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German Power System
- Germany-(update 2016)
Energy Structure NCs
German Power System
Basic facts
• Area: 357 168km²
• Population: 81 272 000 (2015)
• 4 TSOs
• 883 DSOs (source: BNetzA)
• 45 Mio. consumers(source: BNetzA)
• Peak load: approx. 86 GW(source: German TSOs)
• Average interruption of electricity (2014): <12 min(unplanned interruption without exceptional contingencies (source: VDE))
1
German Power System
Germany in the European meshed grid
Sour
ce :E
NTS
O-E
2
• Interconnectors to:
Austria; Czech Republic; Denmark; France; Luxembourg; Poland; Switzerland; The Netherlands.
German Power System
• The electricity grid in Germany is sub-divided into transmission grids (maximum voltage) and distribution grids (high, medium and low voltage)
Grid facts and characteristics
Voltage Level Total length(approx.)
Responsibility
Transmission Grid 380kV 20 000 km TSOTransmission Grid 220 kV 16 000 km TSOHigh Voltage 60 kV to 110 kV 77 000 km DSO
Medium Voltage 6 kV to 60 kV 479 000 km DSOLow Voltage 230 V or 400 V 1 123 000 km DSO
3
Sour
ce :B
MW
I
German Power System
Structure of electrical power supply
TSO
380 kV
220 kV
110 kV
20/10 kV
380 V
Industry
Households
Utilities
TSO
-Grid
DSO
-Grid
Bulk-Industry
DSO
Dispersed Generation
Conventional Generation
Sour
ce :
Ampr
ion
Gm
bH
4
German Power System
High Voltage Grid
Sour
ce :
FNN
5
German Power System
The 4 German TSOs
Amprion
50Hertz
TransnetBW
TenneT
Amprion TenneT 50HertzTransnet BW
Network length [km] (380 kV) 5.300 5.800 6.870 1.970
Network length [km] (220 kV) 6.100 5.300 2.870 1.721
Served area [km²] 73.100 140.000 109.000 34.600
Annual transmission [TWh] 27 20 18 11
Share load [%] 35 32 19 14
Source : German TSOs
6
http://www.amprion.net/en/ http://www.50hertz.com/en/http://www.tennet.eu/de https://www.transnetbw.com/en
German Power System
In case of (n-1)- security violations in the EHV-grid due to high dispersed generation TSO and DSO collaborate to lower the infeed of renewable generation in DSOs grid. TSO initiates and DSOs operate these measures according following cascade:
Cooperation of TSO and DSO:Cascade in Generation Dispatching of Renewables
Sour
ce: B
DEW
Transmission grid TSO
Generation LoadGrid area
Distribution grid 1. Level DSO DSO
Distribution grid 2. Level DSO DSO
Distribution grid n. Level DSO DSO
Hallo77
German Power System
Responsibilities within the cascade
• TSO monitoring the overall system
• Responsibility for SoS*• Operative contact to DSOs /
generators on TSO-Level• Requests support by the DSOs TSO
DSO
• Monitoringown system
• Operative contact to generators on DSO-Level
• Support of TSO to operate the cascade
Cascade
• Support of TSO / DSO to SoS through decreasing / increasing the power of generation units
Generation facilities
• Support of industrial customers to SoS through decreasing / increasing load
• End user can be disconnected
Consumers
*SoS = Security of Supply
8
German Power System
Power structure Germany
9
Nuclear Power
Oil Residue
Natural Gas
Hard Coal
Lignite
Waste
Refinery Gas
Other Gas
Oil
Wind
Hydro
Furnace Gas
PV
Biomass
Source: Umweltbundesamt
Power Plants > 100 MW
German Power System
Installed capacity with reference to primary resources
10
GW0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
others
oil
biomass
hydro power
nuclear power
lignite-fired
gas-fired
hard coal-fired
wind power
photovoltaics
source: BMWI
installed capacities [GW], 2014
German Power System
Energy production with reference to primary resources
11
TWh
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
others
oil
hydro power
photovoltaics
biomass
wind power
gas-fired
nuclear power
hard coal-fired
lignite-fired
source: BMWI
electricity generation [TWh], 2015
German Power System
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Others
Gas
Renewables
Lignite
Hard coal
Nuclear
Development of Generation Capacitysince 2010 (share of primary energy)
Source: Amprion GmbH
12
German Power System
Consumption
industry47%
households25%
business sector15%
public institutions9%
agriculture2%
transport sector2%
power consumption by consumer groups, 2014
Source: BDEW
13
German Power System
Renewables
14
German Power System
Location of RES
Installed Wind turbines
Source: IWES
Installed PV panels
15
German Power System
42 74 155309
505 428534
793
1.5681.665
2.659
3.247
2.645
2.0371.871
1.200
1.8001.600
1.880
1.357
1.913
2.500
2.055
3.582
4.143
110 193 334 643 1.1371.5462.0822.8754.445
6.095
8.754
12.061
14.60916.629
18.50019.700
21.50023.100
24.98026.387
28.30030.800
32.855
36.437
40.580
