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NSW Education Standards Authority
2018 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Geography General Instructions
• Reading time – 5 minutes • Working time – 3 hours • Write using black pen • Calculators approved by NESA may be used • A Stimulus Booklet is provided with this paper
Total marks: 100
Section I – 20 marks (pages 2–9) • Attempt Questions 1–20 • Allow about 35 minutes for this section
Section II – 40 marks (pages 13–20) • Attempt Questions 21–24 • Allow about 1 hour and 10 minutes for this section
Section III – 40 marks (page 21) • Attempt TWO questions from Questions 25–27 • Allow about 1 hour and 15 minutes for this section
2070
Section I
20 marks Attempt Questions 1–20 Allow about 35 minutes for this section Refer to the Stimulus Booklet
Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1–20.
1 A government plans to relocate its offices away from the city centre and is encouraging higher density residential estates in the suburbs.
Which combination of urban dynamics does this represent?
A. Urban village and spatial exclusion
B. Decentralisation and spatial exclusion
C. Urban village and urban consolidation
D. Decentralisation and urban consolidation
Refer to Source A on page 1 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Question 2.
2 What is the approximate percentage of people who travel to work in a car?
A. 10%
B. 30%
C. 60%
D. 70%
– 2 –
Reserve
10 17
1
RA
NYA
T R
OA
D
3 The diagram shows an extract from a map of a town.
Church
Reserve
Reserve
14
1516 17
19
22
18
20
21
Hospital
40 39 38 37 36
31 32 33 34 35
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
89
15 14 13 12 11
1 2 3 4 5 6
26 27
28
THE FOREST HIGHWAY
TH
E G
UM
WAY
AC
E D
RIV
E
15 Property number (Lot number)
Road
Scale 1:2000
Which row of the table correctly identifies the type of map shown and a possible application of the map?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Type of map One possible application
Precis Town planning
Precis Weather forecasting
Cadastral Town planning
Weather forecasting Cadastral
– 3 –
Refer to Source B on page 1 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Questions 4–5.
4 What percentage of the labour force in 1990 was engaged in manufacturing?
A. 12%
B. 19%
C. 23%
D. 26%
5 Which sector shows the greatest relative change in its percentage of the labour force from 1950 to 2010?
A. Mining
B. Services
C. Agriculture
D. Manufacturing
Refer to Source D on pages 2–3 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Questions 6–13.
6 What is the density of buildings, per square kilometre, in AR 3223?
A. 3
B. 6
C. 12
D. 24
7 What is the approximate bearing of the Old Station building (GR 331244) from the yards in AR 3026?
A. 120°
B. 135°
C. 300°
D. 315°
– 4 –
8 Which area has the steepest slopes?
A. AR 3025
B. AR 3222
C. AR 3226
D. AR 3321
9 What is the approximate area of closed forest that is visible in the north-east quadrant of the map?
A. 0.3 km2
B. 0.7 km2
C. 1.1 km2
D. 1.5 km2
10 Which location has a sheltered aspect when winds are coming from the east?
A. GR 310254
B. GR 316246
C. GR 318233
D. GR 334239
11 A canoe travels at 5 km/h. Approximately how many minutes would it take to travel on the Hastings River from easting 32 to easting 33?
A. 5
B. 15
C. 25
D. 35
– 5 –
12 Which of the following diagrams best represents the cross-section between GR 312232 and GR 334226?
A.
Metres
B.
Metres
C.
Metres
D.
Metres
500
400
300
200
100
500
400
300
200
100
West 312232
500
400
300
200
100
500
400
300
200
100
West 1: 25 000 312232
1: 25 000
East 334226
East 334226
East 334226
East 334226
West 1: 25 000 312232
West 1: 25 000 312232
– 6 –
13 What is the average gradient between X (AR 3123) and Y (AR 3326)?
A. 1 : 7
B. 1 : 37
C. 1 : 150
D. 1 : 250
Refer to Source D on pages 2–3 and Source E on page 3 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer Question 14.
14 Which of the following is most likely to be the scale of the aerial photograph in Source E?
A. 1 : 12 500
B. 1 : 25 000
C. 1 : 50 000
D. 1 : 100 000
15 Which of the following shows a combination of political factors that influence the nature and spatial patterns of global economic activity?
A. Tariffs and quotas
B. Consumer demand and resource use
C. Tax rates and the mobility of labour
D. Government spending and changing lifestyles
16 Which source from the Stimulus Booklet has the largest scale?
A. Source C
B. Source D
C. Source E
D. Source F
17 Which of the following lists contains ONLY biogeographical processes operating in ecosystems?
A. Landslides, precipitation, succession
B. Landslides, run-off, soil erosion
C. Invasion, precipitation, run-off
D. Invasion, resilience, succession
– 7 –
Refer to the following diagram to answer Questions 18–19.
