Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 2Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
insulin secretion and play a chief role to delay digestion and absorption ofcarbohydratesloweringthepostprandialglucoselevelsbyinhibitingá-glucosidaseandáamylaseenzyme(Daset al.,2016andMukeshet al.,2013)
Thereisanincreasingdemandofantihyperglycemicnaturalproductsbypatients,due to obvious side effects associatedwith the use ofmainstreammedicinesuchas insulinandoralhypoglycemicagents (Zhanget al.,2007andBadoleet al.,2006).
Intheinterestofpatientsthereisaneedformoreeffective,durable,saferandcost effective anti-diabetic agents.Therefore, theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)hasrecommendedtheevaluationofplantseffectivenessandsuggestedtouseofherbalmedicineswheretheconventionaltreatmentofdiabetesisnotsatisfactory(Samyalet al.,2014).Thishasleadtoincreasingdemandofresearchonnaturalproductswithantidiabeticactivitywithminimalornosideeffects(Singhet al.,2007).More than400 traditionalplantshavebeen recorded topossessantidiabeticactivity,butfewofthesearescientificallyvalidatedfortheirefficacy(BarhateandKulkarni,2007).Manyherbalproducts,includingseveralmetalsandmineralshavebeendescribedforthecureofdiabetesmellitusinancientliteratureofUnaniSystemofMedicine.Herbalpreparationsaloneorincombinationwithoralhypoglycemicagentssometimesproduceagood therapeutic response insomeresistantcaseswheremodernmedicinesalonefail(Ghoshet al.,2006).
Qurs-e-ZiabetusKhas(QZK)isawellknownUnaniPharmacopoeialpreparationmainlybasedondifferentmedicinalplantsusedtotreatdiabetessinceancienttimes(Anonymous,2006).Buttothebestofourknowledgethisformulationisnotevaluatedscientificallyforitsantidiabeticactivity.Therefore,thisstudywascarriedouttoassessandscientificallyvalidatetheuseofQurs-e-Ziabetus Khas in hyper-glycaemia.The ingredients ofQZKareTabasheer (calcinatedpith ofBambusa arundinaceaRetz.),Satt-e-Gilo(driedextractofthestemofTinospora cordifoliaMiers.),Maghz-e-Khasta-e-Jamun(seedkernelofEugenia jambolana Lam.),GurmarButi (Gymnema sylvestreSchult.),Kushta-e-Zumurrud (calxofEmerald),Kushta-e-Baiza-e-Murgh(calxofEggshell)andLoab-e-Aspghol(SeedsmucilageofPlantago ovataForsk)(Anonymous,2006).
Theanti-diabetic effect ofQurs-e-Ziabetus Khaswas studied in adult healthyalbino rabbits of either sexweighing 1.5-2Kg at the doses of 400, 800 and1200mg/kgorally in theformofsuspension.Theanimalsweremadediabeticusingalloxanmonohydrate(150mg/kg; i.v.)andglibenclamidewasusedasareferencedrug(1.5mg/kg;p.o.).
Material and Methods
ThestudywasconductedinthedepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,AMU,Aligarh,during2009-2010.
3Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
PreparationofQurs-e-ZiabetusKhas
TheingredientsofQZKareshownintable1(Anonymous,2006).
Table 1:IngredientsofQurs-e-ZiabetusKhas
S. No. Ingredients Weight (g) Scientific Name
1. Tabasheer 25 Bambusa arundinacea
2. Satt-e-Gilo 25 Tinospora cordifolia
3. Maghz-e-Khasta-e-Jamun 50 Eugenia jambolana
4. GurmarButi 50 Gymnemasylvestre
5. Kushta-e-Zumurrud 10 CalxofEmerald
6. Kushta-e-Baiza-e-Murgh 10 CalxofEggshell
7. Loab-e-Aspghol Q.S. Plantago ovata
TheQZKwaspreparedaccordingtothefollowingsteps:-
StepI Procurement,authenticationandidentificationofingredients
StepII Processingofrawmaterials
StepIIIPreparationofTablet(Qurs)
StepI: TherawmaterialswerepurchasedfromthelocalmarketofAligarhandtheiridentity,purityandqualitywerecheckedinthepharmacognosysectionoftheDepartment of IlmulAdvia, Faculty ofUnaniMedicine,AMU,Aligarh, andfoundatparwiththestandardsofUnaniandAyurvedicPharmacopoeiaofIndia(Anonymous,1986,1992,1997,1999,2001,2007andVohora,2008).
StepII:AlltheingredientsofQZKexceptSatt-e-GiloandLoab-e-Aspgholwerepowderedinanelectricgrinderandpassedthroughsievenumber80toobtainfinepowder.ThefinepowderalongwithSatt-e-GilowasmixedproperlyandthenexcipientLoab-e-Aspgholwasaddedandfinallydoughwasmade.Furtherthiswetmasswasmadeintogranulesbypassingthrough12meshsieveanddriedatroomtemperature(Anonymous,1968;Anonymous,1970).
StepIII:Tabletswerepreparedof500mgeachaccordingtothemethoddescribedinthePharmacopoeiaofIndia(Anonymous,1970),byautomatictabletmakingmachineinDawakhanaTibbiyaCollege,AMU,Aligarh.
Animalmaintenance
Experimentswerecarriedoutinhealthyadultalbinorabbitsofeithersexweighing1.5-2 kg.Theanimalswere kept in animal houseof theDepartment of IlmulAdvia,FacultyofUnaniMedicine,A.M.U.,Aligarh,underhygienicandstandardlaboratoryconditionsatuniformtemperature.Alltheanimalswerefed,Standardanimaldietandwater-ad-libitum.
4Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 4Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Drugsandchemicals
Alloxanmonohydratewasusedforinducingdiabetesatthedoseof150mg/kgintravenouslyinhealthyalbinorabbits(BailyandBaily,1943;Pincuset al.,1954;Banderet al.,1969).Glibenclamide(Daonil)wasusedasstandardreferentdrugwhichwasadministeredinadoseof1.5mg/kgorallytotheanimals.
PreparationofTestDrugMaterial
Fresh suspension of powdered drugwas prepared in distilledwaterwith 2%gumacaciapowder(S.d.FineChemicalLtd.),whichwasadministeredorallyintheanimalswith thehelpof feedingcanulaaftershaking thesuspensionwell.Thedoseforthealbinorabbitwascalculatedbyextrapolatingthehumandoseoftestdrugbyconversionfactorof12forrabbit(NairandJacob,2016).Hencethethreedifferentdosesselectedforthestudyofhypoglycaemicactivityoftestdrugi.e.400,800and1200mg/kg.
HypoglycaemicactivityofQurs-e-ZiabetusKhas
ThehypogycaemiceffectofQZKwasassessedonhealthyalbinorabbits.Forstudyrabbitsweredividedinto5groupsandeachgroupconsistingof6albinorabbits.Group I servedas control groupanddistilledwaterwasgiven in thedoseof5ml/kgorally.GroupIIisstandardgroupandtreatedwithreferentdrugGlibenclamide(Daonil)inthedoseof1.5mg/kgorally.GroupIII,IVandVweretestdrugtreatedgroupandadministeredwiththeoraldosesofQZKin400,800and1200mg/kgrespectively.
All the animalswere fasted for 24h before alloxan injection. Diabeteswasobserved in the rabbits (fastingBloodGlucose Levels ranged from200-250mg/100ml)within24hafterinjectionofalloxan.TheeffectoftheoraladministrationofQZKwasobserved inGroup III, IV andV for 6hafter drugadministration.Theblood samples of all the groupswere taken from themarginal ear veinsat 0h (before treatment), thenat 2, 3 and6hafter the treatment.SerumwasseparatedandserumglucoselevelwasestimatedbytheEndPointO-ToluidineMethod, (Mukherjee, 1997;Hultman, 1959).The rabbitswere fedwater onlyduringexperiments.
Procedure
Bloodswere collected in to test tubes. Serumswere separated from bloodbycentrifuging thebloodat5000 rpm for15minutes incentrifugingmachine.ThenthreetesttubeswerelabelledasBforblank,SforstandardandTfortest(unknown)andthefollowingreagentswerepipettedintothemasshownintable2.
5Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Table2:Mixingofreagentsindifferenttesttubes
S. No. Reagents B S T1. Glucosereagents 5.0ml 5.0ml 5.0ml2. Distilledwater 100 µl − −3. Glucosestandard − 100 µl −4. Specimen(serum) − − 100 µl
The contents in test tubesweremixed by lateral shaking of each test tubeseparately.All testtubeswereput intovigorouslyboilingwaterbathat1000Cforexactly9minutes,andthentesttubeswereremovedquicklyandcooledtoroomtemperaturebyplacingthemincoldwaterfor3minutes.Thecontentsoftubeswere transferred tocuvetteandABSORBANCE (O.D)ofall tubesweremeasuredagainstblankadjustedto630±20nmonthefilterwheelusingLabSystemAnalyzer.
Calculation
Theconcentrationofglucose inserumofunknownsamplewascalculatedbythefollowingformula:-
dl/mg100xS.RT.R
=
Where,R.T=opticaldensityofunknownsample
R.S=opticaldensityofstandardsolution
StatisticalAnalysis
Allthedatawereanalyzedbyoneway-Analysisofvariance(ANOVA)withposthoc‘t’test.
Results
Control group:This group doesn’t get anymedication except distilledwater.Therefore, there isnosignificantdifference inserumglucose levelbeforeandafterthetreatment.Theresultsareshownintable3.
Standardgroup:Instandardgrouptheglucoselevelinserumreducedsignificantlyafter 3h (P<0.001) and continued for 6hwhen comparedwith control group.After the6thof the treatment,glucose levelslightly increased.The resultsarepresentedintable3.
Testdrugtreatedgroups:QZKinthedosesof400and800mg/kgdoesn’tshowanysignificantreductioninserumglucoselevelinanyanimalatanytimeintervalincomparisontocontrolgroup.Whiletheanimalsofgrouptreatedwiththedoseof1200mg/kgofQZKshowssignificantdifferenceinserumglucoselevelafter3h(P<0.05)oftestdrugadministration,whencomparedtocontrolgroup.However
6Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 6Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
there isan insignificant rise inserumglucose levelafter6hof treatment.Theresultsaredepictedintable3.
ThecomparisonoftheefficacyoftestdruggroupsQZKinall thegivendoseswithstandardandcontrolgrouphasalsobeendepictedinfigure1.
Table 3:Serumglucoselevelofdifferentgroupbeforeandafterthetreatment
GroupInitial
(Mean±SE)Serum Glucose Levels (mg/dl)
(Mean±SE)0h 2h 3h 6h
Control 212±4.6 211±5.95 208±5.10 211±5.26Standard 215.8±3.64 210.3±5.02 181.8±4.48*** 189.7±6.57**QZK(400mg/kg) 220.7±5.34 215.8±4.97 202.5±6.44 211.8±5.95QZK(800mg/kg) 215±4.93 210±4.85 194±5.55 204±6.00QZK(1200mg/kg) 222.3±4.20 208±5.10 188.8±6.85* 202.5±6.44
(Tabulatedvaluesaremean±SE;n=6;*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001)
Fig. 1: Comparision of Effect of QZK in different doses (400, 800 and 1200 mg/kg) with Glibenclamide (1.5 mg/kg) and control on Serum Glucose Levels in Diabetic Rabbits
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
0h 2h 3h 6h
Seru
m G
luco
se (m
g/dl
)
Time Interval in hours
Control Standard QZK (400 mg/kg)QZK (800 mg/kg) QZK (1200 mg/kg)
Discussion
Diabetes is a group of Syndromes characterized by hyperglycemia, due toalteredmetabolismof lipids, carbohydrates andproteins in result of completeor relative insufficiencyof insulinsecretionor insulinaction (Satyanarayanaet al.,2007).Consumptionofcalorie-richdiet,obesityandsedentary lifestyle ledtoa tremendous increase in thenumberofdiabetics’worldwide (Asulanderet al.,2002).
Presentlytwomaingroupsofsubstancesarerecognizedasoralhypoglycemicagents. They are certain sulphonamide derivatives (Sulphonylureas) and
7Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
guanidinederivatives(Biguanides).Theyarebeingusedby30%ofalldiabetics,but produce someundesirableeffects suchas vertigo, headache, gastric andhepaticdisorders,poorrenalfunctions,vit.B12deficiencyandcardiacdisordersetc.(GoodmanandGilman,1992;Laurenceet al.,1997).
However,hyperglycemiacanbetreatedquicklywithallopathicdrugsbutatthesame time theymay cause various side effects like hypoglycemia, peripheralneuropathy andgastrointestinal disturbancesetc.To avoid these side effectsbothpatientandresearchersaremoreeagertogetandtoinvestigatethenewalternatemethodtocurethehyperglycemiccondition.So,herbalmedicinesaregainingimportancebecauseofleastadverseeffects.InIndiaplantswereusedfor health care since 5000 years. In Indian systemofmedicine, crude drugsareobtainedfromplantsandthereareabout8000herbalremediesforhumanailments,besidesthenumerousplantsusedinfolkmedicinebytribalandruralpeople(ChikaraddyandManiyar,2017).
HencethisstudyhasbeenundertakentoevaluatethehypoglycemicactivityofQursZiabitusKhas.AlltheingredientsofQZKviz.Satt-e-Gilo,Maghz-e-Khasta-e-Jamun,GurmarButi,Kushta-e-Zumurrud,Kushta-e-Baiza-e-MurghandLoab-e-Aspgholarereportedtohaveantidiabeticactivity(Modaket al.,2007,Dymocket al., 1891,Rustenbeck, 2007,Kabiruddin, 1967,Said, 1997andCeranicet al.,2006)exceptTabasheer (calcinatedpithofBambusa arundinacea)but theethanolic extract of leaves of Bambusa arundinacea have been reported topossesshypoglycemicactivityinalloxaninduceddiabeticrabbits(Guptaet al.,2004).
Studyrevealsthatthetestdruginthemultipledosesof400,800and1200mg/kgreducedthebloodglucoselevelinalloxaninduceddiabeticrabbitsfromthebeginningof2ndhour.Whilethemaximumreductionofbloodglucoselevelseenafter3rdhour.Further thesignificanteffectwasproducedbythedoseof1200mg/kg (P<0.05)at3rdhouragainstcontrolgroup.Thepossiblemechanismofactionofthetestdrugmaybelikethatofglibenclamide.Thetestdrugmayactsbystimulatingtheβ-cellsofthePancreaswhichstimulatethesecretionofinsulinandtherebyreducethebloodglucoselevel.
Conclusion
Thetestdrug(QZK)appearstobequitesafe,comprehensive,asitwillproducethehypoglycaemiceffectandcanbeusedeffectivelyforthetreatmentofdiabetes.
Theresultsofthisstudysuggestthatthetestdrugmaybeeffectiveinnoninsulindependent diabetesmellitus (NIDDM)at all thedoseswhilehavingmaximumeffectat1200mg/kg.ThestudyalsovalidatesthedescriptionofUnaniliteratureasQurs-e-ZiabetusKhashasbeendescribed to possessantidiabetic activity.Thisstudyalsosubstantiatestheuseofthisdrugasantidiabeticagentinclinical
8Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 8Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
practicebyUnaniphysicians.FurthertosaythatthereshouldbemorestudiesconductedonQZK toascertain itsexactmechanismofactionand the roleofitsphytochemicalconstituentsforanti-hyperglycemicactivity.
References
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TAbstract
hetheoryandpracticesofUnanisystemofmedicinearebasedonlogicandphilosophythatiswhyobservationandreasoninghavebeenusedas important tools for its exposition.Therefore for proper understandingofUnani systemofmedicine, knowledgeof traditional logicandphilosophy isaprerequisite.However, inpresentscientificeraUnani fundamentalsarealsorequiredtobecomprehendedinthelightofcontemporarysciences.Thepresentpaper isanattempt towards theunderstandingofbasicprecursorsof lifeanduniverseasstatedinliteratureofUnanimedicineandcontemporarysciences.
Keywords:AjzāAwwaliyya,Arkan,Element,Kafiyāt
Introduction
Allphysicalthingsexistduetopresenceofprimordialmatterinaspecificformandwithuniqueconfiguration.Thisnecessitatesexistenceofprimordialmatter(Hiula), form (surate nauyiah) and configuration (surate jismiya) for existenceof substances (Tabri, 2002). Since the substances are diverse in term oforganization and number, therefore philosophers and researchers picked upcommon threads to arrive at the basic building blocks orJuzie Ula. Varioustheorieswereputforwardstoexplainthediversity innumberofexistingthingsandtheirorganization.
Fromverybeginning,ahumanhasalwaysbeenintriguedtoknowabouthimandtheuniverse.Howamanwascreatedanduniversewascrafted?Theplacatingtheoryofspontaneousgenerationseemedtogiveanimplicationtothisenduringenquiryoverthousandsofyears.
InantiqueChina,peopleimaginedthataphidswereunexpectedlycreatedfrombamboos.The Indian texts revealed unprompted formation of flies frommudand sweat,whereasBabylonianwriting pointedout that dirt fromcanalswassupposedtohavelifeintheformofworms(Brack,1998).
RomanandGreek scholars tried to solve the problems somewayand statedthat lifewas inherent tomatter; it was unending and appeared all at once,whenever theconditionswere favourable.These ideaswereclearly statedbyThales,Empedocles,Pythagoras,Democritus,Epicurus,Lucretius,andevenbyPlato.Aristotleafter criticallyevaluatingdifferent claimsdevelopeda relativelydifferenttheory.FamousthinkerslikeNewton,Descartes,andBaconsupportedthe ideaofunpromptedgeneration (Brack,1998). Inprimitiveepoch,differentconceptsandideaswereperceivedbysagesfromtimetotimeaboutthecosmosanduniverse (Pudritz,et al., 2007). In thepresent study thebasic blocks for
Interplay of Arkān Arba΄a - An Understanding Towards the Basic Design of Natural Substances as Discussed in Unani Medicine
1 Azizur Rahman, 1Wasim Ahmad,
1Mohd Zulkifle and 2G. Sofi
1Dept.ofKulliyatUmoor-e-Tabiya
2Dept.ofIlmulAdvia,NationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine,
Kottigepalya,MagadiMainRoad,Bengaluru-560091
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 11-19
1Author for correspondence;Email : [email protected]
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existenceofthingslivingornonlivingwereevaluatedfromtwoperspectives:onetoemphasizethenumberofbasicblocksandtheothertoelucidatetheinterplayofthebasicblocksfortheformationofvariousobjects.
Methodology
TheliteratureofUnanimedicineregardingbasicblocks(Arkan)wasthoroughlysurveyed.Variousbooksregardingthephilosophicalinterpretationregardingtheformationofuniverse,objectsandorganizationoflifewerealsostudied.ItwasattemptedtoseetheperspectiveofUnanimedicineregardingnatureofthingsandhowArkan Arbatheorybecametenable.Moreover,presentperspectivewascorrelatedwiththeinferencesderivedfromtheArkan Arbatheory.
TheoryofArkan
Manytheoriesregardingtheoriginandexistenceofuniverseandlifehadbeenproposed.ThetheoryofArkānwassuggestedbyancientGreekphilosophers.OneofthemprojectedthatonlyMā’(water)isresponsiblefororiginofeverything;this theorywasproposedbyThales (640-546BC) andHippon (Zhmud, 2006;Russel, 1945; Furley, 1987;Said, 1975).Thales said that the earth floats onwaterindicatingthatalimentationofeverythingismoistnessandwarmth.Itwassupportedby theargument that all seedshave themoist temperament;whilewater is the principle source ofmoistness (Furley, 1987). Few scholars haveimpliedThales viewby saying that thewater is starting point (arch) ofwholeuniverseand it continued toexist all theway through the lifeof theuniverse;hence, itmaybe reasonable to say that everythingof this planet is basicallywater (Zhmud, 2006; Furley, 1987).Diogenes states that air is eternal thingwhichiscommontooriginofallcreatures.Itmeansitcanpenetrateeverywhereandguide thewhole thingandset out everything (Furley, 1987).AnaximenesspecifiedthatbasicRukn(constituent)isHawā’(air),takenhoweverinawidermeaning than the blendof gases thatwebreathe. For him itwas amediumthatholdsthewholeuniversetogether.Ithasdifferentdensities,whichexplaindifferent forms inwhichmatter exists.His speculative reasoningwas a steptowardestablishmentofphysics(Teerikorpiet al.,2009;Furley,1987).Furtherheexplainedfireisararefiedair,whileaircondensesandbecomeswater,nextearthandultimatelystone.Thistheorysuggeststhatdifferencesbetweendifferentsubstancesexclusively dependupon thedegreeof condensation.He justifiedtheideabystatingthatentireearthissurroundedbyair.“Just as our soul, being air holds us together so do breath and air encompasses the whole world”. Itappearsthatthewholeuniversebreathes(Ahmad,1983;Russel,1945).FurtherhethoughtthatHawā’(air)controlsthecosmosandclutchesittogetherasthepsyche controls the body (Jaeger, 1936). Likewise,Pherecydes (600-550BC)holdsthethoughtaboutArz(Earth)(Ahmad,2009)andaccordingtoHeraclitus
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(540-475BC)andHippasus(Zhmud,2006)Nār (fire)wasthebasicconstituentbywhichtheworldwasmade.EvenNār(fire)isapparentlynotamatterjustastheMā’(water)andHawā’(air)are,becauseitdoesnothavedefinitephysicaldimension and naturally it transforms into other thing, rather than acquiringdifferentproperties itself. Inonefacet itextirpates;greenforest fullofwild life;onotherwayheatasacauseof life like thewarmthof thesunbringsgrowthintonew life in thespringand thewarmthof thebody isat leastanecessaryconditionoflifeinanimals.Butthefirehasnotbeenattributedtotransformfromthelivingtothedeadorviceversa(Furley,1987).Heraclitusdoctrineshows“All things are an exchange for fire, and fire for all things, even as wares for gold and gold for wares”. “Fire lives the death of air and air lives the death of fire, water lives the death of earth, earth that of water”(Russel,1945).Hethinksthatfireisthesystemwherematerialchangesarebroughtaboutandmaintainedbytheapplicationofheat.Likewise,Milesianssuggestedthatmoistureandbreatharethematerialbasisof life.HenceHeraclitusbeseeches to theupholdingcauseofprocessof life.Aspecificamountofheatkeeps theprocessofgrowthandgenesissustaining(Furley,1987).
The change of climate is an evident paradigm for the sequential expansion,decompositionand thennewdevelopment.Althoughatany time thefiremustnotbeentirelyextinguishedortoodynamicallyfireup;bothextremewarmthandextremecoldcarrythelifetothefinish(Furley,1987).
Morethanonecomponenttheories
Two components (Arḍ andMā’) theory set forth by renowned philosopherXenophanes (570-470BC) (Jalinoos, 2008;Draper, 2010).Anaximander (546BC)wasthesecondphilosopheroftheMilesionSchool.HestatedthatallthingshaveoriginatedfromsingleprimalconstituentbutitisnotwaterasThalesheldoranyothersubstancethatweknow.Itisboundless,endlessandunchanging,and “It encompasses all the worlds”- inferenceto thisourglobe isonlyoneofnumerous.Theprimal constituent ismetamorphosed into several constituentswithwhomweareeasily recognized,and thesearemetamorphosed intooneanother (Russel,1945).Thereafter someof thephilosophers thought that twoArkān theorywas inappropriate,so theconceptof threeArkānemerged.Thistheoryadvocatesthatthemattersareinthreestatesi.e.Rukn Jamidah(solid),Rukn Maiyah(liquid)andRukn Hawā’iyah (gaseous)(Ahmad,1983).
Parmenides of Elea (540-470BC) assumed that everything is composed oftwo primary constituents, ofwhich one conforms to being and the other notbeing (Feller, 1958).AnaxagorasofClazomenx (500-428BC) concurredwithEmpedocleswherehesaidthateachandeverythingcomesintobeingintheformofTarkīb(composition)andceasestobeseparationofalreadyexistingmatters,andthatthequalitativemodificationisbasedonthealterationofcompositionof
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substances (Feller, 1958).Finally,Empedocles (6th centuryBC)proposed theconceptofArkan Arba(Nar, Hawa, Ma, Ard)(Osaibah,1990;Leary,1949)whichcorresponds to four formsofmatters i.e.Jamid (solid),Saiy’āl (liquid),Hawā’i (gas)andKhilt-e- Mai (plasma) inrightway(Anonymous,1973;Russel,1945;Said,1975;Teerikorpiet al.,2009;Hajar,1991;Magner,2005).Hestates“Four roots of the all”.Thesemightbemixedindifferentproportion,andthusproducethe varying composite thatweobserveon theearth (Russel, 1945,Stelmacket al.,1991).Theyareempoweredbytwomovingforcesofactionandreaction“tyinganduntyingforces” i.e.PhiliaandNeikos(loveandstrife).Theseforcesareessentialformixingandtakingpartofanystufftobestowwithamalgamationanddecomposition.There is a phase,whereprimary constituents havebeenmixed thoroughly byPhilia, andNeikos, it can causeparting themout againslowly.Hence, every composite of this universe is temporary (Russel, 1945;Teerikorpi,et al.,2009;Jaeger,1936;Stelmack,et al.,1991;Bertolacci,2006).
Pythagoras (6th centuryBC) agreedwith the concept ofArkān Arba thatwasperceivedbyEmpedoclesbywhicheverythingofthisuniversecroppedup.(www.mysecurepayment.com/essays/Pre-socratic-cosmology.html/2014)
Impressedby the theoryofArkān Arba,Hippocrates (460-361BC)put forwardthetheoryofAkhlāt(humors)(Chandpuri,1998).Hippocratesstatesthatdiseaseis not a localized pattern, but a disorder affecting thewhole body throughsomedisproportion in the four humors viz.Dam (blood),Balgham (phlegm),Safrā (yellowbile)andSawdā (blackbile).Themicrocosmof thehumanbodycontainsfourhumorsandfourassociatedqualitiesi.e.hot,cold,moistanddrycorrespondingtofourbasicconstituents(Nar, Hawa, MaandArd)thatformthemacrocosm(Magner,2005).
AfterHippocrates,Plato (429-347BC)wasalsoconvincedwith thedoctrineofEmpedocles.Hesaidthat theseare infixedratio i.e.“Fire is toairasair is towaterandaswater istoearth”.Naturebroughttoplaythefourconstituentsinmakingtheuniverse,andhence,itiscomplete,andnotaccountabletooldageormalady (Russel,1945). Inviewof theaboveprinciplesPlato theorized that“The diverse forms of soil have been derived through Mā’ (water), converted into shape of weighty Hawā’ (air) and then compressed to solid that it no further dissolves in water. The equal and homogenous (cubic) part makes the finer and transparent stones”.Furtherforattainingstateofperfectionofinorganicmaterialaspecialtypeofforceisnecessarythatleadstheformationandunityofinorganicmattertoachieveitsperfectstate(Hurle,1993).
ItwasbelievedinPlatoacademythatfiveformsofprimaryconstituentsi.e.Nār(fire),Arḍ(earth),Hawā’(air),Mā’(water)andcelestialmatterweresupposedtobeAjza-eAwwaliyah(Teerikorpiet al.,2009).Aristotle(384-322BC)saidthattheamalgamationofprimaryconstituentsisthecauseofnaturalworldevolution(Russel,1945).
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InterplayofArkan -TheDynamicFlux
Thephysicalobjectsaremadeupofdifferentcomponentswhicharearrangedinharmonizedoruniformcombinationthatarethemselvescomprisedofthefourprimaryconstituents(Woodet al.,2004).SomebodiesaresusceptibletoKaun o Fasād (generation anddestruction),while others are not and insteadexistasaresultofatemporalcreation.Ifthatisthecase,thenthereisnocommonsubstance in the first of the two, since there is no single substance that issometimessusceptibletotheformofwhatundergoesgenerationanddestructionandatanother time isvulnerable to the formofwhat isnaturally imperishableandhasnomaterialgenesis.Therefore it isnotpossible,however, itmightbepossible that the classof bodies subjected toKaun o Fasād (generationanddestruction)hasasubstancethatiscommontothosethataregeneratedoutofanddestroyedintooneanother,ascanbeseeninthecaseoftheArkan Arba (fourbasicconstituents)(McGinnis,2009).
AristotlestatesthatArd(earth)andheavensareentirelydiverseinnature.TheArd andeverythingonandabove it, upas far as themoon,wereheld to besubject to vary, decomposeand flawed.Everything here is composedof theamalgamationofArkan Arbaandallnaturalmovementontheearthisbasicallyin a straight line, either straight up likeNār (fire) andHawā’ (air), or straightdownlikeMā’(water)andArḍ(earth)(Ladyman,2002).Healsodelineatedthatfour primary properties of all substancesare opposite to eachother.Burudat (cold)andYabusat(dryness)arecontrarytoHararatandRutubat.Onthebasisofmetamorphosistheconceptoftransmutingagentcameintosurfaceoverthehundredyears.Thisencouragesthetransformationofonekindofmaterialintoanother(Hurle,1993).HefurthersaidthatbodiesarelikelytofallintoonepointthatiscenteroftheArd.HerealizedthatArdislikeaballandthatitscenterisalsothecentralpointoftheuniverse.AristotlejustifiedthatonlyafiniteuniversecouldhaveaMarkaz(center).AristotleconcurredwithEmpedoclesthat“down here”therearefourArkān,oneofwhichistheJamid madda(solidmaterial)ofwhich theearth ismade. ItwasanessentialpartofAristoteliandynamics thatmotionsofbodiesaregovernedbytheirstrivingtowardtheirnatural place.ThenormalplaceofRukn Arḍ (earth) is thecenterof theuniverse,so thenormalmovementistowarddownward.ThemovementoftheNaristowards“up”whichisoppositetotheearth.InthesamewayMaá andHawahadtheirinclinationtosettleindifferentstratum(Teerikorpiet al.,2009).
SomeofthepredecessorsofAristotlehadadifferentviewincontextofmixtureanditsseparation.Theysaidsubstancesarecomposedbydifferentproportionsof four primary constituents. If these are in right proportion ofmixture asubstance is producedotherwise substance is destructed (Stone, 1999).Thealterationoccursonthebasisofchangesinqualitiesnotdrivenbythemixture
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ofArkan Arba because they remain unchanged. IbnSina also corroboratedtheconceptofAristotle (McGinnis,2009;Stone,1999;Maier,1955).Aristotleasserted thatArkanArbaaredistinct typesof sensiblematters, and that theycanbemetamorphosedcompletelyone into theother.Thesubstrate inwhichmetamorphosis takesplace is thephysicalsubstancecommon toArkan Arba. Thissubstancemightbeaprimesubstanceinthephysicalsense,becauseallother corporeal substancesaremixtureofArkan Arba.Thesubstanceswhichare common to these fourmust be common toevery corporeal thing, and soremaininvariablethroughallcorporealalterations.Stillitmightbemetaphysicalprimarysubstance(Stone,1999).
DescriptionofFourArkan
Earthisasimplebody;itsnaturalpositionisinthecentreofotherArkānduetoitsgravity(Nafis,YNM;Anonymous,1993;Anonymous,1973).Inthatposition,itremainsstationarybyvirtueofitsnature,butwhenitisdisplaceditreturnstoitsoriginalposition.This is theexplanation for itsabsoluteheaviness.Earth isbynaturecoldanddry(Anonymous1993;Kant,2008)andservesthepurposeofmaking the objects firmand stable, andmaintains their forms and figures(Anonymous,1993;Antaki,2008),
Waterisasimplebodywhich,initsnaturalposition,surroundstheearthwhileit itself issurroundedby theairprovided thatbothof themare in theirnaturalposition.Thisistheexplanationforheavinessofwaterwhich(Anonymous,1993)is coldandmoist innature. It isnaturally cold therefore it acquires itsnaturalpropertyevenifitiswarmed(Nafis,YNM)(Jurjani,2010;IbnSina,2010;Antaki,2008;Arzani,2010).Thewarmness indicates thepresenceoffire in thebody.Fire isdryandhot innature,due to itsdryness it hardlyoccupiesanyshape(Israili,YNM).Fire isaJism-e-Baseet (simplebody) that issubtleand light innature(Baghdadi,2004).Fireisaninanimateanduniformmatter,itraisehigherthanotherconstituents,owingtoitsabsolutelightness.Thefireintermixeswitheverythingonaccountofbeinglightandhavingimbibedheat.ThepoweroffirealsocausesthepenetrationofaireverywhereinthebodiesevenitdisintegratestheextremenessofMā’andArḍ(Baghdadi,2004,Jurjani,2010;IbnSina,2010;Arzani,2010;Ahmad,1983).
Hawā’(Air)isasimplebody;itsnaturalpositionisabove‘Mā’(water)andbelowtheNār (fire)(Anonymous,1973).ThenatureofHawā’ (Air) isHar Ratab (hotandmoist)(Baghdadi,2004).AirisnotBarid(cold)becauseabaridsubstancebecomesheavy anddense since, asBurūdat is the causeof heaviness anddensity (Israili.,YNM).Air stands forLatafat (lightness),Takhalkhul (porosity),Tause’e (expansion)(Jurjani,2010;IbnSina,2010;Arzani,2010).
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All the fourqualitiesofArkān Arba΄ aplaykey role in the formationofnaturalsubstances,forinstance,Kafiyāt Harcausesheating,disintegration,evaporationandannihilation.Burūdat(coldness)standsforcooling,compactionandfreezingwhereas,Rutūbat (moistness) stands for soften, greasy and fluidization andYubūsat (dryness)asdenseness,firmnessandprotection(Israili,YNM).
InthelightofthedescriptionofUnaniphilosophersthephysicalpropertiesandphasesofArkān Arba΄a (four basic constituents) canbe interpretedeasily bycontemporaryphysicalscienceswhichstate thatphysicalstateofasampleofphysicalmatteranditsphysicalconditionisdeterminedbyitsphysicalproperties.Two samples of amatter that have similar physical propertieswill always besameinnature(Atkins,et al.,2010).
In the LatinWest, Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd were known as the principaladversariesonamuch-discussedquestionofelementtheory,especially inthefourteenthcentury.Giventhatifallphysicalsubstances(apartfromtheelementsthemselves)aremixturesofArkān Arba΄a(fourbasicconstituents),thequestionthenarisesthathowdotheelementsexistinthem?IbnSina’sanswerissimplethat substantial formof theelements remainsunalteredwhena compound isformed;only thequalitiesof theelementsarealteredandunite toameanofquality,orcomplexion(Gutas,2012;Magner,2005;McGinnis,2009).
PresentPerspective
AtomismofDaltonleadstotheunderstandingofbasicblocksasatomsofdifferentphysicalandchemicalproperties.Thisprogressedtotheacceptanceofnumberof distinct element that have composedall the substances in theworld.Theprincipleoforganizationandspecialconfigurationhoweverremainsintact.Sincetheadventofparticlephysicsonlyorganizationandconfigurationhaveretainedpermanencywhereastheverynatureofelementshasshiftedtolocalizedenergypackets.Itseemsrighttimetoviewthesamewithnewenlightenedrevisiontothetheoryofexistenceofmatterasstatedbyancientphilosophers.
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21Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
UHypertension in Unani System of Medicine1Danish Ali, 2Tabassum Latafat,
2B.D. Khan, 2Jamal Azmat and
2Md. Wasi Akhtar
1DepartmentofMoalejat,RajasthanUnaniMedicalCollege&Hospital,
Jaipur-302012
2DepartmentofMoalejat,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,
AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh-202002
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 21-30
1Author for correspondence
Abstract
nani scholarswere allmindful of Zaght-e-damwi (bloodpressure).TheyviewedZaghta-e-InqabaziasSystoleandZaghta-e-InbesatiasDiastole.TheorgansofdisseminationhavebeenportrayedbyIbnNafees(1208-1289).ThetermhypertensionorZaghtuddam QawihasnotbeenusedassuchinanyoftheestablishedUnaniwritings.RatherUnaniphysicianshavedescribedhypertensionasImtila Ba Hasbil Auiyaandsaidthishappensbecauseofsue-e-mizajdamwi.Theywereawareofthehypertension,astheyhavediscusseditintermsofgivingadetailedaccountofitsrelatedsymptomssuchasmigraine,palpitation, vertigoandepistaxis etc. Fewof themdescribedexpandedbloodvolumeinlumenofveinsasthecauseofhypertension.Theyfurtherdescribedthathypertensionisanappearanceofyabusat-e-mizaj(drynessoftemperament)which is the primary cause of atherosclerosis (Tasallub-e-Sharaeen). Imtilahasbeenmentionedasoneof thereasonsforkhafqan (palpitation)andotherdisorders.ThusImtilaappearstobeacorrelateofhypertension.LateronUnaniphysicianscoinedthetermZaghtuddam Qawiforhypertension.Unanischolarsappeartogivevividdescriptionofthecirculatorydiseasedeterminantsincludinghypertensionhowevertheywereunabletoassimilatetheirdepictionstodesignatethemalady.Imtilahasbeenattributedtobeassociatedwithmigraine,congestedeyes,pulsatileconduits,puffinessofface,heavyhead,anxiety,yawning,epistaxis,torpidity, flushingof face,warmbodywithnooutsidecauseandejectionsetcwhicharethesymptomsandindicatorsofhypertension.TheprincipleoftreatmenthasbeenestablishedbyUnaniphysiciansinthelightofitsphysiopathologyandtheclinical features.Thereappears tobeagreatdegreeofsimilarity inUnaniandthatofmodernconceptofhypertension.
Key words:Zaghta-e-damwi,Hypertension,ZaghtuddamQawi,UnaniMedicine
Introduction
The termhypertensionwas first usedbyHarryGoldBallet in 1934.HowevertheUnanischolars(mainlyRaziand,Majoosi)werewellawareof thediseaseand its symptomaticmanifestation although they did not give it a specificname.Rather theydescribed it under a broad termof Imtila.Theydescribedsymptomssuchasheadache,vertigoandepistaxisetc.ofImtilaandexplaineditasvascularpressurecausedbyincreaseinbloodvolumeanddecreaseinthelumenofbloodvessels.Someofthescholarshavealsoattributedhypertensiontodevelopbecauseof yabusat-e-urooq (Drynessofarteries).AfterRaziotherUnaniphysiciansincludingMajoosi,IbnSina,IbnRushdandJurjanihavealsodescribedandagreedwiththeRazi’sdescription.
22Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 22Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
AsperUnani description Imtila is of following two types (Kabeeruddin, 1916;Ahmad,1980):
(i) ImtilaBaHasbilAuiya(repletionwithrespecttothevessels)
(ii) ImtilaBaHasbilQuwa(repletionwithrespecttothevitality)
Imtila Ba Hasbul Auiya
Imtila-Ba-Hasbil Auyia indicates that thequality of humours is normal but thequantity has increased somuch that the blood vessels have filled up overlyanddistended.It isanincreaseinbloodvolumeleadingto increasedvascularpressure.Unaniphysicianshavealsoattributeddecreaseinthelumenofbloodvessels as a cause for increased vascular pressure. They have describedheaviness of head and visual disturbances as the symptoms of Imtila andruptureofbloodvessels in the formofepistaxis,hemoptysisandhemorrhageas itscomplications.Patientsof Imtilawithhemorrhagic tendencyareadvisedtimely venesection todecrease thebloodvolumeandprevent the chancesofhemorrhagewhichmayresultinsuddendeath.Lightdietandrestisalsoadvisedtosuchpatients.
Jalinoos (Galen) recommended venesection (fasad) for those patientswhohavesymptomslikeanxiety,excessivesleepandvisualizationofredobjectsindreamduring sleep.The incidenceof decreased lumenof blood vessels hasalsobeenmentionedby IbnRushd.Hehasdescribed that callose (kaimoos)gets accumulated in blood in excess amount resulting in increased pressureandrepletionofbloodandruh,causinggeneralrepletionofbody.ThistypeofImtilaisdescribedtocausesuda(headache),Imtela-e-chashm(eyecongestion),puffinessofface,pulsatilearteries,darkcolouredturbidurine,heavinessinhead,restlessness,yawning, ruaaf (epistaxis),flushingof face,warmbody. IbnSinahas described this typeof Imtila arise either due to strong retentive faculties(quwwat-e-masika)orweakexpulsivefaculties(quwwat-e-dafia).AccordingtoIbnSinaandMajoosi, inordinateintakeoffood,consumptionofalcohol,sedentarylifeand lackof exercise result inaccumulationofwasteproducts inourbodyleading todevelopmentof Imtila. It isusuallyseen inobesepersons.Jalinoosrecommended venesection (fasad) for those patientswho have symptomslike anxiety, excessive sleepandobserving redobject in dreamduring sleep(Kabeeruddin,1916;Ahmad,1980;Razi,1991;Kantoori,1889).
Imtela Ba Hasbil Quwa
Imtila-ba-hasbil quwaisalsocalledImtila-ba-hasbul-kaifiat.InthistypeofImtilaalongwith redundant humours their quality is also affected.Morbid humourscontrol the vitality of the bodywith theirmorbid nature and do not allow thenormalprocessesofdigestionandmetabolismtobeoperatedefficiently.Person
23Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
sufferingfromImtila-ba-hasbilquwaaremorepronetoinfectiousdisease(Shah,2007;Kabeeruddin,1930;Kantoori,1896). Itmeans that the resistanceof thebodybecomessoweakthatevensmallamountofmorbidmattermayproducetoxicity.Onefeelsheavinessanddullness inspiteofabsenceofanyapparentcauseforthesame.AccordingtoMajoosi,itoccursasaresultofweaknessoftabiyatduetowhich,foodisnotproperlydigestedandmorbidmattersareformedcausingheavinessandtiredness(Ahmad,1980;Kabeeruddin,1930).
Redundant intake of food andalcohol, physical inactivity and repose lead toaccumulationofmetabolicproductswhichculminatesintoImtila.Ithasalsobeendescribed that Imtila ismore prevalent in peoplewith leanandasthenic builtastheirrateofabsorptionofmetabolicproductsismorethantheirresolution.
IbnSinahasdescribed ImtilaBaHasbilAuiyaasquantitativeenhancementofhumours that over fills the vessels and causes their distension.He has alsodescribeditgrievousasthebloodvesselsmayruptureandhumoursmayflowtowardsblockedpassagesresultinginthedevelopmentofsymptomsmanifestingdiphtheria,epilepsyandapoplexyetclikecondition.Headvocatedvenesectionforsuchacondition.InImtilaBaHasbilQuwaboththequantityofhumoursandtheirmorbidstatecausethepathologicalcondition.Suchhumourstakethecontrolof vitality of thebodyandaffect thenormal functioningof thebody.Apersonsuffering from this condition is at high risk of putrefactive diseases (Kantoori,1896;Israeeli,1907;Khan,2004).
According to IbnRushd the increased volumeof’ intracellular fluid causes astateof Imtila.When it isassociatedwithsomedegreeofderangement in thetemperament,itiscalledImtela-Ba-HasbulQuwa.Adeviationinthetemperamentofblood isagainacauseof Imtila.Hehasdescribedsignsandsymptomsofthis conditionwhich are similar to those described by otherUnani scholars.According toRazi in this typeof Imtila, tabiyatbecomesunable todo itsworkduetoexcessofblood.QuwwateghaziyaabsorbsnutrientsfromthebloodbutTabiyat fails tomake itapartof thebodyandtherefore leadingto this typeofrepletion(Razi,1991;IbnRushd,1980).
Yabusat-e-Urooq (Dryness of arteries)
Bloodpressureisinverselyproportionaltothepowerofradiusofvessels,soaslightdecreaseinlumenofarteriolecausesmajorchangeinbloodpressureandtheincreaseintheperipheralresistancedirectly increasesthebloodpressure.Anumberoffactorshavebeendescribedtoberesponsiblefordecreaseinthelumenandincreaseintheperipheralresistance.Hypertensionismoreprevalentinelderly(>60yrs)becauseofyabusat-e-urooq(Drynessofarteries)whichhasbeen described to bemore prevalent in elderly people (Kausar, 1984).Razidescribedyabusat (dryness),KhilqiTazaiyuqe-Shiryani (Congenitalnarrowing
24Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 24Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
ofarteries)andHararat(Temperature)asthecausesofrapidpulse.IbnRushdsaysthatthedrynessisafactorfornarrowingofbloodvessels.Thediametersofbloodvessels indifferenttemperamentsaredescribedtobeHot-wet>Hot-dry>cold-dry.
IbnNafis(1438A.D)hasdiscussedthatNabze-Sulb(Rigidpulse) isproduceddue to yabusat (dryness). In obesepersons, the lumenof arteries is smallerandheartrateisfaster(Ibn-e-Rushd,1980).Theprevalenceofhypertensionisgreaterinobesepeopleduetoinordinateadiposetissueandincreaseddryness.
Basheezak
It is a term described by Razi inAl-Hawi (Razi, 1997). The symptomaticmanifestation ofBasheezak is rednessof eyesand tension in blood vessels,whichreflecthypertension.HehasdescribedthemanagementofBasheezakasdeepsleep,fasad(Venesection)anduseofMushilat-e-Safradrugs(Purgativesofyellowbile).Thistermappearstodenoteapeculiartypeofhypertensivestatewhichmaybeusefulinclinicalpracticethoughanycorrelateofthisterminologyhasnotbeendescribedinconventionalmedicine.
Determinants/RiskFactors
Consistencyofblood(qiwamuddam)makesthefringeresistancealongtheselinesthecirculatorystrainiskeptupwhichresultsproficientflowofblood.IbnAbbassaidthattheqiwamuddamofthevenousbloodishigherthanthebloodvesseldue toweight pressure ofBukharat-e-dukhania (CO2) in the blood (Kantoori,1889).Whetherpulseishigh,lowornormalitreliesuponafewvariablesi.e.theyieldfromtheheart,theresistanceofthebloodstreamtothebloodvesselsorthevolumeofbloodandbloodcirculationtodifferentorgans.Thesearebroughtaboutbytheimpingementofthesixessentialcomponentsofhealth.
Etiology
Majoosi is of the view that Imtila is brought about by over the top intake ofnourishmentandliquorandlackofphysicalexerciseandevasionfromhammam(wet and steam shower).Natural components embroiled in the causation ofhypertension includeumoor-e-nafsania (push, outrageandnervousness etc),corpulenceandderangementoftemperament.
Pathophysiology
Asindicatedabove,becauseofastateofabnormalityinveins;theirconstrictionandunwinding Imtilamaydevelop. It has been further argued thatMuhraraqSaudapromptstoyabusat,whichinturncausessalabat(solidness)invessels,causing their constriction and unwinding. In case the sauda is rotted, it willincreaseinamountandwillcreatemoresolidnessbecausesaudaisassigned
25Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
to possess relativelymore yabusat (Khan, 2004).QuwateMasika (retentivepower)responsiblemainlytoconstrictthevesselsisintervenedwithburudatandyabusat(Israeeli,1907).ThereasonofnarrowingandshuttingofwaterwaysandpathwayhavebeendescribedtobeduetothepredominanceoftheYabisMizajofthebody.IncaseSu’eMizajYabisprevailsoverthebody,itmaysolidifythevessels.Shuttingofwaterway is either becauseof increasedQuwateMasikaor decreasedQuwateDafia (expulsive power).Afaale-nafsania, for example,outrage,uneasiness,pressureetcarethemanifestationsofhararatandyabusat(Kantoori, 1896). In nabz-e-sulb (hardnpulse), salabat (sclerosis) in thenabzis foundbecauseofdryness.Thus thebloodvesselfirmnesspredisposes thehypertension,asitdiminishesthelimitofwithdrawalandunwinding.Incrementinburudat,yabusatandquwatemasikabringsaboutthebloodvesselfirmness.Anincreaseinmuhtaraqorputrifiedaudabecauseofanyreasoninducesyabusat.TabrihasmentionedthatMizajofvesselsinordinaryconditionremainsRatab.However,inhypertensionitisfoundstrayedfromRatabtoYabisandcontributessignificantlytogiverisetohypertension.
