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HIGH RISE STRUCTURES
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Buildings between 75 feet and491 feet (23 m to 150 m) high
are considered high-risesBuildings taller than 492 feet(150 m) are classi!ed as
s"#scra$ers%he materials used for thestructural s#stem of high-risebuildings are reinforcedconcrete and steel%he structures are high & lead
to higher 'ertical loads and
higher lateral loads (mainl# due
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LOADS ON THE HIGHRISE
STRUCTURESVertical Loads
Horizontal Loads
Unexpected Defectionsind Loads
Eart!"#a$e Loads
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*%+,. ./ead loads arise from the weight to
the indi'idual construction elementsand the !nishing loads
.i'e loads de$end on the number of
stories
/*+/%. ./+t generall# arises from une$ected
de6ections wind and earth8ua"eloads
,alculation of lateral loads should becarefull scrutinied
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:;
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>ind tunnel e$eriments are used to seethe in6uence of the buildings sha$e onthe wind load
%he abilit# of wind loads to bring abuilding to swa# must also be "e$t inmind %his oscillation leads both to a
$erce$tible lateral acceleration foroccu$ants and to a maimum lateralde6ection*%?:@
+t tra'el through roc" and $ro'ide aneAecti'e wa# to image both sourcesand structures dee$ within the arth
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%D..-=*F %*:,%:*
=*F %:B %*:,%:*
% %*: %:B
%:B + %:B /* :.. ,/* %*:,%:*B:. %:B %*:,%:*
,/* /:%*+EE* D%F
DB*+ %*:,%:*
http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/flat-slab/1455/http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/flat-slab/1455/7/25/2019 High Rise Structures (1)
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,ore structure s#stem
.ateral and gra'it# laodare su$$orted b# core
liminates columns andbracing elements
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B*, =*FBraced frames are
cantile'ered 'erticaltrusses resistinglaterals loads $rimaril#through the aialstiAness of the framemembers
ble to $roduce a
laterall# 'er# stiAstructure for aminimum of additionalmaterial ma"es it an
economical structural
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B*, =*F %*:,%:*D%F
braced frame is astructural s#stem whichis designed $rimaril# toresist windandearth8ua"eforcesFembers in a bracedframe are designed towor" in tensionand
com$ression similar to atruss Braced frames arealmost alwa#s com$osedof steel members
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind7/25/2019 High Rise Structures (1)
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%D
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%EEirders onl# $artici$ate minimall# in the
lateral bracing action-=loor framingdesign is inde$endent of its le'el in thestructure,an be re$etiti'e u$ the height of the
building with ob'ious econom# in designand fabrication
+%E/bstruct the internal $lanning and thelocations of the windows and doorsH forthis reason braced bent are usuall#
incor$orated internall# along wall and
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%ube in tube s#etem%his 'ariation of theframed tube consists ofan outer frame tube the
IullJ togetherwith an internal ele'atorand ser'ice core
%he ull and core actKointl# in resisting bothgra'it# and lateralloading
%he outer framed tubeand the inner coreinteract horiontall# asthe shear and 6eural
com$onents of a wall-frame structure with thebene!t of increasedlateral stiAness
%he structural tubeusuall# ado$ts a highl#
dominant role becauseof its much reater
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*+E+ =*F %*:,%:*
,onsist of columns and girders Koinedb# moment resistant connections
+deall# suited for reinforced concretebuildings because of the inherent
rigidit# of reinforced concrete Kointslso used for steel frame buildingsbut moment-resistant connections insteel tend to be costl#
*igid frame of a t#$ical scale thatser'e alone to resist lateral loadingha'e an economic height limit of
about 25 stories
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%E +%E
Fa# be $lace in or around the core on theeterior or throughout the interior of thebuilding with minimal constraint on the
$lanning module
%he frame ma# be architecturall# e$osedto e$ress the grid li"e nature of the
structure/nl# suitable for building u$ to 20 L30
storiesonl#H member $ro$ortions andmaterials cost become unreasonable for
building higher than that
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* >.. D%F t#$e of rigid frame construction
%he shear wall is in steel or concrete to
$ro'ide greater lateral rigidit#
+t is a wall where the entire material of th
wall is em$lo#ed in the resistance of both
horiontal and 'ertical loads
+s com$osed of braced $anels (or shear
$anels) to counter the eAects of lateral
load acting on a structure
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>ind & earth8ua"e loads are the most
common among the loads=or s"#scra$ers as the sie of the
structure increases so does the sie of
the su$$orting wall hear walls tendto be used onl# in conKunction with
other su$$ort s#stems
>all thic"ness 'aries from 140 mm to500 mm
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shear walls that ma"e u$ the core of the building (housingele'ators stairwells and mechanical e8ui$ment rooms)while the outer ItubeJ is formed b# the eterior columns
s$aced e'er# M feet around the $erimeter of the building
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(steel $late shearwall)
result in alesser building weight incom$arison tobuildings that useconcrete shear walls
stud# $erformed for %he,entur# $roKect indicatedthat the total weight ofthe building as designedusing was
a$$roimatel# 1NO lessthan that of the buildingdesigned using aconcrete shear wall cores#stem which results ina reduction of foundationloads due to gra'it# and
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B:. %:B %*:,%:* bundled tube t#$icall# consists of a number
of indi'idual tubes interconnected to form amulticell tube in which the frames in thelateral load direction resist the shears whilethe 6ange frames carr# most of the o'erturning
moments.
uch buildings ha'e interior columns along
the $erimeters of the tubes when the# fallwithin the building en'elo$e
%he cells or the tubes can be arranged in a
'ariet# of wa#s to create diAerent massing
%he sha$e of each tube itself can be changedto an# other closed clustered sha$e.
