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open to women there are hospitals staffed entirelyby women in London, Edinburgh, Glasgow,Manchester, Bristol, and Brighton.Women may still be handicapped in reaching

the highest posts under local authorities. TheL.C.C. have now removed the illogical marriage barwhich some authorities still exercise and the CivilService Departments now have a " saving " clause thatin certain circumstances resignation will not beenforced on marriage. There are some figures

that suggest that women do as well or better ingeneral practice than men, partly because the limita.tion of women students at the medical schools hasthe effect of raising the standard and of makingwomen doctors on the average better educated thantheir male colleagues. The special aptitudes andinterests of women give them particular advantagesin school medical inspection, child welfare, andmidwifery, which more than offset the prejudice thatsome members of the public still feel against them.

HIGHER QUALIFICATIONS

APART from university degrees already mentionedhigher qualifications in medicine, surgery, andobstetrics are granted by various professionalcorporations.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON

THE MEMBERSHIP AND FELLOWSHIP

M.R.C.P. AND F.R.C.P.

The College confers two separate diplomas-theFel101vship, a purely honorary distinction, and theMembership, obtained by examination.Membership.-The age for admission to this

diploma, it will be noticed, has been changed from25 to 23 years. The alteration in the by-law of theCollege is designed to enable men who have justfinished house appointments to sit for an examinationfor which their recent clinical experience has exactlyfitted them. The candidate must either have obtainedthe licence of the College, or a degree of doctoror bachelor of medicine at a university which is

registrable by the General Medical Council and is

recognised by the Censors Board. The examinationis directed partly to pathology and partly to thepractice of medicine. Credit is also given to candidateswho show a knowledge of French or German, andthere is a definite small allotment of marks for theseoptional subjects in the total qualifying marks.Further information may be obtained from the

registrar at the College.eosMp.—Fellows are selected annually from the

ranks of members by the Council of the College.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND

THE FELLOWSHIP

F.R.C.S.

The College confers its diploma of Fellow upon afew distinguished persons in an honorary capacity.Four Members of long standing may also be electedto the Fellowship annually. The bulk of the Fellows,however, obtain the diploma as the result of anexamination. This is divided into two parts-viz.,the primary examination and the final examination.The subjects of the primary examination are anatomyand physiology and those of the final examinationsurgery, including surgical anatomy, and pathology.The examinations are partly written and partly vivavoce, and include the examination of patients and theperformance of operations on the dead body. The

primary examination is held in June and Decemberand the final in May and November.Admission to the Primary Examination.-A member

of the College is admissible to the primary examina-tion at any time after receiving his diploma ofMembership. A candidate who is not a member is

admissible after passing the first professional examina.tions of the English Conjoint Board in anatomy andphysiology, or the equivalent examination in a

recognised university, on the production of certificatesof attendance upon prescribed courses.

Admission to the Final Examination.-For membersof the College or graduates in medicine who passedthe primary examination before Jan. 1st, 1935, theconditions of admission are as follows: (1) A memberof the College is admissible to the final examinationat any time after having passed the primary examina-tion, on producing satisfactory evidence of having beenengaged for not less than six years in the study (orstudy and practice) of the profession. (2) A candidatewho is not a member of the College, but who possessesa qualification recognised by the Council for the

purpose, is admissible to the final examination,after having passed the primary examination, onthe production of evidence of having been engagedin the study (or study and practice) of the professionfor not less than four years subsequent to the date ofobtaining the recognised qualification, one year ofwhich shall have been spent in attendance upon thesurgical practice of a recognised hospital or infirmary.For all other candidates the conditions of admission

are as follows : A candidate who has passed the

primary examination and who is either (a) a memberof the College who can produce satisfactory evidenceof having been engaged in the study (or study andpractice) of the profession for not less than six years,or (b) a graduate of four years’ standing in medicineand surgery in a university recognised by the Councilfor the purpose, is admissible to the final examinationon producing evidence that he has held for not lessthan six consecutive months the post of residenthouse surgeon, or other responsible post in chargeof general surgical patients in the wards of a generalhospital recognised by the Council for the purpose.

Note.-In compliance with a condition of the Charterthe Diploma of Fellow is not conferred upon successfulcandidates until they have attained the age of 25 years.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF OBSTETRICIANS ANDGYNECOLOGISTS

THE MEMBERSHIP AND FELLOWSHIP

M.R.C.O.G. AND F.R.C.O.G.

One of the principal objects of the College is to

encourage the study and practice of obstetrics andgynaecology, subjects which should be inseparablyinterwoven. The College consists of fellows andmembers.