ClinicalFeatures
Acomparisonof clinical featuresof Imtila andhypertension indicates that thesymptomsdescribed in respectof the twoarealmostsimilar.Thecomparisonhasbeensummarizedinthetablegivenbelow:
Symptoms Hypertension Imtila
Headache + +
Palpitation + +
Dizziness + +
Breathlessness + +
Fatigability + +
Epistaxis + +
BlurringofVision + +
Rednessofface + +
Confusion + +
Chestpain + _
Diaphoresis + _
Fullnessofpulse + +
Weakness _ _
Hottouchofskin _ +
Lossofappetite _ +
Yawning _ +
Constrainedspeech _ +
Nightmares _ _
26Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 26Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
ItisevidentfromthedescriptionmentionedinUnaniliteraturethathypertensionisadamvi(sanguine)disease.ThesignandsymptomsofHypertensioncanbecomparedwiththesignandsymptomsofimtela-e-urooqandyaboosat-e-urooq(FullnessandDrynessofarteries).ClassicalUnaniphysicianswerewellawareof themanifestationsof imtila-e-urooqand itsmanagement, though theyhavenotmentioned the termhypertensionassuch.Rather someof thephysiciansespeciallyRaziandIbnSinahavedescribedanewtermBasheezakforraisedbloodpressuremainlycausedbynarrowingofbloodvessels(ImtilaBaHasbulAuiya)(IbnRushd,1980;Razi,1997;Tabri,YNM;IbnSina,1930;Jurjani,1903;Mehta,1998;Golwala&Golwala,1992;Kumar&Clark,2009;Ansari,1930)
Management
ThetermhypertensionisnotmentionedassuchinclassicalUnaniliteraturebutclinical features representinghypertensionhavebeenmentionedunder ImtilaBaHasbulAuiya.
As per Unani concept the principle ofmanagement is to reduce Imtila bydecreasing the blood volume.This principle can be achieved by giving non-pharmacologicalregimenaswellaspharmacologicalinterventions.Anumberofdrugshavebeenmentionedinthetreatmentofhypertensionwhichcontributestoalleviatethesymptomsinmanywayslikemufatihaat(vasodilators),munawimmat(hypnotics),musakkinat (relaxant) andmudirrat (diuretics) etc (Kabeeruddin,1916;Kantoori,1889;Ahmad,1983).
LineofTreatment
IlajBil-Ghiza(Dietotheraphy)
IlajBil-Tadbeer(Non-pharmacologicaltherapy)
IlajBil-Dawa(Pharmacotherapy)
IlajBil-Ghiza(Dietotheraphy)
ThereisavividdescriptionofdietaryrecommendationsinUnanimedicineforthepatientsofhypertension.Thegroupofdietarysupplementsthatcontrolcommonriskfactorssuchashyperlipidaemia,atherosclerosisandanxietyarecommonlyrecommendedforimprovingthestateofhypertensionanditscomplications.Thereisalargelistofdietarysubstanceswhichareconsideredtobeanti-hyperlipidemic,anxiolyticandexhilarants.
Lehsun (Allium sativum); Pyaaz (Allium cepa); Zeera siyah (Carum carvii),Anannas(Annanas sativus),Seb(Malus sylvestris),Kadu(Cucurbita moschata),Gajar(Daucus carota),Khubani(Prunus armeniaca),Tarbooz(Citrulus vulgaris),Anar(Punica granatum),Kharpaza(Cucumis melo),Toot(Morus indica),Pista(Pistacia vera) are someof thedietary substances thatareuseful tomanageImtilaorhypertension(Razi,1991;Tabri,YNM;IbnSina,1903;Khan,1286H).
27Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Ilaj-BilTadbeer(Non-Pharmacologicaltherapy)
IlajBilTadbeerinvolvesthemodificationofAsbab-e-SittaZarooria(sixessentialsofhealthyliving).Itisveryhelpfulinpreventionaswellascontrolofhighbloodpressure.AsignificantdiminutionofriskfactorshasbeenobservedafterstrictlyfollowingtheregimensofmaintainingAsbab-e-SittaZarooriaincludingadequatesleep,increaseinphysicalwork,stressfreelifeetc.FollowingaresomeregimenaltherapiesprescribedbyUnanischolarsinthemanagementofhighbloodpressure(Razi,1991;Tabri,YNM;IbnSina,1930):
Fasad(Venesection)
Tareeq(Diaphoresis)
Ishaal(Purgation)
Taleeq(Leeching)
IlajBil-Dawa(Pharmacotherapy)
Looking at various aspects of high blood pressure, several single drugs andcompoundUnani formulations have been describewhich are in use sincecenturies for successfulmanagement of hypertension (Kabeeruddin, 1916;Ahmad,1980;Kantoori,1889;Ahmad,1983).Theseareasfollows:
Munawimmat(Hypnotics)
Akseer-e-Shifa
Roghan-e-laboobSaba
Tukhm-e-Khashkhas(seedsofPapaver sominiferumLinn)
Roghan-e-Khashkhash(oilofPapaver sominiferumLinn)
Mubarridat(Refrigerants)
Kishneez(Coriandrum sativumLinn)
Gul-e-Neelofar(Nymhaea lotus)
Tukhm-c-Kahu(Lactuca sativa)
Tukhm-e-Khurfa(Portutaca oleraceaLinn)
Mufattihat(Vasodilators/deobstruent)
Arjunchaal(Terminalia ArjunaLinn.)
Lahsun(Alium sativumlinn.)
Musakkinat(Relaxants)
Sankhahuli(Convolvulus pluricaulisChoisy)
Asrol(Rauwolfia serpentina)
28Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 28Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Tukhm-e-Kahu(Lactuca sativaLinn)
Gul-e-Neelofar(Nymhaea lotusHookF.&Thumb)
Mufarrehaat(Diuretics)
SandalSafaid(Santalam album)
Parsiyoshan(Adiantum capillus venerisLinn)
Abresham(Silk coccon)
Khas(Andropogon muricatuslinn)
Mudirrat(Diuretics)
SharbatBazooriMautidil
Habb-e-Mudir
Tukhm-e-Kharpaza(Cucumis meloLinn.)
Tukhm-e-Khayarien(Cucumis sativus L.)
Conclusion
HypertensionassuchhasnotbeendescribedassuchinUnanimedicinehoweverthe disease and its attributes including its clinical features, symptoms andmanagementetcwereknowntoUnaniphysicians.IthasbeenmainlydescribedintermsofImtilaandhasbeencharacterizedtobeaDamwidisorder.Itsthreeimportantattributesareincreasedbloodvolume,expandedvolumeconsistencyand thickening and solidifying of vessels (arteriosclerosis).These are almostsimilar to that described in conventionalmedicine in respect of hypertension.Similarly, theprinciple of treatmentwithminor divergencealsoappears to besame.SomeoftheattributessuchasBasheezakandanumberofdrugsusedinUnanimedicinetocontrolhypertensionmustbelookedintoafreshtofindoutadegreeofconsonanceifanybetweentwo.Thismayexposedanewfrontierforresearchaswell.
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31Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
UAnisoon (Pimpinella anisum L.): A review of Pharmacological Activities and Clinical EffectsKhadija Zahid Ali, Azhar Hasan,
Shabir Ahmad Parray, Wasim Ahmad
MohammadiaTibbiaCollege,Mansoora,Malegaon,Nashik-423203,India.
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 31-46
*Author for correspondence
Abstract
nanidrugAnisoon,theseedsofaplantPimpinella anisum Linn, is oneof the oldest spices and importantmedicinal herbmentionedbyGreekandRomanUnaniphysiciansintheirtreatisesforitsdiversetherapeuticproperties centuries ago. It is oneof themost ancient crops cultivated in theeasternMediterraneanRegion,WesternAsia, theMiddleEast,Mexico,Egypt,andSpain. InUnani systemofmedicine, it is usedasKasir-e-riyah,Mohallil-e-Riyah,Muqawwi-e-Meda,Mushtahi,Mufatteh,MufattehSudad,Munaffis-e-Balgham,Mukhrij-e-Balgham,Muddir-e-Bol,while inethno-medical literature ithasbeendescribedtobemildexpectorant,stimulant,carminative,diuretic,anddiaphoretic showing that theplanthasdiversebiological andpharmacologicalactivities. Keeping in view its highmedicinal importance inUnanimedicine,a comprehensive reviewbasedonUnani, ethnobotanical, phytochemical andpharmacologicalliteraturehasbeenpresentedwithanaimtoexposenewfrontiersforresearchandtherapeuticapplicationofanisoon.
Keywords: Pimpinella anisum,Anisoon,UnaniMedicine,Mudir-e-Bol,MufattehSudad,Kasir-e-riyah
Introduction
Medicinalplantshaveplayedanimportantroleinthetreatmentofdiseasesallover theworld.Unanisystemofmedicine(USM) isa richsourceofmedicinalherbs,used fromcentauries (Parrayet al.,2012).Theversatilityand richnessofUSM is due to interaction of various pathies,whereUnani physicians andscholarshavenotonly included thedrugs fromother traditionalmedicinesbuthaveundertakenexperimentalworks to prepare theprofile for theirmedicinaleffectsandtherapeuticuses(Mobeenet al.,2017).Anisoon(Pimpinella anisum Linn)isonesuchherbusedfromcentauriesinUSMfordifferentpharmacologicaleffect.
It isoneoftheoldestspicesandanimportantmedicinalherb(Shobha,2013).Greek andRoman physicians havementioned its therapeutic uses in theirtreatises centuries ago.Theophrastus,Dioscorides andPliny havedescribeditsuseintheirbooks2000yearsago(Evans,2002)anditsmedicinalactivitieshave been described inUnani,Ayurveda, BritishPharmacopoea andWHOmonographwhich ismainlyattributed to itsessentialoil (Jamshidzadeh,et al,2015).AnisoonisprimarilygrownforitsfruitsthatareharvestedinAugustandSeptember.ItbelongstotheUmbelliferaefamily.
32Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 32Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Habitat
Aniseed is indigenous toEgypt,Greece andWesternAsia. It is cultivated inEasternMediterraneanregion,MiddleEast(Shojaiiet al,2012),Russia,France,Spain, Italy,Bulgaria,Mexico, India (Kokateet al,2007),NorthAfrica,CentralEurope (Anonymous, 2005), SouthernEurope,Turkey,CentralAsia,China,Japan,CentralandSouthAmerica(Anonymous,2000). In India it iscultivatedinMadhyaPradesh(Khare,2004),UttarPradesh,PunjabandOrissa(Kokateet al,2007).SpainandEgyptaretheprincipalproducersof itsoil(Evans,2002).AlargequantityofaniseedissaidtobeexportedfromIndiaandalsoimported,exportsaremainlymade toAfghanistanandPakistanand importsaremainlyfromMalaysia,VietnamandTaiwan(Anonymous,2005).
Cultivation
Pimpinella anisumisprimarilygrownforitsseeds(aniseeds).ItisharvestedinAugustandSeptember.Theplantprefersalight,fertileormoderatelyrich,well-drainedsandyloamandispropagatedbyseeds.PlantiscultivatedfrommiddleofOctober to theendofNovember inplainareas, and from thebeginningofApriltotheendofMayinhillyareas.About13kgofseedsaresufficienttoplantahectareofland.Thecropisreadyforharvestingin3.5monthsafterplantingwhen the tipsof theseeds turngreyishgreen.Under favourableconditions,ayieldof445-665kgoffruitperhectaremaybeexpected(Anonymous,2005).
BotanicalName:Pimpinella anisum(Nadkarni,2007;Khare,2004;Tariq,2010)
Family:Umbelliferae,Apiaceae,(Anonymous,2005;Nadkarni,2007)
Vernaculars
Arabic:Anisun (Nadkarni, 2007)BazrulRazyanajRoomi (Ramlubhaya, 2004;IbnBaitar,YNM,Anonymous, 2007),RazyanjeShami,HabulHulu, KamoonHulu(NoorKarim,YNM;IbnBaitar,YNM;Anonymous,2007),Persian:Badian(Nadkarni, 2007),BadiyanRoomi,ZeeraRoomi (Kareem,YNM;Ghani, 2011;IbnBaitar,YNM;Anonymous, 2007),Unani:Anisoon,Badiyaan-roomi (Khare,2004;Kabiruddin,YNM;Anonymous,2007),Aanis,Omariqa(IbnBaitar,YNM).English:Anise,Aniseeds, SpanishAniseeds (Khare, 2004), Sweet Fennel(Nadkarni,2007),Aniseed(IbnBaitar,YNM),Anisi (Tariq,2010),France:Anis.(Nadkarni,2007),German:Anis-Biberrell(Nadkarni,2007),Hindi:Saunf,Sawolf,Badian(Prajapatiet al,2003),Saurif(Nadkarni,2007),Sanskrit:Shatapushpa,Madhurimisi, Karavee, Shatava, Shetpushpa (Nadkarni, 2007), Nepal: Sop(Anonymous, 2005), Bengali:Muhuri,Mitha jira (Prajapatiet al, 2003),Mori(Kabiruddin,YNM;Tariq,2010),Gujrati:Anisa (Prajapatiet al,2003),Kannad:Shomba (Prajapatiet al, 2003),Marathi:Somp, badishep (Anonymous, 2005;Anonymous, 2007), Oriya: Sop (Anonymous, 2005), Sindhi: Saunf Roomi
33Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
(Kabiruddin,YNM;Tariq, 2010),Tamil:Shomba (Prajapatiet al, 2003),Telgu:Kuppi,sopu(Prajapatiet al,2003;Anonymous,2007),
BotanicalDescription
Macroscopiccharacteristics
The fruit (schizocarp or cremocarp) ovoid or pyriform, laterally compressed,3-5mminlengthand2-3mmbroad,grayishgreentograyishbrown,mericarpbroadly ovoid, 5-ridgedwith short hairs and numerous vittae (Anonymous,2005).Theseedhaveasweet tasteandacharacteristicodourandaromatic;thearomaismorewhencrushed.Seedsareroughtotouch;primaryridgesareslender,paleanduniforminwidthshortbifurcatestylopodattheapex(Kokateet al, 2007).The flowers are small,white, in compoundumbles (Anonymous,2005).Theinflorescencesaremediumsizedumbelswithabout7to15scatteredpubescentrays.There isusuallyno involucre,butsometimesthere isasinglebract.Thereare barely any sepals.Thepetals arewhite, about 15mm long,andhaveaciliatemargin.Theyhavesmallbristleson theoutsideanda longindentedtip(Anonymous,2000).Therootisthinandfusiform,andthestemiserect,round,groovedandbranchedabove(Anonymous,2000).Theleavesarepinnatifidorterminatelypinnate(Anonymous,2005;Anonymous,2007).Thelowerleavesarepetiolate,orbicular-reniform,entireandcoarselydentatetolobed.Themiddleleavesareorbicularand3-lobed,or3-segmentedwithovateorobovatesegments.Theupperleavesareshortpetioledtosessilewithnarrowsheaths;theyarepinnatisectwithnarrowtips(Anonymous,2000).
MicroscopicStudyofSeed
Underthemicroscope,transversesectionofaniseshowanepidermallayerbearsnumerouspapillaeandunicellularhairs(Evans,2002).Theepidermisoffruitsiscoveredbynumerous,unicellularconical thickwalledwarty trichomes(Kokateet al.,2007).Onthedorsalsurfaceofeachmericarparefrom15-45branchedvittae (Evans, 2002),while two large vittae are seenon commissural surface(Kokateet al., 2007).An endosperm is slightly concave on the commissuralsurfaceandcontainsproteinandfixedoil(Evans,2002),smallaleuronegrains,rosettecrystalsofcalciumoxalate(Kokateet al.,2007).
PowderStudyofSeed
Powder analysis of crude drug revealed the presence of fragments of epicarp,mesocarp,vittae,endosperms,trichomes,vesselsandseclereids(Anonymous,2007).
IdentificationandPurity
TheTLCbehaviour of thepetroleumether reveals the twopeak spotswhichpossessedRfvaluesof0.11and0.87,respectively(Anonymous,2007).
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Thedifferentparametersforthestandardpuritytestsweredoneandtheresultsaregivenintable1.
Table 1:IdentificationandpurityparametersofAnisoon
Name of Parameter Value of the TestForeignMatter Notmorethan2%TotalAshValue Notmorethan17%AcidInsolubleAsh Notmorethan7%Alcoholsolubleextractives Notlessthan1.5%Watersolubleextractives Notlessthan16%
PartsUsed
Themedicinalpartsarefruitofanise(Aniseeds)andtheessentialoil fromtheripe fruit and dried fruit (Evans, 2002;Anonymous, 2000). InUSM, seeds ofAnisoonareused(Tukhme Anisoon)medicinally.
Mizaj(Temperament)
Unani physicians described theMizaj (temperament) ofAnisoon (Pimpinella anisum)as:
• Hot2nddegreeandDry3rddegree(Ghani,2011;Kareem,YNM),
• HotandDry2nddegree(Ghani,2011;Kareem,YNM;Kabiruddin,YNM),
• Hot andDry 3rd degree (IbnBaitar,YNM;Ghani, 2011;Baghdadi, 2005;Anonymous,2007).
Miqdare Khorak(Dose)
Seeds:2 to 5 gm (Tariq, 2010;Kabiruddin,YNM;Anonymous, 2007), 7 to 10gm(Hakim,1999).
Oil: 2to3drops(Tariq,2010;Ali1993).
Mazarrat(Sideeffects)
Anisoonhasbeendescribedtoproduceadverseeffectsonintestines(Kareem,YNM),urinarybladder,stomachandlungs(Ghani,2011;Kabiruddin,YNM;Tariq,2010).
Musleh(Corrective)
Sikanjabeen andSaunf (Illicium verum) are used asmusleh (Ghani, 2011;Kareem,YNM;Kabiruddin,YNM;Tariq,2010).
Murakkabat(CompoundFormulationsofAnisoon)
Arq-e-Badiyan (Anonymous, 2005), Sharbat-e-Farasiun, Qurs-e-Rewand,Jawarish-e-Jalali,Jawarish-e-Kholikhan,Jawarish-e-Khozi,Jawarish-e-Qurtum,
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Safoof Namak Shaikhur-Raees, Safoof Namak Sulemani, Dawa-e-Ajeeb(Ramlubhaya,2004),Jawarish-e-OodShireen,Habb-e-shab-e-yar(Anonymous,2007;Ali 1993). Jawarish-e-Narmushuk, Jawarish-e-Shaheryaran, Itrifal-e-Ghuddadi,Hab-e-Iyarij,Majoon-e-Antaki,Majoon-e-JalinoosLului,Sufoof-e-Moya(Anonymous,2007)
Afa’al(Action)
Followingdifferentpharmacologicalactionsofanisoon(Pimpinella anisum)havebeendescribedintheliterature:
Kasir-e-Riyah (Carminativae) (IbnBaitar,YNM;Anonymous,2007),Mohallil-e-Riyah(Antiflatulant)(Ghani,2011;Hakim,1999;Anonymous,2007),Muqawwi-e-MedawaFam-e-Meda: (StomachTonic) (Kareem,YNM),Habis-e-Shikam(Astringent) (Ibn Baitar, YNM),Mushtahi (Appetizer) (Tariq, 2010)Mushil(Purgative)(IbnBaitar,YNM;Ghani,2011),Mufatteh(Deobsruent)(Kabiruddin,YNM;Ahmad, 2010), Mufatteh Sudad (Deobsruent) (Anonymous, 2007),Musakkin-e-Auja(Analgesic)(Hakim,1999;Baghdadi,2005;Kareem,YNM;IbnBaitar,YNM;Ghani,2011),Munaffis-e-Balgham(Expectorant)(Kabiruddin,YNM),Mukhrij-e-Balgham,Muddir-e-Bol (Diuretic)Ghani, 2011;Anonymous, 2007),Muddir-e-Haiz: (Emmenogauge) (Ghani, 2011;Baghdadi, 2005;Anonymous,2007),Muddir-e-Sheer (Galactogauge) (Hakim, 1999; Baghdadi, 2005) Jali(Detergent) (Kareem,YNM)Musakkhin(Calorific) (Ramlubhaya,2004)Mulattif(Demulcent) (Ghani, 2011;Hakim, 1999),Mohallil-e-Warm (Anti-inflammatory)(Ghani,2011;IbnBaitar,YNM;),Mohallil(Resolvent)(Baghdadi,2005),Muarriq(Diaphoretic) (IbnBaitar,YNM),Muhassin-e-Lone (skin fairer) (Ghani, 2011),Muqawwi-e-Bah(Aphrodisiac)(IbnBaitar,YNM),Muqawwi-e-Gurda(RenalTonic)(Ghani,2011),Mufattit-e-Hisat(Lithotriptic)(Kareem,YNM),MusqiteJaneenwaMashima(Abortificient)(Ghani,2011),Dafa-e-Tashannuj(Anticonvulsant)(Ghani,2011;Anonymous,2007),QatileQumal(Licekiller)(Kareem,YNM).
Istemalat(Uses)
Anisoon(Pimpinella anisum)hasbeendescribedtobeusefulinvariousdiseasessuchasSailanur Rahem(dischargesfromtheuterus)(Ghani,2011;Baghdadi,2005; IbnBaitar,YNM) inbothdecoctionandHumool (tampon) form(Jeelani,2005;Razi,2001).Itactsasmufatteh-sudad(Deobsruent)(Anonymous,2007).Itsdecoctionisusefulinsudad-e-jigar wa tihal(IbnBaitar,YNM),wa masana wa rahem (Ramlubhaya,2004).Itsfumigationhelpsinexpulsionoffoetus(Hakim,1999) and relieves suda-e-barid (Baghdadi, 2005). It is beneficial in istasqa (Ascites)(IbnBaitar,YNM;Kareem,YNM).Biryan(roasted)anisoonisusedinbawasir(Piles)(Hakim,1999);itspowderisespeciallyeffectiveinbawasir-e-rehi (Ghani,2011).
36Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 36Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Anisoonclearsfacialcomplexion(Hakim,1999)andincreasesmilksecretion(IbnBaitar,YNM).Itsoralformisusedinidrar-e-haizandqillat-e-sheer(Ramlubhaya,2004). It resolves riyah (flatulance)andrelieves intestinalcolic (Hakim,1999).Due to itskasir-e-riyah property, it is used indard-e-shikam (Abdominal pain)anddard-e-gurda rehi. Being amusakhkhin it increases body temperature.Becauseofitsmunaffis-e-balghamproperty,itexpelsoutbalgham(Expectorant)inpatientsofdama(asthma)andsuaal(cough).Beingjali(detergent),anisooncleanesakhlat-e-lazija wa ghalizafrommeda wa rahem(Ramlubhaya,2004).
Powderedanisoon1.5gm,mastagi (Pistacia lentiscus)4ratti (500mg)mixedwitharq-e-qaranfal(Myrtus caryophyllus Spreng)andgulqand(Rosepetaljam)3 tola(30gm) isused inqabz (constipation)(Ramlubhaya,2004). Itsbakhoor andsaoot iseffective indare-d-sar barid (coldheadache),shaqiqa (migraine),duwar(vertigo),barid nazla(commoncold),falij(Paralysis),laqwa(facialpalsy)wa istarkhaandotalgia(Hakim,1999).Itsfinepowdermixedwithroghan-e-gul (rose oil) is useful in otalgia (Ghani, 2011).Zimad of anisoon is beneficial inistarkha (Hakim,1999). Itssurma isefficacious ineyediseases (Ghani,2011;IbnBaitar,YNM).
Itsmanjan(toothpowder)isusefulinfoulsmellingofmouthandcleaningofteeth(IbnBaitar,YNM).Chewingofanisoonseeds isveryeffective insuda-e-barid,shaqiqa, dard-e-seena (chest pain),khansi (cough),dama (asthma),khafqan (palpitation).Itspowderinroghan-e-gul (roseoil)isusefulinshagaf-e-androoni uzn(tearininternalear)duetotrauma(IbnBaitar,YNM).Itsdecoctionwithaslus-soos(Glycyrrhiza glabraLinn)isbeneficialindama(asthma)andchestdiseases(IbnBaitar,YNM),shaqiqa, khafqan, sardi, khansi, darde sar baridandbeneficialfor lungs (Ghani, 2011). It is effective in laisar-e-ghus andsabat-e-balghami becauseitchangestemperamentofbrainandactsasamuqawi-e-maida(Ghani,2011). Joshandaof7gmanisooninwatermixedwithgulqand-e-asli 3 tola(30gm)iseffectiveinsabaat(coma),whichiscausedbykharij sardiorconsumptionofadvia-e-mukhaddira(sedatives)(Ghani,2011).
Powder of anisoonmixedwithgulqand (ose petal jam) curesmalenkholia (schizophrenia), especially inmalenkholia miraqi. Joshanda of anisoonwithshahed(honey)isbeneficialinqaboos(nightmare)andfalij.Joshandaofanisoonwith sugar used to dissolve yellowness of cheeks ofmother after delivery.Chewing of anisoon is carminative; it acts asmuqawwi-e-fam-e-maida, andexpeloutitsratoobat.Ithasdiureticactionandiseffectiveinrenalcalculi.Itiseffective in tape balghami kohna (chronicphlegmatic fever) (Ghani,2011)anduseful in chronic fevers (IbnBaitar,YNM). It isusedasamuqawwi-e-bah wa muqawwi-e-gurda(Ghani,2011).
Itactsasanantidoteininsectbitepoisoning(IbnBaitar,YNM)andactsasanantidoteofsomepoisons (Ghani,2011).Roghan-e-anisoon isdaf-e-tashannuj
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(anticonvulsant) (Ghani, 2011; Tariq, 2010).Anisoon is used to lessen theintestinal colic one of the common side effects ofadvia-e-mushila (laxative)(Ghani,2011;Kareem,YNM).
TherapeuticusesasdescribedinEthno-medicine
The local application of oil of anisoon is useful in headache, flatulence andintestinalcolic (Khare,2004;Nadkarni,2007). Its root isused in fever (Khare,2004;Anonymous, 2005). It is used in liver diseases on account of havinghepatotoniceffect(Khare,2004;Anonymous,2000).Itisalsousedingallbladdercomplaints(Khare,2004),commoncold,cough,bronchitis(Anonymous,2000),bronchial catarrh (Nadkarni, 2007) andwhooping cough (Anonymous, 2000).Aniseoilisusedexternallytotreatliceandscabies(Prajapatiet al,2003;Khare,2004).
It isusedasaromain toiletsoapsanddentifrices(Khare,2004).Anise leavesareused forgarnishingandflavouringpurposes (Nadkarni,2007).Seedpodsare used as a remedy for dyspepsia, relieve flatulence, indigestion, colic inchildrenandtodiminishthegripingofpurgatives(Nadkarni,2007;Anonymous,2000).Anisoonusedas an insect repellent (Anonymous, 2000). It is used ininflammationofmouthandpharynx(Anonymous,2000),menstrualdisturbancesand tuberculosis (Anonymous, 2000) and also as an antiseptic (Anonymous,2005).
Inhomeopathicmedicineitisusedforshoulderpainandlumbago(Anonymous,2000). Its oil used externally as an insecticide against small insects suchas head lice,mites and vermin (Anonymous, 2005).Oil of anise is used inperfumery,soapsandothertoiletarticlesandforflavouringculinarypreparations,confectionery,beveragesand liqueuranisette. It isused inperfumingsachets,dental preparations andmouthwashes, it is also used in themanufacture oflacquers. It is used as an ingredient of cough lozenges in combinationwithliquorice, also in the treatment of cholera to prepare gripewater. It has alsofungicidalproperties(Anonymous,2005).
Phytochemistry
Anise contains1.5 to 3.5%volatile oil, 10%fixedoil, proteins,mucilage, andstarch.ThevolatileoilofAnisoononsteamdistillation,hasacharacteristicodourandtaste;colourlessorpaleyellowincolour(Kokateet al.,2007;Anonymous,2005).Themajorcompoundsoftheessentialoilofaniseseedsaretrans-anethole,methylchavicol, anisaldehyde, estragole, (Nadkarni, 2007;Anonymous, 2000)cumarins, scopoletin, umbelliferone, estrols, terpenehydrocarbons, polyenes,andpolyacetylenes(Gulcinet al.,2003).TheessentialoilofPimpinella anisum L. fruitsshowedthepresenceof trans-anethole(93.9%)andestragole(2.4%).Othercompounds thatwere foundwithconcentrationhigher than0.06%were
38Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 38Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
(E)-methyleugenol, α-cuparene, α-himachalene, β-bisabolene, p-anisaldehyde,andcis-anethole(Ozcanet al.,2006).
The composition of essential oil ofPimpinella anisum L. fruits obtainedfromdifferent geographical areas of Europe, showed the presence of trans-anethole(76.9–93.7%)andγ-himachalene(0.4–8.2%),trans-pseudoisoeugenyl2-methylbutyrate,p-anisaldehyde,andmethylchavicol (Oravet al.,2008).TheotherphytochemicalstudiesrevealedthattheplantandtheseedsofPimpinella anisumfromAlbertashowedtrans-anethole57.4%ofwholeplantand75.2%ofseedoil,respectively(Embonget al.,1997).
Themajor compounds obtained by supercritical extraction usingCO2, wereanethole (90%),γ-himachalene(2−4%),p-anisaldehyde(<1%),methylchavicol(0.9−1.5%), cis-pseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate (3%), and trans-pseudoisoeugenyl2-methylbutyrate(1.3%)(Rodrigueset al.,2003).Volatileoilofanisecontainsspecificgravity0.978-0.988,opticalrotation+1to-2,refractiveindex1.553-1.560(Kokateet al.,2007).
A new terpene hydrocarbon called neophytadienewas isolated fromaniseedin1978(Burkhardtet al.,1986);phenolicglycoside,4-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)benzoic acid,wasalso isolated fromaniseeds (Drikset al., 1984). Four newaromaticcompoundswereisolatedfromthepolarportionofmethanolicextractof anise fruits (Fujimatuet al., 2003).Quercetin 3-glucuronide, rutin, luteolin7-glucoside, isoorientin, and isovitexin as crystalline compounds, apigenin7-glucoside, anda luteolin glycosideasnoncrystalline compounds fromanisehavealsobeenisolated(Kunzemannet al.,1977).
ThefattyacidscompositionofaniseedoilonsilverionHPLCshowedisomeric18:1 fattyacidsoleicacid (cis9–18:1),petroselinicacid (cis6–18:1),andcis-vaccenicacid(cis11–18:1),respectively(Denevet al.,2011).Alsothree lignin-carbohydrate protein complexeswere isolated froma hotwater extract of itsseedsbycolumnchromatography(Leeet al.,2011).
Pharmacologicalstudies
AnumberofstudieshavebeencarriedoutonPimpinella anisumLinninrecentyearsshowing that itpossessesdiversepharmacologicaleffects.Someof theimportantpharmacologicalstudiesconductedsofararebrieflydescribedbelow:
Antimicrobialactivity
TheantibacterialactivitiesofdifferentextractsofPimpinella anisumLwerestudiedbyanumberofresearchscholars(Akhtaret al.,2008;Gulcinet al.2003;Ateset al.,2003;Chaudhryet al.,2006).SynergicantibacterialactivitybetweenThymus vulgarisandPimpinella anisumhasalsobeenreported(Al-Bayati,2008).
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Antifungalactivity
Theessential oil ofaniseedshowedsignificant inhibitoryactivityagainst fungi(Kosaleket al.,2005;Ozcanet al.,2006;Yazdaniet al.,2009),andanetholwasfoundtobethemostactivecomponent(Shuklaet al.,1987).
AnalgesicandAnti-Inflammatoryactivity
Twaijet al, (1998) reported significant analgesic activity ofPimpinella anisum agianstbenzoquinoneinducedwrithingandinthermaltests.InanotherstudyithasbeenreportedthattheessentialoilaswellasfixedoilofPimpinella anisum hasasignificantanalgesicandanti-inflammatoryeffects(Taset al.,2006).
AntioxidantActivity
InastudyconductedbyGulcinet al., (2003) theantioxidantpropertyofwaterandethanolicextractsofaniseedswasevaluatedandcomparedwithsyntheticantioxidantssuchasbutylatedhydroxyanisole(BHA),butylatedhydroxytoluene(BHT) andα-tocopherol. Both extracts of aniseeds showed strongantioxidantactivity.Rajeshwariet al., (2011) has reported in vitro and in vivo antioxidantpotentialofethanolicextractofaniseeds,andprovedscavengingactivity.Similarly,theantioxidant potential of essential oil andoleoresins fromanise seedswasstudied,andshowedhighestantioxidantactivity(Singhet al.,2008).ScreeningofantioxidantpropertiesofsomeUmbelliferaefruitsweredoneinIran(includingPimpinella anisum),amongthemP.anisumextractshowedthestrongestactivity.Further,apositivecorrelationwas foundbetween theantioxidantpotencyandflavonoidcontentofthefractions(Nickavaret al.,2009).Inanotherstudy,waterandalcoholextractsofaniseseedsshowedmarkedantioxidantactivity(Ismailet al.,2004).Aninvitrostudyofherbalteaofaniseseedsshowedantioxidantactivity(Speiskyet al.,2006).
Anticonvulsantactivity
Anticonvulsant effects of essential oil of the fruits ofPimpinella anisumwerereported against seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), maximalelectroshock (MES) inmalemice (Pourgholamiet al., 1999); and picrotoxin-inducedseizureinmice(Ghaniet al.,1987;Heidariet al.,2005).
The cellularmechanisms probably produce hyper excitability, and causesenhancement ofCa2+ channels activity or inhibition of voltage and/orCa2+ dependent K+ channels activity underlying post-hyperpolarization potential(Janahmadiet al.,2008).
Antiviralactivity
TheantiviralactivityofitsessentialoilhasbeenshownagainstPVX(potatovirus),TMV(tobaccomosaicvirus)andTRSV(tobaccoringspotvirusbyShukla(1989).
40Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 40Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Similarly,threelignin-carbohydrate-proteincomplexes(LC1,LC2,andLC3)wereisolatedfromahotwaterextractofseedsofPimpinella anisumshowedantiviralactivitiesagainstherpessimplexvirustypes1and2,humancytomegalovirus,andmeaslesvirus(Leeet al.,2011).
Antidiabeticactivity
Theantidiabetic, hypolipidemic, andantioxidant activities of aniseeds showeda significant decrease in fasting blood, serum cholesterol, triglycerides andlipidperoxidationinRBCandplasma,andalsoriseinvitaminCwasdetected(Rejeshwariet al., 2011). Kreydiyyehet al., (2003) reported that aniseed oilincreasedglucoseabsorption in the rat jejunumsignificantly, because the oilenhancedtheactivityoftheNa+-K+ATPasewhichincreasesthesodiumgradientthatgearsthemucosalglucosetransport.
Effectongastrointestinalsystem
Acute gastric ulcer in rat was produced by various noxious chemicals andindomethacinshowedaprotectiveeffect(Moflehet al.,2007).ThelaxativeefficacyofaphytotherapiccompoundcontainingPimpinella anisumL.,Foeniculum vulgare Miller,Sambucus nigraL.,andCassia angustifoliawasreportedinarandomizedclinicaltrial,whichincluded20patientswithchronicconstipationaccordingtothecriteriaoftheAmericanAssociationofGastroenterology(Piconet al.,2010).Inadoubleblindclinicaltrial,theeffectofaniseextractonmenopausalhotflashesfor4weeksshowedasignificantreduction(Nahidiet al.,2008).
Musclerelaxantactivity
The relaxant effect ofPimpinella anisum on isolated guinea pig trachealchainsand itspossiblemechanismwerestudied.Theresultsshowed that therelaxanteffectof thisplant isdue to inhibitoryeffectsonmuscarinic receptors(Boskabadyet al.,2001). Inanotherstudy,antispasmodicandrelaxanteffectsof threehydroalcoholicextractsof theaerialpartsofPimpinella anisumonratanococcygeussmoothmuscleshowedgoodresults(Tirapelliet al.,2007).
Dysmenorrhea
Theeffectivenessofaherbalcapsulecontainingdriedextractsofcelery,saffron,and anisewas comparedwithmefenamic acid in 180 femaleswith primarydysmenorrhea.Theresultsrevealedthattheefficacyofcapsulewasbetterthanmefenamicacidinpainrelief(Khodaet al,2008).
Morphinedependence
Theeffectsofaniseoilwerestudiedinmiceontheexpressionandacquisitionofconditionedplacepreference(CPP)inducedbymorphine.Thefindingsshowedthat injection of essential oil ofP. anisum has someaversive effects against
41Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
morphine induced conditionedaversion. In addition, this oil hasalso aGABAergiceffect(Sahraeiet al.,2002).
Insecticidalactivity
Essential oil ofPimpinella anisum by fumigation assay exhibited insecticidalactivitiesagainstlarvaeofLycoriella(Parket al.,2006).Prajapatiet al.,(2005)showedthat theessentialoilsofJuniperus macropodaandPimpinella anisum werehighlyeffectiveaslarvicidalandovicidalagainstthreemosquitospecies.Inaddition,theaniseessentialoilshowedrepellencyagainstmosquitoCulex pipiens (Erleret al., 2006).Theexposure to vapours of essential oils fromaniseandcuminresultedin100%mortalityoftheeggs(Tuncet al.,2000).Theascaricidalactivity of p-anisaldehyde derived fromanise seedoil against thehousedustmites,Dermatophagoidesfarinahasalsobeenshown(Lee,2004).
Conclusion
Anisoon is one of the importantmedicinal plants used in Unani system ofmedicine.Intheclassicalliterature,ithasbeendescribedtobewidelyusedasKasir-e-riyah,Mohallil-e-Riyah,Muqawwi-e-Meda,Mushtahi,Mufatteh,MufattehSudad,Munaffis-e- Balgham,Mukhrij-e-Balgham,Muddir-e-Bol. The recentstudies especially on seeds and essential oil have demonstrated that it hasantioxidant,antibacterial,antifungal,anticonvulsant,anti-inflammatory,analgesic,gastro-protective,antidiabeticandantiviraletcactivitiesandvarioustherapeuticuses supporting its therapeutic value of centuries and exposing it for furtherresearches.
Acknowledgement
Weare thankful to thePresident ofAl-JamiatulMohammadiaAl-Khairiya,Mr.ArshadMukhtar,forprovidingthefacilitiestoconducttheresearch.
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47Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
OThe Mizaj (Temperament) Patterns versus Somatotypes: Concordance or Coincidence
1Ghazala Mulla, 1Jalis Ahmed, 1Farhan Qureshi, 1Sufiyan Ghawte,
2Kalpana Joshi and
2Tejas Shah
1Z.V.M.UnaniMedicalCollege&Hospital,AzamCampus,
Camp,Pune-411001
2SinhagadCollegeofEngineering,Vadgaon,Pune-411041
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 47-56
*Author for correspondence;Email : [email protected]
Abstract
neofthewellacceptedclassificationsofhumanpopulationisbasedonrace.Racereferstoagroupofpeoplewhosharesimilaranddistinctphysicalcharacteristics.Itisasocialconcept,bywhichhumanbeingsidentifyanddistinguishthemselvesfromothergroups.Thetermracewasinitiallyconfinedtogroupsofpeoplespeakingcommonlanguage.By17thCenturyracereferredtophysical(Phonotypical)traits.InUnaniSystemofMedicine,ancientphysicianshadidentifiedtencomprehensivefeaturesofthehumanbodyandtermedthemasAjnas-e-Ashrah.Basedon these features theyclassifiedhumanbeing intofourcategorieswhohavedifferentMizaj (temperament)viz,Damwi, Balghami, Safrawi, and Saudawi.AmericanpsychologistWilliamSheldon(1898-1977)hasalsoclassifiedhumanbeingsintothreetypesofpersonalitiesandtermedthemsomatotypes.Sheldon’ssomatotypesarebasedonlyonphysicalcharacteristicsorphysique.Hehasexpressedthemnumericallyandnamedthemasectomorphs,mesomorphsandendomorphs.Sheldon’sbody typescanbeassessedby tenanthropometricmeasurements.
PresentstudyhasbeenconductedtoexploretheMizaj typesandsomatotypesof the same subjects and to find out any relationship between these twomethodologies and further to point outwhether this relationship ismerely acoincidenceorhasanystatisticalcorrelation?
Key words: Mizaj, Ajnas-e-Ashrah, Somatotypes,Anthropometry, Race,Phenotype
Introduction
Thepresentstudyisastatisticalscrutinyoftherelationshipbetweenthepersonalitytypes-Mizaj(Temperament)ofUnaniSystemofMedicine(USM)andSheldon’spersonalitytype(Somatotypes).ThehumanbodyisawonderfulcreationofGod,whichhasalwaysbeenasourceofcuriosityformedicalscience.Althoughthebasicframeworkofhumanbodyissame,thephenotypicfeaturesaredifferent(Dutta, 2004).Different systems ofmedicine classify the human beings intodifferentgroupsdependingonthesefeatures.AncientUnaniphysicianshadalsoclassifiedhumanbeingsintofourtypesofpersonalitiesviz,Damwi(Sanguine),Balghami(Phlegmatic),Safrawi(Choleric)andSaudawi(Melancholic)(IbnSina,1966).InUSMpersonalityitisassessedbytencomprehensivefeaturescalledAjnas-e-Ashra(tendeterminants)(Ahmad,1980).ToassesstheMizajwhichisbasedonAjnas-e-Ashrah,aquestionnairehasbeenformulatedbythephysiciansandscolars.Thisquestionnairehasbeenquantifiedasitisbasedonqualitativeentities.AmericanpsychologistWilliamSheldon(1898-1977)(Sheldon,1942)had
48Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 48Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
alsoclassifiedhumanbeings into three typesof personality and termed themsomatotypes.Sheldon’ssomatotypesarebasedononlyphysicalcharacteristicsor physique.He expressed themnumerically and named themendomorphy,mesomorphy and ectomorphy, which seemed to be derived from the threelayersof thehumanembryo, theendoderm,themesodermandtheectoderm.Sheldon’s body types canbeassessedby tenanthropometricmeasurements(http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/sheldon.html).Since thereappearsa similarity between the two therefore an observermayarrive at very similarresultsindeterminingaperson’sbodytypeorotherwise.HenceapilotstudytodeterminetheMizajtypesandsomatotypesofthesamesubjectswasconducted.Relationship if any between these twomethodologieswas scrutinized to findwhether it ismerelyacoincidenceor there isastatistical correlationbetweenthe two.TheMizaj of thevolunteers included in thestudywasassessedwiththehelpofvalidatedUnaniquestionnaire,whilesomatotypewasassessedwiththeHeathCarter software.Statistical scrutiny for concordancebetweenMizaj assessedbyUnaniquestionnaireandbySheldon’ssomatotypewasexplored.
Materials and Methods
Acrosssectional,analytical studyafter theapprovalof the InstitutionalEthicsCommitteewascarriedout.Threehundredandfiftyhealthystudentsofeithergenderbetween18to25yearsofagefromAzamCampus,CampareaofPunecity ofMaharashtra, India,were included for the study by random samplingmethod.Under18yearsandabove25yearsofageanddiseasedindividualswereexcluded.Thestudywascarriedoutfrom14thAugust2015to13thApril,2016.
I: AssessmentofMizajbyUnaniquestionnaire
AssessmentofMizajwasdonebyassessingthefollowingtenparametersknownas
Ajnas-e Asharah:
1. Malmas(Thetouch)
2. Lahm-wo-Shahm(MusclesandFats)
3. Ash’ar(Hairofthebody)
4. Laun(Colourofthebody)
5. Hay’at al-a’za(Statureofthebody)
6. Kayfiyat al-infi’al(Qualityofpassivenessoftheorgans)
7. Naum wo-yaqzah(Sleepandwakefulness)
8. Af’al al-a’za(Bodilyfunctions)
9. Fudhlat al-badan(Excretaofthebody)
10. Infi’alat nafsaniyah(Psychicreaction)
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QuantificationandvalidationofUnaniquestionnaire
FortheassessmentofMizaj,aquestionnairebasedontheAjnas-e-Ashrahwasconstructed.As all the ten parametersmentioned in theAjnas-e-Ashrah arequalitativetherefore,theywerequantifiedonascaleof1to10.QuantificationwasdoneasperthemethodofquantificationmentionedbyUnaniphysicianBalinas(Falsafi,1972).Thequantificationwasbasedondifferentqualities i.e.Kaifiyat that thesubjectspossessed.Theassessmentwasdonebyasingleobserver,anexperiencedUnaniphysicianwhichwasfurthervalidatedbyanotherUnaniconsultant.Thequantificationmethodisasfollows:
QuantificationofKaifiyat
ProportionoftheLahm-wo-Shahm(MusclesandFats)wasassessedbyOmron’sbodycompositionanalyser.Skeletalmuscles,subcutaneousfatandvisceralfatswereexpressedinpercentage.QuantificationofLahm-wo-shamforthespecificMizajtypeswasdonebyNIH/WHOguidelineforBMI(Gallagher,2000)(Table1-3)
Table 1:QuantificationofKaifiyat
Sr. No. Kaifiyat Assigned score1 Har–Yabis 42 Har–Ratab 33 Barid–Ratab 24 Barid–Yabis 1
Table 2:Genderwisegradingofskeletalmusclechart
Gender Age Low (-) Normal (0) High (+) Very High (++)Female 18-39 <24.3 24.3-30.3 30.4-35.3 >25.4
40-59 <24.1 24.1-30.1 30.2-35.1 >35.260-80 <23.9 23.9-29.9 30.0-34.9 >35.0
Male 18-39 <33.3 33.3-39.3 39.4-44.0 >44.140-59 <33.1 33.1-39.1 39.2-43.8 >43.960-80 <32.9 32.9-38.9 39.0-43.6 >43.7
Source:OmronHealthcare
Table 3:Genderwisegradingofbodyfatchart
Gender Age Low (-) Normal (0) High (+) Very High (++)Female 20-39 <21.0 21.0-32.9 33.0-38.9 >39.0
40-59 <23.0 23.0-33.9 34.0-39.9 >40.060-79 <24.0 24.0-35.9 36.0-41.9 >42.0
Male 20-39 <8.0 8.0-19.9 20.0-24.9 >25.040-59 <11.0 11.0-21.9 22.0-27.9 >28.060-79 <13.0 13.0-24.9 25.0-29.9 >30.0
Source:NIID/WHOguidelinesforBMI
Source:Gallagheret al.,AmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition,Vol.72,Sept.2000
50Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 50Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
II: AssessmentofSheldon’ssomatotypes
Somatotypewas assessed by theHeath-Cartermethod.BarbaraHoneymanHeath,aformerassociateofWilliamSheldondevelopedamethodforassessmentofsomatotypes,whichisknownas‘TheHeath-CarterAnthropometricSomatotype’(Carter,2002).
Equipmentforanthropometry:Followingequipmentswereusedforanthropometricmeasurements.
I. Stadiometerorheightscaleandheadboard.
II. Weighingscale.
III. Smallslidingcaliper
IV. Aflexiblesteelorfiberglasstapemeasure.
V. Skinfoldcaliper.
Measurementtechniques:
Followingtenanthropometricmeasurementswererecorded.
1. Stature(height):Heightscalewithheadboardwasusedtomeasureheight.It was takenwith the subject standing straight, against an uprightwall,touching thewallwith heels, buttocks and back keeping the head in theFrankfortplane(theupperborderoftheearopeningandthelowerborderoftheeyesocketonahorizontalline),andtheheelstogether.Subjectwasasktostretchupwardsandtakeandholdafullbreath.Headboardwaslowereduntilitfirmlytouchedthevertex.
2. Bodymass (weight):Weight of the subjectwearingminimal clothingwasrecorded. Subject was asked to stand onweighing scale.Weight wasrecordedtothenearesttenthofakilogram.
Skin folds:After raising the subject’s skin, subcutaneous tissuewas heldfirmlybetweenthumbandforefingerofthelefthandawayfromtheunderlyingmuscleatthemarkedsite.Edgeoftheskinfoldcalliperwereapplied1cmbelowthefingersofthelefthandandallowthemtoexerttheirfullpressurebeforereadingat2secthethicknessofthefold.Skinfoldsoftherightsideofthebodywereused.Subjectwasaskedtostandrelaxed.Thecalfmuscleskinfoldwastakeninsittingposition.
3. Tricepsskinfold:Itwasmeasuredatthebackofthearmatalevelhalfwayona lineconnecting theacromionand theolecranonprocesseswhile thesubjectisstandingrelaxedwithhisarmhanginginanatomicalposition.
