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7/22/2019 Hinh Hoc Hoa Hinh - Hinh Chieu Phoi Canh
1/62
Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 1/62
HNH HC HA HNH - HNH CHIU PHI CNH
LI NI U
Phi cnh l phng php biu din vt thda trn php chiu xuyn tm. Hnh biu din ca
phng php ny m phng mt ngi quan st svt c chiu qua con ngi ln vng mc.
Cho nn phng php ny rt thng dng trong ngnh kin trc xy dng v l mt cng c
khng th thiu i vi ngi lm cng tc sng tc, thit kkin trc.Ngy nay nhng chng
trnh m phng khng gian ba chiu rt mnh c th thit lp nhanh chng nhng bn vphi
cnh rt p. Tuy nhin, trong hot ng sng tc, cng cchnh vn l phc tho bng tay v biu
din tng di dng hnh chiu phi cnh. Nhng gio trnh trc y vchng trnh ny
thng nng vl thuyt hnh hc v hn chrt nhiu khi phi thhin nhng cng trnh kin
trc gm rt nhiu chi tit phc tp. L mt ngi lm vic trong ngnh thit kkin trc v l
ging vin ca bmn Hnh hc ha hnh, tc gixin gii thiu ti liu ny, mong ng gp mt
vi kinh nghim xin chia svi mi ngi. Hy vng y l mt ti liu c ch khng nhng i
vi sinh vin kin trc v cn cho ckin trc s. y l ln u tin bin son mt ti liu va
p ng nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu, ng thi va l cm nang ca ngi c nn khng th
trnh nhng thiu st. Rt mong c sng gp ca ngi c. Xin vui lng lin lc tc gi
qua th in t [email protected] hoc trao i qua blog :
HTUhttp://tranhuuanhtuan.blogspot.com/UTH
Da vo mt tranh m ta c cc phng php hnh chiu phi cnh sau :
o Phi cnh mt tranh phng thng ng
o Phi cnh vi mt tranh l mt cu
7/22/2019 Hinh Hoc Hoa Hinh - Hinh Chieu Phoi Canh
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 2/62
o Phi cnh vi mt tranh l mt tr
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 3/62
Phn A : PHI CNH MT TRANH PHNG THNG NG (PHI CNH 2 IM T)
Bi 1 : IM NG THNG MT PHNG
1.
Hthng mt phng hnh chiu :
Trong khng gian, chn mt mt phng nm ngang lm mtphng vt thV (ni t cc vt th)
v mt phng thng ng lm mt tranhTgiao nhau thnh mt ng thng gi l y tranh.
Mt im M c gi l im nhn(mt ngi quan st). Hnh chiu bng ca M ln mt phng V
l MB2Bc gi l chn ca im nhn. MM B2 B= h gi l cao im nhn.Mt phng tm mtM
nm ngang song song vi mt phng V i qua im nhn M. Mt phng tm mt Vct mt tranh
V : mt phng vt th
T : mt tranh : y tranhM : im nhnM
B2B : chn im nhnMMB2 B= h : cao im nhnM : mt phng tm mtt : ng tm mt, ng chn triM : im chnh
MM : tia chnhMM = k : khon cch chnh
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 4/62
T thnh mt ng thng gi l ng tm mt (hoc ng chn tri). ng thng qua M,
vung gc vi mt tranh Tc gi l tia chnh. Tia chnh ct mt tranh ti im chnh M.
MM= k c gi l khong cch chnh.
2. thc ca mt im :
Gisc mt im A bt k. Chiu thng gc im A ln mt phng vt thV ta c AB2 Bgi l
chn (hoc hnh chiu bng) ca im A. Chiu xuyn tm M ln lt hai im A v AB2 Bln mt
tranhTta c hai hnh chiu A (phi cnh ca im A) v A B2 B(phi cnh chn ca im A).
Ta thy AA B2Blun vung gc vi y tranh . Cp hnh chiu phi cnhA vphi cnh chn
AB2Bgi l thc ca im A.(thc l hnh vbiu din ta xc nh ca mt im)
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 5/62
Cc im thng gp khc :
o im B thuc mt phng Vo im C thuc mt tranh To im D thuc mt phng tm mtMo im Ethuc mt phng vt thVo im Fbt k3. ng thng :ng thng c xc nh qua hai im xc nh. Hnh vsau minh ha phi cnh ca mt
ng thng qua hai im A v B.
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 6/62
Cc ng thng c bit :
o ng thng chiu bng: (ng thng c vung gc vi mt phng vt th) c rV
o ng thng chiu phi cnh: ( ng thng i qua im nhn M) dVM
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 7/62
im tca mt ng thng: l phi cnh im v tn ca ng thng. Hnh vminh ha
cch xc nh im tF ca ng thng l ( phi cnh chn F B2Bthuc ng tm mt t).
ngha vmt hnh hc ca im t: cc ng thng song song vi nhau th c chung mt
im t. im tca mt ng thng l giao im ca mt tranh T vi mt ng thng i qua
im nhn M, vsong song vi ng thng cho.