Candidates for the Membership must have beenentered on the British Medical Register for at leastthree years or be eligible for entry thereon. Beforebeing accepted for the examination they must produce

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evidence, satisfactory to the Examination Com-mittee, of having held resident hospital appoint-ments in general medicine or surgery and in obstetricsand gynaecology for the period laid down in the

regulations (at present six months each). Candidateswho are accepted for examination must presentrecords of 25 obstetrical and 10 gynaecological selectedand personally attended cases, and be prepared todiscuss these in the examination ; they must alsopresent two commentaries on individual cases or

groups of cases. The examination consists of twowritten papers, a clinical examination, and a vivavoce on pathology and case records.The Fellowship of the College is granted to those

members who are judged to have advanced thescience and art of obstetrics and gynaecology.The fellowship and membership of the College

include practically every teacher of obstetrics andgynaecology in Great Britain and the BritishDominions. Fellowship or membership is now a

necessary qualification for election to the staff of

many obstetric and gynaecological hospitals, and it isanticipated that in time it will be essential for electionto the staff of all such hospitals ; consequently allintending to specialise in obstetrics and gynaecologyshould endeavour to obtain the membership as soonas possible.The regulations may be obtained from the hon.

secretary, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynoe-cologists, 58, Queen Anne-street, London, W.1.

SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF LONDON

MASTERY OF MIDWIFERY

M.M.S.A.

The examinations for this diploma are held in

May and November. Candidates will be admittedto the examination who have been registered prac-titioners for at least three years and who haveheld a resident appointment in an institution recog-nised by the Society for six months or more, andwho for three months in each case have attendedan antenatal clinic and an infant welfare centre, alsorecognised by the Society. Medical officers employedby a public health authority, and having specialduties connected with maternity and child welfare,will be admitted to the examination on production ofevidence to that effect. The examination will beconducted by written papers and by clinical andoral tests.Further information can be obtained from the

registrar, Apothecaries Hall, Water-lane, E.C.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OFEDINBURGH

THE MEMBERSHIP AND FELLOWSHIP

M.R.C.P.E. AND F.R.C.P.E.

Membership.-A candidate, who must be a licen-tiate of a British or Irish College of Physicians, or agraduate in medicine of a university, approved bythe Council, and 24 years of age, is examined inmedicine, therapeutics, and in any branch of the

departments of medicine specially professed, suchas general pathology, psychiatry, public health,obstetrics, gynaecology, diseases of children, tropicalmedicine, or medical jurisprudence.Fellowship.-The Fellows are selected annually

from the ranks of the Members by the Council of theCollege.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF

EDINBURGH

THE FELLOWSHIP

F.R.C.S.E.

The College grants a diploma of fellowship afterexamination to the holders of British surgical degreesor diplomas and the holders of recognised degreesof the Universities of Canada, Australia, New Zea-land, and India. Candidates must be 25 years ofage and in practice for at least two years, and theymust give three weeks’ notice of their intention toappear for examination. The examination is writtenand viva voce, and includes surgery and surgicalanatomy, operative surgery, and clinical practice.One optional subject must also be taken, the rangeof these specialisms covering nearly every branchof medicine. Candidates are not allowed to appearmore than three times at the examinations, unlessby permission of the President’s Council.

ROYAL FACULTY OF PHYSICIANS ANDSURGEONS OF GLASGOW

THE FELLOWSHIP

F.R.F.P.S.

The Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeonsgrants, after examination, a fellowship which isregistrable by the General Medical Council as an

additional qualification. For the fellowship quaphysician or the fellowship qua surgeon, the candi-date must pass in medicine or surgery as the primarysubject and an additional subject cognate withmedicine or surgery respectively must also be takenat the same examination. Candidates are requiredto be approved by the Council before admission tothe examination. Successful candidates are laterballoted for election by the Faculty and, if elected, areduly admitted qua physician or qua surgeon. Examina-tions are held quarterly. The regulations respectingthe fellowship, together with the dates of theexaminations, may be obtained on application tothe secretary, Royal Faculty of Physicians andSurgeons, 242, St. Vincent-street, Glasgow, C.2.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF IRELAND

THE MEMBERSHIP AND FELLOWSHIP

M.R.C.P.I. AND F.R.C.P.I.

Membership.-This is granted on the result of anexamination, held in February, June, and Novembereach year. I

Fellowship.-Fellows are elected by ballot. Anapplicant must have been a Member of the Collegefor at least one year and must have attained the ageof 27 years.Further particulars can be obtained from the

registrar ’of the College at 6, Kildare-street, Dublin.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND

THE FELLOWSHIP

F.R.C.S.I.

Candidates for the Fellowship shall make appli-cation to the president and council to be admittedto examination. They are required to pass two

examinations--primary and final. Candidates maypresent themselves for the final immediatelyafter passing the primary examination, providedthey have complied with the necessary regula-tions. The subjects for the primary examination

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are (a) anatomy, including dissections ; and (b)physiology and histology. The subjects for thefinal examination are surgery, including surgicalanatomy and pathology. For admission to the finalexamination the candidate must have passed theprimary examination, and must be a licentiate or

graduate in surgery of a university or licensing bodyrecognised by the General Medical Council; candidatesmust be not less than 25 years of age.

Further particulars can be obtained from theregistrar of the College, Stephen’s Green West,Dublin.