4. Subscapularskinfold:Subscapularskinfoldwasmeasuredonalinefromthe inferiorangleof thescapula inadirection that isobliquelydownwardsandlaterallyat45degrees.
51Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
5. Supraspinaleskinfold:Supraspinalefoldwasrecordedbyraisingitto5-7cm(dependingonthesizeof thesubject)abovetheanteriorsuperior iliacspine.
6. Medialcalfskinfold:Verticalskinfoldwasraisedonthemedialsideoftheleg,atthelevelofthemaximumgirthofthecalf.
7. Bi-epicondylarbreadthoftheHumerus:Thewidthbetweenthemedialandlateralepicondylesofthehumeruswasrecordedwiththeshoulderandelbowflexedto90degrees.
8. Bi-epicondylarbreadthofthefemur:Subjectwasaskedtositwithkneebentata rightangle.Greatestdistancewasmeasuredbetween the lateralandmedialepi-condylesofthefemur.
9. Upperarmgirth,elbowflexedand tensed:Measurementwas takenat thegreatestgirthofthearm.
10.Calfgirth:Thesubjectwasaskedtostandwithfeetslightlyapart.Thetapewasplacedaroundthecalfandthemaximumcircumferencewasmeasured.
Statureandgirthswererecordedatthenearestmm,bi-epicondylardiametersatthenearest0.5mm,andskin-foldsatthenearest0.1mm(Harpendencalliper).
Plotting the somato chart:All the ten anthropometricmeasurements wereuploaded in a software.This software calculates individual somatotypes andshowstheindividualssomatoplot.EveryindividualsomatoplotwasthencomparedwithSheldon’s curvilinear somatoplot havingHippocrates’ four basic humorsandtheircombinations.ThusMizajofeachsubjectwasassessedbySheldon’ssomatotypes.
Statisticalanalysis
Datawereenteredinexcelsheetandpresentedintheformoftablesandgraphs.ItwasfurtheranalyzedusingIBMSPSSsoftwaresystem(version20).The‘chisquare test’was used to assess the significance.Probability (P) < 0.05wasconsideredassignificant.
Results and Observations
The results calculated usingUnani questionnairemethod and theSheldon’ssomatoplothavebeenpresentedinthefollowingtables(4-5)andfigures(1):
Table 4:DistributionofMizajofStudiedPopulationbyUnaniquestionnaire
Mizaj of Studied PopulationTotal
No. %Sanguine Phlegmatic 67 19.1Sanguine Choleric 83 23.7
52Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 52Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Mizaj of Studied PopulationTotal
No. %Sanguine Melancholic 7 2.0Phlegmatic Sanguine 42 12.0Phlegmatic Choleric 31 8.9Phlegmatic Melancholic 10 2.9Choleric Sanguine 69 19.7Choleric Phlegmatic 8 2.3Choleric Melancholic 4 1.1Melancholic Sanguine 18 5.1Melancholic Choleric 9 2.6Melancholic Phlegmatic 2 0.6TOTAL 350 100.0
Table 5:DistributionofMizajofStudiedPopulationbySheldon’ssomatoplot
Mizaj of Studied PopulationTotal
No. %Sanguine Phlegmatic 54 15.4Sanguine Choleric 53 15.1Sanguine Melancholic 7 2.0Phlegmatic Sanguine 55 15.7Phlegmatic Choleric 37 10.6Phlegmatic Melancholic 14 4.0Choleric Sanguine 73 20.9Choleric Phlegmatic 4 1.1Choleric Melancholic 5 1.4Melancholic Sanguine 25 7.1Melancholic Choleric 18 5.1Melancholic Phlegmatic 5 1.4Total 350 100.0
0
5
10
15
20
SANGUINE PHLEGMATIC SANGUINE CHOLERIC CHOLERIC SANGUINE
14.3 14 15.4
4.9
9.7
4.3
MATCHEDUNMATCHED
Figure 1:MizajwisematchingproportionsbyUnaniandSheldon’smethod
DistributionofMizajviz,SanguinePhlegmatic,SanguineCholericandCholericSanguineshowssignificantlyhigherconcordance(80%)whenmatchedbyUnaniquestionnaireandSheldon’ssomatoplot(p=0.001chisquaretest).
53Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Discussion
AspertheUnanisystemofmedicinethehumanbodydependsonsevenunitsknownasAl-Umur al-Tabi’yah(Kabeeruddin,1970).Theseareasfollows:
1. Al-Arkan or Al-Anasir(Elements)
2. Al-Mizaj(Temperament)
3. Al-Akhlat(Humours-Bodyfluids)
4. Al-A’za(Organs)
5. Al-Arwah(Pneumaorvitalspirit)
6. Al-Quwa(Facultiesorpower)
7. Al-Af’al(Bodyfunctions)
1. Al-Arkan:AccordingtoHippocrates(460-377B.C.),Aristotle(384-322B.C.)andGalen(130-200) thehumanbody ismadeupof fourArkan viz.Al-nar (Fire),Al-hawa (Air),Al-ma’ (Water) andAl-ardh (Earth) (Gallagheret al.,2000).TheyattributeddualKafiyat (qualities) toeachUnsur.Onequality isdominantwhereasoneisrecessive,thesequalitiesexpressthepropertiesoftheArkan(Hamdani,1980).
Theabovefourelementsarethebasiccomponentsofthehumanbody.Hawa standsforgaseous,Ma’ standsforliquid,ArdhforsolidcomponentsofthebodyandNarfortheATPsgenerationasaresultoffoodmetabolism.
2. Al-Mizaj (Temperament): Ibn Sina definesMizaj as “the new state of amatterwhichemergeafteradmixtureoftwoormorethantwoelementsofacompound.Thiscompoundhasnewqualities(Kafiyat)differentfromthatoftheelementsorfromwhichithasemerged.ThisuniformstateofequilibriumiscalledasMizaj(Temperament).Mizajindicatestheprinciplesofchemicalcombinationofdifferentelementsorcompoundstoformanewcompound.Thus,eachcell, tissue,organsortheentirebodyisbestoweduponwithaMizaj,whichisknownasMizaj mu’tadil(normaltemperament).
WhendifferentAnsir-al-Insaniyah(Humanelements)undergovarioustypesof imtizaj (Chemical reaction/combinations) various compoundsof specificsurat-nau’iyah (molecular structure), having specificMizaj are produced.These compounds constitute theAkhlat-al-Badan (Humors).The humorsmake the internal environment of the cells aswell as of thewhole body(milieuinterior).
3. Al-Akhlat(Humors-Bodyfluids):TheconceptofAkhaltplayscentralrole inUnaniSystemofmedicine.ThewordAkhlat (singular-Khilt) literallymeansadmixture.AllbodyfluidsaretermedasAkhlat,becausethebodyfluidsarenotasingleentityrathertheyareformedaftermetabolismandservevariousfunctionslikenutrition,growth,repairandpreservationofhealthetc.inthebody.
54Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 54Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
In 5thCenturyB.C.Hippocrates orBuqarat (460-337BC)mentioned thetheory ofHumorsorAkhlat in his book “Tabiat al-Insan”.According to histheory thehumanbody contains fourAkhlat (Humors) i.e.BloodorDum,PhlegmorBalgham,YellowbileorSafraandBlackbileorSauda.
DominanceofoneoftheaboveKhiltnecessarilyexertsitsinfluenceontheMizaj(Temperament)ofaperson.Thus,accordingtodominanceofthetypeofKhilt (Humors)humanbeingshavebeenbroadlyclassified into4 typesofMizajorpersonalityDamwi-ul-Mizaj, Balghami-ul-Mizaj, Safrawi-ul-Mizaj, Saudawi-ul-Mizaj.
4. Al-A’za(Organs):Al-A’zaareonthefourthpositioninofAl-Umur Al-Tabi’yah. Theyarethesolidstructureofthebody.TheyhaveformedfromnormalAkhlat havinggoodcompositionandaretheresultofprimaryorbasictransformationofnormalAkhlat. A’zaareoftwotypes,A’za-e-Mufrad (simple)andA’za-e-Murrakab(compound).
5. Al-Arwah (Pneuma):ThewordArwah is the plural ofRuh whichmeanspneuma.WithoutRuhtheexistenceoflifeisimpossible.AllthegasesinthebodyarecalledasArwah,especiallytwogases,Ruh(oxygen)andBukharat-e-dukhaniya(carbondioxide).
6. Al-Quwa(FacultiesorPower):Al-QuwaisthepluralofQuwat.ItisthealsooneoftheuniqueconceptsofUnaniSystemofMedicine.Itisthepropertyofthebodywithwhichthehumanbodycarriedoutallitsfunctions(Af’aal).Itprovidesthebasisfordifferentbodilyfunctions.HenceQuwaandAf’aalareinseparable.Eachfunctionrequiresitsownspecialquwat.Therearethreemajortypesofquwainthebodyi.e.Al-quwa al-Tabiyah(naturalfaculties),Al-quwa al-Nafsaniyah(Psychicormentalfaculties)andAl-quwa al-Haywaniyah (vitalfaculties).
7. Al-Af’al (Functions):Al-Af’al means functions. Body performs severalfunctionswiththehelpofQuwa.Asmentionedtheyareinseparable,hencethe classification ofAf’al is sameas that ofQuwa. Arkan transforms intoA’za. A’za inturnperformsvariousAf’alwiththehelpofQuwa andArwah. MetabolismisoneofthesignificantfunctionsofA’za.AftermetabolismAkhlat areproduced.AkhlatdeterminesMizajorpersonalityofanindividual.Inthiswayallthesevenprinciplesworkinaproportionatemannertomaintainthemilieuinterior(Moatadil halat-e-badan)ofthehumanbody.
Mizaj (Temperament) is one of the important entities inUnaniSystemofMedicine.Assessment ofMizaj is done in healthy aswell as of diseasepersons.ThequestionnairebasedonAjnas-e-AsharaisusedforassessmentofMizaj orpersonalitytypes.Itplaysaveryimportantroleindeterminingthephysical,physiologicalandpsychologicalstatusofhumanbeing.DiagnosisofdiseaseandprinciplesoftreatmentarealsobasedontheMizajofaperson.
55Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Sheldon’stheoryofSomatotypes
The somatotype is defined as the quantification of the present shape andcompositionofthehumanbody.AmericanpsychologistWilliamSheldon(1942)has classified human being into three types and called them somatotypes.Sheldon’ssomatotypesarebasedonlyonphysicalcharacteristicsorphysique,named themendomorphy,mesomorphyandectomorphy.Tenanthropometricmeasurementsviz.stretchstature,bodymass,fourskinfolds(triceps,subscapular,supraspinale,medialcalf),twobonebreadths(biepicondylarhumerusandfemur),andtwolimbgirths(armflexedandtensed,calf)wererecordedanduploadedon new comprehensive user-friendly software, which gives the individual’ssomatotypeaswellasHippocrates’Mizajandtheircombinations.
Chartingsomatotypes:Itisanattempttoaidinthevisualizationoftherelationshipbetweenthevarioussomatotypesonacurvilineartriangle.Theleftsidednumberson the curvilinear triangle represents the degree of endomorphy, the uppernumbers indicates the degree ofmesomorphy, and the final or right numberrepresents thedegreeofectomorphy.Thefigurebelow ishow this is typicallyillustrated.
Sheldon’s somato plot and Hippocrates’ four humors: Hippocrates’ fourtemperaments and their different combinations have been incorporated intoSheldon’ssomatoplot.BelowistheimageoftheSheldon’scurvilinearsomatoplotwithHippocrates’fourbasichumorsandtheircombinations(Figure2).
Figure 2:Sheldon’ssomatoplotwithHippocratesfourhumors
There is a great degree of similarity betweenMizaj assessed by UnaniquestionnaireandthatofSheldon’ssomatotypesas80%concordancewasfoundbetween the two indicating least difference between two.Both appears to becomplementarytoeachotherThestudyindicatedthatsomatotypesmayalsobeusedtoassessthetemperamentalongwiththeUnanitoolshoweveralargerandmulticentricstudyisrequiredtoprovetheexactconcordancebetweenthetwo.
56Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 56Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Acknowledgments
Authorsareverygrateful toProf.GhufranAhmad,Departmentof IlmulAdvia,FacultyofUnaniMedicine,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh–202002,forkindlygoingthroughthedraftmanuscript,providingnecessaryinputsandsuggestingmanycorrections tomake it print-worthy.Wearealso thankful to theMinistryofAYUSH,NewDelhi,forprovidingfinancialsupportandtothevolunteerswhoparticipatedinthestudyfortheirhumblecooperation.
References
Ahmed,S.I.,1980.IntroductiontoAl-UmooralTabiya,SainiPrinters,NewDelhi,India.pp.26,63,156-159,162-208.
Carter,J.E.L.,1972.TheHeath-CarterAnthropometricSomatotype,InstructionManual.
Datta,A.K. 2004. Essentials ofmedical genetics,ARKPublication, Kolkata,(revisedandreprinted),p.44.
Falsafi,A.L.,1972.Tajdeed-e-Tib,1972,AalaPressDelhi (compiledbySayedZil-ur-Rehman),pp.16-18.
Gallagher,D,Steven,B.,Heymsfield,MoonseongHeo,Susan,A.Jebb,Peter,R.Murgatroyd, andYoichi Sakamoton, 2000. Healthy percentage bodyfat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on bodymassindex1,2,3,American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,72:694–701.
Hamdani,K.H., 1980.Usool-e-Tib, LithoColorPrints,Achal tal,Aligarh, p. 20http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/sheldon.html
Ibn-Sina,1966.AlQanoonfiTibb(EnglishtranslationbyMazherH.Shah,NaveedClinic,Karachi,Pakistan,pp.3-29.
Kabeerudin,M.,1970.Ifada-e-Kabeer.NationalFinePrintingPress,CharKaman,Hyderabad,pp.80,141,142.
Sheldon,WilliamH.,1942.TheVarietiesofTemperament.Harper&Brothers,NewYork.
57Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
PSafety Study of a Single Unani Drug Khare-e-khasak Khurd(Tribulus terrestris Linn.)
1Mohd. Waseem, 2Abdul Latif, 3Sumbul Rehman,
1Reesha Ahmed and
1Zafar Javed Khan
DepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,
AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh-202002
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 57-63
3*Author for correspondence;
Abstract
resentstudywasaimedtoevaluatesafetyparametersinKhar-e-KhasakKhurd(Tribulus terrestrisL.)-averycommondrugusedinUnaniMedicinefor its lithotripticandaphrodisiaceffectusedinurinarydisordersandimpotence.Studyrevealsthepresenceofheavymetalslead,cadmium,mercuryand arsenicwithin permissible limit as perWHOguidelineswhile aflatoxins,pesticidesandmicrobialloadwasfoundtobeabsentinthecrudedrugsample.Itcanbesaidthatthedrugisfreefromtoxicity.
Keywords: Khar-e-khasak khurd (Tribulus terrestris L.), Safety study,HerbalMedicine,WHOGuidelines
Introduction
Tribulus terrestris Linn (Family-Zygophyllaceae) known asKhar-e-khasak inUnaniMedicine,Gokhru inUrdu, isa thorny fruit ofT. terrestrismentioned inmany classicalUnani literature (Ghani, ynm). It has been used in India andChinasincetimeimmemorialforhealthailmentsaslithotripter,aphrodisiacandusefulinstrangury(Hashimet al.,2014).T. terrestrisisanannualorperennialplant growing throughout India and other warm countries such as Ceylon(Chopra,1958).AccordingtoUnaniliterature,Khar-e-khasakhasbeendescribedmorphologicallyoftwovarietiessmall(khurd)andKalan(large/big)accordingtothesizeoffruit;amongwhichmostlyKhurdvarietyismedicinallyused(Kabeeruddin,y.n.m).RenownedUnanischolarsRhazes(865-925AD)mentionedKhar-e-khasakas lithotriptic, aphrodisiac, demulcent, anduseful in strangury in hisbookKitabul Mansoori(Razi,2008),Usr-al-Baul(Dysuria),Sozak(Gonorrhoea),Urinary disorders, incontinence of urine and impotence (Khory, 1985), usefulinstrangury,vesicularcalculi,pruritusani,alleviateburningsensation(KiritikarandBasu,1996).ItpossessesmanyactionslikeMudir-i-Baul(Diuretic)(Chopra,1958;Nadkarni, 1954),Musaffiedam (Bloodpurifier), havecoolingeffectandtonic to the bodyandused in calculusaffection, kidneydiseasesandpainfulmicturition(Dey1980).
Currentpracticesofharvesting,production,transportationandstorageofherbaldrugs cause additional contamination andmicrobial growth proliferation ofmicroorganismthatmayresultfromfailuretocontrolthemoisturelevelsofherbalmedicinesduringtransportationandstorage(Anonymous,2007).AflatoxinB1,G1,B2,G2,arefungalsecondarytoxicmetabolitesproducedbyAspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius.Aflatoxinsarethestrongestnaturalcarcinogensandtheirmaintargetorganistheliver.TheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer(IARC)hasclassifiedaflatoxinB1inthegroup1asahuman
58Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 58Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
carcinogensandaflatoxinG1,B2andG2inthegroupB2aspossiblecarcinogenstohumans(MeritxellVentura,2004).Contaminationofherbalmaterialswithtoxicsubstances suchasarsenic canbeattributed tomany factors.These includeenvironmental pollution (i.e. contaminated emissions from factories, leadedpetrol, andcontaminatedwater including runoffwaterwhich finds itsway intorivers,lakesandsea,andsomepesticides),Soilcompositionandfertilizers.Thecontaminationoftheherbalmaterialleadstocontaminationoftheproductsduringvariousstagesofthemanufacturingprocess(Anonymous,2007).Theworldwideconsumptionofherbalmedicinesisenormous,sointermsofpopulationexposurealone, it isessential to identify the risksassociatedwith theiruseassafetyofherbalmedicinesisanimportantpublichealthissue(Anonymous,2004).Presentstudy isanattempt toassess thesesafetyparameters inawellknownherbaldrugusedinUnaniMedicineKhar-e-khasakkhurd(T. terrestrisLinn.).
Material and Methods
Samplepreparation:
ThetestdrugKhare-e-khasakkhurd(T. terriestrisLinn)wasprocuredfromlocalmarket ofAligarh city in themonth ofMay 2016 andwas properly identifiedaccording to themorphological featuresmentioned in botanical andUnaniliterature&thenfurtherconfirmedinPharmacognosysectionofdepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.M.U.,Aligarh.Aherbariumsampleofthetestdrugwasprepared&submittedtoMawalid-e-salasamuseumofthedepartmentafteridentificationforfurtherreferencewithVoucherno,SC-0188/15.
Thedrugwascleanedfromtheearthymaterial,washedwithdoubledistilledwateranddriedat45ºCinhotairoventopowderit inelectricalgrinder.Thereafterthedrugwaspassedthroughsieveno.80toconfirmitsfinenessanduniformityofparticlesize.Finally thepowdereddrugwasstored inanair tightcontainerforexperimentalstudy.
Thepowderoftestdrugwasstudiedtoevaluatethepresenceofmicrobialload,pesticides residue, aflatoxinsandheavymetals atDelhiTestHouse,Azadpur(NewDelhi)asperWHOGuidelines.
1. Microbiologicaldeterminationtests
Totalviableaerobiccount(TVC)
Fordetectionoftheanti-bacterialactivityofthetestdrug,thetotalviableaerobiccount(TVC)ofthetestdrugwascarriedout,asspecifiedinthetestprocedure,usingplatecount,resultsareshownintable-1.
59Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Pre-treatmentofthetestdrug
Depending on the nature of the herbal drug sample used, it was dissolvedusingasuitablemethodandanyantimicrobialpropertypresent in thesamplewaseliminatedbydilutionorneutralization.BufferedSodiumChloride-PeptoneSolution, pH7.0 (MM1275-500G,Himedia Labs,Mumbai, India)wasused todilutethetestsample.
Testprocedures
Platecountforbacteriaandfungi
Forbacteria:1mlof thepretreatedtestsamplewasadded toabout15mloftheliquefiedcasein-soybeandigestagarinapetridishof90mmdiameteratatemperaturenotexceeding450C.Alternatively the testsamplewasspreadonthesurfaceofthesolidifiedmedium.Twodisheswerepreparedwiththesamedilution,theywereinvertedandincubatedat30-350Cfor48-72hrs.unlessamorereliablecountwasobtainedinashortperiodoftime.Thenumberofcoloniessoformedwascountedand the resultswerecalculatedusing theplateswith thelargestnumberofcolonies,uptoamaximumof300.
Forfungi:1mlofthepretreatedtestsamplewasaddedtoabout15mloftheliquefiedSabouraudglucoseagarwithantibioticsinapetridishof90mmdiameteratatemperaturenotexceeding450C.Alternativelythetestsamplewasspreadonthesurfaceofthesolidifiedmedium.Twodisheswerepreparedwiththesamedilution;theywereinvertedandincubatedat20-250Cfor5days,unlessamorereliablecountwasobtainedinashortperiodoftime.Thenumberofcoloniessoformedwascountedand the resultswerecalculatedusing theplateswithnotmorethan100colonies.(Lohar,2007).
2. EstimationofAflatoxinssamplepreparation
ThetestfordeterminationoftheaflatoxinswascarriedoutusingLCMS-MS.2gmoftestdrugwasblendedathighspeedwith20mlof60%acetonitrile/waterfortwominutes.Theblendedsamplewascentrifuged for tenminutesusing1600rpm(av.),supernatantwasretainedanddilutedwith2mloffiltratewith48mlofphosphatebufferedsaline(PBS,pH7.4)togiveasolventconcentrationof2.5%orless;methanol/waterwaspreparedbytaking2mlofsampleanddilutedwith14mlofPBS(pH7.4)togiveasolventconcentrationof10%orless.Thesamplediluentwaspassedthroughtheimmunoaffinitycolumnataflowrateof5ml/min.Thecolumnwas thenwashedbypassing20mlofdistilledwater through thecolumnattheflowrateofapproximately5ml/minanddriedbyrapidlypassingairthroughthecolumn.1.5mlofdistilledwaterwasaddedtothesampleelute.
60Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 60Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
500µlofsamplewasinjectedontotheLCMS-MS(LC-Perkin,MSAppliedBioSystem,ModelNo.2000,MobilePhase).A-Water100%,B-ACN100%,Columnoventemperature=30,ColumnZORBAXRxc18,narrowbase2.1×150mm-5micron,Flow=0.750ml).Theaflatoxinconcentrationwasquantifiedbycomparingsamplepeakheightsorareastothetotalaflatoxinstandard(R-Biopharm)(Lohar,2007).Resultssofoundareshownintable-2.
3. Heavymetals
Heavymetals includingArsenic,Mercury,CadmiumandleadweredeterminedinthetestsampleusingAtomicAbsorptionSpectroscopy(table-3).
4. Estimationofpesticidalresidue
ThetestfordeterminationoftheaflatoxinswascarriedoutusingGC/MS.ThetestwasdonefortheassessmentofspecificpesticideresidueslikeOrganochloridecompounds, Organophosphorous compounds, and Pyrethroids compound(Ramkrishanan,et al,2015)asdepictedinTable-4.
Figure 1:Khar-e-khasakKhurd(Tribulus terrestrisLinn.)
PlantofTribulus terrestrisLinn. FruitsofTribulus terrestrisLinn.
Table 1(a):MicrobialloadinKhar-e-khasakkhurd
S. No. Microbes Result Permissible limit
1. TotalBacterialCount 680 Notmorethan1x105cfu/gm
2. TotalYeast&Mould 50 Notmorethan1x103cfu/gm
Table 1(b):TestforspecificpathogensinKhar-e-khasakkhurd
S. No. Pathogens Result (gm) Permissible limits as
1. E.coli Absent Absent
2. Salmonella Absent Absent
3. S. aureus Absent Absent
4. P. aeruginosa Absent Absent
61Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Table 2:AflatoxininKhar-e-khasakkhurd
S. No. Aflatoxin Result LOQ (mg/kg) Permissible Limit (mg/kg)
1 AflatoxinB1 BLQ 0.001 Notmorethan0.5
2. AflatoxinG1 BLQ 0.001 Notmorethan0.5
3. AflatoxinG2 BLQ 0.001 Notmorethan0.1
4. AflatoxinB2 BLQ 0.001 Notmorethan0.1
LOQ=LimitofquantificationBLQ=Belowthelimitofquantification
Table 3:HeavyMetalinKhar-e-khasakkhurd
S. No. Test parameter Result (mg/kg) LOQ (mg/kg) Permissible limit (mg/kg)
1. Lead(Pb) Notdetected 2.50 Notmorethan10
2. Mercury(Hg) Notdetected 0.5 Notmorethan1
3. Arsenic(As) Notdetected 1.25 Notmorethan3
4. Cadmium(Cd) Notdetected 0.25 Notmorethan0.3
LOQ=LimitofQuantificationBLQ=BelowthelimitofQuantification
Table 4:PesticidalresidueinKhar-e-khasakkhurd
S. No. Pesticide Result LOQ (mg/kg)
Permissible Limit (mg/kg)
1. Alachlor Notdetected 0.02 0.022. Aldrin&Dieldrin Notdetected 0.04 0.053. Azinophos-methyl Notdetected 0.04 1.04. Bromopropylate Notdetected 0.08 3.05. Chlordane Notdetected 0.04 0.056. Chlorfenvinphos Notdetected 0.04 0.57. Chlorpyrifos Notdetected 0.04 0.28. Chlorpyrifos-methyl Notdetected 0.04 0.19. Cypermethrin Notdetected 0.10 1.010. DDT
(Sumofpp-DDT,pp-DDEandpp-TDE
Notdetected 0.04 1.0
11. Deltamethrin Notdetected 0.10 0.512. Diazinon Notdetected 0.04 0.513. Dichlorvos Notdetected 0.04 1.014. Dithiocarbamates Notdetected 0.01 2.015. Endosulfan
(SumofIsomerandEndosulfansulphate)
Notdetected 0.04 3.0
62Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 62Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
S. No. Pesticide Result LOQ (mg/kg)
Permissible Limit (mg/kg)
16. Endrin Notdetected 0.04 0.0517. Ethion Notdetected 0.04 2.018. Fenitrothion Notdetected 0.04 0.0519. Fenvalerate Notdetected 0.10 1.520. Fonofos Notdetected 0.04 0.0521. Heptachlor
(SumofHeptacholar&Heptachlorepoxide)
Notdetected 0.04 0.05
22. Hexachlorobenzene Notdetected 0.04 0.123. Hexachlorocyclohexane
isomer(otherthaný)Notdetected 0.04 0.3
24. Lindane(ý-Hexachlorocylohexane)
Notdetected 0.04 0.6
25. Malathion Notdetected 0.04 1.026. Methidathion Notdetected 0.04 0.227. Parathion Notdetected 0.04 0.528. ParathionMethyl Notdetected 0.04 0.229. Permethrin Notdetected 0.04 1.030. Phosalone Notdetected 0.04 0.131. Piperonylbutoxide Notdetected 0.04 3.032. PrimiphosMethyl Notdetected 0.04 4.033. Pyrethrins Notdetected 0.10 3.034. Quintozen
(SumofQuintozene,pentachloroanilineandmethylpentachlorophenylsulphide)
Notdetected 0.10 1.0
Results and Discussion
All four parameters undertaken in the study are considered instrumental todetermine the safety/ toxicity of drugs.The result of the study demonstratedthatheavymetals(Arsenic,Mercury,CadmiumandLead)werenotfoundtobepresent.TheirpresencecauseseriouseffectsonhumanbodyasAflatoxin(B1,B2,G1andG2)causeserioussideeffectssuchashepatotoxity,carcinogeneticetc.Microbialcount(Bacterial,yeastandMould)werefoundbelowpermissiblelimit,whichisunabletoproduceanytoxicity.Thisdrugisalsofreefrompesticideresiduecontamination.
The study revealed that the safety parameters carried out onKhar-e-khasakkhurd (Tribulus terrestris) arewithin the permissible limitswhich indicate thatdrugisquitesafeasperWHOrequirement.
63Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
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MeritxellVentura,Antonio,G.Anaya,I.,Diaz,J.,Broto,F.,Agut,M.,ComellasL.2004.DeterminationofAflatoxinB1,G1,B2,G2,inmedicinalherbsbyliquidchromatography-tandemmassspectrometry,Journal of ChromatographyA,1048(2):25-29.
Moses,A.G.Maobe,ErastusGatebe, LeonardGitu andHenryRotich, 2012.ProfileofHeavyMetalsinSelectedMedicinalPlantsusedforthetreatmentofDiabetes,MalariaandPneumoniainKisiiregion,SouthwestKenya.Global Journal of Pharmacology6(3):245-251.
Nadkarni,A.K., 1954. IndianMateriaMedica, Edi.3rd Popular BookDepot,Bombay,DhootapapeshwarPrakashanLtd.Panvel,Vol.I,p.1229.
Ramkrishanan,G.Gayathri V.Sathia,S.Parameswari,R.P.Saravana,C.B.,2015.Physicochemical andphytochemical standardizationofThraatchathichooranam-Apolyherbalformulation.Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Research7(6):305-313.
Razi,A.M.Z.,2008.Kiabalhawi,Vol.22,NewDelhi,CCRUM,181
65Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
AStudy of Market Samples of Khulanjan for Their Quality Standards
Abdul Wadud, Mohd Imran Ansari, Shaista
Perveen, Shaikh Ajij and
Ahmad Maqbool
DepartmentofIlmulAdvia,NationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine,
Kottigepalya,MagadiMainRoad,Bengaluru-560091
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 65-74
*Author for correspondence; email : [email protected]
Abstract
dulteration and substitution are common in commercialsamplesofmanydrugsduetoresemblancebetweentwoormoredrugswhichareeasilymixedwithoneanothergivingconfoundingcharacters.Consequently,market samples of some of the drugs are available as either completelysubstitutedoramixedbagofgenuineandsubstituteddrugs.Inviewofregularuse ofKhulanjan in UnaniMedicine and reports of its being admixedwithspuriousor lowquality substitutes, present studywasundertaken to study itsthreesamples,twocollectedfrommarketandoneobtainedfromnaturalhabitat.Pharmacognostical parameterswere applied to all the samples to ascertainauthenticity of commercially available samples by comparing themwith thestandard sample.The study consisted ofmacroscopic, physicochemical andphytochemicalstudiesandspectrophotometeryofall thesamples.Findingsofthestudyinmostoftheparameterswerefoundalmostsimilarindicatingmarketsamplesofthedrugtobegenuine.
Key words: UnaniMedicine, Crude drugs,Market samples,Adulteration,Standardization;Khulanjan
Introduction
CenturiesoldpracticeofUnanimedicineistestimonytoitstherapeuticpotential.It uses drugs of natural sources preferably that of plant origin. Traditionalmedical systems includingUnanimedicine that use natural drugs are facingseriousproblemspertainingtotheavailabilityofauthenticdrugs.Commerciallyavailable samples of some of plant drugs are frequently found adulteratedor substituted.Growing awareness and increased use of herbal drugs haveresultedininjudiciousexploitationofwildsourcesofcertaindrugswhichfavoredadulterationandsubstitution.Adulterationandsubstitutionarenotonlycreatingproblemstophysiciansandresearchersbutarealsocompromisingtheefficacyofanumberofimportantdrugs.
Crudeherbal drugmarket has been in the domain of nonmedicalmen,whothemselvesandtheworkerstheyemployedtocollectthedrugshavelittleideaofidentityandqualityofdrugsandremainleastbotheredforsuchattributes.Suchpracticesputaquestionmarkon theauthenticityof thecrudedrugsavailableinthemarket.Ithasbeenobservedthatmanysamplesofplantdrugsprocuredfromdifferentmarketsdonotmatchwiththedescriptiongivenintheliterature.And itbecomesamatterofgreatconcernwhenentirelydifferentsamplesareavailableinthemarketinplaceofagenuinedrug(Bonakdar,2002).
66Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 66Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Pharmacognosyisareliabletoolbywhichmuchinformationaboutcrudedrugscan be obtained (Soni, 2011).Detailed pharmacognostical evaluation givesvaluableinformationaboutcharacteristicsofcrudedrugs.Ifpharmacognosticaltechniquesandclassicalapproachesareappliedtogether forauthenticationofadrug,betterresultscanbeobtained.Regulatoryauthoritiesarealsoinfavourofsuchguidelines.Exclusiveliteraturereviewandmarketandfieldsurveyscanprovideadditionalbenefitinthisregard.
Kulanjan (Alpinia galanga Linn.) isan importantdrugofUnanimedicineusedin common practice and included in a number of pharmacopoeal and non-pharmacopoealformulationsonaccountofbeingattributedtopossessdifferentpharmacologicaleffects(Shetty,2005;Verma,2011;Girija2014;Kabeeruddin,2007;Saeed,2007;Khan2012).However,itisfrequentlyadulteratedwithotherdrugsthathavesimulatingphysicalappearance.Itaffectsthequalityandtherebytheefficacyofthepreparations.Inviewoftheabove,threedifferentsamplesofKhulanjanweretakenupforthepresentstudy.Onesamplewascollectedfromthehabitatandwasconsideredasstandard.Twosamplesofthesamedrugwereobtainedfromtwodifferentmarkets.All threesampleswerestudiedoncertainPharmacognostical parameterswith anaim to compare the findingswith oneanothertoobservethedifferences,ifany,betweenthesamples.
Materials and Methods
Materials
TwomarketsamplesunderthenameofKhulanjanwereprocuredfromBengaluruand Hyderabad’s herbal drugmarkets and were designated asA and B,respectively.Thesesampleswerekeptunidentified.ThethirdsamplesnamedasCwascollectedfromnaturalhabitat(HerbalgardenofNationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine (NIUM),Bengaluru (Figure 1) andwas identifiedasAlpinia galanga Linn,byS.NoorunnisaBegum,SeniorAsst.Professor,FRLHT,Bengaluruvideauthenticationcertificateno.3832.SampleCservedas thestandardsample.VoucherspecimensofallthesampleshavebeendepositedinthedrugmuseumofNIUM,Bengaluru.Allthechemicalsandreagentsusedinthisstudywereofanalyticalgrade.
Methods
Macroscopic/Organolepticstudies
Theorganolepticcharacters likecolor,odor, taste,shape,size,andsurfaceofallthesampleswereexaminedbynakedeyeasdescribedbyWallis(2005).
67Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Physicochemicalstudies
Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash were determined bythemethod described in Physicochemical standards ofUnani Formulations(Anonymous,1987);extractivevaluesinpetroleumether,benzene,chloroform,acetone,ethanol,anddistilledwaterweredeterminedbythemethoddescribedinBritishpharmacopoeia(Anonymous,1968).Moisturecontentwasdeterminedbythelossondryingmethod(Khandelwal,2008).ThepHvalueof1%and10%aqueous solutionwas checked by themethod described inPhysicochemicalStandardsofUnaniFormulations(Anonymous,1987).
Phytochemicalstudies
Forpreliminaryphytochemicalstudiesofextractstakenindifferentsolventsviz. Petroleumether,benzene,chloroform,acetone,ethanol,anddistilledwaterweresubjectedtovariousqualitativephytochemicaltestssuchasalkaloids,glycosides,carbohydrates,phenoliccompounds,tannins,phytosterols,fixedoils,coumarins,diterpenes, flavonoides proteins and amino acids etc by differentmethods(Anonymous,1987;Brewster,1971;BhattacharjeeandDas,1969;Khandelwal,2008;Pandey,2013).
Spectrophotometery(Spectrumscanning)
SpectrophotometerywasperformedwiththehelpofUV-VisSpectrophotometer(model Lab India 3000). Extracts of test drugswere analyzed against blanksample for visible wave length range (360-190 nm). The parameters wereset anddark current correctionwasperformed to ensure theaccuracyof themeasurement.Baselinecorrectionwasperformedwiththesamplecontrolcell,and then sampleof drugwasanalyzed.Peakpickingwasdoneby thresholdvalue.The observationswere saved in graphical aswell as tabular form tonotemaximumabsorbanceagainst particularwave length and thenumber ofpeaks.Other specifications includedSpectralBandwidth, 2.00 nm;SpectrumPerformance:ScanRange,190.00-900.00;MeasureMode,Abs; Interval,5.00nm.Speed:Fast.
A B C
Figure 1: VarioussamplesofKhulanjan
68Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 68Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Table 1:OrganolepticcharactersofvarioussamplesofKhulanjan
S. No. Characteristics Sample A Sample B Sample C
1. Shape Cylindrical,branched
Cylindrical,branched
Cylindrical,branched
2. Size 2-4cmlong,0.1-0.2cmdiameter
2-5cmlong,0.1-0.2cmdiameter
3-8cmlong,0.1cmdiameter
3. Colour Darkbrown Reddishbrown Yellowishbrown
4. Odour Pungent&Aromatic
Pungent&Aromatic
Pleasant&Aromatic
5. Taste Spicy Spicy Spicy&Sweet
6. Surface Rough Rough Rough
Table 2:AshvaluesofofvarioussamplesofKhulanjan
SamplesAsh Values
Total ash Acid insoluble ash Water soluble ash
A 4.25±0.03 0.89±0.07 2.75±0.16
B 4.91±0.04 3.76±0.27 1.59±0.33
C 5.64±0.15 2.80±0.19 1.45±0.09
Table 3:ExtractivevaluesofvarioussamplesofKhulanjanindifferentsolvents
SamplesSolvents
Pet. Ether Benzene Chloroform Acetone Ethanol Aqueous
A 2.56±0.30 1.82±0.38 1.744±1.744 3.53±0.392 2.10±0.20 11.05±0.38
B 1.14±0.26 1.45±0.30 0.307±0.307 1.51±0.34 2.10±0.20 23.94±1.07
C 2.26±0.25 0.55±0.09 0.342±0.342 1.84±0.29 10.83±0.46 16.05±0.52
Table 4:pH,MoistureContentandSolubilityofvarioussamplesofKhulanjan
Samples
1% solution 10% solution
A B C A B C
pH 4.47±0.38 4.98±0.21 4.74±0.36 4.74±0.9 5.46±0.9 4.65±0.10
Mo is tu reContent
10.57±0.04 9.79±0.08 9.13±0.01 - - -
Solubility 17.76±1.16 15.78±0.2 20.97±0.5 - - -
69Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Table 5:FluorescenceanalysisofpowdersofvarioussamplesofKhulanjan
S. No. Treatment
Fluorescence
In daylight In UV light
A B C A B C
1.Powderassuch
Lightbrown
Lightyellow
Yellowishbrown
Gray Gray Gray
2.Powder+1NHCL
Red BlackReddishbrown
BlackGreenishblack
Darkbrown
3.Powder+1NNaOH
BlackReddishYellow
BrownGreenishBlack
GreenishBlack
Darkbrown
4.Powder+50%HCL
Red RedLightYellow
Greenishbrown
GreenishDarkGray
5.Powder+50%H2SO4
Reddishbrown
GrayReddishbrown
Greenishblack
BlackDarkgreen
6.Powder+50%HNO3
Red Red Red Black Black Brown
7.Powder+Methanol
Red Yellowish Yellow Gray Gray Gray
8.Powder+Methanol+1NNaOH
Reddishbrown
Yellowishbrown
Yellowishbrown
BlackYellowishbrown
Darkbrown
Table 6:Spectrophotometery:Aqueousextract
Aqueous extract
Sample A Sample B Sample C
PeakWave length (nm)
Abs
orba
nce
PeakWave length (nm)
Abs
orba
nce
PeakWave length (nm)
Abs
orba
nce
Peak-1 280.00 0.314 Peak-1 70.00 370.00 Peak-1 745.00 0.053
Peak-2 205.00 0.133 Peak-2 195.00 195.00 Peak-2 275.00 0.248
A B C
Figure 2:Spectrumscancurves:Aqueousextract
70Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 70Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Table 7:Spectrophotometery:Ethanolextract
Ethanol extract
Sample A Sample B Sample C
PeakWave length (nm)
Abs
orba
nce
PeakWave length (nm)
Abs
orba
nce
PeakWave length (nm)
Abs
orba
nce
Peak-1 370.00 0.053 Peak-1 275.00 0.179 Peak-1 275.00 0.062
Peak-2 275.00 0.133 Peak-2 205.00 .779 Peak-2 195.00 1.535
Peak-3 200.00 1.558 - - - - - -
A B C
Figure 3:Spectrumscancurves:Ethanolextract
Results and Discussion
Anumberofstudiesoncommercialsamplesofplantorigindrugshaverevealedthatmanydrugsweresubstitutedand/oradulterated(Ansari,1994;Afaq,1994).Over thedecades, onaccount of growingawarenessabout herbal drugsandthe increasingdemand for herbal products for various therapeutic applicationmindlessexploitationofwildsourcesofthesedrugshasbecomerampant.Manytradersofherbaldrugshave indulged inmalpracticestakingadvantageof thissituation(Ansari,1994;Afaq,1994).Similarlookingdrugsareeasilymixedandthereforethemarketsamplesofmanycrudedrugsareeithertotallysubstitutedormarketedasamixtureofgenuineandsubstituteddrugs.Therefore,itisnecessarytostandardizeallthesingledrugstoruleoutmisidentification,adulterationandsubstitutionofherbaldrugs.
Standardizationisthecornerstoneforensuringtheauthenticityandgenuinenessof herbal drugs. Strategies have beenmade for standardization bymostof the regulatory authoritieswhich are based onmacroscopy,microscopy,physicochemicalandanalyticalstudies.
71Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Morphological characteristics are important in describing the deterioration ofdrugsdue to faultyharvesting,shipmentandstorage. Inourstudyweappliedmacroscopy to all the samples. The findings showed similarity withminordifferencesinallthesampleswithrespecttoshape,sizeandsurface,howeverthecolourwasfoundabitdifferent(Figure1a,b,candTable1).Thismayhavearisenbecauseofdifferentstorageconditions,ageandsourceofthedrugs.
Physicalparametersfororganizeddrugsusuallyincludesashvalues,extractivevalues,moisture content, solubility, andpH.Weappliedall theseparameters.The findings of all three samples (A, B andC)were found to have similarcharacterwithminor or negligible differences,whichwerewithin the normalrange.AcidinsolubleashofsampleBwashigherwhencomparedwithC;highacid insolubleash indicates contaminationwith earthymaterial (Evans, 2008)(Table2).Extractivevaluesinaparticularsolventareindicatorsoforiginalityofthedrugs.Thepetroleumetherextractive valueofAandCwas similar. LessvalueofsampleBmaybebecauseofexcessivedryingoroldnessofthedrug.ThebenzeneextractofAandBwasfoundtobemorethanC.ThechloroformextractivevalueofAwasmorethanC.TheacetoneextractivevaluesofsampleAweremorethanC,whereasthatofBwassimilar toC.TheextractivevalueofCinethanolwasmorethanAandB.TheaqueousextractofsampleBwasestimatedtobemorethanC.butthatofsampleAwaslessthanstandardsampleC(Table3).Thefactorswhichinfluencethequalityofanextractdependsuponthe extraction procedure, type of extraction, time of extraction, temperature,natureofsolventandpolarityetc.(Tiwariet al.,2011).Slightdifferencesintheextractivevaluesmaybetakenasnormalinviewoftheabovefactors.Aqueoussolubilitywasfoundwithinthenormalrange.MoisturecontentofsampleAandBwasnearlyequal(Table4).ThepHvaluesofthethreesamplesin1%and10%aqueoussolutionwerealsofoundwithinthenormalrange(Table4).Preliminaryphytochemical studiesarenotonlygood indicatorofgenuinenessofdrugbutareconsideredmorereliablethanthephysicalparameters. In certain cases, a particular test on a drug shows negative results but at the same time it shows positive result in other tests. In our study, it happened very often.Preliminaryphytochemical test carried out on the extract prepared in various solvents,revealedpresenceofalkaloids,carbohydrates,glycosides,terpenes/phytosterols,fixedoil,flavonoides,diterpenes,quinones,anthraquinones,saponins,proteins,aminoacidsandcoumarinsinallthesamples.Terpenoids,whichcontainsvolatileoils, is insoluble inwaterandsoluble inorganic compounds (Doughari, 2012;Ahmad, 2007).Phenols andpoly phenols canbeextracted inwater, ethanol,methanol,andacetoneextracts(Tiwariet al.,2011).Fixedoilswerepositiveinallthethreesamplesofpetroleumetherextract.Flavonoidescanbeextractedthrough,ethanol,methanol,chloroform,ether,andacetone(Tiwariet al.,2011).Tanninsaresolubleinwater,dilutealkali,alcohol,andglycerol(Doughari,2012;
72Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 72Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Ahmad2007).Saponinissolubleinwaterandalcohol.Itisinsolubleinnon-polarorganicsolventslikebenzene,hexane,chloroformetc.(Doughari,2012;Ahmad,2007).Proteinsandaminoacidsaresoluble,diluteinwater,diluteacids,dilutealkali solutions, anddilute salt solutions, 70%alcohol.Xanthoproteinic test isused for thedetectionofpresenceofaromatic ring inaminoacids (Doughari,2012;Ahmad,2007).Testsforinorganicconstituentsshowedpositiveresultsforsulphates,ironandchlorideinallthethreesamples.
Fluorescenceanalysiswasalso carriedout during the study. Findingsof ourstudy revealedminor differences among the samples (Table 5) however thedifferenceswerenotfoundtobesignificant.
Spectrophotometery is themeasurementand interpretationofelectromagneticradiationabsorbedoremitted(Sankar,2010).Thishighlysensitivetechniqueisfrequentlyusedfordifferentiationbetweensimilarlookingdrugswiththehelpofpeaksobservedinrespectofdifferentsamples.If,itisallowedtorunagainstastandardmarker,phytoconstituentsmayalsobecharacterized.But,inourstudy,spectrophotometerywasappropriatedtorunagainsttheblanksample,thereforethepeakscouldnotbe interpreted,however thenatureandnumberofpeakscangivea rough ideaabout thedifferenceor similarity between twoormoredrugs.Inourstudy,aqueousextractofallthesamplesgavetwopeaksbutwithminutelydifferentwave lengthsandabsorbance.But, theethanolextractgavethreepeaks in sampleAand twopeakseach in sampleBandCagainwithminutely differentwave lengthsandabsorbance (Table6, 7 andFigure2, 3).Thefindingssuggestedthatthereisinconsequentialdifferenceamongthethreesamples. It indicates that samplesavailable in theHyderabadandBangaluruarereliableandcanbeusedfortepreparationofherbalproducts.Howeverthedifference in thenumberofpeaks insampleAmustbe investigated further toknowwhetheritisanindicatorofaphytoconstituentorsomethingextraneous.
Conclusion
ThestudyrevealedsimilarityamongthethreesamplescollectedfromBengaluru,HyderabadandfromthehabitatofNIUM,Bengaluru.Thefindingsofthestudydemonstratedthatdifferentphysicochemicalandanalyticalcharactersofmarketsampleswere sameas that of the standardone, therefore, itwas concludedthatthemarketsamplesofKhulanjancollectedfromthemarketsweregenuine.
Acknowledgement
Theauthors are thankful toProf.M.A.Siddiqui,Director,National Institute ofUnaniMedicine,Bangaloreforprovidingfacilitiesforthestudy.
73Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
References
Anonymous,1968.BritishHerbalPharmacopoeia.BritishLibrary;BritishHerbalMedicineAssociation,pp.122,1276-77.
Ansari,S.Q.,1992.PharmacognosticalandPharmacologicalstudiesofmarketsampleofSuddab(wholeplant). [M.D. IlmulAdviaThesis].AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh.
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Ahmad,D.S., 2007.Pharmacognosy: IntroductionOfPlantConstituentsAndTheirTests.NewDelhi.DepartmentofPharmacognosyandPhytochemistryJamiaHamdard,pp.2-20.
Bhattacharjee,A.K. andDas, 1969.PhytochemicalScreening of some IndianPlants.Quart. J. Crude Drugs. Res.9:1408-1412.
Bonakdar,R.A.,2002.Herbalcancercuresontheweb:noncompliancewiththedietarySupplementHealthandEducationAct.FamilyMedicine. July-Aug;34(7):522-527.