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 8/62
im tca mt sng thng thng gp :
o ng thng bng b // V : im tthuc ng tm mt t
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 9/62
o ng thng c vung gc vi mt tranh T : im ttrng vi im chnh M
o ng thng bng d to vi mt tranh mt gc 45 : im tthuc ng tm mt v cchim chnh mt khong cch bng khong cch chnhk. im tny gi l im cly(D- v D+)
7/22/2019 Hinh Hoc Hoa Hinh - Hinh Chieu Phoi Canh
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 10/62
im cly thng dng xc nh li vung mt bng ca mt cn phng biu din theo
phng php phi cnh mt im t.
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 11/62
4. Mt phng :Mt phng c thc biu din di dng sau :
oMt phng i qua ba im
o Mt phng qua hai ng thng ct nhau
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 12/62
o Mt phng qua hai ng thng song song
o Mt phng qua mt im v mt ng thng
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 13/62
Mt phng c bit :
o Mt phng chiu bng vung gc vi mt phng vt th(ABC) rV
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 14/62
o Mt phng chiu phi cnh i qua im nhn M : (ABC) VM
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 15/62
ng tca mt mt phng: l phi cnh ng thng v tn ca mt phng. Do ta tm
phi cnh hai im v tn ca hai ng thng ca mt phng. Do ng tca mt mt phng
chnh l ng thng i qua hai im tF v G ca hai ng thng a v b ca mt phng.
ngha hnh hc ng tca mt mt phng: ng tca mt phng P c xc nh bng
cch vqua im nhn M mt mt phng P // P. P giao vi mt tranh T theo mt giao tuyn
chnh l ng tca mt phng P.
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 16/62
Sau y l ng tca mt smt phng thng gp :
o Mt phng bng song song vi mt phng vt th: ng ttrng vi ng tm mt t.
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 17/62
o Mt phng chiu bng vung gc vi mt phng vt th: ng tl mt ng thng vunggc y tranh
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 18/62
o Mt phng chiu phi cnh : ng ttrng vi phi cnh ca mt phng (phi cnh mtphng chiu phi cnh l mt ng thng)
o Mt phng vung gc vi mt tranh : ng ti qua im chnh M
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 19/62
7/22/2019 Hinh Hoc Hoa Hinh - Hinh Chieu Phoi Canh
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 20/62
o Mt phng vung gc vi y tranh : ng tva vung gc vi y tranh, ng thi i quaim chnh M
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 21/62
Bi 2 : GIAO GIA NG THNG V MT PHNG
Trng hp c bit : vgiao khi c mt ng thng hay mt mt phng chiu (chiu bng
hoc chiu phi cnh)
o V d1 : Vgiao ca mt phng chiu bng (ABC) vi ng thng l.
o V d2 : Vgiao ca mt phng (a x b) vi ng thng chiu ng d.
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 22/62
o V d3 : Vgiao ca mt phng (p//q) vi (a//b)
Trng hp tng qut : dng phng php mt phng ph
o V d1 : Vgiao ca mt phng (a x b) vi ng thng l (dng mt phng phchiu bngR )
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 23/62
o V d2 : Vgiao ca mt phng (ABC) vi ng thng l (dng mt phng phchiu ngR )
Vt ca mt phng
o Vt ca ng thng: l giao im ca ng thng vi mt phng vt thv mt tranhVt vt thca ng thng l giao im ca ng thng vi mt phng vt th
Vt tranh ca ng thng l giao im ca ng thng vi mt tranh
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 24/62
o Vt ca mt phngl giao tuyn ca mt phng vi mt phng vt thv mt tranh. Do ,mun xc nh vt ca mt mt phng, ta vvt ca hai ng thng ca mt phng .
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 25/62
Vt vt thca mt phng vB2BPl giao tuyn ca mt phng vi mt phng vt th
Vt tranh ca mt phng vB1BPl giao tuyn ca mt phng vi mt tranh
Vt tranh vB1BPv vt vt thvB2BPca mt mt phng lun ct nhau ti mt im thuc y
tranh
Vt tranh vB1BPv ng tvPca mt mt phng lun song song vi nhau
Vt vt thvB2BPv ng tvPca mt mt phng lun ct nhau ti mt im trn ng
tm mt t
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 26/62
Vt tranh, vt vt thv ng tca mt smt phng
o Mt phng bng
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 27/62
o Mt phng chiu bng
o Mt phng chiu phi cnh
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 28/62
o Mt phng vung gc vi mt tranh
o Mt phng vung gc vi y tranh
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 29/62
Giao tuyn ca hai mt phng c biu din di dng vt: ni hai giao im ca hai vt
cng tn (cng l vt tranh hay vt vt thhoc ng t)
o V d1 : Hai mt phngPvQc giao tuyn l ng thng qua hai giao im E ( giao cahai vt vt th) v K (giao im ca hai vt tranh)
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 30/62
o V d2 : Hai mt phngPvQc giao tuyn l ng thng ni hai im F (giao im cahai ng t) v K (giao im ca hai vt tranh)
Giao im ca ng thng vi mt phng biu din di dng vt : dng phng php mt
phng phbiu din di dng vt
o V d1 : Mt phng phl mt phng chiu phi cnh
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 31/62
o V d2: Mt phng phl mt phng chiu bng
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 32/62
Bi 3 : VPHI CNH THAI HNH CHIU THNG GC
Biu din im
oCch 1: Qua A, vhai ng thng bng a v b
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 33/62
o Cch 2 : Qua A, vng thng bng q v ng thng chiu phi cnh p
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 34/62
Biu din hnh hp chnht
o Cch 1: Vhthng cc ng bng ngang v dc vung gc vi nhau
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 35/62
o Cch 2: Kt hp chm cc tia chiu phi cnh
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 36/62
Phng php vphi cnh dnh cho kin trc
Hai phng php vphi cnh trn dhiu tuy nhin kh thc hin khi phi biu din mt cng
trnh kin trc phc tp. Phng php sau y ci tin tphng php vcch 2 trn. Tuy nhin
dhiu, xin trnh by qu trnh thay i xy dng phng php dng hnh ti u nht.