SPECIAL DIPLOMAS

PUBLIC HEALTH

A diploma in public health (D.P.H.) is granted bymost of the British universities and by the English,Scottish, and Irish Conjoint Boards. The courses of

study are on the same general lines in all the centressince they are governed by rules laid down by theGeneral Medical Council. These rules are as follows :

(1) A period of not less than two years shall elapsebetween the attainment by a candidate of a qualificationin medicine, surgery, and midwifery and the grant of adiploma or degree in sanitary science, public health orstate medicine.

(2) The curriculum for a diploma or degree in sanitaryscience, public health or state medicine shall extend overa period of not less than (a) twelve calendar months ofwhich not less than three consecutive calendar monthsshall be devoted to the whole-time study of the subjectscomprised in Rule 3, or (b) an academic year of whole-timestudy covering a period of not less than nine calendarmonths, subsequent to the attainment of a medicalqualification.

(3) Every candidate shall attend a course lasting notless than 280 hours at an institution approved by thelicensing body granting the diploma or degree, duringwhich he shall have received theoretical and practicalinstruction in (a) bacteriology and parasitology (includingimmunology, serology, and medical entomology), inrelation to the public health ; (b) the application of the

principles of physiology and biochemistry to environ-mental and personal hygiene and to the public health ;(c) the application of the principles of chemistry andphysics to environmental and personal hygiene and tothe public health.

(4) Every candidate shall attend a course lasting notless than 160 hours at an approved institution during whichhe shall have received instruction in : (a) the principlesof hygiene, sanitation, and public health ; (b) epidemiologyand vital statistics (including statistical method) ; (c)public health law and administration ; (d) industrialhygiene and the welfare of industrial workers ; (e) houseplanning and sanitary construction ; (f) the principles ofgenetics ; (g) mental hygiene.

(5) Every candidate shall attend for three monthson the clinical practice of an approved hospital forinfectious diseases.

(6) Every candidate shall produce evidence that he has,during a period of not less than six months, been engagedin acquiring a practical knowledge of the duties, routineand special, of public health administration under thesupervision of a medical officer of health.

(7) The examination for the Diploma or Degree shall bedivided into two parts, Part I and Part II.A candidate must pass Part I before being admitted to

examination for Part II, and in both parts a candidatemust pass in all the specified subjects at one time.

(8) Part I shall include written and oral examinationsin the subjects comprised in Rule 3, together with apractical laboratory examination in the subjects specified inRule 3 (a).

(9) The examination for Part II shall include the

subjects referred to in Rules 4, 5, and 6. The examina.tion shall be written and oral, and shall include clinicalexaminations in infectious diseases, and practical examina.tions in food inspection and inspection of premises,including dwellings, factories, workshops, and schools

PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE

The Universities of London, Durham, Leeds,Manchester, Edinburgh, Dublin (Trinity College),Ireland (National University), and the English andIrish Conjoint Boards grant diplomas in psychologicalmedicine under conditions that are fairly comparablein the standard of the tests and in the duration ofthe courses.

University of LondonCandidates for the D.P.M. must hold a registrable

qualification and must either have, held a resident orwhole-time appointment at an approved institution formental diseases for six months, or have attended thepractice of such an institution for 12 months beforetaking part B of the examination. The examinationis held twice a year and consists of two parts. Part Aincludes the anatomy, histology, and physiology ofthe nervous system and psychology ; part B neurologyand psychological medicine. Candidates are examinedin both mental diseases and mental deficiency andare required to give evidence of a higher knowledgein one or other of these branches.

University of DurhamThe university grants a diploma in psychiatry

(D.Psy.), and the medical school, King’s College,Newcastle-upon-Tyne, includes a department of instruc.tion in psychological medicine. The candidate must bea registered medical practitioner, and subsequent toqualification have received instruction in anatomyand physiology of the brain and nervous system.The examination is divided into two parts, Part Idealing with anatomy, physiology, pathology, andbacteriology ; Part II with psychology and experi-mental psychology, neurology and psychiatry. Can-,didates may present themselves for the wholeexamination or for either part separately. The courseof training is very detailed, post-mortem techniquebeing the subject of a series of sessions.

University of LeedsThe university grants a diploma in psychologica

medicine to graduates in medicine of at least oneyear’s standing who have received systematic instruc-tion on the normal and morbid anatomy of the brain,and have held an appointment in a mental hospital,The examination is divided into three parts : Part Ideals with general psychology and the structuraldevelopment and physiology of the nervous system;Part II with the pathology of that system ; andPart III with clinical psychiatry, the administrationof mental hospitals, and the medico-legal aspectsof insanity. Candidates may present themselves forthe three parts simultaneously or separately; theymay submit a thesis or published work which, ifapproved, will gain certain exemptions.

University of ManchesterThe university grants a diploma in psychological

medicine to graduates of at least one year’s standing.The examination is held in two parts. Beforepresenting themselves for Part I candidates must,