Brewster,R.C.,McEwen,W.E.,1971.OrganicChemistry.3rded.PrenticeHallofIndiaPrivateLtd.,NewDelhi,p.406.
Doughari,J.H.,2012.Phytochemicals:ExtractionMethods,BasicStructuresandModeofActionasPotentialChemotherapeuticAgents(Ed.)VenkateshwaraRao,In:Tech,pp.2-12.
Evans,W.C.,Trease andEvans, 2008.Pharmacognosy.Elsevier,ADivisionofReedElsevierIndiaPrivateLtd.,NewDelhi,pp.122,299-302,379-381.
Girija,T.P., Shree,A.B.R., 2014.ComparativeAnatomical andHistochemicalCharacterization of the Source Plants of theAyurvedic Drug Rasna.International Journal of Herbal Medicine2(2):38-46.
Kabeeruddin,M.,2007.MakhzanulMufradat.AijazPublishingHouse,NewDelhi,pp.275-276,549-551.
Kabeeruddin,M.,2007.IlmulAdviaNafisimaZamima.AijazPublishingHouse,NewDelhi,pp.280,341.
Saeed,A.,2007.Kitabal fatahfial tadawi (Urdu translation).NCPCPrinters,Delhi,p.224.
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Khan,M.A.,2012.MuheeteAazm.Vol-1st&2nd.CCRUM,MinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfare,Govt.ofIndia,NewDelhi,pp.342-344
Khandelwal,K.R.,2008.PracticalPharmacognosy-TechniquesandExperiments.NiraliPrakashan,Pune,pp.9-19,42-44,146-159,193.
Sankar, R., 2010. Textbook of PharmaceuticalAnalysis. Tirunelveli: Rx pgPublications,pp.1.3-1.5,27.2-27.8.
Shetty,G.R.,S.M.,2005.PharmacologyofanEndangeredMedicinalPlantAlpinia galanga –AReview.Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences6(1):p.499-511.
Soni,H.,Nayak,G.,Patel,S.S.,Mishra,K.,Singh,A.K.,2011.PharmacognosticStudiesofLeavesofSyzygium cuminiLinn.International Journal of Research in Pharmacuetical and Biomedical Sciences.2(2):507.
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75Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
PSafety Study of ‘Qurs-e-Ziyabetus’–A Unani Pharmacopoeial Compound Formulation
1Bushra Abrar, 2Sayeed Ahmad, 3B.D. Khan
and 1Ghufran Ahmad
1DepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,
AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh-202002
2DeptofTahaffuziwaSamajiTib,NationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine,
Kottigepalya,MagadiRoad,Bengaluru-91.
3DeptofMoalejat,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,
AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 75-82
1*Author for correspondence;
Abstract
lant drugs used in traditionalmedicines are liable to becontaminatedwith toxicsubstances.Plantsarepronetobecontaminatedwiththemduringtheagriculturalpracticesandthereafterandcouldleadtopoisoning,besidessideeffectslikedepression,memory,lossofsensationandchronicrenalfailureetc.Contaminationofherbalproducts isapublichealth issueofglobalsignificanceand theuseof theseproductsmaybea risk for toxicityofheavymetalsandothertoxicants.Therefore,safetystudiesoftheherbaldrugsarenowmandatoryasperWHOguidelines. It includesAflatoxindetermination,Heavymetalanalysis,Pesticidalresidueevaluation,andMicrobialloaddetermination.Althoughdrugsunder the IndianSystemofMedicine (ISM)are required tobemanufactured in hygienic environment following theGMPnormsafter qualityassurance of the rawmaterials still the products are tested for the toxicantmentionedaboveinordertoensuretheirsafetyandefficacy.Therefore,inpresentstudy,thepowderofQurs-e-Ziyabetuswasstudiedonsafetyparameters.
Thetestdrug(QZ)showedthatallthesafetyparameterswerefoundwithinthepermissiblelimitsasperWHOguidelines;hencewecansaythatourtestdrugQurs-e-Ziyabetus(QZ)isquitesafeanddoesnotcontainthetoxicmaterials.
Key words:Safetystudy,Qurs-e-Ziyabetus,Unanidrug
Introduction
InUnanisystemofmedicineanumberofsingledrugsandcompoundformulationsareusedinthemanagementofDiabetes.Qurs-e-Ziyabetus(QZ)isanimportantcompoundpreparationmentionedinvariousQarabadeen(PharmacopoeiasandFormularies)with littlevariationof ingredients; thoughall thepreparationsareused for same therapeutic effect.The formulation under study however hasbeentakenfromQarabadeenAazamwaAkmal(Akmal,ynm)inviewofitswideacceptabilityamong thephysicianswhoprescribe it in their routinepractice tomanagethediabetesandtheconditionsassociatedwithit.
QZincludesanumberofsingleherbaldrugs(Table1)asitsingredientsthathavebeenattributedtopossessdifferentpharmacologicaleffectthatmayamelioratethediabeticconditionassuchorinducesucharesponsethatmaynegotiatethecomplicationsariseoutofdiabetes.Sincethemanagementofdiabetesrequiresinclusionofdrugsinacombinationthatmayaddresstheneedofloweringglucoselevel and other symptomatic and systemic relief therefore this combinationappearstobecomprehensiveasitincludesthedrugsthathavebeendescribedtoreducetheglucoselevelandpolyuria(Hafeez,2005).AsperUnanidescriptionthe physiopathology arisingmainly from kidneybut also evolving spleenand
76Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 76Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
liveretcalongwithcertainmetabolicdisturbances,giverisetodiabetesmellitus.Further,thediseaseoveraperiodoftimeaffectsalmostallorgansandsystemsofthebodyvitiatingthehumanhealth.Thereforeacompounddrughavingdifferentpharmacologicaleffects todealwithdiabetesand itscomplicationsappears tobemoresuitableascomparedtosingledrugoramolecule.Someofthedrugsdescribedtostrengthenthekidneyandvisceralorgansimprovethemetabolism,reduce the thirstandhavegeneral toniceffecthavebeen included in the testdrugforwidetherapeuticrequirements.Abilityofcompounddrugstodealwithcomplexproblemsnotwithstandingbeingappreciableissometimesunderminedbecauseoftheirpoorqualitystandards,asanyingredientofinferiorqualitymayspoil themeasures of the entire product.The chances of contaminationwithdifferent toxic substancesarealsohigh in compoundpreparations.Therefore,WHOhassetastandardforherbaldrugsandtheirproductsinrespectoftheirqualityandsafety.Variousconstantsof safetyhavebeenmademandatory toputwithinthepermissiblelimitsincludingaflatoxin,heavymetals,microbialloadsandpesticideresidues.Everyproduct isthereforetestedtodeterminethefourconstantofsafetyparameters.
Table 1:Ingredientsof‘Qurs-e-Ziyabetus’
S. No Ingredients Botanical name Quantity
1. Tabasheer Bambusa arundinacea 35gm
2. Rubbussus Extract of liqueorce 35gm
3. Tukhm-e-kahu Lactuca sativa 70gm
4. Tukhm-e-khurfa Portulaca oleracea 52.5gm
5. Gil-e-armani Bole armeniae rubra 17.5gm
6. Gul-e-surkh Rosa damascena 17.5gm
7. Kishneezkhushk Coriadrum sativum 17.5gm
8. Samagh-e-arbi Acacia arabica 7gm
9. Sandalsafed Santalum album 7gm
10. Sandalsurkh Pterocarpus santalinum 7gm
11. Gulnar Punica granatum 2gm
12. Kaphur Cinnamomum camphora 1.75gm
The test drug despite being used commonly in clinical practice and beingstandardizedonphysicochemical parameters hasnot been studiedon safetyparameters that are necessary to ensure its quality as suggested byWHO.
77Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Therefore present study was undertaken to determine the presence andconcentrationofaflatoxins,microbialload,pesticideresidueandheavymetals.
Medicinalplantsmaygetcontaminatedeasilybyabsorbingheavymetalsfromsoil,waterandair.Usuallysoilissubjectedtocontaminationthroughatmosphericdeposition of heavymetals from point sources including different industrialactivities.Additionalsourcesoftheseelementsforplantsarerainfall,atmosphericdusts and plant protection agents (Nema, 2016).Herbalmaterials normallycarryalargenumberofbacteriaandmoulds,oftenoriginatinginsoilorderivedfrommanure.Current practices of harvesting, production, transportation andstoragemaycauseadditionalcontaminationandmicrobialgrowth.Proliferationofmicroorganismsmayresultfromfailuretocontrolthemoisturelevelofherbalmedicinesduringtransportationandstorage(Anonymous,2007).AflatoxinsB1,G1,B2andG2arefungalsecondarytoxicmetabolitesproducedbyAspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticusandAspergillus nomius.Aflatoxinsarethestrongestnatural carcinogensmainly targeting the liver. The InternationalAgency forResearch onCancer (IARC) has classified aflatoxinB1 in the group 1 as ahuman carcinogenandaflatoxinsG1,B2 andG2 in thegroup2Baspossiblecarcinogens (Meritxellventuraet al., 2004).Contaminationof herbalmaterialswithtoxicsubstancessuchasarseniccanbeattributedtomanyfactors.Toxicelementsfromwastewatermaycontaminateagriculturalsoil,watersupplyandenvironment.Thesetoxicmetalsconfinedinplantsfinallyenterthehumanbodyandmaydisturbsthenormalfunctioningofcentralnervoussystem,liver,lungs,heart,kidneyandbrainleadingtohypertension,abdominalpain,skineruptions,intestinal ulceranddifferent typesofmalignancies (Nema,2016;Anonymous,2007).
Theworldwideconsumptionofherbalmedicinesisenormous.So,itisessentialto identify the risksassociatedwith theiruseassafetyofherbalmedicines isanimportantpublichealthissue(Anonymous,2004).Inviewoftheabove,thepresentstudywasundertakentopreparethesafetyprofileofQZ.
Material and Method
Samplepreparation
The crude drugswere procured fromDawakhanaTibbiyaCollege,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh.Aftergettingconfirmationofpurityand identity fromPharmacognosysectionofDepartmentof IlmulAdvia,all the ingredientswerepowderedinanelectricgrinderseparatelyandmixedtogetherinequalproportionasmentionedinthePharmacopeia.Themixeddrugwasthenpassedthroughthesieveno.80togetequallyfinepowder.Itwasstoredinanairtightcontainerforfurtherexperiments.
78Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 78Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Powdered test drugwas studied to evaluate the presence ofMicrobial load,Pesticidesresidue,AflatoxinsandHeavymetals.
MicrobiologicaldeterminationTest
Totalviableaerobiccount(TVC)
Thetotalviableaerobiccount(TVC)ofthetestdrugwasdeterminedusingPlateCountMethod.
Pretreatmentofthetestdrug
Compoundformulationwasdissolvedandantimicrobialpropertypresentinthesample, if anywas eliminated by dilution or neutralization.BufferedSodiumChloride-PeptoneSolution, pH7.0 (MM1275-500G),Himedia Labs,Mumbai,India,wasusedfordilutingthetestsample.
Platecountforbacteria
1mlof thepretreated test samplewasadded toabout15mlof the liquefiedcasein-soybeandigestagarinapetridishof90mmdiameteratatemperaturenotexceeding45 ºC.Alternatively the testsamplewasspreadon thesurfaceofthesolidifiedmedium.Twodisheswerepreparedwiththesamedilution;theywereinvertedandincubatedat30-35ºCfor48-72hours,unlessamorereliablecountwasobtainedinashortperiodoftime.Thenumberofcoloniessoformedwascountedand the resultswerecalculatedusing theplateswith the largestnumberofcolonies,uptoamaximumof300(Lohar,2007).
Testforpesticideresidue
The test for theassessment of specific pesticide residues like organochlorinecompounds, organphosphorous compoundsandpyrethroids compoundswasdoneusingGCMS-MS(Ramkrishananet al.,2015).
TestforAflatoxins
LCMS-MSwasused todetermine thedifferentAflatoxins includingB1,G1,B2 andG2(Maritxellventuraet al.,2004).
Testforheavymetals
HeavymetalslikeArsenic,Mercury,CadmiumandLead,beyondthepermissiblelimitaffect thehealthandproduceadverseeffectonbrain,kidney,developingfoetus,normalgrowth,vascularandimmunesystem(MosesandMoebe,2012).ThistestwasconductedusingAAStechnique.
Observations and Results
Theresultsofthefourtestshavebeenpresentedinthefollowingtables(1-4):
79Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Table 1:HeavyMetalsinQurs-e-Ziyabetus
S. No Test Parameter
Result (mg/ kg) LOQ (mg/kg) Permissible limit (mg/kg)
1 Lead(Pb) 9.4 2.50 NMT10
2 Mercury(Hg) Notdetected 0.5 NMT1
3 Arsenic(As) Notdetected 1.25 NMT3
4 Cadmium(Cd) Notdetected 0.25 NMT0.3
Table 2A:MicrobialloadinQurs-e-Ziyabetus
S.No. Test for Microbiology Result (cfu/gm) Permissible Limit (cfu/gm)
1 TotalBacterialCount 600 NMT105
2 TotalYeastandMould <10 NMT103
Table 2B:MicrobialloadinQurs-e-Ziyabetus
S.No Specific Pathogen Result (/gm) Permissible limits as per API
1. E. Coli Absent Absent
2. Salmonella Absent Absent
3. S. aureus Absent Absent
4. P. aeruginosa Absent Absent
Table 3:AflatoxininQurs-e-Ziyabetus
S.No. Aflatoxin Result LOQ (mg/kg) Permissible Limit (mg/kg)
1 AflatoxinB1 Notdetected 0.001 NMT0.5
2 AflatoxinG1 Notdetected 0.001 NMT0.5
3 AflatoxinB2 Notdetected 0.001 NMT0.1
4 AflatoxinG2 Notdetected 0.001 NMT0.1
Table 4:PesticidalresidueinQurs-e-Ziyabetus
S.No Pesticide Residue Result LOQ (mg/kg) Permissible limit (mg/kg)
1 Alachor Notdetected 0.02 0.02
2 Aldrin&Dieldrin Notdetected 0.04 0.05
3 Azinophos–methyl Notdetected 0.04 1.0
4 Bromopropylate Notdetected 0.08 3.0
5 Cholordane Notdetected 0.04 0.05
6 Chlorfenvinphos Notdetected 0.04 0.2
7 Cypermethrin(andisomers) Notdetected 0.10 1.0
80Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 80Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
8 Chlorpyrifos Notdetected 0.04 0.2
9 Chlorpyrifos-methyl Notdetected 0.04 0.1
10 DDT(Sumofp.p-DDT,p.p-DDEandp.p-TDE)
Notdetected 0.04 1.0
11 Lindane Notdetected 0.04 0.6
12 Deltamethrin Notdetected 0.10 0.5
13 Diazinon Notdetected 0.04 0.5
14 Dichlorvos Notdetected 0.04 1.0
15 Dithiocarbamates(asCS2) Notdetected 0.01 2.0
16 Endosulfan(SumofIsomerandEndosulfanSulphate)
Notdetected 0.04 3.0
17 Endrin Notdetected 0.04 0.05
18 Ethion Notdetected 0.04 2.0
19 Fenitrothion Notdetected 0.04 0.5
20 Fenvalerate Notdetected 0.10 1.5
21 Fonofos Notdetected 0.04 0.05
22 Heptachlor(SumofHeptachlor&Heptachlorepoxide)
Notdetected 0.04 0.05
23 Hexachlorobenzene Notdetected 0.04 0.1
24 Hexachlorocyclohexaneisomers
Notdetected 0.04 0.3
25 Malathion Notdetected 0.04 1.0
26 Parathion Notdetected 0.04 0.5
27 Methidathion Notdetected 0.04 0.2
28 ParathionMethyl Notdetected 0.04 0.2
29 Piperonylbutoxide Notdetected 0.04 3.0
30 PrimiphosMethyl Notdetected 0.04 4.0
31 Permethrin Notdetected 0.04 1.0
32 Pyrithrins(Sumofisomers) Notdetected 0.10 3.0
33 Phosalone Notdetected 0.04 0.1
34 Quintozen(SumofQuintozene,pentachloroanilineandmethylpentachlorophenylsulphate)
Notdetected 0.10 1.0
81Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Discussion
All the fourparametersundertaken in thestudy todetermine thesafetyof thetestdrugserveasimportanttoolsofqualitycontrolandstandardization.Safetystudiesofherbaldrugsandotherproductsused in traditionalmedicineshavebecomemandatory in order to ensure their quality and risk free therapeuticapplication.About 80% of populations worldwide rely on herbalmedicinesfor their primary healthcare requirements.Adverse effects associatedwithherbalmedicinesmayresult fromcontaminationofproductswith toxicmetals;adulteration,misidentification, substitution of herbal ingredients or improperlyprocessedor preparedproducts.Unanimedicine is recognizedasoneof thesafestsystemsofmedicinebecausethedrugsusedinthissystemarepreparedafter using different procedures of purification and detoxification.ThereforecommonlyitisbelievedthatUnanidrugsdonotproduceanymajorsideeffects.However, thepossibilityof contaminationofherbalmedicinewith toxicantsbyabsorbingheavymetalsfromsoil,waterandaircannotbedenied.Usuallysoilissubjected tocontamination throughatmosphericdepositionofheavymetalsfromdifferentindustrialactivities.Additionalsourcesoftheseelementsforplantsarerainfall,atmosphericdustsandplantprotectingagents.Toxicelementsfromwastewatermaycontaminateagriculturalsoil,waterandenvironment.Finallythesetoxicantsenterthehumanbodyandmaydisturbitsnormalfunctioningandcauseanumberofserioussideeffectssuchashepatotoxicity,carcinogenicityandimmune-suppressionetc.Therefore, ithasbeenmademandatory toascertainthattheseagentsarenotexceedingthepermissiblelimitsintestdrug.QZinthepresentstudywas foundsafebecauseaflatoxins,pesticide residueswerenotdetectedatall in the testsample,whereas thebacterial loadwas found tobemanyfoldslowerthantheirpermissible limits.Similarlytheheavymetalswerealsofoundwithinthepermissiblelimits.Thefindingsindicatedthatthetestdrugisquitesafeandcanbeusedeffectively in themanagementofdiseases.ThestudyprovidesoneoftheearliestreportsaboutthesafetyofQZ.Theindividualingredients and to someextent the composition has been studied earlier forvariouspharmacologicalandstandardizationrelatedprofiling.Byproviding thedataregardingitssafetyprofilethedrugcannowsaidtobeeffectiveandsafeandcanbeusedtherapeuticallywithoutafearofserioustoxicity.
References
Akmal,YNM.Qarabadeen-e-AazamWAAkmal(UrduTranslation)C.C.R.U.M.,NewDelhi,pp.244,427.
Anonymous, 2007.WHOguidelines for assessingquality of herbalmedicineswithreferencetocontaminantsandresidues,14-15.
82Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 82Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Hafeez, H.A. 2005.Qarabadeen-e-Jadeed (Trans. byCCRUM)NewDelhi.CCRUMMinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfare,p.166.
LoharDR,2007.Protocol for testingofAyurvedic,Siddha&Unanimedicines.DepartmentofAYUSH,MinistryofHealth&FW:PharmacopoeialLaboratoryforIndianMedicines,Ghaziabad,pp.47-52.
Lohar,D.R.,2007.ProtocolfortestingofAyurvedic,Siddha&Unanimedicines.DepartmentofAYUSH.MinistryofHealth&FW:PharmacopoeialLaboratoryforIndianMedicines,Ghaziabad,pp.47-52.
Meritxellventura,2004.DeterminationofAflatoxinB1,G1,B2,G2 inmedicinalherbs by liquid chromatography: tandemmass spectrometry. Jour. of Chromatography1048(3):25-29.
Moses,A.G.,Maobe,EratusGatebe, LeonardGitu andHenryRotich, 2012.Profileofheavymetals inselectedmedicinalplantsusedfor thetreatmentofdiabetesMalariaandPneumoniainKisiiregion.SouthwestKenya.Global Jour. of Pharmacology6(3):245-25.
Nema,S.Shabnam,2016.Impactoftoxicofheavymetalsandpesticideresiduesinherbalproducts.Beni-SuefUniversityJournalofbasicandApplied Sciences 5(1);102-106.
Ramakrishna, G., Gayathri, V, Sathiya, S, Parameswari, R.P., Saravana,Babu, C, 2015. Physicochemical and phytochemical standardization ofThraatchathichooranam-Apolyherbal formulation,Journ of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research7(6):305-313.
83Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
PPhysico-chemical and Phyto-chemical Analysis of Market Sample of Banafshah (Viola odorata Linn.)
*Sumbul Rehman and
Abdul Latif
DepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,
AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh-202002
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 83-94
*Author for correspondence;Email : [email protected]
Abstract
resent studyprovidesanupdated standardizationprofileofmarketsampleofawellknownUnanidrugBanafshah(Viola odorataLinn.)used for its efficacy in bilious affections, lung troubles, kidneydiseases, liveraffections, in feversandasbloodpurifier.A reviewof literature, revealed thatonly fewpharmacopoeial parameters like total ash value, acid insoluble ash,alcoholsolubleandwatersolubleextractives,thinlayerchromatography(TLC)of petroleumether extract are reported in theUnani pharmacopoeia.Theseknownparameterswerematchedwith themarket sample ofBanafshahandwere found tobewithin rangewith slight acceptable variation.However, dataonwater soluble ash value, sulphated ash value, extractive value in differentsolvents, organoleptic features,moisture content, bulk density,melting range,pHvalue,totalalkaloidcontent,crudefibercontent,qualitativeanalysis,phyto-chemicalanalysiswithdifferentreagents,IRspectralstudies,FTARanalysisofdifferentextracts,TLCofotherextractsareunreported.Theseparameterswereinvestigatedbyusforthefirst-timeasperthepharmacopoeialguidelines.Thiscommunication provides updated pharmacopoeial parameters of Banafshahthatwillhelp tomatch its futuremarketsamples forevaluationof their identityandpuritysoastohaveuniformtherapeuticefficacyofmanufacturedproducts.
Keywords:Banafshah (Viola odorataLinn.),Standardization,Pharmacopoeialguidelines
Introduction
Standardization of bio-resources ismandatory to ensure their identity, quality,safetyandefficacyfortheirproperuseinhealthailments;thisisaveryimportantinpresentscenariowherethereishighlyincreasingtrendofutilizingmedicinalplantsspecificallyindevelopingcountries,wheretheyareacceptedduetotheirsafety,efficacy,culturalacceptabilityand lessersideeffects(Kamboj,2000). ItismorespecificforthetraditionalmedicineswhicharebasedonnaturaldrugsasAyurveda, Unani, Siddha andHomeopathy (AYUSH)medicine. Diversebiological flora and fauna; geographical and climatic diversity provideuswithvarietyofdifferentspeciesofsameplantatatimecollectedfromdifferentplaces;moreoverchangeintheenvironmentalconditionofaplaceafteraregularintervalof timealso leadtodifferenceintheirquality.Sothereareupmostchancesofvariation intheirphysicochemicalorphytochemicalparametersthatalsoaffecttheirtherapeuticefficacyandprovideaverystrongreasonbehindnon-uniformresultsinpharmacologicaleffectofsameplantnowadays.
84Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 84Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
To ensure the authenticity and quality of pharmaceuticalmaterial used inUnaniformulations,CentralCouncil forResearchinUnaniMedicine(CCRUM)(Anonymous,2006)andMinistryofAYUSHintheUnaniPharmacopoeiaofIndia(Anonymous,2007)haslaiddownstandardizationprofilemonographsofUnanidrugs alongwith the standardmethods to evaluate the physic-chemical andphytochemicalprofileasperDrugsandCosmeticAct,1940.
The present studywas carried outwith a view to analyze physico-chemicalandphyto-chemicalparametersofawellknownUnanidrug–Banafshah(Viola odorataLinn.)collected from the localareaofKashmir (where it issaid tobeof thebestqualityasper literature,and issupplied throughout thecountry forconsumption)(Ghani,1921)andwerematchedwithstandardsavailableinUnanipharmacopoeiawhilemanynewparameterswhicharenotreportedearlierweredoneaspertheguidelinesavailabletoensureitsuniformquality.TheattemptistopresentanupdatedstandardizationprofileofthisimportantdrugtohelpISMdrugmanufacturerstoproducequalitymedicine.
Reviewofliterature
Viola odorata Linn. (Family-Violaceae) - a glaborous or pubescent perennialherbabout10-15cminheightarisingfromshortstoutrootstocks,leavesareinradial/terminal tuftswithbluishpurpleorwhiteflowersbornesinglyonaxillarypeduncles, scented, tastes nauseous, bitter andmucilaginous (Anonymous,2006).Commercially plant and flowers are used inmedicine (Dymock, 1890;KhoryandKatrak,1985)whilethenativehealersconsiderthepurplefloweredvariety tobethebest; theyusetheflowerseparatelyandalsotheentireplant(Dymock,1890)andbotharesoldinthemarketinthenameof‘banafshah’.NativeofKashmirandtemperatewesternHimalaya,foundatanaltitudeof1500-1800m,above5000 ft.,distributedovernorthandwestAsia,NorthAfrica,Europe,Nepal,Mishmi,andKhasihillsandChina(Anonymous,1976).V. odoratafromKashmir is considered to beof finest in quality (Ghani, 1921),which is oftenplanted.InnorthernIndiaViola cineriaBioss.andViola serpenesWall.areusedassubstituteforViola odorata,andarecalledasBanafshah(Dymock,1890)andcommercialdrugavailableintheIndianmarketisgenerallyhighlyadulteratedwithotherViolaspp.asV. biflora, V. canescens, V. cinerea, V. pilosa, V. sylvestris (Anonymous,1976).
EthnopharmacologicalReports:Flowersareastringent,demulcent,diaphoretic,diuretic,laxative,refrigerantandexpectorant(Nadkarni,2000);flowerandleavesareusedinbiliousaffections, lungtroubles,prolapseoftherectumanduterusand in restraining suppuration, kidney diseases, for calculous affections andliveraffections,fevers,syphilis,skindiseases,chronicdiarrhoeaanddysentery(Anonymous,1976;Farooq,2005;KhoryandKatrak,1985;PandeyandChadha,
85Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
1996;Sharma,2003).Itisalsousedasbloodpurifiers(BhattacharjeeandDe,2005;Chopraet al., 1958; Farooq, 2005; Sharma, 2003).The herb showsantimycotic and antibacterial activity, and is considered quite effective in thetreatmentofeczema(KiritikarandBasu,1996).
Use inTraditionalmedicine:The literature reviewundertakenon the testdrugBanafshahreveals that thedrughasbeentraditionallyused inmanydiseasesasinbiliousaffections,lungtroubles,prolapseoftherectumanduterus,kidneydiseases, liver affections, in fevers and as blood purifier (Attar, 1888;Ghani,1921;IbneSina,1887;IbneBaitar,1885;Khan,1892;Hakeem,2002).Presentstudy is an attempt to provide standardization profile of amarket sample ofbanafshahmatchedwith the standards available and to explore thosewhicharenotexistingbutarenecessary,asperpharmacopoeialguidelinesandcouldbesetasstandard.ThestudywasdoneinDepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.M.U.,Aligarhintheyear2009-2010.
Material and Methods
PlantMaterial:DriedherbalmaterialofBanafshah(V. odorataLinn.)wasprocuredfromthelocalmarketofKashmirandbotanicallyidentifiedwithavailableliteratureandthenconfirmedbyProf.S.H.AfaqinPharmacognosySection.Aherbariumsample(VoucherNo.SC-0099/09-V)waspreparedandsubmittedinthemuseumoftheDepartmentofIlmulAdviaforfuturereference.Leavesandflowerswerehandpicked to remove them fromdebrismaterial that includes some sandymaterial andwoodpieces (Fig.1).TheywerewashedwithDDWanddriedatroomtemperatureinaventilatedroom,milledtocoarsepowderandstoredinacloseairtightcontainerindarkuntiluse.Strictasepticprecautionswerefollowedthroughouttheprocess.
Physico-chemicalanalysis:Theanalysisincludethestudytodetermineashvalue,meltingpoint,moisturecontent,pHvalueat1%and10%solution,solubility,bulkdensity, loss on drying (Jenkinset al., 1967;Anonymous, 1968;Anonymous,1970;Afaqet al.,1994).
Phytochemicalanalysis:Theanalysisincludethedeterminationoftheextractivevalues in different organic solvents, qualitative analysis of the chemicalconstituentspresentinthedrugsample,FluroscenceAnalysisofthepowdereddrugs and successive extracts (FTARAnalysis), crude fiber content, alkaloidestimation,ThinLayerChromatography(TLC)(Jenkinset al.,1967;Anonymous,1968;Anonymous,1970;Afaqet al.,1994;Peachet al.,1955).
StatisticalAnalysis:Results areexpressedasMean,Standarderror ofMeanwithStandard deviation.All the tests donewere carried out in triplicates instandard laboratory conditions following the guidelines ofGood LaboratoryPractices(GLP).
86Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 86Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Results
Correct identificationandqualityassuranceof the rawmaterial isanessentialprerequisitetoensurereproduciblequalityofherbalmedicine,whichcontributestoitssafetyandefficacy.So,standardizationoftheselectedmarketsampleofBanafshahwasdoneasanupmost criterionof our study.As theefficacyofmanydrugsmainlydependsuponitsphysicalandchemicalpropertiestherefore,thedeterminationofphysico-chemicalcharacters for theauthenticityofadrugis necessary before studying anymedicinal property. These studies of anyphyto drugs are necessary for standardization, as it helps in understandingthe significance of physical and chemical properties of the substance beinganalyzedintermsoftheirobservedactivitiesandespeciallytothedeterminationof thepurityandqualityof thedrugsandchemicalsofficial to itas inNationalPharmacopoeia. It isalsomore important,because ithelps incharacterizationof constituents or group of constituents that frequently lead to establish thestructure-activity relationship and the likelymechanismof action of the drug.Phyto-chemicalconstituentspresentinthedrugvary,notonlyfromplanttoplantbut also among different samples of same species, depending upon variousatmospheric factors, storageanddrying conditions; a little deviation from thenormal in termsofqualityandquantityof theconstituentsmayalter theeffectofdrug.Apart fromthedegradation in thequalityof thedrugsthatoccursdueto above conditions, adulterationalso contributes to variability.Thus, keepingin view the above consideration, physico-chemical studies on the drug understudywerecarriedouttocharacterizethedrugsampleforthefuturereference.OrganoplepticfeaturesarepresentedinTable-1.
Parametersusedforthephysico-chemicalsstudyofthetestdrugswere:(i)Ashvalue;(ii)MoistureContent;(iii)pHvalue;(iv)Meltingrange;(v)Solubility; (vi)Bulkdensity; (vii)Crudefiberestimation; (viii)Alkaloidestimation.ResultsareexpressedasMeanvalueinTable-2.
Parametersusedforthephyto-chemicalsstudyofthetestdrugswere:(i)Extractivevalue (Table-2); (ii)Qualitative analysis of the phyto-chemicals (Table-3); (iii)FluorescenceAnalysisofPowdereddrugs(Table-4);(iv)FluorescenceAnalysisoftheSuccessiveextractsofthetestdrug(Table-5);(v)IRSpectralAnalysisofthetestdrugs(Table-6);(vi)ThinLayerChromatography(Table-7).
87Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Freshsample-V.odorata
PartsUsed-V. odorata Marketsample-V. odorata
Fig.1:Banafshah(Viola odorataLinn.)
DayLight UVShort IodineVapour UVLongTLCBanafshah-Petroleum
etherextractTLCBanafshah-Chloroform
extract
DayLight IodineVapour
UVLong UVShort
TLCBanafshah-Ethanolicextract
Fig 2:ThinLayerChromatographyofBanafshah(ViolaodorataLinn.)
88Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 88Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Table 1:OrganolepticCharactersofBanafshah(ViolaodorataLinn.)
Parameters BanafshahColour DarkGreenSmell OdourlessTaste SlightlyBitter
Table 2:PhysicochemicalstudyofmarketsampleofBanafshah
S. No
Parameters
V.odorata Linn. (Violaceae)
Mean ± S.E.M. (S.D)
(Market Sample)
V.odorata Linn.
(Violaceae)(Percentage /
Gram)(CCRUM,
2006)
V.pilosa Blume.
(Violaceae)(Percentage /
Gram)(UPI, 2007)
1PercentageofAshValue(w/w)
TotalAsh 11.24±0.01(0.02)Notmorethan
14.25%Notmorethan
13%AcidInsolubleAsh
3.15±0.00(0.01)Notmorethan
1.7%Notmorethan
3%WaterSolubleAsh
2.35±0.07(0.19) ------- -------
SulphatedAsh 0.59±0.02(0.05) ------- -------
2MoistureContent(v/w)
LossofweightonDryingat1050C
12.28±0.01(0.02) ------- -------
TouleneDistillationMethod
12.60±0.01(0.02) ------- -------
3 pHValue1%solution 7.05±0.01(0.02) ------- -------10%solution 6.52±0.01(0.02) ------- -------
4Solubility(%inw/w)
AlcoholSoluble 18.49±0.02(0.04)Notlessthan
5.25%Notlessthan
2%
WaterSoluble 26.72±0.02(0.04)Notlessthan
18.31%Notlessthan
11%
5ExtractiveValue(%inw/w)
PetroleumEther
1.69±0.02(0.05) ------- -------
DiethylEther 0.85±0.02(0.03) ------- -------Chloroform 0.76±0.01(0.03) ------- -------Ethanol 9.53±0.32(0.56) ------- -------Aqueous 11.88±0.28(0.49) ------- -------
6 MeltingRange 102-1200C -------7 BulkDensity(%inw/w) 0.54±0.01(0.02) -------8 CrudeFiberContent(%inw/w) 7.33±0.01(0.02) -------
9TotalAlkaloidestimation(%inw/w)
6.04±0.08(0.01) -------
89Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Table 3:QualitativeAnalysisofthePhytochemicals
S.No Chemical Constituents Test Reagents Banafshah
1. Alkaloids
Dragendorff’sreagent +
Wagner’sreagent +
Mayer’sreagent +
2. Carbohydrates
MolishTest +
FehlingTest +
BenedictTest +
3. Flavonoids MgRibbonanddil.Hcl +
4. Glycosides NaOHTest +
5. Tannins/Phenols
FerricChlorideTest +
Liebermann’stest +
LeadAcetatetest +
6. ProteinsXanthoproteictest _
Biurettest +
7. Starch IodineTest _
8. Saponnins FrothingwithNaHCO3 +
9. Steroids/Terpenes SalkowskiReaction +
10. Aminoacids NinhydrinSolution +
11. Resins Aceticanhydridetest +
Indications:‘_’Absenceand‘+’Presenceofconstituents
Table 4:FluorescenceAnalysisoftheTestDrugswithchemicalsofBanafshah
S.No. Powdered drug Day Light UV Short UV Long
1. P.drug+Con.HNO3 LightOrange LightGreen Green
2. P.drug+Con.Hcl DarkGreen LightGreen LightGreen
3. P.drug+Con.H2SO4 DarkBrown Black Black
4. P.drug+Iodinesol.(5%)inalcohol GoldBrown BrownishGreen
Black
5. P.drug+GlacialAceticacid Green Green Black
6. P.drug+Gl.Aceticacid+HNO3 Green Green DarkGreen
7. P.drug+NaOHSolution(10%) DarkGreen DarkGreen Black
8. P.drug+10%NaHO+ConcnHNO3 Brown DarkGreen VerydarkGreen
9. P.drug+diluteHNO3 Green DarkGreen Black
10. P.drug+diluteH2SO4 DarkGreen DarkGreen Black
90Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 90Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
S.No. Powdered drug Day Light UV Short UV Long
11. Powdereddrug+diluteHcl DarkGreen Green Black
12. P.drug+Drangendorffreagent BrownishGreen
DarkGreen Black
13. P.drug+Wagner’sreagent DarkGreen BrownishGreen
DarkGreen
14. P.drug+Benedict’sreagent DarkGreen BrightGreen DarkGreen
15. P.drug+FehlingReagent VeryDarkGreen
DarkGreen DarkBlue
16. P.drug+KOH(10%)methanolic VeryLightYellow
Green DarkGreen
17. P.drug+CuSO4(5%) LightGreen DarkGreen Black
18. P.drug+Ninhydrin(2%)inacetone DarkGreen DarkGreen Black
19. P.drug+Picricacid LightGreen LightGreen Green
20. P.drug+LeadAcetate(5%) DarkGreen LightGreen Black
Table 5:FluorescenceAnalysisofthesuccessiveextractsofBanafshah
Extracts Day Light UV Short UV Long
Petroleumether Brown LightGreen DarkBrown
Diethylether DarkGreen DarkBrown Black
Chloroform Black Green DarkBlack
Alcohol Brown Green GreenishBrown
Aqueous Brown DarkGreen Black
Table 6:IRSpectralDetailsofAlcoholicExtractofDrug
Test Drug IR, υ (cm-1)
Banafshah 3463.19,2930.35,2365.70
Table 7: ThinLayerChromatographyofBanafshah
Extract Solvent System
Treatment Visualizing Agent
No. of Spots
Rf value
Petroleumether
Benzene:Chloroform(8:2)
Petroleumether:ether(8:2)
I2Vapour
”
DayLightUVLongUVShort
DayLightUVLongUVShort
331
431
0.06,0.10,0.200.06,0.10,0.200.10(G)
0.07,0.15,0.53,0.610.07,0.53,0.610.53(D.G)
91Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Extract Solvent System
Treatment Visualizing Agent
No. of Spots
Rf value
Chloroform Benzene:Chloroform(4:1)
Chloroform:Methanol(3:7)
I2Vapour
”
DayLightUVLongUVShort
DayLightUVLongUVShort
121
145
0.080.130.13(L.G)
0.410.33.0.5,0.75,0.830.50(G),0.54(D.G),0.63(L.G),0.83(G),0.90(D.G)
Alcohol Toulene:Ethylacetate:Benzene:Aceticacid(4:1:2:2drops)
Benzene:Ethylacetate:Diethylether
I2Vapour
”
DayLight
UVLong
UVShort
DayLightUVLongUVShort
6
6
5
111
0.23,0.30,0.35,0.38,0.49,0.520.23,0.30,0.35,0.38,0.49,0.520.30(L.Br.),0.35(Br.),0.38(Br.),0.49(G),0.52(L.G)
0.54,0.630.540.54(D.Br.)
Discussion
Standardizationisconsideredasaprerequisiteforanyphyto-drugtoassessitsbiologicalactivityordeterminationofbiologicalstandardsoftheherbalmaterialthatprovidestheanalyticalcharacteristicswhichmayprovetobeusefulinfixingthephysicochemicalstandard.
In thepresent study itwasobserved from thedescriptions available inUnanipharmacopoeia of India (2007) that the drugmentioned under the name ofBanafshah is botanically a different species i.e.Viola pilosa of ViolaceaeaefamilywheretheyhavementionofleavesofBanafshah,soitisobviousthatthestandardparametersavailableinUPI(Anonymous,2007)arejustforidentityofleaves;andinouranalysisofmarketsample(MS)ofV.odorata,wehavetakenleavesandflowersofBanafshah,sothereareupmostchanceofslightvariationandwhichareobviousduetochangeinspeciesofthedrug,butstillitwasseenthatthevariationwasnotsolargeormaybesaidtobenone,asaccordingtoUPI(2007)totalashvalue/gmofthedrugshouldnotbemorethan13%,andinMSitwasof11.24%.SimilarlyinacidinsolubleashvalueUPI(2007)reportittobenotmorethan3%andinMSitwasfoundtobe3.15%.OtherparameterforidentificationmeasurementwasofsolubilityinUPI(2007);thatalcoholsolubilityshouldnot be less than2%andwater solubility tobenot less than11%and
92Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 92Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
inMSalcoholsolubilitywas18.49%andwatersolubility26.72%,i.easpertherangeofUPI,2007.So,inspiteofadifferentspeciesandflowerscombinedinourdrugsamplethedifferenceisnotthereintwodifferentspeciesorthestudymayalsobe takenas thatwhen leavesandflowersbothareused thevaluesofabovementionedparametersshouldbeasavailableinthepresentstudy.
AndwhentheseresultsarecomparedwithotherworksofMinistryofAYUSHinCentralCouncilforResearchinUnaniMedicine(Anonymous,1992;Anonymous,2006),itwasobservedthatthedrugsamplementionedisofsamespeciesi.e.V.odorata,butinthatalsotheanalyticalparametersthatarementionedareforleavesofBanafshah.Totalashvaluementionedforsamespecies isnotmorethan14.25%,and inMSitwasfoundtobe11.24%(below14.25%)andacidinsolubleashisreportedinCouncilresearchworkisthatitshouldnotbemorethan1.7%,andinMSitwas3.15%(abovefrom1.75%)that isadifferenceintheacid insolublevalue.Howeveralcoholsolubilitymentioned isnot lessthan5.25%andwater solubility as18.31%and inMSalcohol solubilitywas foundto be 18.49% (i.e. above 5.25%)while aqueous solubility as 26.72% (above18.31%).So, the same species ismatchedwith thiswork, and canbe takenasmoreapproachablesampleofBanafshahtomatchwiththestandard.AnditwasobservedthatmarketsampleofBanafshahstudiedforphysio-chemicalandphytochemicalanalysisisofstandardqualityandauthentic.
Conclusion
SampleofBanafshahavailable in themarket isof standardvalue in termsofitsphysico-chemicalandphyto-chemicalstandardsasperthepharmacopoeialguidelines with a slight variation, asmatched with reported parametersavailable for its identity and purity.Somenewparameterswere also studiedthatarenotmentionedinthepharmacopoeiaandreportedforthefirsttimeviz.,FTARAnalysis, IRSpectral study.Additional standardizationparametersmaysupplementtheexistingparametersandprovidearoadmapforfurtherresearchanalysisof‘Banafshah’tocheckforitsidentityandpuritysoastohavegenuine,authentic,safedrugwithuniformpharmaceuticalefficacy(Shariq,2008).
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Anonymous,1970.PharmacopoeiaofIndia.2ndedition.Govt.ofIndia,MinistryofHealth,ManagerofPublications.Delhi,pp.238-239,496-497.
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Anonymous,1976.TheWealthofIndia:AdictionaryofIndianRawmaterials&IndustrialProducts.CSIR.NewDelhi.Vol.X,pp.514-517.
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IbneBaitar, 1985.Al-jamiul-mufridat-ul-advia-wa-ul-aghzia. (UrduTranslation).Part.I.CCRUM.NewDelhi,pp.287-288.
Jenkins,G.L.,Knevel,A.M.,andDigangi,F.E.,1967.QuantitativePharmaceuticalChemistry. 6th edition. The Blackiston Division. McGraw Hill BookCompany.U.S.A.,pp.225,235,379,425,463,492.
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Kamboj,V.P.,2000.HerbalMedicine.Current Science78(1),pp.35-39.
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Khan,A.,1892.Muheet-e-Azam.MaktbaNizami.Kanpur.Vol.3(1),pp.351-52.
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Latif,A.,1982.Pharmacognostical&PharmacologicalStudiesofCardiospermum halicacabum Linn. seed (Hab-e-Qilqil).Thesis.Department of IlmulAdvia.FacultyofUnaniMedicine.AligarhMuslimUniversity.Aligarh,p.1.
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95Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
AA Contribution to the Ethnomedicinal Flora of Chakrata Forests in Dehradun District, Uttarakhand#
*Zaheer Anwar Ali, Sarfraz Ahmad, Parwez Ahmad
and Shariq Ali Khan
SurveyofMedicinalPlantsUnit,RegionalResearchInstituteof
UnaniMedicine(CCRUM),PostBox70,
Aligarh–202001(U.P.)
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 95-106
# FeatureArticle *Author for correspondence
Abstract
n ethnobotanical survey of the Chakrata forests inDehradundistrictofUttarakhandhasyieldedusefulinformationonfolkmedicinalclaimsprevalent among the tribal communities, dominatedby Jaunsar-Bawar.Basedon thisfieldstudycarriedoutduringNovember2014andMarch2017,thepresentpaperdealswith55speciesbelongingto51generaand34familiesthat are commonly used as folk drugs for treatment of various humans andcattlediseasesandconditions.Foreachplantspeciesthecurrentbotanicalandprevalent localnames,thepartused,claimedmedicinaluse(s)andmannerofusingthecrudedrugsareprovided.Thisreportlistsmanynewphytotherapeuticapplicationsandpreparationsfromtheareasurveyed.
Key Words:Ethnobotanicalsurvey,Folkmedicine,Chakrataforests,Dehradun,Uttarakhand.
Introduction
TheChakrataforestdivision(30˚26΄-31˚02΄Nlatitudesand77˚38΄-78˚04΄Elongitudes)formsapartofDehradundistrict inGarhwalHimalayas.Theentiredivision isahighlymountainous region locatedbetween theuppercoursesofriverYamunaandTons.Inmajorpartoftheyear,manyareasathigherelevationsremainundersnowcover.Theareahasmainlyatemperatetypeofvegetation.Forestsofthisdivisionareveryrichinfloristicdiversity.ItisahomelandofsomeprimitivecommunitiesdominatedbyJaunsar-Bawar.Thisparticularregionwasselectedforanextensiveethnobotanicalsurveyofthemedicinalplantsbecauseitisremotefromtheindustrialcentresandpossessesinterestingclimate,landscapeandvariedflora(Agarwal,1959;ChandandYadav,1970;Chandraet al.,2010;Cheemaet al.,2014;Kanjilal,1911;Singhalet al.,1986).Moreover,availableethnobotanicalpublishreportswereencouraging(BartwalandChandra,2010;Bartwalet al.,2011;BhattandNegi,2006;BistandPundir,2008;ChandraandMeenakshi,2010;Chantia,2003;Dobhalet al.,2007;JainandPuri,1984;JoshiandJoshi,2011;KumarandPandey,2015;Neelamet al.,2009,2010;RanaandDatt,1997;Rawatet al.,2009;SinghandPundir,2004;Singh,1997;Singhet al.,1984).Inthiscommunication,anenumerationoftheplantsofethnomedicinalutilityispresented.ThestudyrepresentsacontributiononourexistingknowledgeonethnomedicinalfloraofthispartofGarhwalHimalayas,Uttarakhand.
Methodology
Thestudyareawassurveyed inNovember2014andMarch2017.During thecourse of fieldwork, a number of tribal settlements located in different forestranges viz.Kanasar,Devghar,Rickhanar,Babar andMoltawere visited and
96Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 96Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
datawereobtainedbyinterviewinglocalhealersandotherknowledgeablevillageelders.Theinformationcollectedincludeslocalname,claimedmedicinaluse(s),partused,other ingredientsadded (if any),methodofpreparing themedicineandmodeofadministration.Plantspecimenswerecollectedand identifiedbythe senior authorwith the help of pertinent floras (Babu, 1977;Gupta, 1928;Naithani,1984-1985)andnomenclaturewasupdatedaccordingtoarecentworkonfloweringplantsofUttarakhand(Uniyalet al.,2007).AllvoucherspecimenswerepreparedanddepositedintheherbariumoftheSurveyofMedicinalPlantsUnit,RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,Aligarh(UP),India.
Enumeration
Inthefollowinglisting,plantsarearrangedinalphabeticalorderbytheirbotanicalnametogetherwithrespectivefamilybetweenparentheses,localname,localityandvoucherspecimennumber,followedbyclaimedmedicinaluse(s)andmodeofadministration.As faraspossible,dosesanddurationof thesecrudedrugsarealsogiven.
Aconitum heterophyllumWall.exRoyle (Ranunculaceae), ‘Atis’,Deoban (ZAA10454).Asmallpieceoffreshrootischewedforstomach-ache.Higherdoseofthedrugmaybepoisonous.
Acorus calamusL.(Araceae),‘Bach’,Deoban(ZAA10455).Driedrhizomeistiedasanamuletaroundneckofthechildsufferingfromworminfestation.
Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae),‘Kalabansa’/‘Bushiyan’,Gouraghati(ZAA10415).Freshleavesarewashedandsqueezedtoobtainthejuice.Itisappliedoncuttostopthebleeding.