o Cch 2 ci tin ln th1 :Thay v phi tin hnh o v ly cc im tB2Ba qua : ta xoay mt bng sao cho B2Bnm
ngang.
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 37/62
o Phng php sau cng :Hnh chiu phi cnh nhi nu ta t mt tranh trc vt thnhphng php trn. Do , ta
t mt tranh TB2Bra sau vt thhnh phi cnh c phng i nhiu hn.
Phng php chn mt tranh v im nhn
o Phng php chn mt tranh: ni cch khc l xoay mt bng sao cho mt chnh din cacng trnh hng vim nhn nhiu hn mt ph(gc to bi mt chnh din vi mt tranh
khong 30
o Phng php chn im nhn:Vtr im nhn
Trnh hiu ng qu bin dng khng cn thit, vtr im nhn khng nn qu gn cng trnh.
Gc to bi hai tia tip xc hai mp ngoi ca cng trnh trong khong t30 n 45 (phi
cnh ni tht c thln hn khong 60)
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 38/62
Tia chnh nm khong mt phn 3 gc
Nguyn tc chn cao im nhn
cao im nhn ca mt cng trnh kin trc thng chn theo cao ca mt ngi quanst h y 1.50m. Nu cn ctheo chiu cao cng trnh H th h < H/3 hoc h > 2H/3.
Nu thhin phi cnh tng thmt cng trnh kin trc th h >> H
Nu thhin phi cnh cng trnh kin trc trn a hnh i ni th h < 0
Mt sphng php htrkhi vphi cnh
o Chia on thng theo tl
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 39/62
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 40/62
o t cao
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 41/62
o Xy dng li vung
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 42/62
Bi 4 : BNG TRN HNH CHIU PHI CNH
Ngun sng
Ngun sng l mt im hu hn (bng n trn,)
Ngun sng v tn (mt tri,)
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 43/62
Bng ca mt im
im A bng ln mt phng vt thV
im A bng ln mt phng chiu bng
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 44/62
im A bng ln mt phng bt k
Bng ca on thng
on thng AB bng ln mt phng V
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 45/62
on thng bng AB bng ln mt phng V
on thng chiu bng AB bng ln mt phng V
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 46/62
on thng chiu bng AB bng ln mt phng V v mt phng chiu bng
on thng chiu bng AB bng ln mt phngV
v mt phng bt k
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 47/62
on thng AB bng ln mt phng V v mt phng chiu bng
on thng AB bng ln mt phng V v mt phng bt k
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 48/62
Bng ca hnh phng
Bng ca hnh phng ABCD
on thng AB ln hnh phng
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 49/62
Bng ca mt smt hnh hc cbn
Bng hnh hp chnht vi ngun sng hu hn
Bng ca hnh hp chnht vi ngun sng v tn
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 50/62
Bng ca mt nn
Bng ca mt tr
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 51/62
Phi cnh v bng ca mt schi tit kin trc
Bng ca bc thm tam cp
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 52/62
Bng ca u ct vung
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 53/62
Bng ca u ct trn
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 54/62
Bng ca hc tng
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 55/62
Bng ca ci gh
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 56/62
Phn B : PHI CNH MT TRANH NGHING (PHI CNH 3 IM T)
Trng hp 1 ( < 90) : Hthng cc mt phng hnh chiu
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 57/62
Cch xc nh ng tm mt v im tS v thc ca im A (A; A B2B)
Cch t cao cho im A
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 58/62
Phng php dng phi cnh mt hnh hp chnht
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 59/62
Trng hp 2 ( > 90) : Hthng cc mt phng hnh chiu
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 60/62
Cch xc nh ng tm mt v im tS v thc ca im A (A; A B2B)
Cch xc nh cao ca im A
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 61/62
Phng php dng phi cnh mt hnh hp chnht
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Descriptive Geometry Perspective Projection 62/62
Bng trn hnh chiu phi cnh mt tranh nghing