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High-speed rail, the environmentally friendly solution for mobility
Dr. Michael Schemmer
Chairman, UNIFE Transport & Environment WG
Senior Director Health, Safety & Environment, Bombardier Transportation
2
Is rail really environmental friendly?
3
Without rail, reduction of CO2 emissions is impossible!
Currently: rail = 13.5% of all tonkm within the EU
Expected: rail = 14.5% until 2015
20002015
rail 40%rail 30%
rail 14,5%(Prognos)
business asusual (rail:
13,5%)
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
year
Different scenarios of CO2- emissions caused by freight transportation
2000 till 2015 (European Union)
rail 40% rail 30% rail 14,5% (Prognos) business as usual (rail: 13,5%)
+42% +41%
+16%
-1%
Source: Prognos, Basel; UIC, Paris; BMU, Berlin; calculations by Bombardier Transportationr
4
Energy consumption / related CO2 Emission
Example : Business trip Berlin – Frankfurt
ICE, Aircraft (LH-Mix*), Car
Energy consumption
5.1
31.2
46.1
1.6
4.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Train Aircraft Car
Incl. Taxi (red)
* A310, A320, B737
Source: IFEU, 2002 / Deutsche Bahn AG
l / person l / person Kg / person
Primary energy / resource consumption
16
35.627
1.8
5.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Train Aircraft Car
Co2 emission
28.3
83.5
129
4.5
12.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Train Aircraft Car
5
Specific energy consumption (Wh/seat km)
Electrical trains
3531
41
26.629.9
33.5
05
1015202530354045
ICE (medialspeed)
ICE (speed <200km/h)
ICE (speed >200km/h)
EC / IC IR / D RE / RB / SE/ S
Efficiency of energy generation approx. 32%
Source: IFEU Heidelberg, 2002
47.9%
40.4%35.6%
20.1%
27.7%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
ICE IC / EC IR / D RE / RB /SE
S - Bahn
Train utilization
Source : Deutsche Bahn AG, 2001
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Manufacturers: Influencing and documenting Environmental Performance
Increased load factor (passenger-km / offered seat-km)
• High speed lines are more attractive and thus have a higher load factor
• Improved space utilisation maximised in terms of seats per length of train
Low energy consumption - thus low emissions of CO2, NOx, SO2
• Reduced running resistance, dominated by aerodynamic drag
• Reduced weight• Reduced energy losses in e.g. propulsion and auxiliary
systems and also in the catenary and feeding system• Reduced energy consumption of comfort equipment,
e.g. auxiliary equipment• Use of energy regeneration• Energy efficient driving and “eco-driving”
Environmentally sound materials• All materials in the vehicles are known and listed• Bombardier has developed a list of Prohibited &
Restricted Substances to ensure that no harmful materials are used in the vehicles
High recyclability > 90% (by weight)• The vehicles are produced with a high fraction of
recycled and recyclable materials• Polymers over 100 grams are marked, according to
ISO standards, to facilitate recycling
Efficient mode of transport – in terms of land use
Low noise emissions – TSI for high-speed
Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) • Product environmental performance is documented in
a reliable way according to ISO standards 14021 / 14025
• Based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) according to ISO standard 14040
• Other environmental documentation: Recycling manual, Environmental assessment report etc.
Low particle emissions – minimised wear and tear
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Improved energy consumptionMeasured for trip Stockholm – Västerås (Sweden)
Early 1990’s
Intercity train (5 cars)
Speed: 110 – 130 km/h
Travel time: 1:18 min
Energy: 0,12 kWh / pkm*
Load factor: 35 %
Today
Regina
Speed: 110 – 200 km/h
Travel time: 0:53 min
Energy: 0,10 kWh / pkm*
Load factor: 35 %
~20% reduced energy consumption even though top speed has increased and thus also travel time decreased dramatically!
*pkm = passenger kilometer
8
Energy Consumption, Influence of Driving Style (Oslo Airport Train, measured data)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Energy optimized Time optimzed Difference
Co
ns
um
pti
on
(k
Wh
)
9
Noise exposure
Source: IFEU Heidelberg, 2002
Exterior noise
Interior noise
vibrations Rate of persons affected by noise in Germany (1994)
affected heavily affected
Road traffic 69% 22%
Airtraffic 42% 9%
Rail traffic 21% 3%
Industry 21% 3%
Neighbours 22% 6%
Sport facilities 7% 1%
10
Bombardier High Speed Trains useSynergies from Bombardier Aerospace
Aeroacoustic SourcesAeroacoustic Sources
Aerodynamic DragAerodynamic Drag
Global Express High Speed Train
Side Wind LoadsSide Wind Loads
Bogie Wing TipsLocalTurbulences
Bombardier Transportation and Aerospace have together put a lot of efforts in developing sophisticated tools to optimize optimize acoustic and aerodynamic acoustic and aerodynamic behaviorbehavior of the trains/planes. BT has proven that those tools correctly predict the reality of the trains in service. This means that, we can now really optimize the trains in the design phase when we are introducing new or modified design.
P
P
X
TUNNEL
11
REPID (EC funded): A common language for the rail sector
A framework for dealing with standardization of Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI’s) and data formats within the railway industry
A tool for improving usability of Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI’s) and data formats.
www.railway-procurement.org
12
PROSPER I & II Projects
Objectives:
To increase the overall ”eco-efficiency”/ sustainable performance of new rolling stock
To assist railways in setting up environmental requirements and assessing tenders
To initiate a dialogue with users (railways) and stakeholders (UNIFE, manufacturers)
Results of the Project:
a guideline to assist in setting up environmental requirements and evaluating tenders
a set of recommended qualitative environmental specifications (defining performance values, PROSPER II)
a reference document for experience, examples and state of the art of environmental relations and their economic cost/benefit aspects
Output: Environmental Guideline for the Procurement of Rolling Stock (UIC Leaflet)
Continuation of“Nordic Manual” (1999)
PROSPER Partners:
www.railway-procurement.org
13
Conclusion
From an environmental point of view, rail (including high-speed) is superior to other modes of transport.
Nevertheless, manufacturers strive for further reduction of negative environmental impacts.
Areas for improvement are primarily: energy efficiency, noise.
Rail is the only solution to reduce or at least stabilize CO2 emissions from transport.
The true environmental cost (or external cost in general) must be taken into consideration.