4000
3000
Metres 2000
1000
Q
West 1: 500 000 East
Topography
Land use
Population
Coastal plain
Gently sloping
Steep Gently sloping
Urban Dairy cattle
grazing Forestry Unused
Beef cattle grazing
Dense Scattered Nil Sparse
18 What type of land use can be found 20 km east of Point Q?
A. Forestry
B. Unused
C. Beef cattle grazing
D. Dairy cattle grazing
19 What is the vertical exaggeration of the cross-section?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 20
D. 50
– 8 –
20 A manufacturing enterprise supplies windows to construction companies. Management is looking to increase both the supply of aluminium frames and the number of assembly line workers to satisfy demand.
Which row of the table correctly identifies both the internal and external linkages of the manufacturing enterprise?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Internal Linkage External Linkage
Construction company Assembly line
Assembly line Management of workers
Aluminium supplier Construction company
Management of workers Aluminium supplier
– 9 –
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© 2018 NSW Education Standards Authority
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2018 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Centre Number
Geography Student Number
Section II Answer Booklet
40 marks Attempt Questions 21–24 Allow about 1 hour and 10 minutes for this section
Instructions • Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of this page.
• Use the Stimulus Booklet and your knowledge of geography toanswer Questions 21–24 in the spaces provided. These spacesprovide guidance for the expected length of response.
• Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
• Extra writing space is provided at the back of this booklet.If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you areanswering.
Please turn over
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2071 15190
Question 21 (5 marks)
Refer to Source D on pages 2–3 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer parts (a)–(b).
(a) Use the key provided to complete the transect along northing 254 between points J and K.
J L
Cleared land Open forest Hastings River
K
2
(b) Name the human feature at point L on the transect.
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1
Refer to Source F on page 4 of the Stimulus Booklet to answer part (c).
(c) Of which season is this satellite image typical? Justify your answer.
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Question 22 (9 marks)
(a) Outline why utility value is a reason to protect ecosystems. 2
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(b) Compare the effect of latitude on the nature of TWO different ecosystems at risk.
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(c) Using an example, describe how nutrient cycling affects ecosystems. 4
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Question 23 (13 marks)
(a) Outline the spatial distribution of megacities in the developing world. Include examples in your answer.
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(b) How have megacities in the developing world responded to TWO of thchallenges of living in megacities?
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Question 23 continues on page 17
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Question 23 (continued)
(c) Using examples, explain the relationship between world cities and other centres in terms of dominance and dependence.
urban 6
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End of Question 23
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Question 24 (13 marks)
Answer parts (a) and (b) with reference to an economic activity you have studied.
Economic activity: ...................................................................................................
(a) Outline how ONE biophysical factor affects the spatial pattern of this economic activity.
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(b) Discuss how the use of technology has affected the nature of this economic activity.
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Question 24 continues on page 19
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Question 24 (continued)
(c) Explain how an individual economic enterprise improves its ecological sustainability.
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Economic enterprise: .....................................................................................
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End of Question 24
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Section II extra writing space
If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering.
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– 20 – © 2018 NSW Education Standards Authority
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line. 4262310031
2018 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Geography
Section III
40 marks Attempt TWO questions from Questions 25–27 Allow about 1 hour and 15 minutes for this section
Answer both questions in the Section III Writing Booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.
Your answers will be assessed on how well you: ● demonstrate geographical knowledge and understanding relevant to the question ● communicate ideas and information using geographical terms and concepts
appropriately ● refer to case studies, illustrative examples and the Stimulus Booklet where appropriate ● present a sustained, logical and cohesive response
Question 25 (20 marks)
Explain how locational factors have influenced the character of an economic enterprise operating at a local scale.
Question 26 (20 marks)
Discuss the effects of urban dynamics on a large city in the developed world.
Question 27 (20 marks)
Assess the effectiveness of the strategies that have been used to manage the threats to at least ONE ecosystem at risk.
End of paper
2072 – 21 –
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© 2018 NSW Education Standards Authority
Page 12073
NSW Education Standards Authority
2018 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Geography – Stimulus Booklet
Bus Train
Car (as passenger) Other
Car (as driver) Walk
KEY
Source A – Method of travel to work
KEY
AgricultureMining
Manufacturing Services
01950 1970 1990
Year
Per
cent
age
2010
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Source B – Labour force (sector %)
Source C – Vernazza, Italy
Source D – Yarras area (NSW) topographic map extract
343332310
X
J K
Y 26
25
24
23
22
21
SCALE 1: 25 000 0 km 0.5 1 2 km N
CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 METRES
3
Page 2 © State of New South Wales through the State Archives and Records Authority of NSW 2016
Secondary road
Vehicular track: Stock grid
Road tunnel. Crossing
Landmark feature. Stockyards. Mine
Water tank or reservoir. Ground tank or dam
Ancillary contour. Spot height
Contours. Depression contour
Cliff, with relative height. Rocky pinnacle
Closed forest: 80–90% crown cover
Open forest: 50–80% crown cover
Cleared land
Perennial steam
River
Building, small. Building, large. Homestead
National Park, Nature Reserve or State Conservation Area
Legend for Source D
Source E – Yarras area aerial photograph
Page 3
© State of New South Wales through the State Archives and Records Authority of NSW 2016
Source F – Satellite image of Australia
Page 4 © 2018 NSW Education Standards Authority
Infrared image courtesy of the Japan Meteorological Agency.Blue Marble surface image courtesy of NASA.