Ainsliaea apteraDC.(Asteraceae),‘Kadu’,Deoban(ZAA10405).Leafdecoctionisgivenorallytoallayfeverinpneumoniawhilefreshrootischewedforinstantreliefinabdominalpainduetoflatulence.
Ajuga parvifloraBenth.(Lamiaceae),‘Neelkanthi’,Chakrata(ZAA9795).Afreshlymadepaste of the leaves, obtained by crushing, is applied externally on thebodyforgeneralswelling.
Allium consanguineumKunth (Liliaceae), ‘VanLehsan’,Deoban (ZAA10456).Apaste,obtainedbycrushingthebulbs,isappliedonkneefortreatingpain.
Artemisia roxburghianaWall.exBesser(Asteraceae),‘Chhamru’,Chakrata(ZAA9756).Aqueousdecoctionofdriedleavesisgiventotreatstomach-ache.
Artemisia vulgarisL.(Asteraceae),‘Paati’,Chakrata(ZAA9852).Rootdecoctionisadministeredorallyagainstflatulence.
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Berberis asiaticaRoxb.exDC.(Berberidaceae),‘Kashmoi’,Deoban(ZAA10345).Driedrootpieceissoakedovernightinwater;theinfusionthusobtainedisgivenoncedailyinthemorningtocontroldiabetes.Prolonguseofthisdrugdamageskidney.
Berberis chitria Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl. (Berberidaceae), ‘Kingor’,Deoban (ZAA10018).Sapoffreshrootisinstilledintheeyesforredness.
Bergenia ciliata(Haw.)Sternb.(Saxifragaceae),‘Pattharchoor’/’Silphora’,Deoban(ZAA10399).Fortreatmentofpiles, leavesarecookedandtakendailyaspotherb.Simultaneously, rootpaste isgivenorally.Equalquantitiesof the rootof‘pattharchoor’, ‘gokhru’ (fruitsofTribulus terrrestrisL.,Zygophyllaceae), ‘kulthi’(seedsofMacrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.)Verdc.,Fabaceae)and‘sonf’(Foeniculum vulgareMill.,Apiaceae)arecrushedtogetherandtwospoonofthispreparationaregiventwiceadayforonetotwomonthtodissolveandexpelsmallkidneystones.
Boenninghausenia albiflora(Hook.)Rchb.exMeisn.(Rutaceae),‘Pissu’,Chakrata(ZAA9778). Leaf decoction is poured over the body of cattle to keep awayectoparasites.
Cedrus deodara (Roxb. exD.Don)G.Don (Pinaceae), ‘Deodar’,Guswapul(ZAA10368).Wood-oil isappliedonscabies. It isalsoappliedon thebodyofsheeptokilllice.
Crotalaria linifoliaL.f.(Fabaceae),‘Pengiyara’,Chakrata(ZAA9863).Leafpasteisappliedoncutandwoundsforhealing.
Daphne papyraceaWall. exG.Don (Thymelaceae), ‘Satpura’,Deoban (ZAA10392).Stembarkpasteisappliedonburns.
Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood (Urticaceae), ‘Siar’,Lakhamandal(ZAA10430).Stemtwigsareusedassplintsinbonefracture.
Digitalis purpureaL.(Scrophulariaceae),‘Tilpushpi’,Deoban(ZAA10447).Equalquantitiesof the leavesand rootsareboiled inwaterand liquidstrained. It isgivenforchestpainincardiacproblem.
Elaegnus rhamnoides(L.)A.Nelson(Elaeagnaceae),‘AmeeshChook’,Deoban(ZAA10459).Fruitjuiceisgivenorallytoreducetheriskofheartattack.
Ephedra gerardiniaWall. exStapf (Ephedraceae), ‘Tootganth’,Deoban (ZAA10394).Leafdecoctionisgiventotreatleucorrhoea.
Ficus neriifolia Sm.(Moraceae),‘Dudhla’,Gouraghati(ZAA10417).Freshleavesarefedtocowsfordeficientlactation.
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Gentiana kurroo Royle (Gentianaceae), ‘Karwi’/‘Tirayaman’, Deoban (ZAA10457).For treatingurinary tract infection, thedecoctionof thechoppedplantisadministeredorallytwotimesadayfor7-10days.
Gentiana tianschanicaRupr. exKusn. (Gentianaceae), ‘Narbosa’, Badrikhan(ZAA9833).Rootdecoctionisgivenforfeverduetocold.
Geranium wallichianumD.DonexSweet(Geraniaceae),‘RaatNinnai’,Deoban(ZAA9794).Leafpasteisappliedexternallyonnecktotreattonsillitis.
Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis (Urticaceae), ‘Karwakushka’,Murthat (ZAA9810).The rootdecoction isgivenorally to thewomenwho isgivingbirth, thebeliefthatitwillfacilitatedelivery.
Grewia optivaJ.R.Drumm.exBurret(Tiliaceae),‘Bihu’,PunaPokhri(ZAA10423).Freshleavesarefedtocattletotreatthelossofappetite.Thesearealsogiventocowasgalactagogue.
Hedychium spicatumSm.(Zigiberaceae),‘KapoorKachri’,Guswapul(ZAA10458).Rhizomepasteisappliedonkneeaspoulticeforjointpainandinflammation.
Juglans regiaL.(Juglandaceae),‘Akhrot’,Gouraghati(ZAA10443).Freshstembarkchewedtotreattoothache.
Mahonia napaulensisDC. (Berberidaceae), ‘Khoru’,Gouraghati (ZAA10357).Rootsapisappliedintheeyesufferingfromconjunctivitis.
Neolitsea umbrosa(Nees)Gamble(Lauraceae),‘Shrood’,Deoban(ZAA10451).Theoil,extractedbycrushingthedriedseeds,isappliedinthescalpwithalightmassageoncedailytokilllice.Thisoilisoftenkeptashouseholdsremedyandusedasandwhenneeded.
Picrorhiza kurrooaRoyle(Scrophulariaceae),‘Kutki’,Deoban(ZAA9804).Rootiscrushedandboiledinwater;theliquidisstrainedandgivenorallytwiceadayforonemonthforleucorrhoea.
Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jacks.(Pinaceae),‘Kail’,Deoban(ZAA10387).Pasteofthestembarkmixedwithlittlepowderedalumisplasteredaroundthefracturedlimb.Moreover, longpiecesof the stembark as splints and cottonbandagesareusedtoholdthebonesandplasterinposition.
Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco(Cupressaceae),‘Surai’,Deoban(ZAA10389).Coneisrubbedonstonewithlittlewaterandthepastethusobtainedisappliedonburns.
Pouzolzia viminea Wedd.(Urticaceae),‘Panguri’,Tuina(ZAA9862).Leafinfusionisusedasgarglefortreatinggingivitis.
99Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Prunus cerasoidesBuch.-Ham.exD.Don(Rosaceae),‘Padam’,Kanasar(ZAA10461).Powderofthestembarkisboiledinwatertillitbecomesemisolidandcooled.Thisisappliedlocallyformuscularpain.
Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), ‘Darimb’/’Darmu’, Lotakhand (ZAA9855).Choppedstembark isboiled inwaterandcooled. It isgiven two timesadayfortwoweekin jaundice.Longpieceofthestembarkisrubbedwithwateronstoneandgiventochildrenforcough.Innerportionofshellofthematurefruitisdriedandgroundtomakeafinepowder.Onespoonofthisisgivenwithwateroncedailyinthemorningtocontroldiabetes.
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. exD.Don (Rosaceae), ‘Kaenth’,Guswapul (ZAA10354). Juiceof theunripe fruit is instilled in injuredeyeofcattle for rednessandhealing.
Reinwardtia indica Dumort. (Linaceae), ‘Pingli’,Guswapul (ZAA10366). Leafpasteisappliedoncutforhealing.
Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (Ericaceae), ‘Burans’, Deoban (ZAA 10336).Powderoftheflowerissnuffedinblooddysentery.
Rubia cordifoliaL.(Rubiaceae),‘Charchara’,Guswapul(ZAA10371).Leafpasteisappliedlocallyonscorpionstingtoreducestingingpain.Itisalsoappliedonbitepointofotherpoisonousinsects.
Rumex hastatusD.Don(Polygonaceae),‘Almoru’,Chakrata(ZAA10334).Leafpasteisappliedonboiltospeedupsuppurationandhealing.
Sapindus mukorossiGaertn.(Sapindaceae),‘Reetha’,Tuini(ZAA10462).Pasteofthefruitpulpisappliedonalopecia.
Sarcococca pruniformisLindl. (Buxaceae), ‘Tiliari’,Deoban (ZAA10393).Rootbarkisgroundwithwaterandappliedonabscessesofmalegenitalia.
Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. (Asteraceae), ‘Kuth’,Deoban (ZAA10463).Crushedleavesareboiledandbeveragedrunktorelieveasthma.Thispreparationalsoclaimedeffectiveinthetreatmentofanuria.
Senecio nudicaulisBuch.-Ham.exD.Don (Asteraceae), ‘Neelkanth’,Deoban(ZAA10448).Leafpasteisappliedonoldwoundforhealing.
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle)T.S.Ying (Berberidaceae), ‘BanKakri’,Deoban(ZAA10460).Rootpaste isgivenorally foruneasinessandstomach-ache.
Swertia chirayita(Roxb.)H.Karst.(Gentiaceae),‘Chirata’,Murthat(ZAA10416).Decoctionof thewholeplant isgiventoallayfeverofpneumonia, typhoidandmalaria.
100Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 100Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Swertia ciliata (D.DonexG.Don)B.L.Burtt (Gentianaceae), ‘Chirata’, VyasShikhar(ZAA9763).Leafpowder isboiled inwaterand liquid isstrained. It isgiventotreatcommonfever.
Taxus baccataL.(Taxaceae),‘Thuner’,Deoban(ZAA10397).Pasteofthestembarkisappliedexternallyoncystofbreast.
Thalictrum foliolosum DC.(Ranunculaceae),‘Sopau’,Deoban(ZAA10411).Rootsaregroundandmadeintopillsofpeasizeeachwith‘gur’(solidifiedsugarcanejuice);aboutfivepillsaregivenwithwater twicedaily for twoweektoactivateliverafterjaundice.
Thymus linearisBenth.(Lamiaceae), ‘Banajwain’,Deoban(ZAA10408).Pasteofthewholeplantisgivenorallytotreatchestpainduetoexcessivegases.
Tinospora glabra(Burm.f.)Merr.(Menispermaceae),’Gilo’,DeobanZAA10460).Pasteofthestem-bitsismixedwithtraditionalbuttermilkandappliedlocallyonmammaryglandsofcowsinskinallergy.
Urtica doicaL.(Urticaceae),‘Kandali’,PunaPokhri(ZAA10422).Leafpasteisappliedonwoundforhealingincasesofchildren.
Urtica parvifloraRoxb,(Urticaceae),‘Karwakushka’,Deoban(ZAA9809).Wiltedplantsarefedtocowsfordeficientlactation.
Viola pilosa Blume(Violaceae),‘Benaksha’,Guswapul(ZAA10332).Twospoonfuldecoctionsofaerialpartsaregiventoinfantstotreatcatarrhandcold.
Zanthoxylum armatumDC.(Rutaceae),‘Timur’,Kuansi(ZAA10428).Fruitpasteisputonachingtooth.
Some Folk Medicinal Plants of the Study Area
Fig. 1. Bergenia ciliata(Haw.)Sternb. Fig. 2. Daphne papyraceaWall.exG.Don
101Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Fig. 3. Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.)Hepper&J.R.I.Wood
Fig.4 Gentiana kurrooRoyle
Fig. 5. Mahonia napaulensisDC. Fig. 6. Reinwardtia indicaDumort.
Fig. 7. Rhododendron arboreumSm. Fig. 8. Rubia cordifolia L.
Fig. 9. Sarcococca pruniformisLindl. Fig. 10. Zanthoxylum armatumDC.
102Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 102Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Results and Discussion
This report documents some traditional and contemporary knowledge of themedicinaluseofplantsemployedby the indigenouscommunitiesofChakrataforests.Atotalof55plantspeciesbelongingto51generaand34familieswererecordedforcuringoralleviatingvariousdiseasesandconditionsviz.abscessandboils,alopecia,anuria,asthma,blooddysentery,bonefracture,burns,cold,diabetes, fevers, flatulence, jaundice, joint pain, kidney stones, leucorrhoea,muscular pain, piles, scabies, scorpion-sting, stomach-ache, tonsillitis,worminfestation,andmanycomplaintsofdomesticanimals.Thedataareauthenticand based on direct field interviews of reliable informantswho have soundknowledge of herbal remedies.These ethnomedicinal useswere comparedwiththepertinentliterature(Agarwal,1986;Ambasta,1986;Anonymous,2001;Chopraet al.,1956;Jain,1991;KirtikarandBasu,1935;Nadkarni,1954)anditwas found thatusesofmanyplantspeciesweresimilarandreported in theliterature.Furthermore,manyphytotherapeuticapplicationscoincidewiththoseof other parts ofDehradun (Aliet al., 2015, 2016a, 2016b;Bisht andBhatt,2012;Deoliet al., 2014;Gairolaet al., 2013;Gauret al., 2010;MaheshwariandSingh,1992;Negiet al.,1992;PantandSharma,2010;RawatandBhatt,2002;Sharmaet al.,1979,2017;SharmaandPainuli,2011;Singhet al.,1989,2008, 2014;Upadhyay, 2014, etc.).Uses of other plants seem to be neworimperfectlyknown.Allsuchmedicinalusessuggestedby theseelderlypeopleseemtobereliableanddeservefurtherscientificinvestigationsfortheirtoxicity,effectivenessandsafemedicinalusage.
Itwasemphatically notedduring the current survey that some importantwildmedicinalplantshavebecomescarce in theareadue to illegalandcontinuedoverexploitationaswellashabitatdestruction.Similarly,localtraditionalmedicinemennowrepresentadisappearingtraditionbecausetheyoungergenerationisnot interested to learn their traditionalphytotherapy.Moreover,PrimaryHealthCareCentresarenowaccessibletotheruralpopulace.So,graduallythisartoffolkmedicineisdisappearingwitheverypassingday.It is, therefore,desirabletoconductsurveyofotherethnobotanicallyimportantareasofthestatebeforethistraditionalknowledgeislostpermanentlywiththeeverdwindlingnumberoffolkmedicinemen, the rapiddevastationofnaturalplanthabitatsandculturalchanges among the tribal communities due to the effect ofmodernization.Through such observations, based on properly designed field studies,manymore reliable folkmedicinal usesof plantsmaybe revealedwhichmay yieldusefulleadsneededinthesearchofnewerandpotentpharmaceuticalsofplantoriginforwideapplication.
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Acknowledgements
WearehighlygratefultotheDirectorGeneral,CentralCouncilforResearchinUnaniMedicine,NewDelhiforprovidingnecessaryfacilitiesforconductingthepresentfieldstudy.WeshouldliketothanktoMr.DeepChandraArya,DivisionalForestOfficer,ChakrataForestDivision,Dehradun forgivinguspermission towork in thisDivision.Wewouldalsorecordgratitude toall the informantsandShriKatkuRam,InchargeofHigh-techMedicinalPlantsNurseryDeobanofthedivisionwhohavewillingly shared their knowledgeonmedicinal usesof localplantswiththeauthors.
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107Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
HPhysico-chemical Standardization of Habbe Kafoori: A Unani Formulation
1Osama Akhtar, 2Roohi Zaman and
2Shariq Shamsi
1RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,250A/29,G.T.Road(North)
Liluah,Howrah-711204
2DepartmentofIlmulSaidla(UnaniPharmacy),NationalInstitute
ofUnaniMedicine,Kottegepalya,MagadiMainRoad,
Bengaluru-560091
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 107-116
*Author for correspondence;
Abstract
abbe Kafoori (HK pills) is a pharmacopoeal compoundUnanipreparationmainlyusedinpatientsofpyrexiaofdifferentetiology.Manypharmaceuticalcompaniesprepareitforcommercialsupplybuttheyfrequentlyfailtomaintainthedesiredstandardsofitsquality.InthepresentstudyHKhasbeenstudiedonanumberofphysicochemicalparameterstosetitsphysicochemicalstandard.Theparametersincludeorganolepticcharacters,weightvariationofpills,uniformityindiameter,hardnesstest,friabilitytest,pH,moisturecontent,lossofweightondrying,ashvalues,waterandalcoholsolublematter,extractivevalues,Thin LayerChromatography (TLC) and total alkaloid estimation.The findingsofthestudymaybeusedasareferenceforfuturestudiesandalsototestthedrugsavailableinthemarketfortheirqualityandexpectedbiologicalactivity.
Keywords:Organoleptic,ThinLayerChromatography,Alkaloidalestimation.
Introduction
Habbe Kafoori(HK)isanimportantdrugofUnanisystemofmedicinecommonlyusedinthemanagementofHummiyate Moharraqa, Humma Diqe Mewiandotherfeversofdiverseetiology(Anonymous,2006).Itisapharmacopoealdrug(pills)which ispreparedbyphysiciansandpharmacistsandalsobypharmaceuticalunitsforlargescalesupply.Sincetheagentsintendedtobeusedfortherapeuticpurposesarestudiedfortheirsafetyandefficacyinordertoensuretheirqualityandexpectedpharmacologicalandtherapeuticeffecttherefore,itismandatorytotestsuchagentsonphysicochemicalparameterstosettheirstandardsofquality.Standardization isconsideredessential forherbaldrugsandtheir formulationsinordertoassesstheirquality.Sincetherearechancesofvariationindifferentbatchesofmedicineitisimperativetoestablishasystemofstandardizationforeveryplantproductinthemarket.
Ifthephysico-chemicalstandardsareensuredthentherearegreaterchancesthatthedrugiseffectivetherapeuticallyanditsdifferentsampleswillproduceuniformdegreeof effect.SinceHabbe Kafoori has beennot been studied thoroughlyforitsphysicochemicalstandardsthereforeinthepresentstudyitwaspreparedaccording to themethods described inUnani pharmacopoeal literature andstudiedon variousphysicochemical parameters includingash value,moisturecontent,pHof1%and10%solutions,pillfriability,hardnessandTLCetc.Thefindingswillhelpindeterminingthequalityofthetestdrugavailableinthemarketandsetthestandardforagenuinepreparation.
108Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 108Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Materials and Methods
UnanipolyherbalformulationHabbe Kafoori (Anonymous,2006)waspreparedaccordingtothemethoddescribedinnationalformulary.Itwasthenstudiedoncertainphysicochemicalparameters.
Ingredients
Kafoor(Cinnamomum camphora)3g,Tabasheer(Bambusa arundinacea)5g,Nishasta(Triticum sativum)5g,SandalSafaid(Santalum album)5g,MaghzeTukhmeKadu(Lagenaria siceraria)5g,Kateera(Cochlospermum gossypium) 5g,LuabeBehidana(Cydonia oblonga)Q.S
Procurementofcrudedrugs
The ingredients ofHKwere procured froman authorized single drug dealerinBangalore.Unaniexperts including thesupervisorsof thestudyatNationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine(NIUM),Bangaloreidentifiedthecrudedrugsamples.AVoucherspecimen(No.21/IS/Res./2014)hasbeendepositedinthemuseumofNIUM.
Physicochemicalstudies
Physicochemicalstudiesincluded(i)Organolepticcharactersofthehuboobsuchasappearance,colour,smell, texture, taste (ii)Weightvariation (iii)Uniformityin diameter (iv) Hardness test (v) Friability test (vi) pH value (vii)Moisturecontent (viii) Loss ofweight on drying (ix)Ash values (x)Water and alcoholsolublematter(xi)Extractivevalues(xii)Totalalkaloidestimation(xiii)Thinlayerchromatography(TLC).
Organolepticproperties
Organoleptic evaluation refers to the evaluation of the formulation by colour,odour, taste and texture. These were evaluated according to themethodrecommendedbyPandeyet al.(2012).
Weightvariation
Averageweightoftwentyrandomlyselectedpillswasdeterminedtheneachpillwasweighed singly. In each case thedeviation from theaverageweightwascalculated andexpressedas percentage.Thepills are consideredwithin therangeifnotmorethantwopillsareoutsidethelimitof5%(Anonymous,2006;Lachmanet al.,2013).
Uniformityofdiameter
ThreepillswerepickedrandomlytomeasureuniformityofdiameterindividuallybyVerniercalliperandexpressedinmm(Dandagiet al.,2006).
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HardnessTest
ThreepillswereindividuallytakenandtestedforthehardnessbytheMonsantohardnesstesterintermsofkg/cm(Lachmanet al.,2013;William&Wilkins,2011).
FriabilityTest
Friability of the pillswas determined usingFriability test apparatus (Roche’sFriabilator).Preweighedsampleofpillswasplaced in the friabilatorandwassubjectedto100revolutions.Pillswerede-dustedusingasoftmuslinclothandreweighed.Thefriability(f)wascalculatedbytheformula
1001
0
WWf
Where,WistheweightofthepillsbeforethetestandWoistheweightofthepillsafterthetest(Lachmanet al.,2013).
DeterminationofpH
pHvalueof1%and10%solution:Oneandtengmofaccuratelyweighedpowderdrugwasdissolvedin100mlofmeasureddistilledwaterseparately,filteredandpHwasmeasuredwithapHmeter(Anonymous,2006).
MoistureContent
Toluenedistillationmethodwasusedforthedeterminationofmoisturecontentofthedrug.10gmofpowdereddrugwastakeninaflaskand75mlofdistilledtoluenewasaddedto it.Distillationwascarriedoutforfivehours.Thevolumeofwater collected in receiver tubewasnotedand thepercentageofmoisturewascalculatedwithreferencetotheweightoftheair-drieddrug(Jenkinset al.,2008;Afaqet al.,1994).
Lossofweightondrying
Twogramofdrugwas taken inaPetridishandwasspreaduniformly. Itwasheated at a temperature of 105ºC, cooled andweighed.The processwasrepeatedtilltwoconsecutiveweightswereconstant.Thepercentlossinweightwascalculatedwithrespecttoinitialweight(Anonymous,2006;Afaqet al.,1994).
AshValues
Total Ash:Twogmofdriedpowdereddrugwasincineratedinasilicacrucibleatatemperaturenotexceeding450ºCuntilfreefromcarbon;cooledandweighedandthepercentagewascalculatedwithreferencetoairdrieddrug.
Acid insoluble Ash:Totalashwasboiledwith25mlofdilutehydrochloricacidfor 5minutes and insolublematterwas collected on an ash less filter paperwashedwithhotwaterandignitedatatemperaturenotexceeding450ºCand
110Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 110Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
weighedaftercooling.Thepercentageofacidinsolubleashwascalculatedwithreferencetotheairdrieddrug.
Water soluble Ash:Totalashwasboiledwith25mlofdistilledwaterfor5minutes.Theinsolublematterwascollectedonanashlessfilterpaper,washedwithhotwaterandignited.Theweightof insolubleashwassubtractedfromtheweightof thetotalash,givingtheweightof thewatersolubleash.Thepercentageofwatersolubleashwascalculatedwith reference toairdrieddrug (Afaqet al.,1994;Anonymous,2006;Anonymous,2011).
Determinationofwaterandalcoholsolublematter
Fourgmofaccuratelyweigheddrugwasplaced inaglassstopperedconicalflask.Itwasmaceratedwith100mlofwaterandalcoholseparatelyfor6hoursandwasshookfrequently,andthenallowedstandingfor18hours,andfilteredrapidly throughadryfilter.25mlof thefiltratewas transferred toapreviouslyweighedand tarred flat-bottomeddishandevaporated to drynessonawaterbath, thendriedat 105 ºC for 6 hours, cooled in a desiccator for 30minutesandweighedwithoutdelay.Thepercentageofwateroralcoholsolublematterwascalculatedwithreferencetotheamountofdrugtaken(Anonymous,2011).
Determinationofextractivevalues
Successive extractive value: Powdered pills were taken and subjected tosuccessiveextractionwith different solvents viz. petroleumether, alcohol andwater,respectively.ItwascarriedoutbypercolationinSoxhletapparatus.Theheatwasappliedforsixhoursonaheatingmantleforeachsolvent.Theextractswere filteredusing filter paper andafter evaporationof the solvents onwaterbath,theextractivevaluesweredeterminedwithreferencetotheweightofdrug(%w/w)(Anonymous,2006).
Non-Successive extractive value:Powderedpillswere takenandsubjected toseparateextractionwitheachsolvent (%w/w)viz.alcoholandwaterandwascarriedoutseparatelybypercolationinSoxhletapparatus.Theheatwasappliedforsixhours.Theextractswerefilteredusingfilterpaperandafterevaporationofthesolventsonwaterbath,theextractivevaluesweredeterminedwithreferencetotheweightofdrug(Anonymous,2006).
Alkaloidalestimation
Fivegramofdrugsamplewasweighedintoa250mlbeakerand200mlof10%aceticacidinethanolwasaddedto itandallowedtostandfor4hours.Itwasfilteredandtheextractwasconcentratedonawaterbathtoone-quarteroftheoriginalvolume.Concentratedammoniumhydroxidewasaddeddropbydroptotheextractuntiltheprocessofprecipitationcompleted.Thewholesolutionwasallowedtosettle;theprecipitatewascollectedandwashedwithdiluteammonium
111Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
hydroxideand then filtered.The residue is the alkaloid,whichwasdriedandweighed(Suthersinghet al.,2011).
ThinlayerChromatography
ThinlayerchromatographywascarriedoutonTLCprecoatedaluminiumplateswithsilicagel60F254(layerthickness0.25mm)foralcoholicextractofHKinbenzene:ethylacetate(3:1)asmobilephase.Forspotdetectioniodinevapourwasused.TheRfvaluesofthespotswerecalculatedbythefollowingformula(Jenkinset al.,2008).
Rf value =
Table 1:OrganolepticdescriptionofHabbeKafoori
Appearance Pill
Colour Straw
Smell LikeKafoorandSandal
Texture Hard
Taste Bitterandacrid
Table 2:WeightvariationofHabbeKafoori
Sl. No Weight of individual Habb (mg)
Difference in weight from mean(mg)
Weight variation(%)
1. 507 2.15 0.43
2. 493 11.85 2.35
3. 505 0.15 0.03
4. 512 7.15 1.42
5. 499 5.85 1.16
6. 517 12.15 2.40
7. 489 15.85 3.14
8. 502 2.85 0.56
9. 516 11.15 2.21
10. 497 7.85 1.55
11. 506 1.15 0.23
12. 512 7.15 1.42
13. 508 3.15 0.62
14. 493 11.85 2.35
15. 510 5.15 1.02
112Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 112Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Sl. No Weight of individual Habb (mg)
Difference in weight from mean(mg)
Weight variation(%)
16. 513 8.15 1.61
17. 505 0.15 0.03
18. 499 5.85 1.16
19. 513 8.15 1.61
20. 501 3.85 0.76
Mean±SEM 504.85±1.80
Table 3:Diameter,HardnessandFriabilityofHabbeKafoori
Sl. No Diameter of Pill (mm)
Hardness (kg/cm) Friability (%)
1. 9.8 6.4 0.072. 10 6.7 0.103. 10.1 6.6 0.10
Mean±SEM 9.97±0.09 6.57±0.09 0.09±0.01
Table 4:pHValues,MoisturecontentandLossofWeightondryingofHabbeKafoori
SI.No pHValues MoistureContent(%)
Lossofweightondrying(%)1%Solution 10%Solution
1. 6.03 5.80 5 7.952. 6.02 5.78 6 7.843. 6.04 5.82 6 9.23
Mean±SEM 6.03±0.01 5.8±0.01 5.67±0.33 8.34±0.45
Table 5:AshValuesofHabbeKafoori
Sl. No Total ash (%) Acid insoluble ash (%)
Water soluble ash (%)
1. 18.08 15.11 3.292. 18.06 15.22 1.253. 17.99 15.06 1.49
Mean±SEM 18.04±0.03 15.13±0.05 2.01±0.64
Table 6:AlcoholandWatersolublematterofHabbeKafoori
Sl. No Alcohol soluble matter (%)
Water soluble matter (%)
1. 5.98 3.032. 5.75 2.783. 5.53 3.30
Mean±SEM 5.75±0.13 3.03±0.15
113Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Table 7:Non-successiveandsuccessiveextractivevaluesofHabbeKafoori
Sl. No Non-Successive Extractive Values
Successive Extractive Values
Water (%)
Alcohol (%)
Petroleum ether (%)
Alcohol (%)
Water (%)
1. 3.89 10.23 7.03 2.69 2.452. 4.72 9.52 7.05 2.72 2.483. 5.83 8.98 7.10 2.66 2.72
Mean±SEM 4.81±0.56 9.58±0.36 7.06±0.02 2.69±0.02 2.55±0.08
Table 8:TotalAlkaloidalEstimationofHabbeKafoori
Sl. No Total Alkaloidal Content (%)1. 0.342. 0.33. 0.28
Mean±SEM 0.307±0.02
Table 9:TLCofHabbeKafoori
Extract Solvent Treatment No. of Spots Rf Value Colour
Ethanol Benzene:Ethylacetate(3:1)
IodineVapour
4 0.14,0.705,0.769,and0.846
Yellow
Figure 1: SampleofHabbeKafoori Figure 2:TLCofHabbeKafoori
114Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 114Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Results and Discussion
Physico-chemicalstudies
Theorganolepticcharacteristicsi.e.appearance,colour,smellandtasteofHKwerefoundtoberoundinshape,strawcoloured,havingKafoorandSandallikesmellandbitterandacridintaste(Table1)(Figure1).
Weightvariationofpill:Themeanvalueofrandomlyselected20pillswasfoundtobe504.85±1.80mg.Thistestwasdonetohelpensurethatapillcontainstheproperamountofdrug.All20pillswhenweighedindividuallywerefoundtobewithinthepermissiblelimitof5%(Table2).
Diameter:Diameterwasmeasured toensure theuniformity insizeof thepillsandtheamountofdrug.Themeanvalueofthediameterwasfoundtobe9.97±0.09mm(Table3).
Hardness:Themean valueof thehardnesswas found to be6.57 ± 0.09 kg/cm, this testwasdone todetermine the forceneeded to fractureorbreak theformulation(Table3).
Friability:Themeanpercentageoffriabilitywasfoundtobe0.09±0.01.Testwasdonetofindoutanypossiblereductionintheweightofthesoliddosageformsasaresultofmechanicalerosionduringhandling,packagingandtransportationduetoremovalofthesmallfragmentsandparticlesfromthesurfaceofthesoliddosageforms(Table3).
pHValues:pHvalueofthedrugwasdeterminedin1%and10%aqueoussolutionandthevalueswerefoundtobe6.03±0.01and5.8±0.01,respectively(Table4).
Moisturecontent: It isagoodparameter fordetecting thequalityof thedrugs.Variationinmoisturelevelaffectsthequalityofthedrugandalsoitsefficacy.Themeanpercentageofthemoisturecontentwasfoundtobe5.67±0.33(Table4).
Lossofweightondrying:It isundertakentodeterminetheamountofwaterorvolatilematterinthesample,whichisremovedduringdryingprocess.Themeanpercentageoflossofweightondryingwasfoundtobe8.34±0.45(Table4).
Ashvalueofthedrugwasdeterminedfordetectinginorganicmatterofthedrug.Anashdetermination is a basis of judging the identity of the drugandgivesinformationrelatedtoitsadulterationwithinorganicmatter.Themeanpercentagevaluesofthetotalash,acidinsolubleashandwatersolubleashwerefoundtobe18.04±0.03,15.13±0.05and2.01±0.64,respectively(Table5).
Alcoholandwatersolublematter:Amountofdrugsolubleinagivensolvent isanindexofitspurity.Themeanpercentageofalcoholandwatersolublecontentwasfoundtobe5.75±0.13and3.03±0.15,respectively(Table6).
115Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Extractive value is an index of the purity of the drugs and helps in thedeterminationofadulterationandvariation if any, in thechemical constituentsbecauseitleadstothechangeintheextractivevalues.Themeanpercentageofthenon-successiveextractivevaluesinwaterandalcoholwerefoundtobe4.81±0.56and9.58±0.36, respectively.Themeanpercentageof thesuccessiveextractivevalueswithpetroleumether,alcoholandwaterwerefoundtobe7.06±0.02,2.69±0.02and2.55±0.08,respectively(Table7).
Alkaloids are characterized by their high potency andefficacy. Little variationinalkaloidmaycauseamajorchangeintheefficacyofdrug.ThemeanvalueoftotalalkaloidalestimationofHKwasfoundtobe0.307±0.02%(Table8).
Thinlayerchromatography:Itisoneoftheimportantparametersusedforjudgingthequalityofthedrugsandfordetectingtheadulteration.FourspotswerefoundonTLCsilicaplatewith thealcoholicextractofHK.TheRfvalueswerefoundtobe0.14,0.705,0.769,and0.846(Table9,Figure2).
The findings of the study sets the physicochemical standards of HKwhichmaybeusedfor futurereferenceandmaybeusedtocomparethetestdrugsintendedtobeusedinthemanagementofdiseases.Sincethebiologicalactivityofplantdrugsandtheirpreparationsdependsmainlyontheauthenticityoftheingredients and theprocedureused for their processingand final preparationthereforephysicochemicalparametersareconsidered important toensure thequalityandtherebyefficacyofadrug.SinceHKisacommonlyuseddrugandispreparedbymanypharmaceuticalcompaniesthereforethefindingsofpresentstudywillhelpthepractitionersandpharmaceuticalindustriesalike.
Acknowledgement
Wewould like toexpressour heartfelt gratitude toProf.MansoorA.Siddiqui,Director,NationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine,Bengaluru,forprovidingthefacilitiesthatleadtosuccessfulcompletionofthestudy.
References
Afaq, S.H.,Tajuddin, andSiddiqui,M.M.H., 1994. Standardization ofHerbalDrugs.A.M.U.Press,Aligarh,pp.33,34,41,42,66-73.
Anonymous, 2006. National Formulary of UnaniMedicine, Part-IV, 1st ed.CCRUM,MinistryofH&F.W.,Govt.ofIndia,NewDelhi,pp.7-8,16,189-202.
Anonymous,2006.PhysicochemicalStandardsofUnaniFormulations.Part4.CCRUM,DepartmentofAYUSH,MinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfare,NewDelhi,pp.142-145,184.
Anonymous, 2011.Quality controlmethods for herbalmaterials.WHOPress,Geneva,Switzerland,pp.29,31.
116Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 116Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Dandagi,P.M.,Halakatti,P.K.,Mastiholimath,V.M.,Patil,M.B.andManvi,F.V.,2006.RapidlydisintegratingDomperidonetablets.Indian Drugs43(7):594-597.
Jenkins,G.L.,Knevel,A.M.andDigangi,F.E.,2008.QuantitativePharmaceuticalChemistry.6thed.CBSPublishers,NewDelhi,pp.229,230.
Lachman, L., Liberman,H.A. andKanig, J.L., 2013.TheTheoryandPracticeofIndustrialPharmacy.CBSPublishers&DistributorsPvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi,pp.479-492.
Pandey,M.K.,Singh,G.N.,Sharma,R.K.andLata,S.,2012.StandardizationofYakritPlihantakChurna:AnAyurvedicpolyherbalformulation.Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research3(1):171-176.
Sutharsingh,R.,Kavimani,S.,Jayakar,B.,Uvarani,M.andThangathirupathi,A.,2011.QuantitavephytochemicalestimationandantioxidantstudiesonaerialpartsofWilliam,L.andWilkins,2011.RemingtonTheScienceandPracticeofPharmacy.Vol.1st,21sted.WoltersKluwerHealth(India)PvtLtd.,NewDelhi,pp.916-918,924.
117Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
EUseful Folk Mediicnal Plants and Their Diversity Status in Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala
*R. Murugeswaran, K. Venkatesan, P.K. Sagar,
Kabiruddin Ahmed and
Asiya Khanum
RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,
1WestMadaChurchStreet,Royapuram,Chennai-600013
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 117-134
*Author for correspondence;Email : [email protected]
Abstract
thno-botanical leads are invaluable for the discovery ofnovel active compounds fromnatural sources.Anethno-botanical surveyhasbeen carriedout in the tribal dominatedareasofTamilNadu,KarnatakaandKeralatodocumenttheusesandstatusofthefolkmedicinalplantsamongthetribalcommunitiesofWesternGhatsregionofSouthernIndia.TheinformationonfolkmedicinalplantsusedbythetribalcommunitiesandlocalinhabitantsforvariousailmentsaregatheredfromthetribalpeopleandinhabitantofCoimbatore,TriunelveliandKanniyakumaridistrictsinTamilNadu,WayanadforestdivisionsinWayanaddistrict,KeralaandChamarajanagarwildlifedivision,Chamarajanagardistrict,KarnatakaState.Thestudymainlyfocusedonthewildplantsusedbythetribalandlocalpeopletocurevarioushealthcareailments.Itisalsorevealedthattheanalysisoffloristicdiversityof148folkmedicinalplantsspeciesbelongingto 120 genuswhich includes 53 families.Traditional knowledge ofmedicinalplantsand indigenoususeofplantmaterialhaveprovided thebasis formanypharmaceuticalsused todayand thereare stillmanypotential pharmaceuticalcompoundsyet tobediscovered. In thiscontext furtherextensivefieldstudiesmayhelpinthediscoveryofnewplantspeciesusedintheindigenoussystemsofmedicineforthebettermentofhealthcareneeds.Presentworkisbasedonthisrationaleandprovidesfirst-handinformationonfolkmedicinalclaimsoftheareainvestigated.
Keywords:Ethno-medicine,Tribal,TraditionalKnowledge,WesternGhats
Introduction
Ethno-botanicalleadsareinvaluableforthediscoveryofnovelactivecompoundsfromnaturalsource,particularlyfromplants,sincenewdiseasesaswellasdrugresistantstrainsofknownpathogenscontinue toemerge thesearch fornovelcompounds.Traditional knowledgeofmedicinal plants and indigenous useofplantmaterialhaveprovidedthebasisformanypharmaceuticalsusedtodayandtherearestillmanypotentialpharmaceuticalcompoundsyet tobediscovered(Asolkaret al.,1992).Thereisarisk,however,oflosingthispreciousresourceandmany indigenous cultures aswell as themedicinal plants themselvesare threatenedwith extinction.Basedon this rationale thepresent studywasundertaken and provides data on ethno-pharmacological field studies andliteraturesurveyconductedinruralandsuburbanplaces,atthestudyareasofTamilNadu,KarnatakaandKeraladuring2005-2010tocontributematerial forfurther investigations in thesearchofnewdrugsofplantsorigin (Anonymous,1994).
118Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 118Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
The tribal populations inhabit varied geographical and climatic zones of thecountry.Livingclosetonature,thetribal’shaveacquireduniqueknowledgeabouttheindigenousfloraandfaunaandtheiruses.Mostofwhicharenotknowntotheoutsideworld.Therefore,ethno-botanicalstudiesassumegreatimportancein enhancing the knowledgeabout theplants grownandusedbynative/tribalcommunities, the rich diversity assembled by them for their sustenance anddifferentmeansadoptedbythemforitspreservation/conservation.
SomeimportantcontributionsinthisdirectionarethoseofApparananthamandchelladurai,(1994,1986);AugustineJoy(2005);Hema(2007);Jain,(1981,1991);Jainet al.,1973, 1991;Mini (2007);Murgeswaranet al., 2010, 2011, 2013,2014,2015);Narayanan(2011);Nisha(2007);PramodandSivadasan(2003),Subramaniam,(1999),Rosakuttyet al.,(1999),Ravikumaret al.,(2004),Udayanet al.,(2008)andYoganarasimbanet al.,(1991;1982).
Thepresentwork embodies the data on folkmedicinal plants and their usescollectedduring2005-2010onfolkloremedicinesthroughextensivefieldstudiesand interviewswith tribal and rural inhabitants in the studyareasof statesofTamilNadu,KarnatakaandKerala.
Thestudyareas
Thestudyareas covered includedCoimbatore,Triunelveli andKanniyakumaridistrictsinTamilNadu,WayanaddistrictinKeralaand,ChamarajanagardistrictinKarnatakaState.Thestudieswerecarriedoutinforestareas,tribalcoloniesandsettlementsof theabovedistricts.Thestudyarea fallsunder thehill tractofSouthernwesternGhatsofTamilNadu,KarnatakaandKerala.ThedifferentethnicgroupsoftribalcommunitieslikePaliyar,IrularKani,Soligar,MalayaliandKattunayakan.Apartfromthesetribalcommunitiesthelocalnon-tribalcommunitiesofthestudyareaswerealsointerviewedwhopossessgoodknowledgeoffolkmedicine.All theseresourceshavebeenrecordedby theresearchersasfirst-handfielddataonfolkmedicinalplantsfromthestudyarea(s).
Methodology
The informationon folkdrugplantswereobtained in thecourseofaseriesofethnopharmacologicalsurveysofthestudyareaconductedduring2005to2010.Theinformationpresentedisessentiallybasedonthefirst-handdatacollectedthrough interviewingherbalmedicinemenof thestudyareaduring thecourseof theethnoparmacological field investigations.Thestudyhasbrought to lightsomeinterestingtraditionaltherapeuticmethodsappliedbythenativeofdifferentforest areaofTamilNadu,KarnatakaandKerala states. 149 taxaofmedicalplantswerecollectedandindentifiedwiththehelpofsomeflorasfromthestudyarea.Voucherherbariumspecimenspreparedanddeposited in theherbariumoftheSurveyofMedicinalPlantsUnit,RRIUM,Chennai. Inmostof thecases
119Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
thebotanical specimenswere identifiedandconfirmedatBotanicalSurveyofIndiaCoimbatore.
Duringsurvey,theinformanthadtobeconvincedthattheirco-operationwasofgreat benefit to the country.The survey team therefore, visited thehealers intheirrespectivelocalitiesandtheywereofgreathelptodiscussandrevealfolkmedicinalusesoflocalplantsandtoshowtheirsampleseitherinthefieldorinthecamp.Foreachplant, the following informationwasgathered; (i)commonnameof the plant, or crude drug; (ii)medicinal use(s); (iii) part(s) used; (iv)other ingredientsadded(ifany); (v)methodofdrugpreparations; (vi)modeofapplication;(vii)dosageanddurationoftreatment,and;(viii)precautions(ifany).
Plant specimenswere collected and entered in the field book each day. Forbotanical identification, the floraofBritish India (Hooker, 1872-1897), Flora ofTamilNaduCarnatic(Matthew,1983),ThefloraofTamilNadu(NairandHenry.,1982),(Hentryet al.,(1987,1989)FloraofthePresidencyofMadras(Gamble,1936).AdditionstothisfloraofKarnataka.(Ravikumaret al.,2001)andFloraofKarnataka(Shaldanha,1984).Theliteraturesurveyforgeneralinformationandbiodynamicnotesandtherapeuticusesforidentifiedplantswascarriedout.Themaininformationsourceswere;thewealthofIndia‘Rawmaterials’.(Hussainet al.,1992).MedicinalplantsofIndia.(Anonymous,1976,1987).NotablePlantsinEthnomedicineofIndia(Jainet al.,1991).‘CompendiumofIndianMedicinalplants’ (RastogiandMehrota,1990-1998);Secondsupplementary toGlossaryofIndianMedicinalPlantswithActiveprinciples’(Asolkaret al.,1992);GlossaryofIndianMedicinalPlants’(Chopraet al.,1956).
Results
Table 1:FolkMedicinalPlantsofSouthernWesternGhats,India
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Abrus precatoriusL.RRIUM-CH:8511,8929
Kundumani(T) Leaf Swellings Climber C
Abutilon indicum(L)Sweet.RRIUM-CH:9365
Tuthi(T)Baralukaddi(K)
Leaf Piles,WoundsLeafJuiceCough
Herb C
Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)WilldRRIUM-CH:9503
Velvelam(T)Nayibela(K)
Gum Healthtonic Tree C
Acacia nilotica(L)WilldexDelRRIUM-CH:9412
Karuvelam(T)Karijaali(K)
BarkFruit Diarrhoea,dysenterySexualdisorders
Tree C
120Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 120Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Acacia sinuata(Lour)Merr.RRIUM-CH:9412,9678
Shikaka(M)Cige(K)
Fruit Expectorant,dandruff
Climber C
Ach Acyranthes aspera L. RRIUM-CH:8824,8979,9283,9647
Nayuruvi(T)Uttareni(K)
LeafStem
Dentalcareand
Strengthen-inggums
Herb C
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. RRIUM-CH:9897
Mangayarkunthalparani(M)
Leaf bonefracture Herb C
Aegle marmelos(L.)Corr.RRIUM-CH:9233,9499
Vilvam(T)Belapatre(K)
Fruit Asthma,laxative
Tree S
Aerva lanata(L)Juss.exSchult.RRIUM-CH:9427
Poolanpundu(T)Bilesolegida(K)
Rootleafwholeplant
scorpionstinging,headacheKidneystone,urinaryirritations
Herb C
Ageratum conyzoides L. RRIUM-CH:8446
Mookuthipul(T)Helukasa(K)
Leaf Cutinjuries Herb C
Alangium salvifolium(L.f)Wangerin.