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
40.000
45.000
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Development of Capacity
Accummulated Capacity(End of Year)
MW MW
Development of Wind Power
Sour
ce: I
WES
, TSO
s
16
German Power System
3.806
5.515
7.200
8.654
4.630
1.313 1.3635.979
9.785
15.300
22.500
31.154
35.78437.097 38.460
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
40.000
45.000
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
10.000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Development of Capacity
Accummulated Capacity(End of Year)
MW MW
Development of PV Power
Sour
ce: B
Net
zA, T
SOs
17
German Power System
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
80.000
90.000RES generation DInstalled capacityAverage RES generation DMW
PDE
min. EE: 118 MWWind: 118 MWPV: 0 MWca. 0,2% (19.11.2014; 23:00)
h-Values
max. EE: 47.634 MWWind: 34.637 MWPV: 12.609 MWca. 62% (30.03.2015; 15:00)
Sour
ce :
Ampr
ion
Gm
bH
RES Installed Capacity and Production since 2011
Hallo18
18
German Power System
Market
19
German Power System
Price development for industry consumers
generation, transport, distributionCHP-surchargesheddable loads contribution
concession levy§19 grid fee contributionelectricity tax
EEG contributionOffshore contribution
Source: BDEW
Average price for electricity for industry consumers [cent/kWh] (incl. electricity tax)Yearly consumption 160 – 20,000 MWh
*since 2010: implementation AusgleichMechV
20
German Power System
Price development for households
Average price for electricity for households [cent/kWh] Yearly consumption about 3,500 kWh
supply, grid fee, distributiongrid fee incl. Measurement, accounting, monitoring networkconcession levyCHP-surchargeoffshore contributionelectricity tax
supply, distributionvalue-added taxEEG contribution§19 grid fee contributionsheddable loads contribution
*since 2010: implementation AusgleichMechV **offshore contribution negative in supplementary entry Source: BDEW
21
German Power System
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
80.000RES generationPrice Power ExchangeTrend RES generationTrend Price Power Exchange
Development Price Power Exchange and RES
Sour
ce: A
mpr
ion
Gm
bH
MW €/MWh
22
German Power System 23
EEG apportionment
Energy supply
Federal and financial funding grouted under EEG
RES
HändlerHändlerSupplier
EEG apportionmentnationwidedto energy price
HändlerHändlerConnection andcompensation obligated SO
Final consumerPrivilegedfinal consumer
ElectricityEnergyMarket
Energysupply
Marketing throughcontrol areaTSO
EEG-AccountEEG-Account
EEG-AccountEEG-AccountControl area
TSO
Horizontal balancing adjustment
Vertical balancing adjustment
Costs / Proceedsmarketing
Proceeds fromdirect marketing
Power
Exchange
Upon application: EEG apportionmentcostreduction
to energy price
Final consumer with own power production
EEG apportionment toown consumption
Federal and financial funding less network charges
German EEG concept
€
German Power System
GERMANY – Power balance 2015
generation651,8 TWh
consumption600,00 TWh
difference~ 52 TWh
Source: BMWI
24
German Power System
Energy exchange
Commercial flows Physical flows
Values in TWh, Jan 2015 – Dec 2015, Source Amprion
Export D
Import D
25
NL
BE
LU
FR
CH AT
CZ
SEDK
11,73
2,08
2,11
1,94
0,17
3,07
0,76
0,1216,29
Germany
2,25
2,99
7,80
3,61
31,87
5,00
1,362,70
0,12PL
Export 72,21Import 23,76
NL
BE
FR
CH AT
CZ
SEDK
2,08
2,11
1,94
0,17
3,07
0,76
0,34
PL
23,96
12,11
1,36
3,02
16,06
3,48
17,77
6,10
6,270,02
10,66
LU
Export 79,12Import 32,16
Germany
German Power System 26
Market Coupling – General principle
• 08:15: Latest time for market participants to nominate Day-Ahead Use acquired rights or capacity given to Market Coupling - Use-it-or-Sell-it
• 08:15: Nominations are summed up and sum is send to Common System Common System calculates with help of nominations the CZCs
• 10:30: Common System sends the collected CZCs to the exchange system• 12:00: Order books of power exchange close• 12:55: Final market results are send to all market participants• 14:30: Deadline for nomination of schedules
CZC: cross zonal capacity
08:15 10:30 12:00 12:55 14:30
Capacitynomination
Calculation & Distribution CZCs
Closing of Order books
Publication of Market results
Deadline schedules
German Power System 27
Price Coupling of Regions (PCR) in Europe
Sour
ce:
Epex
Spot
WHAT is PCR? Price Coupling of Regions (PCR) is the initiative of seven European Power Exchanges to harmonise the European electricity markets
HOW is this done?
By developing a single price coupling algorithm to be used to calculate electricity prices across Europe