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HINDUISM, BUDDHISM & SIKHISM
Hinduism
• Strongly tied to: – Indian history and culture– Indus Valley Civilization– Aryan culture, language and social
organization
Indo-European Migration• 1500 BCE The Aryans migrate into Indus Valley
• Vedas - Sacred literature passed down through oral tradition
• Bring Sanskrit - classical Indian language
Aryans - Caste System
• Dasas did the work no Aryan would do
• Varna or skin color was a feature of this system, (varnas)
• Later called “castes” • Grew more complex over time
• Caste was determined at birth
• Affected all aspects of social life, including work and marriage
• Those considered impure were outside of caste or “untouchables”
• Static social system/could not advance
• Caste became associated with religion
HINDUISM
• Ancient religion w/origins in the Aryan hymns - the Vedas
• Cannot be traced to one founder or set of beliefs
• Complex interaction of many deities, evolves over time to be…
• Seen as a way of liberating the soul from worldly concerns
HINDU TRINITY
• Brahman -world soul
• Three natures
• Brahma - Creator
• Shiva - Destroyer
• Vishnu - Protector
Reincarnation
Reincarnation, rebirth and re-death
• Karma - good and bad deeds follow you
• Dharma - predetermined moral duty, linked to caste, symbol is wheel
• Don’t question dharma
UPANISHADSHindu Religious Writings
• Seek a single religious truth in the many Hindu deities and rituals
• Brahman - world soul• World soul contains and unites all
individual souls
GaneshaMost Widely Worshipped
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Hinduism
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Vishnu the Protector
“OM”Represents the Hindu Trinity
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Swastika - Ancient Hindu SymbolWell beingCorrupted by Nazis
BUDDHISM
• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
• Born in 663 BCE in Nepal as a local prince
• Becomes disenchanted w/ worldly pleasures
• Explores Hindu beliefs and tries strict self-denial of the ascetics, but rejects this path
• Meditates under Bo Tree, faces temptations
• Transformed to the Buddha, “enlightened one”, 45 year ministry
Buddhist Beliefs
• Accept reincarnation, dharma, karma
• Reject worship of Hindu Gods
• Progress of soul depends on person’s deeds
• Four Noble Truths - Life is filled with suffering and sorrow; suffering caused by desire for life’s pleasures; end suffering by ending desire; follow 8 Fold Path
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
• Life is filled with suffering and sorrow;
• suffering caused by desire for life’s pleasures;
• end suffering by ending desire;
• follow 8 Fold Path
THE EIGHT FOLD PATH
• Right views• Right intentions• Right speech• Right Action• Right living• Right effort or work• Right mindfulness• Right meditation
• Goal is to achieve nirvana, not “heaven”, but perfect peace, release from suffering and pain
• Release from reincarnation• Opposed by powerful Brahmins• Buddhism declines in India but spreads East
and flourishes in China, Japan, Korea and SEA
• Monks, nuns,take vows of poverty, chastity
Tripitaka
• Collection of Buddhist Sacred Writings– Sermons of Buddha– Interpretation of Buddhist doctrine– Rules of monastic life
Buddhist Monks Play a Political Role
STUPAS
• Buddhist monuments• Contain relics • Mark the resting place
of an enlightened being
• Commemorate holy sites
• Mark the way for pilgrims
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SIKHISM
• 1500 CE Arose in Punjab
• Guru Nanak - “God’s Path” between Hindu and Muslim (arose in Hindu culture dominated by Muslim rulers)
• Monotheistic religion
• Holy Book - Guru Granth Sahib
• No caste or use of images in worship
• But belief in reincarnation
• Headquarters - Golden Temple in Amritsar
Guru Granth SahibThe Eternal Teacher
What Sikhs believe
• One God - shapeless timeless and omnipresent• Reincarnation until the soul is ready to unite with
God• Guidance of the “ten gurus”from Guru Nanak to
Guru Gobind Singh• Leading a moral and purposeful life• Defending their faith and protecting the community• Gender equality
GURU NANAK
Sikhism - Five K’s
• Readiness to defend a faith under attack• All begin with K in Punjabi• Uncut hair - symbol of strength, uplifted• Comb - orderliness• Dagger - defense (now symbolic)• Steel Bracelet - shield, shackled to God• Shorts - mobility
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