Alingil(T) FruitBark RefrigerantHypotensive
Tree S
Albizi aamara(Roxb.)Boivin.RRIUM-CH:8351,9477
Usil(T)Chalavagai(K)
Leaf,Seed
Hairfalling,Piles
Tree C
Albiza lebbeck(L)BenthRRIUM-CH:9302
Vagai(T)Baage(K) Bark,Seed
Skinirritation,Skin
diseases
Tree C
Allium cepa L.RRIUM-CH:9432
Vengayam(T)Eetilli(Kannada)
ExtractionLeaf
Asthma,Diabetic
Herb C/C
Alpinia galangaSwRRIUM-CH:9539
Perarattai(T)Dhumarasmi(K)
Rhizome Fever Herb C/C
Alstonia scholaris(L)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:8371
Eazhilaipalai(T)Aelelehale(K)
Bark DiarrhoeaHeadache
Tree S
Alternanthera sessilis (L)R.Br.exDC.RRIUM-CH:8938
Ponnankani(T) LeafLeaf Stomachpain
Stomachulcers
Herb C
Amaranthus spinosus L RRIUM-CH:8572,8941,9170,9898
Chaulai,muludantu(K)
LeafRoot Boils,SwellingsEczemaLaxative
Herb C
121Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Amaranthus viridis L RRIUM-CH:9418
Mullukeerai(T)Chelakeeraesoppu
(K)
Leaf Poisonousbites
Herb C
Anacardium occidentale L. RRIUM-CH:9012,9668
Mundiri(T)Kapamava(M)
SeedResinousjuice
FootcrakePalpitation
Tree C/C
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Wall.exNees.RRIUM-CH:8690,8931
Nilavembu(T) Leaf StomachpainItching,
Fever
Herb R
Anogeissus latifolia(Roxb.exDC.)Wall.exGuill.&Perr.RRIUM-CH:9131
Vellai-Nagai(T)Dindal(K)
StemBarkLeaf
Snakebite Tree C
Argemonem exiana L. RRIUM-CH:9178
Bramathandu(T)Arasinaomathai(K)
Seed Psoriasis Herb C
Aristolochia indica L RRIUM-CH:8689
Perumarunthu(T) Leaf Eczema Climber R
Asclepia scurassavica L RRIUM-CH:8673,8952
Neeraruvi(K) Root Piles,ScabiesCutinjuries
Herb C
Asparagus racemosus Willd.RRIUM-CH:9263,9826
Amukrakilangu(T)Aashaadibaeru(K)
root Stomachpainduetoirregularmenstruation
Whitedischarges
Climber R
Azadirachta indicaAJuss.RRIUM-CH:9232
Vemmbu,Balanthibaeru(K)
StemBarkSeed
Fever,Diabeticwounds
Tree C
Bauhinia purpurea L.RRIUM-CH:9526
Mandarai(T)Akilu(K)
BarkLeaf Malarialfever
Herb C
Boerhavia diffusa L.RRIUM-CH:9383
Mookeratai(T)Adakaputhanagida
(K)
Root Jaundice,Leafwounds
Herb C
Bixa orellana L.RRIUM-CH:8659
Kurangumanjal Seedsbulbseed
HeadacheDysentery
C
Butea monosperma(Lam)TaubRRIUM-CH:8686,9440
Kattuthee SeedFlowers
RingwormSwellings
Tree C
Caesalpinia crista L.RRIUM-CH:9357
Kalatchikai(T)Gajaga(K)
LeafSeed
HydroceleFever
Climber S
122Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 122Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Calophyllum inophyllum L. RRIUM-CH:8670
Pinnai(T) Seed Jointpain Tree S
Calotropis gigantea(L.)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:8592,8963,8883,9114
Erukku,Aarka(K) Latex Insectbite Herb C
Cardiospermum canescens Wall.RRIUM-CH:9486,8444,8878,9735
Mudakuthan(T)Agniballa(K)
Leafleaves
StomachpainJoint
pain
Climber C
Cardiospermum helicacabum L.RRIUM-CH:8444,8878,9169
Mudakathan(T)Battekaayiballi(K)
SeedsLeaves
JointpainLaxative
Climber C
Cariss Carissa carandas L RRIUM-CH:8348
Kalakai(T) Fruit Generalhealth
Indigestion
Tree C
Cassia alata L.RRIUM-CH:8843,8930
Seemaiagathi,Kaddumardu
LeafStem
SkindiseasesRingwarmToothache
Shrub C
Cassia auriculata L.RRIUM-CH:8565,8763,9390
Aavarai(T) Aavarika(K)
Flowersleaf
Dandruffdiabetes
Shrub C
Cassia fistula L. RRIUM-CH:8385,8454,8769,8923,9109,9813,
Kondrai(T),Araghvada(K)
FlowersFruit
Barkfruitpowder
StomachpainAsthma,
KneeswellingMuscularpain
Tree C
Cassia occidentalis L RRIUM-CH:8746,8988,9308
Thakarai(T)Aanesogata(K)
LeafSeed
PsoriasisCough
Herb C
Cassia tora L.RRIUM-CH:8951,9360,9435
TantemuCagace(K) LeafSeed
RingwormJaundice
Herb C
Catharanthus roseus(L)G.DonRRIUM-CH:9210,9612
Nithyakalyanibatelahoo(K)
LeafFruit DiabetesLeachbite
Herb C
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.)TirvengRRIUM-CH:8355,8810,8879
Madukarai(T) Fruit RheumatismWorm
infestation
Tree C
123Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Centella asiatica(L)UrbanRRIUM-CH:9679
VallaraiBrahmeesoppu(K)
Leaf LaxativeLeprosy
Herb C
Cinnamomum wightii Meisner.RRIUM-CH:8778
Kattukaruva(T) Bark Cold Tree V
Cinnamomum verum Presl.RRIUM-CH:8933
Lavangampattai(T) BarkLeaf VomitingStomachpain
Tree V
Cissus quadrangularis L. RRIUM-CH:9429
Pirandai(T)Asthisamboora(K)
StemLeaf
Stomachpain
Indigestion
Climber C
Citrullus colocynthis(L)Schrader.RRIUM-CH:8377,8705
Aathuthumatti(T) Fruit DarkspotStomachpain
Climber C
Citrus limon(L)Burm.f.RRIUM-CH:9465,8705
Elumichai(T)Brihatnimbu(K)
Fruit StomachpainScabies
Tree C
Clerodendrum inerme(L)Gaertn.RRIUM-CH:8916
Pekallathi(or)
Peenarisangu(T)
LeafFruit ItchingScabies
Tree C
Clitoria ternatea L. RRIUM-CH:8927,9231
Sangupushpam(T)Girikannike(K)
Wholeplant
Seedleaf
SnakebiteWounds,Eyediseasesof
cattle
Climber C
Coccinia grandis(L)Voigt.RRIUM-CH:9217
Kovai,Kaagethonde(K)
RootRootfruit
RheumatismJointpainDiabetes
Climber C
Coffea arabica L. RRIUM-CH:9471
Kappi,Bannugida(K)
Seed Stimulant Shrub C/C
Costus speciosus(JKoenig.)SmithRRIUM-CH:11224
Insulinkerrai(T)Anakkuva(M)
Leaf SwellingIrregular
menstruation
Herb C
Crotalaria retusa L. RRIUM-CH:9486
Kilukillupai(T)Gijat(K)
Leaf Scabies Herb C
Croton bonplandianus BaillonRRIUM-CH:8984,9174
Amanakupoondu(T)Somari(K)
Latex Wounds Herb C
Cryptolepis buchanani Roem.&Schult.RRIUM-CH:9313
Keeripalai(T)Karanda(K)
StemRootbark
Malarialfever
Rheumatism
Climber C
124Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 124Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Curculigo orchioides GaertnerRRIUM-CH:9253
NelatatygaddaNelalengu(K)
Rhizome AsthmaSexualdisorders
Herb S
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.RRIUM-CH:8973,9177,9790
OotuchediAmaraballi(K)Akasavalli(M)
Wholeplant
BoilsConstipationJaundice
Herb C
Cymbopogon citrates (DC.)StapfRRIUM-CH:9890
Thailapull(T)Chaahullu(M)
Leaf BodypainHeadache
Herb C
Derris canarensis(Dalz)BakerRRIUM-CH:8956
Vangaivalli(T) Leaf jointpain W.Climber
R
Dioscorea bulbifera L. RRIUM-CH:9816
Kattukaccil(M) Tuber EnergyfoodUlcers
Climber C
Eclipta prostrata(L.)L.RRIUM-CH:8722,9394
Karisalangani(T)Ajaagara(K)
Leafwholeplant
Dandruff,hairfallingCutsinjuries
ulcers
Herb C
Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.RRIUM-CH:9458
Malampinnai(M)Ruthraksham(T)
Seeds Rheumaticpain
Tree C
Erythrina varigata L RRIUM-CH:9575
Kalyanamurungai(T),Bilivaarjipae(K)
BarkSeed
LeprosyJaundice
Tree C
Eucalyptus globulesLabill.RRIUM-CH:9419
Thailamaram(T)Karpurathailaviricha
(K)
LeafLeaf BodypainHeadache
Tree C
Euphorbia cyathophora Murray.RRIUM-CH:8889
Palperukki LatexLeaf
HeadacheWounds
Herb C
Euphoribia hirta L. RRIUM-CH:8947,9387,9900
Ammanpacharasi(T),
Acchacchegida(K),Nilappal(M)
wholeplantleaf
WorminfestationAsthmaDiarrhoea
Herb C
Ficus benghalensis L. RRIUM-CH:9531
Aaladamara(K) LatexBark
Bleedinggum
Dysentery
Tree C
Ficus hispidaL.fRRIUMCH:8961
Peiathi(T) FruitLeaf GonorrhoeaStomachpain
Tree C
Ficus racemosa L. RRIUM-CH:9573
Atthi(T) LeafBark DysenteryLeucorrhoea
Tree C
Ficus religiosa L.RRIUM-CH:8718
Acakam(K) BarkLeaf ScabiesDiabetic
Tree C
125Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Garcinia gummi-gutta(L)Robs.RRIUM-CH:8872
Kodukaipalli SeedsFruit
Eczema,Bonefracture
Tree S
Gloriosa superba L RRIUM-CH:8622,9001
Senkandal(T)KalapaiKizhangu(T)
Seedwholeplant
Leprosy(expecttuber)Uterinefibbers
Herb R
Gmelina arboreaRoxb.RRIUM-CH:9346
Kumiltekku(T)Kumula(M)
Baachanikemara(K)
StemBarkLeaf
Laxative,Ulcer
Tree C
Gossypium hirsutum L.RRIUM-CH:9439
Paruthi(T)Americanehatthi(K)
Seed HealthtonicExpectorant
Herb C
Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.RRIUM-CH:9310
Naivelai(T) Shrikala(K)
Leaf ScabiesJointpain
Herb C
Helianthus annus L.RRIUM-CH:9397
Suriyakanthi(T)Adityabhakti(K)
SeedLeaf
Coldandcough,Scabies
Herb C
Helicteres isora L RRIUM-CH:8749,8884
EdampuriValampuri(T)
FruitLeafBark
DandruffRingwormDrycough
Tree C
Hemidesmus indicus(L)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:9033
Nannari(T) Root Fever Herb C
Hibicus rosa-sinensis L.RRIUM-CH:8917
Sembarathi(T) LeafFlower
Boils,ExpulsionofplacentaMenstrualdisorders
Herb C
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L)FMuell.RRIUM-CH:8968
Orilaithamari(T) Leafwholeplant
DysenteryJaundice
Herb S
Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.)Heine.RRIUM-CH:8991,9220,9797
Neerumulli(T)Kolavalike(K)Vayalculli(M)
LeafRoot JaundiceUterinetonic
Herb S
Ichnocarpus frutescens(L)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:8716
Udharkodi(T) LatexRoot
HeadacheFever
Herb S
Indigofera tinctoria LRRIUM-CH:8825
Averi(T) RootLeaf Abdominalpain,Hairtonic
Herb C
126Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 126Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Ipomoea nil (L)Roth.RRIUM-CH:8828
Kakatan(T) RootSeed
PurgativeRingworm
Climber C
Jasminum malabaricum Wight.RRIUM-CH:8788,8911
Kuruvilangkodi(M) LeafFlower
Scabies,HeadacheBrestpain
Climber C
Justicia adhatoda L. RRIUM-CH:9703
Aduthoda(T)Adalodagam(K)
LeafLeaf Coughandcold,Joint
pain
Herb C/C
Lantana camara L. RRIUM-CH:8449,8831
Unnichedi(T) LeafFruit AntisepticWoundhealing
Herb C
Leucas aspera(Willd.)Link.RRIUM-CH:8992,9293
KasiThumbai(T) Leaf JaundicePsoriasis
Herb C
Leucas indica(L.)R.Br.exVatkeRRIUM-CH:9828
Mosappullu(T) Leaf WoundsJaundice
Herb C
Leucas martinicensis(Jacq.)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:8637
Thumbai(T) RootLeaf Psoriasis,Skinrashes
Herb C
Limonia acidissima L. RRIUM-CH:8564
Vilam(T) GumsLeaf
DysenteryGastrictroubles
Tree S
Lobelia nicotianefoliaRoth.exScheltes RRIUM-CH:8851,9464
Kattuphuyulai(T)Doddakaadu(K)
Leaf Asthma,Scabies
Herb C
Mallotus philippensis(Lam.)MuellArg. RRIUM-CH:8441
Kamala(T)Kapli(K)
BarkSeed
Generaltonic,
Eczema
Tree C
Melia azedarach L. RRIUM-CH:9336
Arabaevu(K) SeedBarkHeartwood
MalarialfeverAsthma
Tree C
Mimosa pudica L. RRIUM-CH:9125,9673
Thotalvadi(T) RootLeaf Jaundice,Hydrocele
Herb C
Mirabilis jalapa L.RRIUM-CH:9281
Anthimalligai(T)Chandramallige(K)
LeafLeaf JaundiceItching
Herb C
Morinda tinctoriaRoxb.RRIUM-CH:9130
Nuna(T)Maddiainshi(K)
Leaf WoundsStomach
ulcerAsthma
Tree C
Mucuna pruriens(L)DC.RRIUM-CH:9462,9773
Punaikkali(T)Chinakeebeeja(K)
sexualdisorders
Climber R
127Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Nerium oleander L.RRIUM-CH:9504
Arali(T)Ashvamaaraka(K)
RootLeaf ScabiesSwelling
Tree C
Ocimum basilicum L. RRIUM-CH:8715,8903,8975
Jangalitulsi(T)Aamalaka(K)
Leaf Stomachpain,
ringworm
Herb C
Ocimum gratissimum L. RRIUM-CH:8634,8932
GayaTulsi(T) LeafSeedLeaf
Asthma,coldringwormJointpain
Herb C
Pedalium murex L. RRIUM-CH:10700
YanaiNerungi(T) LeafFlower
Stomachpain
HeadacheMenstrualdisorders
Herb C
Phyllanthus amarusSchum.&Thonn.
Keelanelli(T) Plant BodyheatUrinaryinfectionJaundice
Herb C
Phyllanthus emblica L. RRIUM-CH:9268
Nelli(T) Aamalakee(K)
Leaf WoundsJaundice
Cough,cold
Tree C
Phyllanthus reticulatusPoir.RRIUM-CH:8963
KattuKeelanelli(T) Leaf ToothacheBleedinggums
Herb C
Physalis minima L.RRIUM-CH:8514,8976
Siruthakali(T)Makabari(K)
LeafFruit Cold,CoughAbdominal
pain
Herb C
Pergularia daemia(Forsk.)Chiov.RRIUM-CH:8671
Seenthilkodi(T) RootLeaf HeadacheFoetidaldischarge
Climber C
Phoenix sylvestris(L)Roxb.RRIUM-CH:9331
Eacham(T)Andaeechalu(K)
Fruit Gastrictroubles
Shrub C
Piper longum L. RRIUM-CH:8966,9742
Kattuthipili(T)Capala(M)
Fruit Cough Herb C
Piper nigrum L. RRIUM-CH:8876
Kurumilagu(T) Seed FeverBodypain
Climber C
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.)Spreng.RRIUM-CH:8635
Karpuravalli(T) Leaf Cold Herb C
128Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 128Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Plumbago zeylanica L. RRIUM-CH:8977,9239,8801
Chitarimoolam(T)Agnipaavaka(K)
LeafRoot MenstrualdisordersItching,
Headache
Herb C
Polygonum chinense L. RRIUM-CH:8747
Nelakumbala(T) Leaf Skindiseases
Herb C
Polygonum glabrum Willd.RRIUM-CH:8944
SivappuKumbakodaali(T)
Leaf Stomachpain
Herb C
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.RRIUM-CH:8755,9078
Vengai(T) Latex HeadacheToothache
Tree C
Rauvolfia serpentina(L)Benth.exKurz.RRIUM-CH:8756,8959
Sarpgandh(T)Swetbarua(K)
LeafRoot PoisonousbiteChest
pain
Herb R
Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. RRIUM-CH:9535,9644
Serpagantha(M)Doddachandrike(K)
Root Bloodpressure
Shrub C
Ricinus communis L. RRIUM-CH:9018,9341,9696
Amanaku(T)Aalambuda(K)Amandam(M)
Leaf LaxativeStomachpainBoils
Tree C
Rubia cordifolia L. RRIUM-CH:8447,8751
Manjiti(T)Kavilaikodi(M)
RootFlower
Headache Climber C
Ruta chalepensis L. RRIUM-CH:9538,9747
Aruvada(T) Sadabu(K) Aruta(M)
Leaf RheumaticHeadache
Herb C
Semecarpus anacardium L. f.RRIUM-CH:9559
Serangottai(T)Gheru,Agnimukhi
(K)
Gum Nervinetonic Tree S
Sida acuta Burm.f. RRIUM-CH:9832
Bajramuli(K)Cerparuva(M)
LeafTwigsRoot
BoilstoothacheBonefracture
Herb C
Solanum anguiviLam.RRIUM-CH:8950
MuluSundai(T) Fruit Toothache Herb C
Solanum nigrum L. RRIUM-CH:No:8632
Giwain(K) Leaf Ulcer Herb C/C
Solanum pubescens L. RRIUM-CH:8647
Akranti(T) Root stomachpain
Herb C
Solanum surattense L. RRIUM-CH:8326,8731,8805,8790
Kandamkathiri(T) Fruit ToothachedentalcareAsthma
Herb C
129Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Solanum torvum Sw.RRIUM-CH:9996
Sundai(T) SeedFruit
ToothacheStomachpain
Herb C
Stachytarpheta indica(L)Vahl.RRIUM-CH:8962
Semainayuruvi(T) Leaf Fever Herb C
Strychnos nux-vomica L.RRIUM-CH:8354
Eatti(T) Leaf Rheumaticpain
Tree S
Syzygium cumini(L)Skeels.RRIUM-CH:8336,8566
Naval(T) FruitLeaf DiarrhoeaMuscularpain
Tree C
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.)R.Br.exRoem. RRIUM-CH:8873,9242
Nanthiyavatai(T)Kokkekaayigida(K)
Latex Wounds Herb C
Tephrosia purpurea(L)Pers.RRIUM-CH:8920
Venipali(K) Seed Scabies,Itching
Herb C
Terminalia arjuna(Roxb.exDC.)RRIUM-CH:9599,9834
Maruthu(K)Arjunamara(M)
Bark chestpain,Skindiseases
Tree C
Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.)Roxb.RRIUM-CH:8349,9498
Thani(T),Bedaro(K)
Seed DiarrhoeaAsthma
Tree C
Terminalia catappa L. RRIUM-CH:8924
Badam(T) Latex Swellings Tree C
Terminalia chebulaRetz.RRIUM-CH:7715,7334
Kadukai(T) Fruit ToothacheGeneralhealth
Tree S
Terminalia paniculataRoth.RRIUM-CH:9135
Karumaruthu(T)Karimati(K)
FlowerBark
Fever,Carminative
Tree C
Thottea siliqusa(Lam.)Ding.RRIUM-CH:9602
Alpam(M) LeafRoot Injury,Fever Herb C
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Miers.exHook.f.&Thoms.RRIUM-CH:8602,9426
Seenthil(T)Aganiballi(K)
Leaf FeverDysentery
Climber C
Trichopus zeylanicusGaertn.RRIUM-CH:8954
Arokiyapachi(T) Fruit Generalhealth
Herb S
Tridax procumbens L. RRIUM-CH:8972
Aruvamookupoondu(T)
Leaf Injuries Herb C
Vitex negundo L. RRIUM-CH:9091
Notchi(T) Leaf MigraineAsthma
Headache
Tree C
130Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 130Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name Local Name Part Used
Curative diseases
Habit Status
Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck.)Merr.RRIUM-CH:8937
Manjalkarisalankani(T)
Leaf Cough,Asthma
Herb C
Wrightia tinctoriaRoxb.)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:8576,8761,8880
Veppalai(T) LeafLatexFruit
ToothacheHeadacheGeneralhealth
Tree C
Ziziphus rugosa Lam.RRIUM-CH:8908
Kattuillanthai(T) Fruit Indigestion Tree C
C-Common,C/C-Common&Cultivation,S-Sporadic,R-Rare,V-VulnerableT-Tamil,M-Malayalam,K-Kanada
Discussion
The present study revealed the floristic diversity of the folkmedicinal plantsand records some148 potentialmedicinal plant species (Table-1) belongingto 120number of genuswhich includes53 families.The life formanalysis ofthepresentstudyare58speciesofherbs,23speciesofshrubs,21speciesofclimbers,twinersand46speciesoftreesarecollectedanddocumented.Duringthestudyabout237usefulfolkmedicinalpreparationswerecollectedwhichareusedinthetreatmentof86differentailmentsbythetraditionalhealersofvarioustribalcommunitiesinthestudyarea.Theusualmethodsofapplicationsareasdecoction, paste, powder, juice pill etc.These are administered internally orappliedexternally.Mostoftherecipesincludeonlyoneplantspecieshowever,insomepreparationscombinationofseveralherbsarealsoincluded.Moreover,someplant species are used formore than onediseaseand in someof thetreatmentsinglediseasesmaybetreatedbymanyplantspecies.Itis,therefore,difficulttosaywhichplantisactuallyeffectiveincuringdiseaseandthelaboratoryinvestigationsandclinicaltrialsaresuggestedtoestablishtherapeuticpropertiesoftheseherbalpreparationsfortheireffectiveandsafeuse.
Theliteraturesurvey(Anonymous,1948-1976;Husainet al.,1992;Anonymous,1976,1987;Jainet al.,1991;RastogiandMehrotra,1990-1998;Kapoor,1990;Chatterjee andPakrashi, 1991-1994 indicates that chemical constituents andpharmacologicalactionofmostofthespeciesarealreadyknowntosomeextent.However,onlymeager information isavailableonAbutilon indicumL.Sweet.,Acacia sinuata(Lour.)Merr.,Alangium salvifolium(L.f.)Wangerin.,Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br.ex. DC.Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Wall.ex.Nees.,Asclepias curassavica L.,Boerhavia diffusa L.,Bixa orellana L.,Calophyllum inophyllumL.,Cinnamomum wightiiMeisner.,Citrullus colocynthis(L.)Schrader.,Costus speciosus (J.Koenig)Smith.,Erythrina varigata L.,Limonia acidissima
131Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
L.,Cymbopogon citrates (DC.)Stapf.,Garcinia cambogiaDesr.,Hemidesmus indicus(L.)R.Br.,Ipomoea pupurea (L.)Roth.,Leucas martinicensis(Jacq.)R.Br.,Morinda tinctoriaRoxb.,Ocimum gratissimumL.,Physalis minimaL.,Plumbago zeylanica L.,Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.,Rauwolfia tetraphylla L.,Ruta graveolens L.,Semecarpus anacardiumL.f.,Solanum pubescens L.,Solanum virginianumL.,Terminalia bellerica(Gaertn.)Roxb.,Trichopus zeylanicus Gaertn.,Vitex negundoL.,Wedelia chinensis(Osbeck.)Merr.,Zizyphus rugosa Lamk.,Wrightia tinctoria(Roxb.)R.Br.etc.Therefore,re-investigationofallsuchspeciesissuggestedfortheirchemicalconstituentsandpharmacologicaleffects.
Thestudyalsorevealedthatoutofthe148speciesrecordedfromthestudyarea about 123 species fall in common category, 17 species are uncommonandabout8speciessuchasAndrographis paniculata(Burm.f.)Wall.exNees.,Aristolochia indica L.,Asparagus racemosusWilld.,Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume.,Derris canarensisBaker.,Mucunapruriens(L.)DC.,Rauvolfia serpentina (L.)Benth.ex.Kurz.andSemecarpus anacardium L.f.areverymuchrestrictedintheirdistributiontoparticularlocalities/forestareas/regiononly.
Inconclusion,wemaysaythatthroughsuchinvestigationsmanymorenewplant drugs can be discovered from the unique folklores lying hidden amongthetraditionalcommunitiesofotherethnopharmacologicallyunexploredareasofIndiaandelsewhere,whichmaybeutilizedtothewellbeingofhumanhealth.However, experimental and clinical evidencesareneeded to demonstrate theeffectivenessandsafetyofthesefolkdrugsbeforetheycanbeacceptedbythemodern health care systems.Therefore, studies on toxicity, pharmacologicalactions,andchemicalconstituentsaresuggestedforallthesefolkdrugsinthecontextofreportedclaims.
Acknowledgements
Weare verygrateful to theDirectorGeneral,CentralCouncil forResearch inUnaniMedicine(CCRUM),NewDelhiandDeputyDirector,RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,Chennai,forprovidingnecessaryfacilitiestoconductthestudy.Wealsoexpressoursincerethankstoconcerneddistrictforestofficersandfieldofficialsofdepartmentof forests,TamilNadu,KeralaandKarnatakafor necessary permissionandproviding necessary field assistanceduring thefieldstudy.
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135Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
AEthnomedicinal Study of Some Medicinal Plants of Boudh District, Odisha
*Usha Devi, Himanshu Dwivedi
and Hkimudin Khan
RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,Bhadrak-756100,Odisha
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 135-156
*Author for correspondence;Email : [email protected]
Abstract
n ethnobotanical survey was undertaken to collectinformation on the use of ethnomedicinal plants inBoudh district ofOdishastateinMarch,2017.Theexplorationrevealedfolkuseof65speciesofplantsdistributedin64generabelongingto35familiestotreatvariousailments.Theindigenousknowledgeoflocaltraditionalhealersandthenativeplantsusedformedicinalpurposeswerecollectedthroughquestionnaireandpersonalinterviewsduringthefieldtrip.InthisstudythemostdominantfamilywasEuphorbiaceaeandleavesweremostfrequentlyusedforthetreatmentofdiseases.Maximumspecieswereused to cure dermatological conditions.The studyenrichesourexistingknowledgeonethnopharmacopoeaofthisregionofOdishastatewhichlikelywillcontributesignificantly todevelopanddiscovernewdrugsofnaturalorigin.
Key Words:Folkmedicines,Medicinalplants,Survey,Boudh,Odisha.
Introduction
Theuseofplantsasmedicineisslowlyincreasinginthedevelopedworldbecausetheyhaveminorornosideeffects(Bernalet al.,2011;Ekor,2013;George,2011;Jordanet al., 2010). It is estimated that 80%of thepopulation of developingcountries relies on traditionalmedicines,mostly plant drugs, for their primaryhealth care needs as they are easily available and cheaper (Mahmoud andGairola,2013;ShresthaandDhillion,2003;WHO.,2013).Modernpharmacopoeiastillcontainsatleast25%drugsderivedfromplants(Raoet al.,2004).
EthnobotanyisnotnewtoIndiabecauseofitsrichethnicdiversity.Jain(1991)pointedout that thereareover 400different tribal andother ethnic groups inIndiaandtraditionalherbalmedicinesformanimportantpartoftheirhealthcaresystem. It is reported that in India traditional healers use2500plant speciesamongthemaround100speciesofplantsserveasregularsourcesofmedicine(Pei, 2001).Documentation ofMedicinal plants and their use by indigenousculturesisnotonlyhelpfulforconservationofculturaltraditionsandbiodiversitybut also for community healthcare and drug development in the present andfuture(Ayyanar,2012;Pei,2001).
Odishaisendowedwithquiterichplantresourcesingeneralandmedicinalplantsinparticular.Nearly62differentethnicgroups,inhabitinginthedenseandthicktropicalforestareasofOdishastate(Pattanayaket al.,2016).Theyhavefaithintheirtraditionalsystemofhealthcareandhavetheirowntraditionalphysicianswho have rich and outstanding traditional knowledge andwisdom regardingplantsuseastheirmateriamedica.Boudhdistrictisoneofthecentrallylocated
136Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 136Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
districtsofOrissa. It liesbetween20º22’Nand20º50’N latitudesandbetween83º34’Eand84º49’E longitudes. It is boundedon thenorthby thedistrictsofSambalpurandAnugul,ontheeastbyAnugulandNayagarh,onthesouthbyNayagarh andKandhamal andon thewest byBalangir andSonapur.Out oftheSixty-two tribalcommunities for thestate,asmanyas25 tribesare foundin thedistrict (Sahuet al.,2013a),where tribessuchasKondh,Gond,Saora,Kol,Binjha,Munda,etc.arepredominantly inhabitedinthestudyarea.Duetoless communicationmeans, poverty, ignorance and unavailability ofmodernhealth facilities,mostpeopleespecially tribalpeoplearestill forcedtopracticetraditionalmedicines for their commonailments.Theyhave their owndiversereligiouscultureandsocialtraditionswhereeldersstillpossessgoodknowledgeofthehealingpropertiesoflocalflora,acquiredinthecourseoflongexperienceandassociationwiththeforests.
Previously floristic and ethnobotanical study of area has been done by fewworkers(BeheraandNayak,2012;Sahu,2016;Sahuet al.,2013a,b&c),however,areaisdominantlyinhabitedbyvarioustribalandindigenouscastesgroupwhichgivemorescopetorecordmoreandmoreinformationontraditionalmedicinaluseofplantsprevalentamongthenativepeople.ThustheaimofpresentexplorationistoreportwidelyusedmedicinalspecieswithethnomedicinalinformationwithaviewtocontributematerialtotherichherbalheritageofOdishainanattempttodevelopanddiscovernovelplant-basedpharmaceuticals.
Methodology
Anethnobotanicalsurveywascarriedout in themonthofMarch,2017withaviewtoinvestigatethemedicinalplantsdiversityandtorecordthefolkwisdomof tribalandother ruralpeopleof thestudyarea.TheexplorationwascarriedoutinPuranakatak(Charichhak)ForestRangeandMadhapurForestRangeofHarabhangaBlockofBoudhForestDivision.Plant specimenswerecollected,pressed dried andmounted on herbarium sheets and identified on the basisof fieldnotes,with thehelpof floraofOdisha (SaxenaandBrahmam,1996),Botany ofBihar&Orissa (Haines, 1921-25), other regional floras and onlineliteratureaswellasthroughcomparisonwithpreviousauthenticatedherbariumspecimensofSurveyofMedicinalPlantUnit(SMPU)ofBhadrakanddepositedintheHerbariumoftheSMPUofRegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine(RRIUM),Bhadrak,Odisha, for future reference.Data on folkmedicinalweregatheredthroughquestionnaireandpersonalinterviewsofreliablemedicinemen(Vaidhya)andotherknowledgeabletribalandruralpeopleofthestudyarea.
FolkMedicinalPlants
Theplantsusedbytheinhabitantsinthestudyareaarearrangedinalphabeticorder by their scientific names. Each entry provides information on correct
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botanical name, family, local name, unani name (if any), locality, voucherspecimen number, part used, ailment treated and folkmedicinal use(s)withmodeofadministrationandsourcearegiveninsequence(nameoftribe&othernative caste group).As far as possible, the probable dosageandduration ofthesecrudedrugsarealsogiven.
Acalypha indicaL.(Euphorbiaceae);Indramarish;Kuppi;BurbiRF-10898;Leaves;Cut/woundsandscabies;Leavespasteisappliedoncut,woundsandscabies(Kondh/ST).
Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae);Apamarango;Ankumah, KhareVazanun,Chirchita;Toothcavity, tooth infection,fever,cuts,wound&eczema;Digsira-10949;Inflorescenceandfruit;Powderofinflorescencemixedwithfruitpowder ofGokharu (Tribulus terrestris L.) in equal quantity and use as toothpowdertopreventtoothcavityandtoothinfection.About10-15mlwholeplantextractionmixedwith one teaspoon honey and the remedy is taken to curefever.Extractionofwholeplantisappliedoncuts,woundandeczema(Kondh/ST&Tonla/SC).
Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae); Jaisanda,Devosando;WajTurki; BurbiRF-10905;Rhizome;Diarrhea,dysenteryand indigestion;Decoctionof rhizome isusedfordiarrhea,dysenteryandindigestioninchildren(Kondh/ST).
Aegle marmelosCorr.(Rutaceae);Bel;Belgiri,Safarjal-e-Hindi;PudohRF-10925;Leaves;Gastric problem, diarrhea, dysentery; Leaves decoction is used forgastricproblem.Fruitpulpistakentocurediarrheaanddysentery(Kondh/ST).
Aerva lanata(L.)Juss.exSchults.(Amaranthaceae);PichhudiSago;Biseributi;KupmundiaForest-10945;Cough;Wholeplant;Aboutoneteaspoonpowderofwholeplantisusedtocurecough(Kondh/ST&Paradhan/Othervillagers).
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Nees (Acanthaceae);Bhuineem;Kalmegh;ArakhapadarRF-10847; Leaves, whole plant; Vermifuge, cough, diarrhea,malarial fever, itching,bloodpurification,diabetes;Leavespaste is takenwithwaterasvermifugeinemptystomach.Decoctionofwholeplantisusedtocurecough,diarrheaandmalarial fever.Leavespaste isapplied for itching.Wholeplantextractionorpowder isused forbloodpurification,diabetesandmalaria(Kondh/ST).
Argemone mexicana L. (Asteraceae);Nirpania;Satyanasi; Jhadarajing-10870;Seed;Iitching,wound,scabies,eczema;Seedpastewithmusteredoilappliedforitchingandwound.Rootpasteisappliedtocurescabiesandeczema(Kondh/ST).
Asparagus racemosusWilld.(Liliaceae);Gaichira,Satabari;Shaqaqul,Satawar;Kutnijharo-10856; Root; Stomachache, dyspepsia, acidity, spermatorrhea,leucorrhoea,menstruationproblem,diabetes;Rootpastewithmishri(rocksugar)
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is takenforstomachacheanddyspepsia.Oneteaspoonrootpowderwithcowmilkistakenfordyspepsiaandacidity.Rootbarkimmersedinwaterforwholenight and nextmorning paste of barkwithmishri (rock sugar) taken emptystomach for spermatorrhea.Root powder of plantmixedwith root powder of‘Aswaganha’ (Withania somnifera (L.)dunal ) inequalquantityandaboutoneteaspoonistakentocureleucorrhoea,menstruationproblemandspermatorrheaproblem.RootspowderofAsparagus racemosusWilld.,Ashwagandha(Withania somnifera(L.)dunal),Gokharu(Tribulus terrestris L.),Bidonko(Mucuna prurita Hook.),Talmuli(Curculigo orchioidesGaertn.),Ambla(Phyllanthus emblicaL.),Koilikhia (Hygrophilla auriculata (Schum.)Heine)mixall inequalquantityandaddedsomemishri(rocksugar).Oneteaspoonofthisherbalpreparationtakenforspermatorrheaandwithoutmishritakenfordiabetes(Tonla/SC,Kondh/ST).
Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth. (Fabaceae); Bankulthi;ArakhapadarRF-10843;Root;Diarrhea;About one table spoonof root paste is taken to curediarrhea(Kondh/ST).
Azadirachta indicaA. Juss. (Meliaceae); Nimbo;Neem; Badalasahi-10887;Leaves;Skininfection&eczema;Leavespasteisappliedforskininfectionandeczema(Kondh/ST).
Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae); Kamlagundi; BiranarsinghpurNursery -10961;Leaves;Blister,boils,eczema;Leavespaste isappliedonskinproblemssuchasblister,boils&eczema(Kondh&Tonla).
Buchanania lanzan Spreng. (Anacardiaceae) syn.Buchanania latifoliaRoxb.;Charogachha; Chironji; PudohRF-10921; Seed andGum; Cut, wounds &toothache;Seedspasteusedoncutandwounds.Gumisappliedfortoothache(Jena/SC&Kondh/ST).
Butea monosperma(Lam.)Taub.syn.Butea frondosaKoen.exRoxb.(Fabaceae);Marda,Bhuikakheru;Dhak,Tesu;KupmundiaForest-10942;Flowerandseed;Scabies,eczema,diarrhea,dysentery&bloodpressure;Pasteofflowerisappliedonscabiesandeczemaproblem.Aboutonesmallteaspoonseedpowderistakentocurediarrheaanddysentery.Decoctionoffloweristakenforbloodpressure(Paradhan/Othervillagers).
Butea superbRoxb.(Fabaceae);Buduli,Phalsa;BurbiRF-10906;Flower;gastricproblem;FlowerpowdermixedwithleavespowderofBelpatra(Aegle marmelos Corr.)andleavespowderofNeemo(Azadirachta indicaA.Juss.)inequalquantity.Oneteaspoonpowderistakenforgastricproblem(Kondh/ST).
Capparis zeylanicaL. (Capparaceae);Asadhua;ArakhapadarRF-10831;Fruit;Diabetes;Fruitpowderisusedfordiabetes(Kondh/ST).
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Careya arborea Roxb. (Lecythidaceae); Kumbhi; Kumbhi, Baukhamba;Madhapur-10888;Bark;Dysentery and skin infection;Bark decoction used tocuredysentery.Pasteofbarkpasteisappliedforskininfection(Kondh/ST).
Caryota urens L. (Arecaceae); Salpo; PudohRF-10929; Plant sap;Generalweaknessandconstipation;Plantsap(Toddy)isconsumedtocureconstipationandasatonicforgeneralweakness(Kondh/ST).
Centella asiatica (L.)Urban (Apiaceae);Thalkundi;Brahmi;PudohRF-10912;Leavesandroot;Bloodpressureandtoincreasememory;Oneteaspoonleavespastewithhoneytakenemptystomachtoboostmemory.Leavespowderofplantwith root ofPatalgarud (Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.) and5-6Blackpepper (Piper nigumL.)powdermade tabletwithhoneyandone tablet taken forhighbloodpressuredaily(Kondh/ST).
Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & H. Robins (Asteraceae); Poksunga;Tikirasahi-10849;Leaves;Cuts,wounds;Pasteof leaves isusedoncutsandwoundsforhealing(Sahu/Othervillagers)
Chrozophora rottleri (Geiseler)A. Juss. exSpreng. (Euphorbiaceae); Bono-chaturi;Bandigado-10852;Fruit;skinitching,rashes,swellingandjointpain;Pasteofdriedfruitmadewithwater,&warmsitslightly,thanapplieditforskinitchingand rashesproblem.Pastealsoappliedonswelling& jointpainandcovers itwithbandage.Theprocessisrepeatedtillcure(Jhankar/Othervillagers).
Cleistanthus collinus(Roxb.)Benth.exHook.f.(Euphorbiaceae);Korda;Stomachinflammation in cattle;ArakhapadarRF-10846; Leaves;Dried leaves smokeinhaledforstomachinflammationincattle(Kondh/ST).
Clerodendrum viscosumVent.(Verbenaceae);Bhat;PudohRF-10914;Leaves;Diabetes, rheumaticarthritis,bloodpressure, toothache,pyorrhea;Takeabout15-20ml leaves extraction of plant andadded5-6Black pepper seed (Piper nigrumL.)powderandthepreparationistakentocurediabetes.Rootpowderisalsotakentocurerheumaticarthritis.Flowerdecoctionisusedfortoothacheandpyorrhea.Hatwoven leaves of ‘Bhat’ dowear during summer to controlbloodpressure(Kondh/ST).
Coccinia grandis(L.)Voigt.(Cucurbitaceae);Kanduri;Adenigarh-10932;Leaves;Jaundice;About one table spoon leaves extraction is taken to cure jaundice(Kondh/ST).
Cocculus hirsutus (L.)Diels (Menispermaceae);Dahidahia/Budhbudhia;Tan,Jaljamni;ArakhapadarReservedForest (RF)-10829;Whole plant;Headache;Pasteofwholeplantisappliedforheadacheproblem(Kondh/ST).
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Cryptolepis buchanani Roem & Schult. (Apocynaceae); Khirkanchan;Bandigado-10853;Root;Lactation;About5-10gmrootpasteistakenforlactationtwotimesinaday(Jhankar/Othervillagers).
Cycas circinalisL.(Cycadaceae);Arguno;ArakhapadarRF-10835;Seed;Increasespermcount;Seedareroastedincowgheeandmadeintopowder.Oneteaspoonpowderistakentoincreasespermcount(Kondh/ST).
Elephantopus scaberL.(Asteraceae);Tirisira;Kathokuria-10848;Root;Headache,throatcleansesand throat infection;Rootpaste isapplied forheadache.Rootextractionwithhoneyusedasthroatcleansesandforthroatinfectiontwotimesinaday(Kondh/ST).
Eryngium foetidumL.(Apiaceae);Bandhania;Digsira-10947;Leaves;Constipationandappetizer;About20-25mlleavesextractionistakenforconstipation.Leaveschutneyistakenasanappetizer(Kondh/ST&Tonla/SC).
Euphorbia hirtaL.(Euphorbiaceae);Chittakuti/Dudhi;Dudhi;Kuchupaju-10908;Whole plant; Lactation; Powder ofwhole plant is used to increase lactation(Kondh/ST).
Feronia elephantumCorr.(Rutaceae);Kaitho;Kaith;KupmundiaForest-10944;Bark;Fever andhealth tonic;Bark is boiled in a glassofwater on lowflamewhenlefthalf,decoctionistakentocurefever.Fruitsjuiceistakenasahealthtonic(Paradhan/Othervillagers).
Gardenia gummiferaL.f.(Rubiaceae);Khurdau,Khurdu,Ladur;BurbiRF-10900;Leaves;Woundhealingincattle;Leavespowderisusedwoundhealingincattle(Kondh/ST).
Glinus oppositifolius(L.)Aug.DC.syn.Mollugo oppositifoliaL.(Molluginaceae);Pitagama;Kupmundiaforest-10936;Wholeplant;Blister,itching&scabies;Pasteofwholeplant isapplied for skinproblemsuchasblister, itchingandscabies(Kondh/ST&Paradhan/Othervillagers).
Gmelina arboreaRoxb.(Verbenaceae);Gambhari;Kutigarh-10826;Root;Cough,rheumatoidarthritis andacidity;Rootpowderof plantmixedwith rootpowderof Bel (Aegle marmelosCorr.), root powder of Phanfana (Oroxylum indicum (L.)Vent.) inequalquantityandoneteaspoonpowder is takentocurecough,rheumatoidarthritisandacidity(Gond,Kondh/ST).
Hedyotis diffusaWilld(Rubiaceae);Surphulo;Jhadarajing-10868;Wholeplant;vitiligoand jaundice;Pasteofwholeplantwithmusteredoilapplied forvitiligoproblem.Extractionofwholeplantisusedtocurejaundiceproblem(Kondh/ST&Bahera/Othervillagers).
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Helicteres isoraL.(Sterculiaceae);Murmuri;Marorphali;PudohRF-10911;Fruit;Bodyandjointpain;Fruitpowderwithwarmmusteredoilmassageforbodyandjointpain(Kondh/ST).
Hemidesmus indicus (L.)R.Br.exSchult (Periplocaceae);Anatmuli;Ushba-e-Hindi;ArakhapadarRF-10844;Root;Spermatorrheaandurinaryinfection;Rootpasteordecoctionistakenforspermatorrheaandurinaryinfection(Kondh/ST).
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch. -Ham.)Wall. ex.G.Don. syn.Holarrhenaan tidysentericaWall. (Apocynaceae);Kurai;Kurchi, InderjoTalkh,Tewaj;Kutigarh-10825;Seedandroot;Indigestion,rheumatoidarthritis;About10-15gmseedsaremixedwith 5-7 seedsofBlack pepper (Piper nigrum L.) andground intopowder.Oneteaspoonpowderistakenfor indigestion.Decoctionofseedwithblackpepperisalsousedforindigestion.Rootdecoctionisusedforrheumatoidarthritis(Gond/ST).
Ixora pavetta Andr.(Rubiaceae);Telkurma;Adipadar-10828;Bark;Jaundice;Barkboiledinonelitterwatertill¼left.Aftercoolingdecoctionistakenforjaundice(Kondh/ST).
Jatropha gossypiifoliaL.(Euphorbiaceae);Lankajada;PudohRF-10919;Mouthulcer,dysentery,burn,cuts,wound;Latex,seed,fruit;Latexisappliedformouthulcer,burn,cutsandwound;Seedpowderisusedfordysentery.Fruitextractionorjuiceisappliedonburn(Jena/SC&Kondh/ST).
Justicia adhatoda L. (Acanthaceae); Basongo;Suaal,Hasheeshatul, Bansa,Arusa;Kuchupaju-10909; Leaves;Cold/cough;Half cup leaves decoction ofplantwith5-6Blackpepper(Pipper nigrumL.)powderistakentocurecoldandcough(Kondh/ST).
Lannea coromandelica(Hautt.)Merr.(Anacardiacea);Moia,Dhoka;PudohRF-10928;Leaves;Bodypain,skinrashesbruises&cut;Leavespaste isuse forbodypainandskinproblemsuchasskinrashes,bruisesandcuts(Kondh/ST).
Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. (Lygodiaceae); Latabari; Kutnijharo-10855;Rhizome;Dysentery anddiarrhea;Rhizomepastewith powder of threeblackpepper(Piper nigrumL.)istakentocurediarrheaanddysentery(Tonla/SC)
Madhuca indica J. F.Gmel syn.Bassia latifolia Roxb. (Sapotaceae);Mahul;Gul-e-Chakan,Mahua;ArakhapadarRF-10834;Bark;Dysenteryanddiarrhea,eczema,scabies,woundhealing;About30-40mlbarkdecoctionofplantwithone teaspoonhoney is takenorally two times inaday tocuredysenteryanddiarrhea.Pasteofbarkisappliedforskinproblemsuchaseczema,scabies&woundhealing(Kondh/ST).
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Mallotus philippensis(Lam.)Müll.Arg.(Euphorbiaceae);Phongu,Gundi,Sinduri;Kambil,Kamel;BurbiRF-10892;Fruitredpowder;Woundhealing;Pasteofredpowderobtainedfromfruitisappliedonwoundforhealinginchildren(Kondh/ST).
Melia azedarachL.(Meliaceae);Common;Mahaneem;Bakain;Bhimkhul-10861;Leaves; to kill lice and vermifuge;Extraction of leaves used to kill head lice.Leaves and fruit decoction is used as vermifuge (Tonla/SC&Nayak/Othervillagers).
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. (Rubiaceae); Mundi, Jangli kadam;Gadimunda-10955;Root;Pimples,sore,boils;Rootpasteisappliedtocureskinproblemsuchaspimples,soreandboils(Kondh/ST&Tonla/SC).
Naringi crenulata(Roxb.)Nicolson(Rutaceae);Bhanta,Bamber;BurbiRF-10907;Root;Jointpain;Rootdecoctionisusedforjointpain(Kondh/ST).
Ocimum canumSims.syn.Ocimum americanumL.(Lamiaceae);Nandabagudi;Bahali-10850;Seed,leaves;Eyecomplaintandtokilllice;Seedsareplacedineyetoremoveimpuritiessuchasforeignparticles,totreatrednessetc.Leavespasteisappliedonscalptokilllice(Jhankar/Othervillagers).
Phyllanthus reticulatusPoir.syn.Kirginelia reticulata(Poir.)Baill.(Euphorbiaceae);Jojang;Gadimunda-10956;Leaves;Headache,cuts,wounds&sores;Leavespaste isapplied forheadache.Pasteof leaves isapplied locally to curecuts,woundsandsores(Kondh/ST).
Plumeria rubra L. syn.Plumeria acutifoliaPoir. (Apocynaceae);Kath champa;PudohRF-10924Leaves;Vermifuge&jointpain;Leavesextractionisusedasvermifuge.Leavespasteappliedforjointpain(Kondh/ST).
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.(Fabaceae);Piasar;Bajasar,Piasal;PudohRF-10913;Root;jointpain;Rootpowderisusedforjointpain(Kondh/ST).
Punica granatum L.(Punicaceae);Dalimbo;Anar;Indigestion&bloatingstomach;PudohRF-10916;Fruit;UnrippenfruitpowderwithBlackpepper(Piper nigrum) istakenforindigestionandbloatingstomach(Kondh/ST).
Santalum albumL.(Santalaceae);Safedchandan;SandalSufaid;BiranarsinghpurNursery-10962;Wood;Headache,wounds,sores,boils,pimples&burn;Pasteofwoodisappliedonwounds,sores,boils,pimplesburntoprotectfrominfectionandforheadache(Kondh/ST)
Schleichera oleosa(Lour.)Oken.(Sapindaceae);Kusum;Kusum;ArakhapadarRF-10836;Seed;Itching;Seedoilmassageforitchingproblem(Kondh/ST).
Shorea robusta Gaertn. (Verbenaceae); Salo; Sal;ArakhapadarRF-10841;Flower;Leucorrhoea,burn,cuts&wounds;Flower.Ahandfuldriedflowerground
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intopowderwith5-7seedofBlackpepper(Piper nigrumL.).Oneteaspoonofherbalpreparationistakendailytocureleucorrhoea.Resinobtainedfromplantusedonburn,cutsandwounds(Kondh/ST).
Solanum surattense Burm.f. (Solanaceae); Bejibangan; Bahali-10851; Fruit;Cough,coldandasthma;Driedfruitpasteorpowderofplantisusedfortreatmentofcough,coldandasthma(Jhankar/Othervillagers).
Soymida febrifuga(Roxb.)A.Juss.(Meliaceae);Rohini;ArakhapadarRF-10830;Bark;Rheumatoidarthritisandacidity;Barkboilinabout100mlwater,whenleftonequarter,addoneteaspoonhoney.Thedecoctionisgiventocurerheumatoidarthritisandacidity(Kondh/ST).
Sphaeranthus indicusL.(Asteraceae);Indrobhita/Bonokadam/Bhuikadam/Mundi;Mundi;ArakhapadarRF-10845;Flower,Root;Boil,urinaryinfection,dyspepsia;Pasteofflowerheadisappliedtotreatboil.Rootdecoctionisusedforurinaryinfectionanddyspepsia(Kondh/ST).
Syzygium cumini(L.)Skeels(Myrtaceae);Jamukoli;Jamun;Digsira-10953;Barkandseed;Diarrhea,dysenteryanddiabetes;Aboutoneteaspoonbarkpowderistakentwiceinadaytocurediarrheaanddysentery.Aboutoneteaspoonseedpowder is takenwithwater inemptystomach tocurediabetes twice inaday(Kondh/ST).
Tephrosia purpurea(L.)Pers.(Fabaceae);Kulthia;Sarphoka;Root;Stomachache;Baring-10880;About5-6gmrootpowderwith3-5blackpepper (Piper nigrum L.)powderisusedforalltypeofstomachache(Kondh/ST).
Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae); Pestabadam; Janglibadam;Rangamatia-10933;Leaves;Skinallergy;Leavesextraction isapplied forskinallergy(Kondh/ST).
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Hook.f. &Thoms. (Menispermaceae);Gumbchi;Gilo;PudohRF-10917;Anemia,diabetes,gastricproblem,jointpain,headache;Stem;Stemimmersedinwaterforwholenightinhalfglassofwaterandequalquantityofyoungwheatleavesextractionmixedinit.Thisherbalremedyistakenforanemia,diabetes,gastricandjointpain.Wholeplantimmersedorboiledinwateronlowflame.Thedecoctionistakenforheadache(Jena/SC&Kondh/ST).
Tridax procumbensL.(Asteraceae);Vishkarni;Zakhm-e-Hayat;Gadimunda-10954;Leaves;Cuts,wounds,burn, fever,coughandvermifuge;Leavesextraction isused on cuts,wounds and on burn for healing purpose.About 20ml leavesextractionwith half teaspoon honey is taken for 2-3 times in a day to curefever,coughandasavermifuge.About20mlleavesextractionmixedwithhalfteaspoongingerjuiceandhalfteaspoonhoneyandthepreparationistakentocurefevertwiceinaday(Kondh/ST).
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Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. exG. Don. syn.Vanda roxburghii R. Br.(Orchidaceae);Rasna;Bhimkhul-10860;Wholeplantandleaves;jointpain,fever,bone fracture;Pasteofwholeplant isapplied for jointpainand fever.Leavespasteisappliedforbonefractures(Tonla/SC,&Nayak/Othervillagers).
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.)Kurz. (Lythraceae);ArakhapadarRF-10837; Jhatki/Dhatuki;Gul-e-Dhawa;Root, flower;Cuts,wounds, piles, joint pain, gastricproblem,diabetes;Rootpasteofplantisusedforhealingpurposeoncutsandwounds.Aboutoneteaspoonrootpowderistakenforpiles.Rootpowderofplantmixedwithrootpowderof‘Hadkankdia’(Ardisia solanaceaRoxb.)in2:1ratioandwithcowghee(clarifiedbutter)powdermassage for jointpain.FlowerpowderofplantmixedwithpowderofTriphala(FruitpowderofPhyllanthus emblicaL.,Terminalia chebulaRetz. andTerminalia bellirica (Gaertn.)Roxb.), powder ofSonth(driedrhizomeofZingiber officinaleRoscoe)in2:1:1rationandadded5-7seedpowderofBlackpepper(Piper nigrumL.)andoneteaspoonofthisherbalremedyisgivenforgastricanddiabeticproblem(Kondh/ST).
Figure 1(i-xii):SomeEthnomedicinalPlantsofBoudhDistrict
i ii iii
iv v vi
vii viii ix
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x xi xii
i)Bixa orellana L.;ii)Butea superbRoxb.;iii)Cycas circinalisL.;iv)Eryngium foetidum L.;v)Haldina cordifolia(Roxb.)Ridsd;vi)Ixora pavettaAndr.;vii)Lannea coromandelica (Hautt.)Merr.;viii)Madhuca indicaJ.F.Gmel;ix)Santalum album L.;x)Shorea robusta Gaertn.;xi)Soymida febrifuga(Roxb.)A.Juss.;xii);Tinospora cordifolia(Willd.)Hook.f.&Thoms
Shrub, 15%
Herb, 31% Tree, 46%
Epiphyte, 2% Climber, 6%
Figure 2: Showinghabitpatternofdifferentplantspecies
19
14
9 8
7 6
5
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
No.
of S
peci
es
Figure 3:Differentpartsofmedicinalplantswereusedforherbalpreparation
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Figure 4: Methodofpreparation
Table 1: Ethno-medicinal plant species used to treat ailmentwithin different ailmentcategories
S.No. Ailment category
Ailment Number of plant species to cure ailment
1. Dermatologicalconditions
Eczema,scabies,wound,cut,itchingburn,boil,rashes,vitiligo,skininfection,bruises,skinallergy,blister,pimples,sore,bloodpurification
Acalypha indica L.,Achyranthes aspera L.,Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Nees,Argemone mexicana L.,Azadirachta indicaA.Juss.,Bixa orellana L., Butea monosperma ( L am . ) Ta u b . , B u c h a n a n i a lanzan Spreng. , Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & H. Robins,Chrozophora rottleri(Geiseler)A.Juss.exSpreng.,Careya arboreaRoxb.,Gardenia gummifera L.f.,Glinus oppositifolius(L.)Aug.DC.,Hedyotis diffusaWilld, Jatropha gossypiifolia L., Lannea coromandelica (Hautt.)Merr.,Madhuca indica J. F.Gmel,Mallotus philippensis (Lam.)Müll.Arg.,Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.)Korth.,Phyllanthus reticulatusPoir.,Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken.,Shorea robusta Gaertn,Sphaeranthus indicus L.,Terminalia catappa L.,Tridax procumbens L.,Santalum album L.,Woodfordia fruticosa (L.)Kurz.,(27sps.).
147Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
S.No. Ailment category
Ailment Number of plant species to cure ailment
2. Gastro-intestinaldiseases
Indigestion.Dysentery,diarrhea,piles,gastric/acidityproblem,dyspepsia,vermifuge,stomachache,bloatingstomach,constipation,appetizer
Acorus calamusL.;Aegle marmelos Corr.;Asparagus racemosusWilld.,Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.)Benth.., Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.,Butea superbRoxb.,Careya arborea Roxb.,Caryota urens L.,Eryngium foetidum L.,Gmelina arboreaRoxb.,Holarrhena pubescens(Buch.-Ham.)Wall.ex.G.Don.,Jatropha gossypiifolia L., Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.,Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel,Melia azedarach L.,Plumeria rubra L.,Punica granatum L . , Soymida f e b r i f u g a ( R o x b . ) A . J u s s . ,Sphaeranthus indicus L.,Syzygium cumini(L.)SkeelsTephrosia purpurea (L.)Pers.,Tinospora cordifolia(Willd.)Hook.f.&Thoms.,Tridax procumbens L.,Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.,Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.)Benth.exHook.f.(26sps.)
3. Muscular/skeletal
Rheumatoidarthritis,headache,jointpain,swelling,bonefracture,bodypain
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch. -Ham.)Wall. ex. G. Don.,Gmelina arborea Roxb.,Cocculus hirsutus (L.)Diels,Soymida febrifuga(Roxb.)A. Juss.,Woodfordia fruticosa (L.)Kurz.,Chrozophora rottleri(Geiseler)A. Juss. ex Spreng,Elephantopus s c a b e r L . , Va n d a t e s s e l l a t a (Roxb.) Hook. exG. Don.,Naringi crenulata(Roxb.)Nicolson,Helicteres isora L.,Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.,Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Hook.f. & Thoms.,Plumeria rubra L., Lannea coromandelica (Hautt.)Merr.,Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.,Santalum album L.(17sps.)
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S.No. Ailment category
Ailment Number of plant species to cure ailment
4. Endocrine Diabetes Capparis zeylanica L.,Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.,Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Nees,Asparagus racemosusWilld.,Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Hook.f.&Thoms.,Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels,,Clerodendrum viscosumVent.(7sps.)
5. Respiratory Cough,coldandasthma
Gmelina arboreaRoxb.,Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Nees,Solanum surattenseBurm.f.,Justicia adhatoda L.,Aerva lanata(L.)Juss.exSchults.,Tridax procumbensL.(6sps.)
6. Reproductivedisorders
Spermatorrhea,increasespermcount,lactation,leucorrhoea,menstruationproblem
Cycas circinalis L.,Shorea robusta Gaertn,Hemidesmus indicus (L.)R.Br.exSchult,Cryptolepis buchanani Roem & Schu l t . , A s p a r a g u s racemosusWilld.,Euphorbia hirta L.(6sps.)
7. Circulatorysystem
Bloodpressure,anemia
Cente l la as ia t i ca (L . ) Urban ,Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.,Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Hook.f.&Thoms.,Butea monosperma(Lam.)Taub.(4sps.)
8. Fever Malarialfever,commonfever
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Nees,Vanda tessellata(Roxb.)Hook.ex G. Don., Feronia elephantum Corr.,Achyranthes asperaL.(4sps.)
9. Livercomplaint Jaundice Ixora pavettaAndr.,Hedyotis diffusa Willd,Coccinia grandis(L.)Voigt.(3sps.)
10. Dentalcare Toothache,pyorrhea,toothcavity,toothinfection
Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.,Buchanan ia l anzan Sp reng . ,Achyranthes asperaL.(3sps.)
11. Renalcomplaint
Urinaryinfection Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. exSchult,Sphaeranthus indicus L. (2sps.)
12. Haircare Tokilllice Ocimum canum S ims . , Mel ia azedarachL.(2sps.)
13. ENT Throatcleansesandthroatinfection
Elephantopus scaberL.(1sps.)
14. Eyecomplaint Eyeproblem Ocimum canumSims.(1sps.)
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S.No. Ailment category
Ailment Number of plant species to cure ailment
15. Otheruse Mouthulcer,increasememory,Generalweakness,Healthtonic
Jatropha gossypiifolia L.,Centella asiatica (L.) Urban,Caryota urens L.,Feronia elephantumCorr.(4sps.)
Discussion
ThepresentstudymakesanattempttofocusontheageoldtherapeuticmethodscurrentlyemployedbythetribalandruralpeopleofBoudhforestdivision.Itwasfoundthatatotal65plantspecies(64speciesofangiospermandonespeciesofpteridophyte)belongingto35familiesand64generaarecommonlyusedtocurevariousailments(Figure1).Basedonlifeformsthereare46%tree,31%herbs,15%shrub,6%climberand2%epiphyte(Figure2).MostdominantfamilywasEuphorbiaceae(7sps.each) followedbyFabaceae&Asteraceae(5sps.each),Rubiaceae (4 sps.),Apocynaceae,Meliaceae,Rutaceae,Verbenaceae(3spseach).Restsoffamilieswererepresentedbytwooronespecies.Theseplantswere used to cure 58 different ailments viz.wound healing (13 sps.),dysentery,diarrhea,cuts(9sps.each),gastric/acidityproblem(8sps.),cough,eczema (6 sps each), rheumatoid arthritis, headache, joint pain, scabies,itching (5 sps. each), indigestion, burn (4 sps.), blood pressure, boil, sore,fever , jaundice (3 each), dyspepsia, vermifuge, stomachache, constipation,appetizer, cold, leucorrhoea, spermatorrhea, lactation,bodypain, rashes, skininfection, blister, pimples, urinary infection, toothache, to kill lice veterinary (2each), piles, bloating stomach, anemia , throat cleansesand throat infection,asthma, increasespermcount,menstruationproblem,swelling,bone fracture,bloodpurification, vitiligo, bruises, skin allergy,malarial fever, pyorrhea, toothcavity, tooth infection , eye complaint, increasememory,mouthulcer, generalweakness,health tonic (1sps.each).Theseailmentsweregroupedunder15ailmentcategorieswheremaximumspecieswereused tocuredermatologicalconditionsfollowedbygastro-intestinaldiseases.muscular/skeletal,endocrineetc.(Table1).Twospeciesviz.Cleistanthus collinus(Roxb.)Benth.exHook.f.andGardenia gummiferaL.f.wereusedforveterinaryuse.Differentplantpartswereusedforherbalpreparation.Leaves(19sps.)weremostfrequentlyusedforthetreatmentofdiseasesfollowedbyroot(14sps.)seed(9sps.),fruit(8sps)etc.(Figure3).Useofleavesandrootsformanagementandtreatmentofdiseaseshasbeenanage longpractice (Sofowara,1982).Themethodsofpreparationof herbal remedy fall into eight categories viz. plant parts appliedas a paste(28sps.),driedplantpartpowder(24sps.),decoction(13sps.),extraction(14sps.)&juice(2sps.)fromthefreshplantparts,massage(3sps.),onespeciesconsumedrawaschutneyandsmokeofonespeciesusedinveterinary(Figure4).Hatwoven leaves ofClerodendrum viscosum Vent.wear during summer
150Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 150Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
to control blood pressure. External applications (mostly for dermatologicalconditionsandmuscular/skeletalproblem)andinternalconsumption(mostlyforgastrointestinal,diabetes,circulatory,livercomplaintetc.)ofthepreparationswereinvolved in the treatmentofvariousdiseases.Herbalmedicinesprescribedbylocalhealersareeitherthepreparationsbasedonsingleplantpartorsometimesacombinationof severalplantpartswereused tocuresdiseases rapidlye.g.Holarrhena pubescens(Buch.-Ham.)Wall.ex.G.Don.,Gmelina arboreaRoxb.,Shorea robustaGaertn.,Lygodium flexuosum(L.)Sw.,Tephrosia purpurea(L.)Pers.,Clerodendrum viscosumVent.,Woodfordia fruticosa(L.)Kurz.,Asparagus racemosusWilld.Butea superbRoxb.Centella asiatica(L.)Urban,Achyranthes asperaL.,Punica granatumL.wereincludedotherspeciesplantparttomadeherbalremedy.Theseremedieswerealsopreparedusingdifferent ingredientsofnon-plantoriginsuchaswater,honey,clarifiedbutter,cowmilketc.
Comparingthepresentstudywithavailableliteratureofthestateandotherpartofcountry(Ambasta,1986;Aminuddinet al.,2013;AminuddinandGirach,1991,1993,1996;AminuddinandAhmad,2008,Anonymous,2001&2006;AyyanaraandIgnacimuthu,2005&2011;Beheraet al.,2006,2008;DasandChoudhury,2012;Dhalet al.,2014;Girach,1992;Girachet al.,2008;Jain,1991;Kandariet al., 2012;Khongsaiet al., 2011;Kirtikar andBasu, 1935;Majumdaret al.,2006;Malliket al., 2012;Mukeshet al., 2011, 2012, 2014a&b.;Muthuet al.,2006;Nadkarni,1954;Panda,andDas,1999;Pandaet al.,2013;Panghalet al.,2010;PandeyandRout,2006;Patraet al.,2014;Prusti.andBehera,2007;Rautet al.,2013;Routet al,2009a&b;Sahuet al.,2010,2013a,b&c;Sarkaret al.,1999;Satapathy,2010,2015;SatapathyandBrahmam,1999;Satapathy&Chand, 2003;Satapathy, 2010&2015;Satapathy,et al., 2012;SinhababuandBanerjee,2013;Ushaet al.,2014,2015a&b,2016a,b&c) ithasbeenfound thatmostof the folk-medicinal claims reported in thepresent studyarealreadyknown,however, theirmodeofapplication, ingredientsandpartsusedaredifferent.Therefore,presentworkrepresentscontemporaryusesofmedicinalplantsbythetribalsofthestudyarea.Someinformationrecordedinthestudyparticularly forClerodendrum viscosum Vent.,Cryptolepis buchananiRoem&Schult.,Elephantopus scaber L.,Hedyotis diffusaWilld., Ixora pavettaAndr.,Naringi crenulata (Roxb.)Nicolson,Tridax procumbens L.were found to beeithernotknownor littleknown,whereasuseofspeciessuchasAchyranthes asperaL.,Acorus calamusL.,Aegle marmelosCorr.,Aerva lanata(L.)Juss.exSchults.,ArgemonemexicanaL.,AzadirachtaindicaA.Juss.,Centellaasiatica(L.)Urban,Chromolaena odorata(L.)King&H.Robins,Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)Wall.ex.G.Don.,Jatropha gossypiifoliaL.,Justicia adhatodaL.,Madhuca indicaJ.F.Gmel,Melia azedarachL.,Tephrosia purpurea (L.)Pers.werefoundtobeusedverycommonbyothertribesindicatingtheauthenticityoftheirusefulness.Itwouldbeworthwhiletosubjectallthesefolk-medicinalclaims
151Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
toscientificinvestigationsthroughpharmacologicalandclinicalstudies.Itislikelythatthroughsuchinvestigationsnewdrugsofnaturaloriginmaybediscoveredfortreatmentofmanyofthediseasesforwhichtherearenosatisfactorycuresinmodernsystemofmedicine.
It hasalsobeenobserved that a largepopulationof thedistrict is still largelydependsonmedicinal plants for primary health care system.Tribal and ruralpeoplehavevastknowledgeoftraditionalremedyandusedplentyofmedicinalplantstotreatawidespectrumofhumanailments.Duringinterviewsconductedindifferentvillages,ithasbeenobservedthatknowledgeofmedicinalplantsislimitedtotraditionalhealers,herbalistsandelderlypersonswhoarelivinginruralareas.Thisknowledgeisrapidlydwindlinginnumberandthereisagravedangeroftraditionalknowledgedisappearingduetolackofinterestamongtheyoungergenerationaswellastheirtendencytomigratetocitiesforlucrativejobs,thereisapossibilityoflosingthiswealthofknowledgeinthenearfuture.Therefore,itisnecessarytoacquireandpreservethistraditionalsystemofmedicinebyproperdocumentationandidentificationofspecimenswhichcanalsohelptoboostnewinnovationsinthepharmaceuticalindustryandhavemanybeneficialapplicationssuchasnewmedicinaltrailsforsomediseaseslikemalaria,diabetes,whichwilldevelopthehealthcaresectorinIndia.
Acknowledgements
WearehighlygratefultotheDirector-General,CentralCouncilforResearchinUnaniMedicine,NewDelhiand,ResearchofficerIn-Charge,RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,Bhadrak,fortheircooperationandprovidingallthenecessary facilities tocarryout thiswork.Theauthorsarealsothankful to thetribalsandotherruralpeopleofthestudyareatosharetheirwealthofknowledgeontraditionalplantswillingly.
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Usha,D.,Dwivedi,H.,Aminuddin andKhan,H., 2015b. IndigenousUses ofMedicinalPlants ofKeonjharForests,Odisha, India.Hippocratic J. Unani Med. 10(3):109-122.
Usha,D.,Dwivedi,H.,AminuddinandKhan,H.,2016aTraditionalPhytotherapyofBhadrak,Odisha-AContribution.Hippocratic J. Unani Med.11(3):131-149.
Usha,D., Dwivedi, H.,Mohammad Zakir,Aminuddin andKhan,H., 2016b.Traditional Phytotherapy of Jajpur Forests of Eastern Ghat, Odisha.Hippocratic J. Unani Med.11(1):109-122.
Usha,D.,MohammedSheeraz,Dwivedi,H.,AminuddinandKhan,H.,2016c.Ethnomedicines inKendraparaDistrictForestofOdisha, India.Hippocratic J. Unani Med.11(2):121-139.
Usha,D., SharmaP. andRana J.C., 2014.Assessment of EthnomedicinalPlantsinShivalikHillsofNorthwestHimalaya,India.American J. Ethnomed. 1(4):186-205.
WHO.,2013.Regulatorysituationofherbalmedicines:aworldwidereview.WorldHealthOrganization,Geneva,Switzerland.
157Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
PPharmacognostic Studies on Leaf Drugs - Bibliographic Review#
Nitin Rai and
*Rajeev Kr. Sharma
PharmacopoeiaCommissionforIndianMedicine&Homoeopathy,
PLIMCampus,KamlaNehruNagar,Ghaziabad-201002(U.P)
January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 157-196
# InvitedPaper*Author for correspondence
Abstract
harmacognostic studies on herbal drugs contributediagnosticcharacteristicsfortheidentificationandauthenticationofdrugs.Thisreview communicate the bibliographyon Indianpublications (pharmacopoeia,monographs,booksetc.) pertaining topharmacognosticprofilesof leafdrugs.This review is presented in bibliographic format to cite the references onpharmacognosy of leaf drugs.These bibliographic references are importantfor developing quality standards, drug standardization, monographs etc.Bibliographiesare important tool of published literatureonanyaspectof pastandpresentstatusofknowledgeonaspecifiedsubject.Theseareconsideredthekey to initiate research inanyfieldandprovide lead towards furtherworkinadefinedfield.
Key words:Bibliography,Pharmacopoeia,Pharmacognosyofleafdrugs,Herbaldrugs.
Introduction
Indianhealthcaresystem(Ayurvedic,Siddha,UnaniandHomoeopathicsystemsofmedicine)hasmajorsourceofmedicineshavingingredientsfromherbaldrugs.The herbal drugs are variousmorphological parts ofmedicinal plant speciesviz. leaves, stem, root, barks, heartwood, flowers, fruits, seeds and variousexudates.Thesearecollectedandresourcedbythemanufacturestoformulatethemedicines for thesesystems. It isestimated thatmore than960medicinalplantspeciesarethesourceof1289botanicalrawdrugsintradeinthiscountry(VedandGoraya,2008).Inpharmaceuticalpracticestheterm‘leafdrugs’refertodriedleavesaswholeortheirparts,i.e.,laminaeorseparatelobesofcompoundleaves.Generally leaf drugsmorphologically resemble eachotherwhich leadtoconfusion leading to fairchances foradulteration.Pharmacognosticprofilesexplaindiagnosticcharacteristicsofdrugsoastoauthenticateanddifferentiatefromadulterants or substitutes.Organoleptic characteristics canbeobservedin leaves, their kind, petiole, lamina, venation, incision, apex,margin, shapeand surface characters for identification purposes.The important anatomicalparameters to evaluate leaf drugs are epidermis, its cells number of layers,stringationsor thickening, presenceor absenceof stomata, its type, stomatalindex, vein islet number, vein termination number, types of trichomes, thethicknessof theirwalls,charactersofcuticlecoveringthem,epidermalglands,theirstructureandcontentsdistributionandlocation,conceptacleswithessentialoil or resinous contents, secretary ducks, latex vessels in the leafmesophyllor along the veins, palisade ratio, non-protoplasmic contents (calciumoxalate
158Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 158Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
crystals) in the formofsinglecrystal,druses, rawhides,crystallinesand ,andgeneraltissuesystemleaves.
Bibliographiesprovidetheaccountofliteraturepublishedinrespectiveareassofar.MajorexistingbibliographiesonthePharmacognosticaspects(Iyengar,1976andMitra,1985)andrelevantavailablesourceswereconsulted(Raiet al,2012andTiwariet al,2013).DifferentIndianpharmacopoeiasvizAyurvedic,Siddha,Unani andHomoeopathic (regulatory standards)andvariousmonographsarelistedasthesecontributionsarepertinenttopharmacognosticalprofilesonherbaldrugswhichcanbereferredtoevaluateleafdrugstoensuretheidentificationandquality.Researchpublicationsonthisaspectarenotincludedinpresentreview.
Bibliographic Review -
The tables1and2enumerate the leafdrugsandcitations (acronym) for theirreferencesin literature.Acronymsareexplainedatthelastofthebibliographicreferencesgivenafterthetables.
1. Pharmacopoeial Review – Indian Pharmacopoeial publications areregulatorybooksunderDrug&CosmeticAct1940andRulesthereunder.InIndia,Ayurvedic,Siddha,UnaniandHomoeopathicPharmacopoeiasareinpurviewofdrugregulationofthecountry.Qualitystandardsonherbaldrugscomprise standardson identity, purity and strength.Standardson identityof herbal drugs in a pharmacopoeia is prescribed by pharmacognosticalprofiles viz.macroscopic andmicroscopic characteristics of herbal drugsand their powders.Pharmacopoeialmonographs published on leaf drugsareenumeratedinTable-1
Table 1:PharmacognosticworkonleafdrugsinIndianPharmacopoeialreferences
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Abies webbianaLindl. Talisa DriedLeaf API-IV
Abroma augustaLinn.f. Abromaaugusta Leaf HPII&IX
Acacia pennata(L.)Willd. Adari Leaf API-VI
Acalypha indica L. Haritamanjari Wholeplant API-VI
Kuppaimenicamulam Wholeplant SPI-II
Acalyphaindica Wholeplant HPI-I&VIII
Acer negundoLinn. Negundiumamericana Wholeplant HPI-VII
Achillea millefoliumLinn. Millefolium Wholeplant HPI-IV
159Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Achyranthes aspera L. Apamarga Wholeplant API-II
Nayuruviccamulam Wholeplant SPI-I
Achyranthesaspera Wholeplantexcludingroot
HPI-IV
Aconitum lycoctonumLinn. Aconitumlycoctonum Wholeplant HPI-VI
Acontium napellusLinn. Acontiumnapellus Wholeplant HPI-I
Adhatoda vasicaNees Vasa Leaf API-I
Arusa Leaf UPI-VI
Vasaka Driedmatureleaves
IP-2010
VasakaAdulasa;Adhatodavasica,VasakaExtract
Extractingofdriedmatureleaveswithsuitablesolvent
IP-2014
Justiciaadhatoda Leaf HPI-I
Adiantum capillus- veneris L Bijapatra Wholeplant API-VI
Adiantum lunulatumBurm. Hamsapadi Wholeplant API-III
Adlumia fungosa(Ait.)Greene
Adlumiafungosa Shoot HPI-VIII
Adonis vernalisLinn. Adonisvernalis Wholeplant HPI-II
Aegle marmelos(Linn.)Cor. Aeglefolia Leaf HPI-IV
Aerva lanata(L.)Juss.exSchult.
Cirupilaiccamulam Wholeplant SPI-I
Pattura Wholeplant API-V
Aethusa cynapiumLinn. Aethusacynapium Wholeplant HPI-I&VIII
Agave americanaLinn. Agaveamericana Leaf HPI-VI
Agraphis nutansLinn. Agrarphisnutans Wholeplant HPI-VI
Alangium salviifolium(L.f.)Wang.Syn.A. Lamarckii Thw.
Ankol Leaf UPI-V
Ankolah Leaf API-V
Alchemilla vulgarisLinn. Alchemillavulgaris Shoot HPI-VIII
Alhagi pseudalhagi(Bieb)Desv.
Jawansa Wholeplant UPI-VI
Yavasaka Wholeplant API-II
160Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 160Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Allium ursinum Linn. Alliumursinum Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Aloe BarbadensisMill. Sibr Driedleaves UPI-I
Kanyasara Leaf API-I
Aloe,Aloes Driedjuiceofleaves
IP-96
Alternanthera sessilis(L.)R.Br.,exDC.
Ponnankani Wholeplant SPI-I
Matsyaksi Wholeplant API-II
Amaranthus tricolor L. Ramasitalika Wholeplant API-III
Ammi majusLinn. Ammimajus Wholeplant HPI-IX
Anagallis arvensis Linn. Anagalllisarvensis Wholeplant HPI-IV
Andrographis paniculata Nees
Andrographispaniculata Wholeplant HPI-I
Kalmegh Driedaerialparts,stemandleaves
IP-2014
Anemone hepaticaLinn. Hepaticatriloba Wholeplant HPI-IX
Anisomeles malabarica(L.)R.Br.ex.Sims.
Sprkka Wholeplant API-VI
Anthamanta oreoselinum Linn.
Anthamanthaoreoselinum Wholeplant HPI-VI
Anthoxanthum odoratum Linn.
Anthoxanthumodoratum Wholeplant HPI-IV&VIII
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Spreng.
Uvaursi Leaf HPI-III
Argemone mexicanaLinn. Argemonemexicana Wholeplant HPI-IX
Aristolochia bracteolataLam. Atutintappalaiilai Leaf SPI-II
Kitamari Leaf API-VI
Arnica montana Linn. Arnicamontana Wholeplant HPI-I
Artemesia absinthiumLinn. Absinthium Leafandflowers
HPI-II
Dvipantaradamanaka Wholeplant API-VI
Artemisia abrotanumLinn. Abrotanum Leafandyoungshoot
HPI-I&IX
161Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Artemisia annua L. Artemisia Driedleavesandfloweringtops
IP-2010
Artemisia,Artemisiaannua
Driedleavesandfloweringtops
IP-2014
Artemisia brevifoliaWall.(A. maritima L.forma rubricaule Badhwar)
Artemisia Driedimmatureleaves,flowerheads
IP-55
Arundo donaxLinn. Arundodonax Wholeplant HPI-IX
Asarum europaeumLinn. Asarumeuropaeum Wholeplant HPI-IV
Asclepias curassavicaLinn. Asclepiascurassavica Wholeplant HPI-IX
Asparagus officinalisLinn. Asparagusofficinalis Youngshoots HPI-V&VII
Asphodelus tenuifoliusCav. Gandana Driedleaves UPI-III
Asteracantha longifoliaNees Kokilaksa Wholeplant API-II
Hygrophillasfinosa Wholeplant HPI-IX
Atropa belladonnaL.orA. acuminataRoyleexLindley.
Belladonnaeherba,Belladonnaherb
Leavesandothersub-aerialparts
IP-55
Belladonnadryextract Extractobtainedfromthedriedleafandflowering
IP-2014
BelladonnaHerb,BelladonnaLeaf
Leafandfloweringtop
IP-2014
Belladonnatincture Tinctureobtainedfrombelladonnaleaforroots
IP-2014
BelladonnaSoftExtract Driedleafandroot
IP-2014
Belladonna Wholeplant HPI-I
162Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 162Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Azadirachta indicaA.Juss.Syn.Melia azadirachta L.
Veppilai Leaf SPI-II
Neem,Azadirachtaindica
Driedleaves IP-2014
Neem Leaves UPI-IV
Neem Leaf UPI-II
Nimba Leaf API-II
Bacopa monnieri(L.)Penn.(Wettst)
Brahmi Wholeplant API-II
Pirammivalukkai Wholeplant SPI-I
BrahmiExtract Driedleavesandstems
IP-2014
Bacopamonnieri Wholeplant HPI-IX
JalBrahmi Wholeplant UPI-IV
Balsamodendron caudata Mauch
Amragandhi-gugglu Leaf API-VI
Cenkiluvaiilai Leaf SPI-II
Baptisia australis(Linn.)R.Br.
Baptisiaconfusa Wholeplant HPI-VII
Barleria prionitisLees. Sahacara Wholeplant API-III
Barosma crenulataLinn. Barosmacrenata Leaf HPI-V&VII
Barosma serratifolia(Curtie)Wild.
Barosmaserratifolia Leaf HPI-VII
Bellis perennisLinn. Bellisperennis Wholeplant HPI-I&IX
Betula albaLinn. Betulapendulafolia Leaf HPI-VIII
Blumea obavataDC. Blumeaodorata Wholeplantexcludingroots
HPI-IV
Boerhaavia diffusa L. Punarnava(Rakta) Wholeplant API-I
Mukkirattaiccamulam Wholeplant SPI-I
Boerhaaviadiffusa Wholeplant HPI-I
Pinarnava,pinarnaba Freshordriedplant
IP-66
Borago officinalis L. Gaozaban Leaf UPI-II
Boragoofficinalis Leaf HPI-VIII
163Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Brachyglottis repensForest. Brachylottisrepens Leafwithflower
HPI-V
Brassica oleraceaLinn.var.capitataLinn.
Brassicaoleracea Leafybud HPI-VIII
Caladium segulnumVent Caladiumseguinum Wholeplant HPI-IV
Calendula officinalisLinn. Calendulaofficinalis FreshfloweringtopsandLeaf
HPI-I
Calluna vulgaris(Linn.)Hull Callunavulgaris Shoot HPI-VIII
Calotropis procera(Ait.)R.Br.
Aak Driedleaves UPI-I
Arka Leaf API-I
Caltha palustrisLinn. Calthapalustris Wholeplant HPI-V&VIII
Calycopteris floribundaLam. Pullani Leaf API-V
Camellia sinensisLinn.Kuntze.
Tea,Thea,Cha,The,Tee Driedleaves IP-55
Caffeina;Caffeine
Driedleaves IP-55
Theachinesis Leaf HPI-V
Canna flaccidaSalisb. Canna Leaf HPI-VI&IX
Cannabis sativa L. Qinnab Driedleaves UPI-I
Vijaya Leaf API-I
Kanca Leaf SPI-I
Cannabisindica Leaf HPI-I
Capsella bursa pastoris Moench.
Thlapsibursapastoris Wholeplant HPI-V
Cardiospermum helicacabum Linn.
Cardiospermumhelcacbum Aerialpart HPI-VIII
Carthamus tinctorius L. Kusumbha Leaf API-VI
164Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 164Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Cassia angustifolia (Tinnevelly Senna) orCassia sennaL.;C. acutifoliaDelite;C. angustifoliaVahl.
Sennacfolium,Sennaleaf Driedleaflets IP-66
Senna Leaf HPI-III
Sana Driedleaves UPI-I
SennaDryExtract Leavesorpods
IP-2014
Svarnapatri Leaf API-I
Nilavakaiilai Leaf SPI-II
Sennaleaf,Cassialeaf;Cassiaangustifolia
Driedleaflets IP-2014
Castanea sativaMill. Castaneavesca Leaf HPI-III
Catharanthus roseus Linn. Catharanthusroseus Wholeplant HPI-IX
Ceanothus americanusLinn. Ceanothusamericanus Leaf HPI-I
Centaurium chielense(Pers.)Druce.
Canchalagua Wholeplantwithflower
HPI-VIII
Centella asiatica (L.)Urban Mandukaparni Wholeplant API-IV
Hydrocotyleasiatica Wholeplant HPI-I
MandukaparniGotuKola;Centellaasiatica
Driedaerialparts
IP-2014
MandukaparniDryExtractGotukola;Centellaasiatica
Extractingaerialpartswithsuitablesolventandevaporationofsolvent
IP-2014
Centipeda minima L.Syn.C. orbicularisLour.
Kundush Driedwholeplant
UPI-III
Cephalandra indicaNand. Cephalandraindica Leaf HPI-IV
Chamomilla recutita(L.)Rauschert.
Chamomilla Wholeplant HPI-I&V
Cheiranthus cheiriLinn. Cheiranthuscheri Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Chelidonium majusLinn. Chelidoniummajus Wholeplant HPI-I&VIII
Chelone glabraLinn. Cheloneglabra Wholeplant HPI-IV&VIII
Chimaphila maculataPursh. Chimaphilamaculata Wholeplant HPI-VII
165Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Chimaphila umbellate(Linn.)Barton.
Chimaphilaumbellata Wholeplant HPI-II&VIII
Chrysanthemum indicum L. Guladaudi Leaf API-VI
Cicer arietinum L. Canaka Wholeplant API-VI
Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Nees&Ebern;Ocimum kilimandoscharicumGurke(Labiatae)
Camphor Leaves IP-66
Cinnamomum cassia Blume.Syn.Cinnamomum aromaticumNees&Eberm.L.
Cassiaoil Volatiledistilledwithsteamfromtheleavesandtwigs
IP-66
Qirfa Driedleaves UPI-III
Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.Ham.)Ness.&Eberm.
SazajHindi Driedmatureleaves
UPI-I
Ilavankappattiri Leaf SPI-I
Tvakapatra Leaf API-I
Cissus quadrangularis L. Asthisrnkhala Aerialpart API-VI
Pirantai Aerialparts SPI-II
Citrullus colocynthisSchrad. Indravaruni Leaf API-II
Clematis erectaLinn. Clematiseracta Leafandstem
HPI-IV
Clerodendron infortunatum Gaertn
Clerodendorninfortunatum Leaf HPI-VI
Clitoria ternatea L. Aparajita Leaf API-IV
Coccinia grandis (L.)Voigt Bimbi Leaf API-VI
Kovaiilai Leaf SPI-II
Coccinia indicaW.&A. Bimbi Wholeplant API-III
Coldenia procumbens L. Tripaksi Wholeplant API-VI
Ceruppataiccamulam Wholeplant SPI-II
Coleus amboinicusLour. Parnayavani Leaf API-VI
Coleusaromaticus Leaf HPI-VI
Comocladia dentataJacq. Comocladiadentata Leafandbark HPI-V
166Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 166Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Conium maculatumLinn. Conicummaculatum Wholeplant HPI-I
Convallaria majalisLinn. Convallariamajalis Wholeplant HPI-II
Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy
Sankhapuspi Wholeplant API-II
Copernicia cerifera Mart. CarnaubaWax Leaves IP-96
Cotyledon umbilicusLinn. Cotyledonumbilicus Leaf HPI-VIII
Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. Cupheaviscosissima Wholeplant HPI-IX
Cupressus sempervirens Linn.
Cupressusaustralis Leafytwigsandunripecone
HPI-IX
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Aftimoon Wholeplant UPI-III
Cymbopogon citratus(DC)Stapf.
Kattrna Wholeplant API-V
Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf.
LemonGrassoil,Gandhatrina,Nimbughastail
Steamdistillationoftheleaves
IP-2014
Cymbopogon martinii(Roxb.)Wats
Rohisa Wholeplant API-V
Izkhar Wholeplant UPI-V
Cynara scolymusLinn. Cynarascolymus Wholeplant HPI-IX
Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers. Durva Wholeplant API-IV
Cynodondactylon Wholeplant HPI-II
Cytisus laburnumLinn. Cytisuslaburnum Flowerandyoungleaf
HPI-IX
Datisca cannabinaLinn. Datiscacannabina Aerialpartswhileflowering
HPI-VIII
Datura metelL.;D. metel var. fastuosa Safford
Dhattura Wholeplant API-IV
Daturaherba,Daturaherb Driedleavesandfloweringparts.
IP-66
Datura stramonium L. Stramonium Driedleavesandfloweringtops.
IP-66
Stramonium Wholeplant HPI-II
167Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Dendrophthoe falcata(L.f.)Ettingshsyn.Loranthus longiflorus Desr.
Vanda Leaf API-V
Desmodium gangeticumDC. Salaparni Wholeplant API-VI
Digitalis purpureaLinn. Digitalispurpurea LeafoftheSecondYear’sgrowth
HPI-I&VII
Draba vernaLinn. Drabaverna Wholeplant HPI-IX
Drosera rotundifoliaLinn. Droserarotundifolia Wholeplant HPI-I&IX
Duboisia myoporoidesR.Br. Duboisismyoporoides Leaf HPI-V
Echinacea purpurea (Linn.)Moench.
Echinaceapurpurea Wholeplant HPI-IX
Echinocactus williamsiiLem. Anahaloniumlewini Wholeplant HPI-VI
Eclipta alba(L.)Hassk. Bhrngaraja Wholeplant API-II
Bhringraj,Ecliptaalba
Driedwholeplant
IP-2014
Ecliptaalba Wholeplant HPI-IX
Bhangra Wholeplant UPI-IV
Eclipta prostrate L. Karicalankanniccamulam Wholeplant SPI-II
Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)Solms.
Eichhorniacrassipes Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Enchinacea angustifoliaDC. Enchinaceaangustifolia Wholeplant HPI-I
Enicostemma axillare(Lam.)A.Raynal
Nahi Wholeplant API-VI
Vellarukuccamulam Wholeplant SPI-II
Epiphagus virginiana (Linn.)Bart.
Epiphagusvirginiana Wholeplant HPI-V
Equisetum hyemaleLinn. Equisetumhvemale Wholeplant HPI-II
Erechthites hieracifoliaLinn. Erechthites Wholeplant HPI-VI
Eridictyon glutinosumBenth. Eriodictyonglutinosum Leaf HPI-III
Erigeron canadensis Linn. Erigeroncanadense Wholeplant HPI-IV
Erodium cicutarium (L.)L’Her.
Erodiumcicuarium Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Erythroxylum cocaLamarck. Coca Leaf HPI-II
168Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 168Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Eschscholtzia californica Charm.
Eschscholtziacalifornica Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Eucalyptus globulousLobill.,E. fruticetorum, F. vonMill.,E. Smithii(R.T.Baker)Muell.
Eucalyptusoil,Nilgirioil Freshleaves,freshterminalbranches
IP2014
Eucalyptus globulusLab. Eucalyptusglobulus Leaf HPI-II
Tailaparna Leaf API-V
Eupatorium ayapanaVent;E. triplinerveVahl
Ayapana,Ayapan Driedleaves IP-66
Eupatorium perfoliatumLinn. Eupatoriumperfoliatum Leaf HPI-I
Euphorbia cyparissiasLinn. Euphorbiacyparissias Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Euphorbia dracunculoides(Lam)
Saptala Wholeplant API-II
Euphorbia hirta L. Brhatdugdhika Wholeplant API-VI
Euphorbia prostrataW.Ait. Doodhikhurd Wholeplant UPI-V
Euphorbia royleanaBioss. Zaqoom Leaves UPI-III
Euphorbia thymifolia L. Dugdhika Wholeplant API-V
Euphrasia officinalisLinn. Euphrasiaofficinalis Wholeplant HPI-I
Fabiana imbricataRuiz.&Pav.
Fabianaimbricata Leafytwig HPI-IX
Fagonia cretica L. Dhanvayasah Wholeplant API-V
Shukai Wholeplant UPI-V
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.
Fagopyrumesculentum Wholeplant HPI-IV,VII
Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke Hingupatri Leaf API-V
Filipendula ulmaria (L.)Maxim.
Filipendulaulmaria Shootwithflower
HPI-VIII
Flacourtia indicaMerr. Sruvavrksa Leaf API-IV
Fucus vesiculosusLinn. Fucusvesiculosus Wholeplant HPI-III,IX
Fumaria parvifloraLam. Parpata Wholeplant API-IV
Shahtara Wholeplant UPI-VI
Galega officinalisLinn. Galegaofficinalis Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Galphimia glaucaCav. Galphimiaglauca DriedLeafandblossoms
HPI-IX
169Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Gaultheria procumbensLinn. Gaultheriaprocumbans Leaf HPI-V
Genista tinctoria Linn. Gentianacruciata Wholeplant HPI-V
Ginkgo bilobaLinn. Gingkobiloba Freshleaf HPI-VII
Gisekia pharnaceoides L. Valukasaka Leaf API-VI
Glinus lotoides L. Usandi Wholeplant API-VI
Ciruceruppataiccamulam Wholeplant SPI-II
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.)Corroa.
Atistaindica Leaf HPI-VII
Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx.
Gnaphaliumpolycephalum Wholeplant HPI-IV
Gratiola officinalisLinn. Gratiolaofficinalis Wholeplant HPI-V
Grindelia comporumGreen Grindeliarobusta Leafandfloweringtop
HPI-III,IX
Gymnema sylvestreR.Br.Syn.Asclepias geminata Roxb.,Periploca sylvestre Retz
Gudmar,Gymnemasylvestre
Driedmatureleaves
IP-2014
Mesasrngi Leaf API-V
Gymnemasylvestris Leaf HPI-I
GurmarButi Leaf UPI-II
Haplopappus baylahuen Remy.
Haplopappusbaylahven Leaf HPI-VIII
Haronga madagascariensis Choisy
Harunganamadagascariensis
Leafandstembark
HPI-VIII
Helianthemum canadense Mich.
Cistuscanadensis Wholeplant HPI-IV
Heliotropium indicum L. Hastisundi Driedarealpart
API-VI
Heracleum sphondylimLinn. Brancaursina Wholeplant HPI-V
Herniaria glabraLinn. Hernlniriaglabra Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Hippomane mancinellaLinn. Mancinella Leaf,barkandfruit
HPI-V
Hordeum vulgare L. Yava Wholeplant API-IV
Hyoscyamus muticusL.;H. niger L.
Hyoscyamus Driedleavesandflowingtops
IP-66
170Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 170Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Hyoscyamus nigerLinn. Hyoscyamusniger Wholeplant(2ndyeargrowth)
HPI-I
Hypericum perforatumLinn. Hypericumperforatum Wholeplant HPI-I,VIII
Ilex aquifoliumLinn. Ilexaquifolium Leafandfruit HPI-VIII
Ilex paraguayensis St.Hilaire.
Ilexparaguayensis Leaf HPI-VII
Indigofera tinctoria L. Nili Leaf API-II
Nili Wholeplant API-III
Avuri Wholeplant SPI-I
Jasminum officinale L. Jati Leaf API-III
Chanbeli Leaf UPI-IV
Juglans regiaLinn. Juglansregia Leafandgreenunripefruit
HPI-IV
Juniperus sabinaLinn. Sabina StemandLeaf
HPI-I
Justicia adhatoda L. Atatotaiilai Leaf SPI-I
Kalmia latifoliaLinn. Kalmialatifolia Leaf HPI-IV
Lachnanthes tinctoria Ell. Lachinanthestinctoria Wholeplant HPI-IV
Lactuca virosaLinn. Lactuca Wholeplant HPI-VII
Lamium album Linn. Lamiumalbum Leafandflower
HPI-VII
Larrea mexicanaMoric. Larreamexicana Leafandyoungbranch
HPI-VIII
Lawsonia inermisL.Syn.Lawsonia albaLam.
Madayanti Leaf API-IV
Hina Leaf UPI-II
Ledum palustreLinn. Ledumpalustre Wholeplant HPI-I
Lemna minorLinn. Lemnaminor Wholeplant HPI-IV
Leonuorus cardiacaLinn. Leonoruscardiaca Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Lespedeza capitata Michx. Lespedezacafitata Wholeplant HPI-IX
Lespedeza sieboldiiMiq. Lespedezasieboldii Aerialpart HPI-IX
Leucas aspera Sprang. Leucasaspera Wholeplant HPI-VI,VIII
171Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Leucas cephalotesSpreng. Dronapuspi Wholeplant API-II
Lillium tigrinumKer-Gawl. Liliumtigrinum Wholeplant HPI-V,IX
Linaria vulgarisMill. Linariavulgaris Wholeplant HPI-VI
Lobaria pulmonaria (Linn.)Haffm.
Stictapulmonaria Wholeplant HPI-IV
Lobelia cardinalisLinn. Lobeliacardinalis Wholeplant HPI-V
Lobelia inflataLinn. Lobeliainflata Wholeplantexcludingroot
HPI-II
Lobelia nicotianaefolia Heyne.
Lobelia Driedaerialparts
IP-66
Lobelia syphiliticaLinn. Lobeliasyphilitica Wholeplant HPI-VI
Loeselia coccineaG.Don Hoitziacoccinea Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Luffa acutangula (L.)Roxb. Kosataki Wholeplant API-III
Luffa echinataRoxb. Luffabindal Wholeplantwithfruit
HPI-VI
Lycium barbarum L. Kantakigulma Aerialpart API-VI
Lycopersicum esculentum Milli.
Lycopersicumesculentum Wholeplant HPI-V
Lycopus virginicusLinn. Lycopusvirgnicus Wholeplant HPI-IV
Medicago sativaLinn. Alfalfa Wholeplantexcludingroots
HPI-II
Melia azedarach L. Bakayin Driedleaves UPI-III
Mentha arvensisLinn. Menthaarvensis Leaf HPI-IX
Mentha piperitaLinn. Menthapiperita Wholeplant,excludingroot
HPI-II
Mentha spicataLinn. Menthaviridis Wholeplant HPI-IX
Mentha spp. Menthaoil Steamdistillationofmentha
IP-2014
Mentha viridis L. Pudinah Aerialpart API-V
Nanapudina) Aerialpart UPI-V
Menyanthes trifoliateLinn. Menvanthestrifoliata Wholeplant HPI-II,VIII
Mercurialis perennisLinn. Mercurialisperennis Wholeplant HPI-IV,VII
172Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 172Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Merremia tridentata (L.)Hall.f. Matsyapatrika Wholeplant API-VI
Mikania amara Willd. Guaco Leaf HPI-VII
Mimosa pudica L. Lajjalu Wholeplant API-II
Mitchella repensLinn. Mitchellarepens Wholeplant HPI-VI
Mollugo cervianaSeringe Parpatakam Wholeplant SPI-II
Grismachatraka Wholeplant API-VI
Moringa oleiferaLam. Sehjana Leaf UPI-V
Sigru Leaf API-II
Moringaoleifera Wholeplant HPI-IX
Murraya koenigii(L.)Spreng Saurabhanimba Leaf API-VI
Myrrhis odorata(L.)Scop. Myrrhisodorata Wholeplantexcludingroot
HPI-VIII
Myrtilocactus geometrizans Console
Myrtillocactusgeometrizans Shoot HPI-VIII
Myrtus communisLinn. Myrtuscommunis Wholeplantexcludingroot
HPI-IV,VII
Narcissus pseudo narcissus Linn.
Narcissuspseudonarcissus Wholeplant HPI-VI
Nasturtium officinaleR.Br. Nasturtiumofficinale Aerialpart HPI-VIII
Nepeta hindostanaRoth.)HainesSyn.N. ruderalis Hook.f.