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+%E
uPcient lateral stiAness
Building acts as a uni!ed s#stem of stiAenedtubes
estheticall# a$$ealing %he interaction between the indi'idual tubes
and the belt trusses at mechanical le'elsallows the building to attain its etremeheight
%hese trusses ta"e the gra'it# loads fromabo'e and redistribute them e'enl# onto the
tubes below
%E
+nterior $lanning limitations due to the bundled
tube con!guration.
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%he >illis %ower in ,hicago used this design
em$lo#ing nine tubes of 'ar#ing height toachie'e its distinct a$$earance +t consists ofeterior framed tube stiAened b# interiorframes to reduce the eAect of shear lag in theeterior columns
o interior columns 110 stories 14M9Q-0R in height
%allest building until 199M ach structural tube S 75Q-0R 75Q-0R ,om$leted in 1974
HE WILLIS OWER
DE AILS OF WILLIS OWER
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/:%*+EE* %*:D%F
Besides acting as astrong stiAeningmember for thelower $ortion of the
building structurethe outrigger andthe belt truss ser'ealso to su$$ort thedistributed loads
from the secondar#columns that$laced abo'e thebelt truss
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%he outrigger and belt truss s#stem is one of thelateral loads resisting s#stem in which theeternal columns are tied to the central core wall
with 'er# stiA outriggers and belt truss at one ormore le'els
belt truss tied the $eri$heral column of buildingwhile the outriggers engage them with main or
central shear wall %he aim of this method is toreduce obstructed s$ace com$ared to thecon'entional method %he 6oor s$ace is usuall#free of columns and is between the core and theeternal columns thus increasing the functional
ePcienc# of the building
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T!e Use O% O#tri&&ers In Hi&!'rise (#ildin&s ToControl T!e *orces
%he incor$oration of an outrigger which
connects the two elements together $ro'idesa stiAer com$onent which act together toresist the o'erturning forces
>hen an outrigger-braced building de6ects
under wind or seismic load the outriggerwhich connects to the core wall and theeterior columns ma"es the whole s#stem toact as a unit in resisting the lateral load
E+ >/*. =+,+.
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E+ >/*. =+,+.,%*
.ocated in shanghai chinaeight L 4N0 meters
Building materials- concrete steel
laminated glass
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%*:,%:*. D%F%hree $arallel and interacting structural
s#stems were used in the design in order toresist forces from t#$hoon winds and earth8ua"es
1 =irst was the mega structure which
consisted of the maKor structural columnthe maKor diagonals and the belt truss
2 %he second was the concrete shear walls ofthe ser'ice core
3 %he last structural s#stem wa theinteraction between the concrete walls ofthe ser'ice core and the mega column( created b# the outrigger trusses)
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=/:%+/
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=/:%+/
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%he columns of the mega structure are ofmied structural steel and reinforced concrete
+n the lower reaches of the building the
com$osite columns are of im$ressi'e sie *einforcing steel must necessaril# be 50mm india the largest sie a'ailable and bundledinto sets of four bars
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+ILE *OUNDATION
.,%+/ /= aterborne o$erations and trans$ortation limitations ma#dictate use of shorter $ile sections
due to $ile handling restrictions
5 tee$ terrain ma# ma"e the use of certain $ile e8ui$mentcostl# or im$ossible
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COLU,N COVERINGS
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,ETAL DEC-ING
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,ETAL DEC-ING
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DIAGRID S.STE,
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DIAGRID S.STE,
%he diagrids#stem is asteel frame
design withdiagonal gridwhich creates
triangularstructure withthe horiontalsu$$ort rings
%h di id t b ith
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%he diagrid s#stem can be with orwithout a core s#stem
%he core is made of *, and acts asa cantile'er while the diagrids#stem resists shear action
%ogether these two s#stems ma"e the
building stiA
Desi&n /e/0ers
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Desi&n /e/0ers
%he mainmembers indiagrid s#stem
are cornercolumns the$erimetergirders & tiebeams
+f there is nocore tie beams
are not needed
%he cornercolumns ta"e allthe load from
intermediatecolumns
%he $erimeter
grid com$rises ofring structurewhich isconnected at
nodes
Node desi&n
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Node desi&n
:nder 'ertical load
:nder horiontal shear
,od#les
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,od#les
(ene1ts o% #sin& dia&rid s2st
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(ene1ts o% #sin& dia&rid s2st%he maKor bene!t of this s#stem is that there is column
free interior s$ace throughout the 6oor
*oughl# it sa'es u$to 15th of the steel used forconstruction
%he techni8ue is sim$le for construction
as# and ePcient distribution of load in the structure
=ree clear and uni8ue 6oor $lans are $ossible +t is aestheticall# dominant and e$ressi'e
conomical for stories u$to 50-70
%he redundanc# can transfer load from a failed $ortion
to the other