Badranjboya Leaf UPI-II
Nerium indicumMill. Karavira Leaf API-I
Kaner Driedleaves UPI-I
Nerium oleander Linn. Oleander Leaf HPI-III,VII
Nicotiana tabacum Linn. Tabacum Leaf HPI-I
Nyctanthes arbortristisLinn. Nyctanthesarbortristis Leaf HPI-III,VII
Ocimum basilicum L. Basiloil(MethylChavicolType),Tulsikatail
Steamdistillationofpartofplant(leaves&floweringtops)
IP-2014
Ocimumbasilicum Aerialpart HPI-IX
173Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Ocimum canum Sins. Ocimumcanum Leaf HPI-XI
Ocimum gratissimumLinn. Ocimumgratissimum Wholeplant HPI-VI
Ocimum sanctum L. Tulasi Leaf API-II
Rehan Leaf UPI-V
Tulasi Wholeplant API-II
Rehan Wholeplant UPI-V
TulasiBasil;Ocimumsanctum
Leaves IP-2014
Ocimumsanctum Wholeplantexcludingroot
HPI-I
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Tulaciilai Leaf SPI-II
Oldenlandia corymbusaLinn. Oldenlandiaherbacea Wholeplant HPI-VII
Onosma bracteatumWall. Gojihva Aerialpart API-III
Goazaban DriedLeaf UPI-V
Opuntia vulgarisMill. Opunita Wholeplantexcludingroot
HPI-VI
Origanum vulgare Linn. Origanumvulgare Wholeplantwithflower
HPI-VII
Ornithogalum umbellatum Linn.
Ornithogalumumbellatum Wholeplant HPI-IX
Oxalis acetosellaLinn. Oxalisacetosella Aerialparts HPI-VIII
Oxalis corniculata L. Cangeri Wholeplant API-III
Puliyarai Wholeplant SPI-II
Oxytropis lambertiPursh. Oxytropis Wholeplantexcludingroot
HPI-VI
Paederia foetida L. Prasarini Wholeplant API-II
Paris quadrifoliaLinn. Parisquadrifolia Wholeplant HPI-IV
Paronychia illecebroides Webb.
Paronichiaillecebrum Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Parthenium hysterophorous Linn.
Parthenium Wholeplant HPI-VII
Passiflora incarnata Linn. Passifloraincanata Leaf HPI-II
Pavonia odorata Willd. Gandhasipha Wholeplant API-VI
174Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 174Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Pennisetum typhoides (Burm)Stapf&C.E.Hubb.
Vajranna Leafbase API-VI
Penthorum sedoidesLinn. Penthorumsedoides Wholeplant HPI-VII
Pergularia daemia(Forsk)Chiov.
Visanika Wholeplant API-VI
Petasites fragransPresl. Tussilagofragrans Wholeplant HPI-VI
Petasites japonicusF.Schm. Tussiilagopetasites Wholeplant HPI-V
Petasites officinalisMoench. Petasiteshybridus Aerialpart HPI-VIII
Peteroselinum cripsum(Mill)Mym.
Petroselinumsativum Wholeplant HPI-IV
Peumus boldusMolin. Boldo Leaf HPI-VI
Phyla nodiflora(L.)Greene Jalapippali Wholeplant API-V
Potutalai Wholeplant SPI-I
Phyllanthus amarusSchum.&Thom.
Bhuiamla,Phyllanthusamarus
Driedaerialparts
IP-2014
Kilkkainelliccamulam Wholeplant SPI-I
Phyllanthus fraternusWebst. Tamalaki RootStem&Leaf
API-I
Pilocaprus jaborandiHolmes. Jaborandi Leaf HPI-II
Pilocarpus microphyllus StapfandotherspeciesofPilocarpus
Pilocarpininitras,pilocarpinenitrate
Leaves IP-55
Pinus sylvestrisLinn. Pinussylvestris Youngshoot HPI-V
Piper betle L. Nagavalli Leaf API-III
Verrilai Leaf SPI-II
Tambol Leaf UPI-VI
Pistacia chinensis Burgo. Karkatasrngi Leaf API-I
Pistia stratiotes L. Jalakumbhi Wholeplant API-VI
Plantago lanceolata L. Vanya-asvagola Leaf API-VI
Plantago major Linn. Plantagomajor Wholeplant HPI-II
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.)spreng
Karpuravalliilai Leaf SPI-II
Pluchea lanceolata(DC.)Oliv.&Hiern
Rasna Leaf API-III
175Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Polygonum punctatum Ell. Polygonumpunetatum Wholeplant HPI-IV
Pongamia pinnataL.Pierre. Karanj Leaf UPI-IV
Karanja Leaf API-II
Portulaca oleracea L. Kozuppa Wholeplant API-II
Khurfa Wholeplant UPI-IV
Potentilla anserineLinn. Potentillaanserine Aerialpart HPI-VIII
Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh.
Nabalusserpentaria Wholeplant HPI-VII
Prosopis cinerariaDruce Sami Leaf API-VI
Vanniilai Leaf SPI-II
Prunus laurocerasus Linn. Laurocerasus Leaf HPI-IV,VIII
Prunus padusLinn. Prunuspadus Leafandbark HPI-V
Pulsatilla nigricansLinn. Pulsatillanigricans Wholeplant HPI-I
Punica granatum L. Dadima Leaf API-IV
Anar Leaf UPI-II
Ramunculus repensLinn. Ranunculusrepens Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Ranunculos bulbosusLinn. Ranunculusbulbosus Wholeplant HPI-IV,VIII
Ranunculus acrisLinn. Ranunculusacris Wholeplant HPI-V
Ranunculus sceleratusLinn. Ranunculusscleratus Wholeplantexcludingroot
HPI-IV
Raphanus sativus L. Mulaka Wholeplant API-II
Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall.
Rhododendronchrysanthum Leafandflowerbud
HPI-II
Rhus parvifloraRoxb. Tintidika Aerialpart API-V
Rhus toxicodendron Mich. Rhustoxicodendron Leaf HPI-I,IX
Rhus venenataDC. Rhusvenenata Stemandleaf HPI-II
Ricinus communis L. Eranda Freshleaf API-III
Rumex acetosaLinn. Rumexacetosa Leaf HPI-VIII
Ruta graveolens L. Barg-e-Sudab Leaf UPI-VI
Rutagraveolens Wholeplant HPI-I
Salix alba L. SvetaVetasa Leaf API-VI
176Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 176Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Salvadora persica L. Pilu Leaf API-V
Pilu Leaf UPI-V
Salvia officinalisLinn. Salviaofficinalis Leafandflower
HPI-VI
Sambucus nigraLinn. Sambucusnigra Leafandflower
HPI-II
Santolina chamaecyparissus Linn.
Santolinachamaecyparissus Wholeplant HPI-IX
Sarracenia purpurea Linn. Sarraceniapurpurea Wholeplant HPI-IV
Scrophularia nodosaLinn. Scrophularianodosa Wholeplant HPI-VI
Scutellaraia laterifloraLinn. Scutellaria Wholeplantexcludingroot
HPI-III
Sedum acreLinn. Sedumacre Wholeplant HPI-VI
Sempervivum tectorumLinn. Sempervivumtectorum Leaf HPI-VI
Senecio aureusLinn. Senecioaureus Wholeplant HPI-II
Senecio cinerariaDC. Cinerariamaritima Wholeplant HPI-V
Sesbania sesban(L.)Merr. Jayanti Leaf API-II
Karuncempaiilai Leaf SPI-I
Siegesbeckia orientalisLinn. Siegesbeckiaorientalis Wholeplant HPI-IX
Silphium laciniatumLinn. Silphinumlaciniatum Wholeplant HPI-VI
Solanum anguiviLam. Brhati Wholeplant API-VI
Solanum carolinenseLinn. Solanumcarolinense Wholeplant HPI-V
Solanum dulcamaraLinn. Dulcamara Wholeplant HPI-I
Solanum nigrum L. Kakamaci Wholeplant API-II
Mako Wholeplant UPI-IV
Solanumnigrum Wholeplantwithfruitincludingroot
HPI-II
Solanum surattenseBurm.f.Syn.Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad.&Wendl.
Kantakari Wholeplant API-I
Kantankattiriccamulam Wholeplant SPI-I
Katai Shoot UPI-II
Solanumxanthocarpum Wholeplant HPI-VI
177Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Sphaeranthus indicus L. Munditika Leaf API-III
Munditika Wholeplant API-IV
Spigelia marllandicaLinn. Sparteinumsulphuricum Wholeplant HPI-VI
Stachys officinalisFranch. Stachysofficinalis Wholeplantexcludingroot
HPI-VIII
Stellaria media (Linn.)Vill. Stellariamedia Wholeplant HPI-IX
Swertia chirata Buch.Ham. Chiraita Driedwholeplant
UPI-I
Kiratatikta Wholeplant API-I
Swertiachirata Wholeplantexcludingroot
HPI-VI,VIII
Tancetum vulgareLinn. Tanacetumvulgare Leafandfloweringtwig
HPI-V
Taraxacum officinaleWeber Taraxacum Wholeplant HPI-III
Taxus baccata L. Sthauneya Leaf API-III
Taxus wallichianaZucc. Talicappattiri Leaf SPI-II
Teramnus labialisSpreng. Masaparni Wholeplant API-III
Teucrium marum Linn. Teucrummarumverum Wholeplant HPI-IV
Teucrium scorodoniaLinn. Teucriumscorodonia Aerialpart HPI-VIII
Thuja occidentalisLinn. Thujaoccidentalis Leafandtwig HPI-I
Thymus serphyllumLinn. Thymusserpyllum Wholeplant HPI-VII
Thymus vulgarisLinn. Thymusvulgaris Wholeplant HPI-VIII
Toddalia asiatica(L.)Lam. Katugulma Wholeplant API-VI
Tragia involucrata L. Vrscikalli Wholeplant API-IV
Trianthema decandra L. Laghupatra-Varsabhu Wholeplant API-VI
Trianthema portulacastrum L. Penarnava,Penarnaba Leaves,freshdriedplant
IPL
Tribulus terrertris L. Neruncilcamulam Wholeplant SPI-II
Goksura Wholeplant API-VI
Tribulusterrestris Wholeplant HPI-I
178Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 178Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)
Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Turnera diffusaWilldvar.aphrodisiacaVrb.
Damiana Wholeplant HPI-V&VII
Tussilago farfaraLinn. Tussilagofarfara Wholeplant HPI-IV
Tylophora indicaBurn.(Merill)
Tylophoraindica Leaf HPI-VI
Uraria pictaDesv. Prsniparni Wholeplant API-IV
UrticaurensLinn. Urticaurens Wholeplant HPI-IV
Usnea barbataHeffm. Usneabarbata Wholeplant HPI-V
Verbascum thapsusLinn. Verbascumthaspus Wholeplant HPI-II
Verbena officinalisLinn. Verbenaofficinalis Wholeplant HPI-VI
Vernonia cinereaLees. Sahadevi Wholeplant API-III
Vigna trilobata(L.)Verdc. Mudgaparni Wholeplant API-IV
Vinca minorLinn. Vincaminor Wholeplant HPI-IV
Vincetoxicum hirudinaria Medic.
Vincetoxicumhirudinaria Leaf HPI-VIII
Viola odorata Linn. Violaodroata Wholeplant HPI-IV
Viola pilosaBlume. Banafsha Driedleaves UPI-III
Banafsha Driedwholeplant
UPI-III
Viola tricolorLinn. Violatricolor Wholeplant HPI-IV
Viscum albumLinn. Viscusalbum Leafandfruit HPI-II
Vitex negundo L. Sambhalu Driedleaf UPI-V
Nirgundi Leaf API-III
Nocciilai Leaf SPI-II
Wedelia calendulaceaLees. Kesaraja Wholeplant API-VI
Wedelia chinensisMerril Porralaikaiyantakarai Aerialparts SPI-II
Xanthium spinosum Linn. Xanthiumsfinosum Wholeplant HPI-IX
Yucca filamentosaLinn. Yuceafilamentosa Root,leafandflower
HPI-V
179Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
2. Monographic Review –The Indianwork pertinent to pharmacognosticalcharacteristics of leaf drugs published in the formof books,monographsetc.areenumeratedinTable-2.
Table 2:PharmacognosticworkonleafdrugsinIndianmonographicandbookreferences
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Abelmoschus moschatus Medic.
Mushkdana Leaf SSDUM-V
Abies spectabilis(D.Don)Mirb.syn.A. webbianaLindl.
Talisapatra Leaf MPLD-IITalisa Leaf QSIMP-VIII
Abrus precatoriusLinn. Gunja Leaf MPLD-IIAcacia nilotica(Linn.)Del. Babool Leaf SSDUM-IVAcacia pennata(Linn.)Willd.syn.Mimosa pennataLinn.
Adari Leaf QSIMP-XI
Acalypha indicaLinn. Dadaro Leaf PILDHaritamanjari Wholeplant QSIMP-XII
Acanthus ilicifoliusLinn. Attumulli(Tamil) Leaf QSIMP-VIAchillea millefoliumLinn. Biranjasifa Leaf MPLD-II
Biravijasipha Aerialparts QSIMP-VAchyranthes asperaLinn.syn.A. canescensR.Br.; A. argenteaDecne;A. grandifoliaMoq.;A. obovataPeter.;A. repensLinn.
Khar-e-vasgona Stem,Leaf SSDUM-IVApamarga WholePlant PAD-VIApamarga Wholeplant QSIMP-IXApang WholePlant IHP
Achyranthes bidentataBlume CeauradanadaApamarga Wholeplant QSIMP-XIAcronychia pedunculata (Linn.)Miq.
Ankenda Leaf MPLD-II
Adhatoda beddomei C.B.Clarke
Vasa Stem,Leaf PID-IIVasa Leaf QSIMP-III
Adhatoda vasicaNees Aroosa Leaf SSDUM-IVVasaka Leaf PILD
Adhatoda zeylanicaMedik.syn.A. vasicaNees;Justicia adhatodaLinn.
Vasa Stem,Leaf PID-IIArusa Leaves IHPVasa Leaf MPLD-IIVasa Leaf QSIMP-XI
Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn.
Parsiaoshan Leaf SSDUM-II
Adiantum lunulatumBurm.f.syn.A. philippenseLinn.
Hamsapadi Wholeplant QSIMP-XIV
Adiantumcapillus-venerisLinn. Bijapatra Wholeplant QSIMP-XIIAegle marmelos(L.)Corr. Bel Root,Stem,
Leaf,Fruit,Seed
MPWG
Barg-e-Bel Leaf SSDUM-IIAerrva lanataLinn. Goraksaganja Leaf MPLD-II
Bhadra WholePlant PAD-VIPasanabheda Wholeplant QSIMP-III
Agave americanaLinn. Banskeora(Hin) Leaf QSIMP-V
180Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 180Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Ailanthus excelsaRoxb. Araluka Bark,Leaf PID-IAralu Leaf MPLD-II
Alangium salvifolium(Linn.f.)Wang.var. salvifoliumsyn.A. lamarckiiThw.
Ankot Stembark&Leaf
PAD-XI
Vanirota Leaf QSIMP-V
Alhagi pseudalhagi(M.Bieb.)Desv.syn. A. camelorumFisch.exDC.;A. maurorum sensuBaker,nonDesv.
Jawansa Stem,Leaf SSDUM-VYavasa Wholeplant QSIMP-VII
Allium cepaLinn. Onion Leaf PILDAllium sativum Linn. Lahsan/Garlic Leaf PILDAloe vera(Linn.)Burm.f.syn.A. barbadensisMill.; A. perfoliataLinn.
Ghikanwar JuiceofLeaves
IHP
Sibr Driedleaves SSDUM-IIBarg-e-Gheekwar Leaf SSDUM-IIKumara Leaf,Fresh
gel,Driedjuice
QSIMP-IX
Alternanthera sessilis(Linn.)R.Br.exDC.syn. A. nodifloraR.Br.
Matsyaksi Wholeplant QSIMP-V
AmaranthustricolorLinn.syn.A. gangeticusLinn.;A. mangostanusLinn.;A. polygamoussensuHook.f.p.p.,nonLinn.;A. tristisLinn.
Ramsitalika Wholeplant QSIMP-XII
Ammannia bacciferaLinn.syn.A. salicifoliasensuClarke
Dadmari Leaf QSIMP-VIII
Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.)Wall.exNeessyn.A. subspathulataC.B.Clarke;Justicia paniculataBurm.f.
Mahatita ArialPart IHPKalmegh ArialParts,
LeafQASIMP
Kalmegh ArialParts,Leaf
QASIMP
Kalmegh Leaf PILDCoraka Aerialparts QSIMP-VIII
Anisomeles malabarica(Linn.)R.Br.exSims
Sprkka Aerialparts QSIMP-VI
Anogeissus latifoliaWall. Dhava Stem,Leaf PID-IApium graveolensLinn. Kharaphsa Wholeplant QSIMP-XIIIArgemonemexicanaLinn. Swarnashiri Root,Stem&
LeafPAD-XI
Svarnaksiri Wholeplant QSIMP-XII
181Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Argyreia nervosa(Burm.f.)Bojersyn.A. speciosa(Linn.f.)Sweet
Vriddhadaruka Root,Stem,Leaf
PID-II
Vrddhadaruka Leaf QSIMP-VVrddhadaru Leaf MPLD-II
Aristolochia bracteolataLamk.syn.A. bracteataRetz.
Kitamari Leaf QSIMP-V
Aristolochia indicaLinn. Isvari Leaf QSIMP-XIV
Artemisia absinthiumLinn. Barg-e-Afsanteen Leaf SSDUM-IIArtemisia annuaLinn. Quinghaq(Chinese) Wholeplant QSIMP-IArtemisia vulgarisLinn. Biranjasif Stem,Leaf,
FlowerSSDUM-II
Asclepias curassavicaLinn. Kakatundi Leaf PID-IKakanasa Wholeplant QSIMP-VII
Atropa acuminataRoyleexLindl.
Suci Leaf MPLD-IIIndianBelladonna Leaf PILD
Atropa belladonnaLinn. Suci Leaf QSIMP-XIIIAzadirachta indicaA.Juss.syn.Melia azadirachtaLinn.
Barg-e-Neem Leaf SSDUM-IINimba Leaf MPLD-IINeem Leaf PILD
Leaf QSIMP-XIBacopa monnieri(Linn.)Pennellsyn.Herpestis monnieria(Linn.)H.B.&K.;Lysimachia monnieriLinn.
Herpestis Leaf PILDBrahmi Stem,Root,
LeafMPWG
Brahmi WholePlant QASIMPBrahmi Stem,Root,
LeafPAD-XII
Brahmi WholePlant IHPBrahmi Leaf MPLD-IIPriyala Wholeplant QSIMP-VIII
Baliospermum montanum(Willd.)Muell.-Arg.syn.Jatropha montanaWilld.;Baliospermum axillareBlume
Danti Stem,Root,Leaf
MPWG
Danti Stem,Leaf,Root-Stock
PID-I
Danti Leaf QSIMP-XIIIBambusa bambos(Linn.)Vosssyn.B. arundinacea(Retz.)Willd.;B. orientalisNees
Vamsa Tendershoot QSIMP-XIII
Barleria prionitisLinn. Sairayak Wholeplant QSIMP-IVBarringtonia acutangula Gaertn.
Nicula Leaf,Bark,Fruit,Root
PID-III
Barringtonia recemosa (Linn.)Roxb.
Samudraphala Leaf,Bark,Friut
PID-III
Basella albaLinn.var.albasyn.B. rubrasensuHook.f.,p.p.
Upodika Leaf QSIMP-V
182Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 182Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Bauhinia vahliiWight&Arn.syn.Phanera vahlii (Wight&Arn.)Benth.
- Fresh&DriedLeaf
QSIMP-XIII
Beta vulgarisLinn.var.ciclaMoq.
Palankya Leaf PID-II
Biophytum reinwardtiiEdgw.&Hk.f.
Lajjalu WholePlant PAD-VI
Biophytum sensitivum DC. Lajjalu WholePlant PAD-VIBlumea lacera(Burm.f.)DC.syn.B. subcapitataDC.
Kukundara Root,Stem,Leaf,Flower
PID-III
Kumundara Wholeplant QSIMP-VIBoerhavia diffusaLinn.syn.B. repensLinn.var.procumbensHook.f.;B. procumbensBanksexRoxb.
Punarnava Leaf PILDGadapurna WholePlant IHPPunarnava Wholeplant QSIMP-IX
Borago officinalisLinn. Gaozaban Leaf SSDUM-IBorrerio hispida (Linn.)K.Schum
Vasuka Root,StemLeaf
PAD-XII
Calotropis gigantea(Linn.)R.Br.
Arka Root,Leaf PID-I
Alarka Leaf MPLD-IICalotropis procera(Ait.)Ait.f.ssp.hamiltonii(Wight)Alisyn.C. proceraauct.non(Ait.)Ait.f.
Barg-e-Madar Leaf SSDUM-IIArka Leaf MPLD-IIArka Root,Leaf PID-IArka Leaf,Flower QSIMP-V
Camellia sinensis(Linn.)Kuntze
Tea Leaf PILDTheaChinensis Leaf SHD-IChaha Leaf MPLD-II
Cannabis sativaLinn. Qinnab Leaf SSDUM-IVBhang Leaf PILDBhanga Leaf MPLD-IIBhanga Leaf QSIMP-IV
Capparis sepiariaLinn. Himsra Leaf,Stem,Root
PID-III
Capparis zeylanicaLinn. Vyagranakhee Root,Stem PID-IICardiospermum halicacabum L.
CardiospermumHalicacabum
Leaf,Stem SHD-IV
Indravalli WholePlant PAD-VIKakadani Wholeplant QSIMP-VIKarnasphota Leaf MPLD-II
Carthamus tinctoriusLinn. Kusumbha Leaf QSIMP-XICassia angustifoliaVahl. Swarnapatr1 Leaf MPLD-II
Sana Leaf SSDUM-VSenna Leaf PILD
Cassia fistulaLinn. Barg-e-Amaltas Leaf SSDUM-IIAragvadha Root,Stem,
Leaf,FruitPID-I
183Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Cassia obtusifoliaLinn. Chakramarda Root,Stem,Leaf
PID-I
Cassia occidentalisLinn. Kasamarda Leaf MPLD-IIKasamarda Root,Stem
LeafPID-I
Kasamarda Leaflet,Seed QSIMP-ICassia sennaLinn.var.sennasyn.C. angustifoliaVahl
Swarna-Patri Leaf PID-IIISvarnpatri Leaflet,Pod QSIMP-I
Cassia sopheraLinn. Kasamardabhed Leaf MPLD-IICassia toraLinn. Chakramarda Leaf MPLD-IICatharanthus roseus(Linn.)G.Donsyn.Vinca roseaLinn.;Lochnera rosea(Linn.)Reichb.
Sadapuspa Leaf MPLD-IISadapuspi Leaf QSIMP-II
Celastrus paniculatusWilld. Malkangani Stem,Root,Leaf,Seed
MPWG
Centella asiatica(Linn.)Urbansyn.C. coriaceaNannf.;Hydrocotyle asiaticaLinn.;H. lanataLinn.; H. wightianaWilld.
Brahmi Leaf PILDMandukaparni Leaf MPLD-IIAranyayiraka Wholeplant QSIMP-VIIIBrahma-Manduki ArialPart IHP
Cephalandra indicaCong. CephalandraIndica Leaf SHD-IVChenopodium ambrosioidesLinn.
Sugandhavastuka Wholeplant QSIMP-X
Chrysanthemum indicumLinn. Guladaudi Leaf QSIMP-XICicer arietinum Linn. Chanaka Leaf,Fruit,
SeedPID-I
Cichorium intybus Linn. Barg-e-Kasni Leaf SSDUM-IIKasani Leaf QSIMP-XIII
Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.)Sieb.
Karpura Leaf MPLD-IIKarpura Leaf,Stem
barkQSIMP-III
Cinnamomum malabatrum Reinw.
Tamalpatrabhed(III) Leaf MPLD-II
Cinnamomum sulphuratum Necs.
Tamalpatrabhed(II) Leaf MPLD-II
Cinnamomum tamala(Buch.-Ham.)Nees&Eberm.
Tamalpatra Leaf MPLD-IITejpat Leaf PILDTamalapatra Leaf QSIMP-III
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn.
Tamalpatrabhed(I) Leaf MPLD-II
Citrullus colocynthis(Linn.)Schrad.syn.Cucumis colocynthisLinn.
Indravaruni Leaf QSIMP-XI
Clerodendron infortunatum Linn.
Bhant Leaf PILDLanghuAgnimantha Leaf QSIMP-XII
Clitoria ternateaLinn. Aparajta Leaf QSIMP-IVAparajita Leaf MPLD-II
184Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 184Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Coccinia grandis(Linn.)Voigt.syn.Cephalandra indicaNaud;Coccinia indica Wight&Arn.;C. cordifolia(Linn.)Cogn.
Bimbi Aerialparts QSIMP-VBimbi Root&Leaf PAD-XI
Coldenia procumbensLinn. Tripakshi Leaf MPLD-IIColebrookea oppositifoliaSmith
Pansra(Hin,Beg.) Leaf QSIMP-V
Commiphora wightii(Arnott)Bhand.
Guggulu Stem,Leaf PID-I
Convolvulus microphyllusSieb.exSpreng.syn.C. pluricaulisChoisy
Sankhapuspi Leaf MPLD-IISankhapuspi Wholeplant QSIMP-II
Cordia dichotama Forst.f. Sapistan Leaf SSDUM-IICoriandrum sativumLinn. KishneezSabz Leaf SSDUM-IIICoscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.)Colebr.
Jhar-I-Haldi Root,Leaf MPWG
Costus pictusD.Don. insulinplant Leaf MPLD-IICrateva magna (Lour.)DC. Barun Root,Leaf MPWGCrateva nurvalaBuch.Ham. Varun Root,Stem,
LeafPID-II
Cuscuta reflexaRoxb. Akasarvalli Wholeplant QSIMP-VCymbopogon citratus(DC.)Stapf.syn.Andropogon citratusDC.
Lemongrass Leaf PILDBhustrina Leaf MPLD-IIKattrna Leaf QSIMP-X
Cymbopogon Jwarancusa JonesSchultz
Izkhar Root,Stemandleaf
SSDUM-III
Cymbopogon martini(Roxb.)W.Wats.
Rohisa Wholeplant QSIMP-XIII
Cymbopogon nardusRendle. Citranellh Leaf PILDCynodon dactylon(Linn.)Pers.
Durva WholePlant PAD-VIAmalaki Wholeplant QSIMP-VIII
Datura fastuosaLinn. BlackDatura Leaf PILDKrishnadatura Leaf MPLD-IIDhattorah Root,Leaf PAD-X
Datura innoxiaLinn. Swetadatura Leaf MPLD-IIDatura metelLinn.syn.D. fastuosaLinn.
Datura Leaf PILDDustura Leaf MPLD-IIDhattura Seed,Leaf QSIMP-VI
Datura stramoniumLinn. ThornApple Leaf PILDKanaka Leaf MPLD-IIDhatura Leaves IHPDhatura Leaf,Seed QSIMP-X
Delonix elataGamble. Sandesaro Leaf MPLD-IIDerrisindica(Lamk.)Bennetsyn.Pongamia glabraVent.;P. pinnata(Linn.)Pierre
Karanja Leaflet QSIMP-XII
185Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Desmodiumgangeticum(Linn.)DC.syn.D. gangeticum(Linn.)DC.var.maculatum(Linn.)Baker
Salaparni Aerialparts QSIMP-XII
Didymocarpus pedicellatusR.Br.(pedicellata)
Silapuspa Wholeplant QSIMP-V
Digitalis lanataEhrh. Hritpatri Leaf MPLD-IIHritpatri Leaf QSIMP-II
Digitalis purpureaLinn. Hritpatri Leaf PID-IIIFoxglove Leaf PILDFoxglove Leaf MPLD-IIHrtpatu Leaf QSIMP-VI
Eclipta alba(Linn.)Hassk Bhangra Stem&Leaf SSDUM-IIIBhringaraja Leaf MPLD-II
Eclipta prostrata(Linn.)Linn.syn.Verbesina prostrataLinn.;E. alba(Linn.)Hassk.;E. erectaLinn.
Bhangra WholePlant IHPBhrngaraja Wholeplant QSIMP-IX
Elephantopus scaber Linn. Gujihava Root,Leaf PAD-XIIEmbelia ribes Burm.f. Vaividang Stem,Root,
Leaf,FruitMPWG
Emblica officinalisGaertn. Aamla Leaf SSDUM-VEmilia sonchifolia DC. Sasasruti WholePlant PAD-VIEnicostemma hyssopifolium(Willd.)Verd.syn.E. littoraleBlume
Mamjjaka Wholeplant(Rootandvegetativepart)
QSIMP-III
Eupatorium triplinerveVahlsyn.E. ayapanaVent.
Varahikanda Wholeplant QSIMP-XI
Euphorbia hirtaLinn.syn.E. piluliferaauct.nonLinn.
Dudhi Wholeplant SSDUM-IBrhatDugdhika Wholeplant QSIMP-X
Euphorbia prostrataW.Ait. Dugdhikabheda Wholeplant QSIMP-IIEuphorbia thymifoliaLinn. Dudhikhurd Wholeplant SSDUM-I
Dugdhika Wholeplant QSIMP-IIIEvolvulus alsinoides(Linn.)Linn.
Visnukranta Aerialparts QSIMP-IV
Exacum tetragonumRoxb.syn.E. bicolorRoxb.
Avartani Wholeplant QSIMP-VIII
Fagonia indicaBurm.f.syn.F. creticaauct.nonLinn.;F. arabicaauct.nonLinn.
Duralabha Wholeplant QSIMP-IX
Ficus amplissimaSm. Plaksha Stem,Leaf PID-IIFicus benghalensisLinn. Nyagrodhajaya AerialRoot QSIMP-XIIIFrerea indicaDalzell Milkweed WholePlant PNLPFumaria indica(Haussk.)Pugsleysyn.F. parvifloraauct.non.Lam.;F. vaillantii (Loisel.)Hook.f.&Thoms.
Snuhi Wholeplant QSIMP-XI
186Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 186Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
GetoniafloribundaRoxb.syn.Calycopteris floribunda(Roxb.)Lamk.exPoir.
Pullani Leaf QSIMP-XII
Ginkgo bilobaLinn. Ginkgo Leaf MPLD-IIGinkgo bilobaLinn. Ginkgo Leaf QSIMP-
XIVGmelina asiatica Linn. Kasmari PAD-IIHeliotropiumindicumLinn. Hastisundi Wholeplant QSIMP-XIIHemidesmus indicus(Linn.)R.Br.
Anantamul Stem,Root,Leaf
MPWG
Anantamul Leaf PID-IHibiscus rosa-sinensisLinn. Japa Root,Stem,
LeafPID-I
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.Ham.)Wall.exDon
Kurchi Stem,Bark,Root,Leaf
MPWG
Holostemma ada-kodien Schult.
Chirvel Stem,Root,Leaf
MPWG
Hygrophila auriculata(K.Schum.)Heinesyn.Asteracantha longifolia(Linn.)Nees;Hygrophila spinosaT.Anders.;Barleria auriculataK.Schum.
Kokilaksa Wholeplant QSIMP-IX
Hygrophila spinose(Schum.)Hiene
HygrophilaSpinose Leaf,Stem,Root
SHD-IV
Hyoscyamus muticusLinn. IndianHenabane Leaf PILDHyoscyamus niger Linn. Henbane Leaf PILD
Parsikayavani Leaf MPLD-IIHypericum perforatumLinn HypericumPerforatum Leaf,Stem SHD-III
Bassant Aerialparts QSIMP-IIIndigofera tinctoriaLinn. Neeli Leaf MPLD-II
Nili Leaf QSIMP-XIV
Ipomoea pescapraeLinn.Sw.
Vriddhadaruka Root,Stem,Leaf
PID-II
Ipomoea petaloideaChois. Vriddhadaruka Root,Stem,Leaf
PID-II
Jasmimum grandiflorum Linn. Chameli Leaf SSDUM-IVJasminum auriculatumVahl. Jutika Leaf MPLD-II
Yuthika Leaf,Flower QSIMP-VIJasminum grandiflorumLinn.syn.J. officinaleLinn.formagrandiflorum(Linn.)Kobuski
Jati Leaf MPLD-IIJati Leaf QSIMP-VII
Jatropha curcasLinn. Dravanti Root,Stem,Leaf
PID-I
187Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Juglans regiaLinn. JuglansRegia Leaf,Fruit,Seed
SHD-IV
Juncus effusus Linn. JuncusEffusus Stem,Leaf,Root
SHD-I
Justicia gendarussaBurm. Nila-Nirgundi Stem,Leaf PID-IIKaempferia rotundaLinn. Bhuyichampa Rhizome,
Root,LeafMPWG
Kalanchoe pinnataPers. Parnabija Leaf MPLD-IILactuca sativaLinn. Kahu Leaf SSDUM-VLawsonia inermisLinn.syn.L. albaLamk.
LawsoniaInermis Leaf SHD-IIHina Leaves SSDUM-IMadyantika Leaf QSIMP-IMadayanti Leaf PID-IIMadayantika Leaf MPLD-IIHenna Leaf PILD
Leptadenia reticulata(Retz.)Wight&Am.
J1vanti Leaf MPLD-IIJivanti Leaf,Stem QSIMP-III
Leucas cephalotes(Roth)Spreng.
Dronapuspi Wholeplant QSIMP-II
Leucas plukenetii(Roth)Spreng.syn.L. aspera(Willd.)Link
ChhataHeekusa(Beng&hin)
Aerialparts QSIMP-V
Limonia acidissima Linn. Katbel Stem,Root,Fruit,Seed,Leaf
MPWG
Lippia nodifloraRich. BukunButi Wholeplant SSDUM-IVLobelia nicotianaefoliaLinn. Nala Leaf MPLD-IILochnera rosea(L.)ReichbLinn.
Sadompushpa Stem,Root,Leaf
PAD-XII
Luffa acutangula(Linn.)Roxb.syn.Cucumis acutangulusLinn.
Kosataki Wholeplant QSIMP-IX
Majorana hortensisMoench OriganumMajiorana Leaf,Stem SHD-IIIMarsilea minuta Linn. Sunisannaka Leaf,
SporocarpPID-III
Medicago sativa Linn Alfalfa Leaf,Stem,Flower
SHD-I
Melia azedarach Linn.(=M. sempervirensSw.)
Bakayin Leaf SSDUM-VMahanimba Leaf MPLD-IIMahanim Leaf PILD
Melissa officinalisLinn. Badaranjaboya Leaf MPLD-IIMentha arvensisLinn. Pudinah Leaf PILD
Podina Leaf,stem SSDUM-IIIMentha piperitaLinn.syn.M. nigricansMill.
Pippermint Leaf PILDPepermint Leaf MPLD-II
Leaf QSIMP-IX
188Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 188Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Mentha spicataLinn.syn.M. viridisLinn.
Pudina Leaf MPLD-IIPutiha Leaf QSIMP-IX
Mentha x piperitaLinn. Pudina Leaves IHPMerremiatridentata(Linn.)Hall.f.syn.Ipomoea tridentata(Linn.)Roth
Matsyapatrika Wholeplant QSIMP-XII
Mimosa pudicaLinn. Lajjalu Stem,Root&Leaf
PAD-XI
Lajjalu WholePlant PAD-VISamanga Leaf QSIMP-IX
Mimusops elengiLinn. Bakula Stem,Leaf,Fruit,Seed
PID-I
Momordica charantiaLinn. Karela Leaf PILDMorinda tinctoriaRoxb. Achchhuka Leaf MPLD-IIMoringa concanensisNimoo. Madhushigru Leaf MPLD-IIMoringa oleiferaLamk.syn.M. pterygospermaGaertn.
Sigru Leaf MPLD-IISigru Leaf QSIMP-X
Murraya koenigii(Linn.)Spreng.
Kaidarya-nimba Leaf MPLD-IIKaidarya Root,Stem
Bark,Root,Leaf
PID-I
Kaidarya RootBark,StemBark,Leafrachis
PAD-III
Kaidaranimba Leaflet QSIMP-IMurraya paniculata(L.)Jack Kaidarya Root,Stem
Bark,Root,Leaf
PID-I
Myxopyrum-smilacifolium Blume.
Heimamalati Leaf MPLD-II
Nelumbo nuciferaGaertn. Pundarika Rhizome,Leaf PID-IINepeta hindostana(Roth.)Haines
Badranjboya Leaf SSDUM-V
Nerium indicumMill.syn.N. odorumSoland.
Karavira Root,Stem,Leaf
PID-I
Atnagupta Leaf QSIMP-XIKaravira Leaf MPLD-II
Nervilia aragoanaGaud. Sthalapadma Corm,Leaf MPWGNicotiana tabacumLinn. Tobacco Leaf PILDNyctanthus arbor-tritisLinn. Harsingar Leaf PILD
Parijata Leaf QSIMP-IIIParijata Leaf MPLD-II
Ocimum americanumLinn. OcimumCanum Leaf SHD-IIArjaka Leaf MPLD-II
Ocimum basilicumLinn. Barbari Leaf MPLD-IIBarbari Leaf QSIMP-II
Ocimum gratissimumLinn. Vrdhatulasi Leaf MPLD-IIVrdhatulau Leaf QSIMP-II
189Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Ocimum kilimandscharicumGuerke
Karpurtihsi Wholeplant QSIMP-IXKarpuratulas1 Leaf MPLD-II
Ocimum sanctumLinn. Sacredbasil Leaf PILDTulasi Leaf MPLD-IITulasi Leaf QSIMP-V
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Kalatulsi Leaves IHPTulsi Leaf QASIMP
Oenothera biennisLinn Oenothera Leaf,Stem,Root
SHD-IV
Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn. Parpata Root,Stem,Leaf
PAD-XII
Oroxylum indicum(L.)Vent. Sonapatha Stem,Root,Leaf
MPWG
Oxalis corniculata Linn. Cangeri Wholeplant QSIMP-VPaederia scandens(Lour.)Merr.syn.P. foetidaauct.nonLinn.;P. tomentosa Blume
Bacuchi Leaf PILDPrasarini Root,Stem,
LeafPID-II
Bhumyamlaku Wholeplant QSIMP-VIIIPavonia odorataWilld. Kasavisa Wholeplant QSIMP-XIPedalium murexLinn. BrihatGoksura Root,Stem,
Leaf,FruitPID-III
Pelargonium-graveolens Linn.Herit
Geranium Leaf MPLD-II
Pergularia daemia(Forsk.)Chiov.
Uttamarani Root,Stem,Leaf,Fruit,Seed
PID-II
Uthamakanya Root&Leaf PAD-XIPeristrophe paniculata(Forssk.)Brummittsyn.P. bicalyculata(Retz.)Nees
Kakajangha Wholeplant QSIMP-V
Phyla nodiflora(Linn.)Greenesyn.Verbena nodifloraLinn.;Lippia nodiflora(Linn.)A.Rich.
Jalapippali Wholeplant QSIMP-X
Phyllanthus amarusSchum.&Thonn.
Bhuiavla ArialTender IHPBhuiamla ArialPart QASIMPSarala Aerialparts QSIMP-VIII
Phyllanthus fraternusWebst.syn.P. niruriauct.pl.nonLinn.
Tamalaki Wholeplant QSIMP-XIV
Phyllanthus maderaspatensisLinn.
Bhudhairi Wholeplant QSIMP-II
Physalis minima Linn. Tankari Root,StemLeaf
PAD-XII
Piper betle Linn. Pan Leaf PILDTambula Leaf MPLD-IITambilba Leaf QSIMP-VII
190Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 190Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Pluchea lanceolata C.B.Clarke
Rasna Leaf MPLD-IIRasna Leaf QSIMP-IVRasna Root,Root
Stock,Stem,Leaf
PID-II
Plumbago indica Linn. Lalchitra Stem,Root,Leaf
MPWG
Pogostemon patchouliHook.F.nonPelletier
Patchouli Leaf MPLD-II
Pongamia pinnata (L.)Pierre. Karanj Leaf SSDUM-VPortulaca oleraceaLinn. Khurfa Leaf&stem SSDUM-I
Brhatlonika Wholeplant QSIMP-XIIIPremna serratifoliaLinn. Arni Leaf QSIMP-
XIVProsopis cineraria(Linn.)Druce.syn.P. spicigeraLinn.
Sami Leaf QSIMP-XIV
Punica garnatum Linn. Dadima Leaf,Fruit,Bark(Rt.&St.)
PID-III
Dadima Leaf MPLD-IIRaphanussativusLinn. Mulaka Aerialparts QSIMP-XIIRicinus communisLinn. Arand Leaves&Root IHP
Eranda Leaf,Root,Seed
QSIMP-X
Rosmarinus officinalisLinn. Rosemary Leaf MPLD-IIRotula aquaticaLour. Pashanabheda Stem,Root,
LeafMPWG
Rubia cordifoliaLinn. Manjith Stem,Root,Leaf
MPWG
Ruta graveolans\J\nn. Suddaba Leaf MPLD-IISalvadora oleoidesDecne Vrudhpilu Leaf MPLD-IISalvadora persicaLinn.syn.S. wightianaBedd.;S. indicaWight;Galenia asiatica Burm.f.
Pilu Leaf MPLD-IIPilu Leaf QSIMP-VI
Salvia officinalisLinn. Sage Leaf MPLD-IISaraca asoca(Roxb.)deWilde
Asok Stem,Root,Leaf,Seed
MPWG
Sesbania bispinosaW.F.Weight.
Jayantibheda Leaf MPLD-II
Sesbania sesban(Linn.)Merr.syn.S. aegytiacaPers.
Jayanti Leaf,Pod QSIMP-VI
Siegesbeckia orientalisLinn. SiegesbeckiaOrientalis Leaf,Stem,Root
SHD-II
Solanum americanumLinn. Makoi WholePlant IHPSolanum anguiviLamk.syn.S. violaceumOrtega;S. sodomeumLinn.;S. indicum auct.nonLinn.
Brhati Wholeplant QSIMP-VII
191Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Solanum indicum Linn. Brihati Stem,Root,Leaf
SPAD
Solanum nigrumLinn. Barg-e-Mako Leaf SSDUM-IISolanum surattenseBurm.f. Katai Leaf,Flower,
Fruit,SeedSSDUM-III
Kantakari Root,Stem,Leaf
PID-III
Solanum torvumSwartz SvetaBrhati Wholeplant QSIMP-VIISolanum villosumMill.ssp.villosumEdmondssyn.S. nigrumsensuClarke,p.p.,nonLinn.
Kakamaci Wholeplant QSIMP-VII
Solanum virginiatumLinn.syn.S. xanthocarpumSchrad.&Wendl.;S. surattense Burm.f.
Gulu Wholeplant QSIMP-VIII
Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad&Wendl.
Kantkari Stem,Root,Leaf
SPAD
Kateli WholePlant IHPSphaeranthus indicusLinn. Nunditika DriedLeaf QSIMP-XIIISpinacia oleraceaLinn. Palankya Leaf PID-IIStevia rebaudiana(Bertoni)Bertoni
Stevia Leaf MPLD-II- Leaf QSIMP-IX
Swertia angustifoliaBuch.-Ham.exD.Don
Lavanga Wholeplant QSIMP-VIII
Swertia chirayita(Roxb.exFleming)Karstensyn.S. chirataBuch.-Ham.exC.B.Clarke
Chiraita Leaf SSDUM-IIChirayata WholePlant IHPChiretta WholePlant PNLPKiratalikta Wholeplant QSIMP-IX
Syzygium cumini(Linn.)Skeels
Jamun Leaf SSDUM-V
Tamarindus indica L. Tintrini StembarkandPetiole
PAD-XI
Tamarindus indicaLinn. TamarHindi Leaf SSDUM-VTaxus wallichianaZucc.syn.T. baccataauct.nonLinn.
Sthaijneyaka Leaf MPLD-IIThuner Leaves PNLPSthauneyka Leaf QSIMP-II
Tephrosia purpurea(Linn.)Pers.
Sharpunkha Root,Stem,Leaf
PID-II
Sharpunkha Stem,Root,Leaf
SPAD
Sharapunkha Wholeplant QSIMP-ITerminalia alataHeyneexRothsyn.T. tomentosa (Roxb.)Wight&Arn.
Sain(Hindi,Pun.) Leaf QSIMP-VI
Terminalia arjuna(Roxb.)Wt.&Arn.
Arjuna Leaf,Fruit PID-I
192Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 192Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Thymus serpyllumLinn. Wildthyme Leaf MPLD-IIThymus vulgarisLinn. Asvagola Aerialparts QSIMP-XITinospora cordifolia(Willd.)Miers
Guduchi Root,Stem,Leaf
PID-I
Trachyspermum ammi (L.)Sprague
Ajwain Leaf SSDUM-IV
Tragia involucrataLinn. Vrscikali Leaf MPLD-IITrianthema decandraLinn.syn.Zaleya decandra(Linn.)Burm.f.
- Wholeplant QSIMP-XI
Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.syn.T. monogynaLinn.
Svetapunarnava Wholeplant QSIMP-II
Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn
Patola Stem,LeafFruit,Seed
PID-II
Trichosanthes diociaRoxb. Patola Leaf MPLD-IIPalval Leaf PILD
Trichosanthes lobataRoxb. Jangalicicinda Stem,Root,Leaf
MPWG
Tridax procumbensLinn. Ghamsa Wholeplant QSIMP-XTylophora indica (Burm.f.)Merrillsyn.T. asthmatica (Linn.f.)Wight&Arn.
Arkaparni Leaf MPLD-IITylophoraIndica Leaf SHD-IIIArakaparani Leaf QSIMP-I
Urginea indicaKunth.(=Scilla indicaBaker)
Squill Leaf PILD
Vanda coeruleaGriff.exLindl Bluevanda Leaf&Flowers
PNLP
Vanda tessellate (Roxb.)Hook.exG.Don.
Rasna Root,RootStock,Stem,Leaf
PID-II
Vernonia cineria Less. Sahadevi Leaf,Heads,Flower
PAD-VI
Vernonia conyzoidesDC.syn.V. cinereaauct.nonLess.
Sohadevi Wholeplant QSIMP-VII
Viola odorata Linn. Banafsha Leaf SSDUM-VBanapsa Wholeplant QSIMP-XIII
Vitex agnus-castusLinn. ChasteTree Leaf QSIMP-XVitex negundoLinn. Nirgundi Leaf PID-II
Berg-e-Sambhalu Leaf SSDUM-IIINirgundi Leaf MPLD-IINirgundi Leaf QSIMP-III
Vitex peduncularis Wall. Nagbail Leaf PILDVitex trifoliaLinn. Surasa Leaf MPLD-IIWattakaka volubilis(Linn.)Stapf
Madumalathi Leaf PAD-XII
Wedelia chinensis(Osbeck)Merrillsyn.W. calendulaceaLess.
Pitabhringaraja Leaf MPLD-IIBhrngrajapita Leaf,Stem QSIMP-I
Wrightia tinctoriaR.Br. Swetakutaj Leaf MPLD-II
193Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine
Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)
Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug
Reference
Zataria multiflora Boiss. SatarFarsi Leaf SSDUM-IVZizyphus jujuba (L.)Gaertn. Ber Leaf SSDUM-V
*Pharmacognosy ofWhole plant comprisePharmacognosy ofArial parts (leaf, stem,flower,fruit,seedetc.)andundergroundparts(Root,Rhizomeetc.)ofplants
Bibliography
Aiyer,K.N. andM.,Kolamal, 1953-1998.PharmacognosyofAyurvedicDrugs(Travancore-Cochin), Series-1, No. 1 to 12, University of Travancore,AyurvedaResearchInstitute,Poojappura,Trivandrum(PAD).
Anonymous,1955.PharmacopoeiaofIndia.Firsted.ManagerofPublications,Govt.ofIndiaNewDelhi(IP-55).
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Anonymous, 1982-1999. Pharmacopgnosy of IndigenousDrugs. Vol. 1 to 3,CentralCouncilforResearchinAyurveda&Siddha,NewDelhi-110016(PID).
Anonymous,1984.HomoeopathicPharmacopoeiaofIndiaVol.IV.GovernmentofIndia,MinistryofHealth&FamilyWelfare,NewDelhi(HPI-IV).
Anonymous, 1985. Pharmacopoeia of India Vol-I&II. Third ed.Manager ofPublications,Govt.ofIndiaNewDelhi(IP-85).
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