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Attu
Isla
ndB
uldi
rIs
land
Kom
ando
rsky
Isla
nds
Una
lask
aIs
land
tren
ch
Um
nak
Isla
nd
180
W
180
W
170
W19
0 W
170
W19
0 W
50 N
55 N
60 N
50 N
55 N
60 N
Paci
fic
- N
. Am
.co
nver
genc
e
Wes
tern
Ale
utia
nsC
entr
alA
leut
ians
Dis
tal
Ale
utia
ns
Ada
kIs
land
Ada
kar
ea
Kom
ando
rsky
bloc
kA
mak
Isl
and
Bog
oslo
fIs
land
Atk
aIs
land
BE
RIN
G S
EA
PA
CIF
IC O
CE
ANdr
edge
70-B
29
Kelemen et al. Fig 1.
0
50
100
150
200
250
160164168172176180184188192196
lava samplesnu
mbe
r
longitude, ˚W
Atk
aA
dak,
Gre
at S
tikin
Seg
uam
Kan
aga,
Bob
rof
Sem
isop
ochn
oiLi
ttle
Sitk
in, S
egul
aK
iska
Attu
, Aga
ttu
Bul
dir
Piip
, Kom
ando
rsky
Kam
chat
ka S
trai
ts d
redg
es
Shi
shal
din,
Una
lask
aC
old
Bay
Aku
tan
dredge 70-B29Engenstrom depression
She
mya
(1)
Um
nak
Mak
ushi
n, U
nala
ska
Kelemen et al. Fig 2
40
50
60
70
170 160180190
molar Mg# > 0.6
wt%
SiO
2
�
0
2
4
6
170 160180190
molar Mg# > 0.6
wt%
Na 2
O
�
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
160170180190
wt%
SiO
2
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
�
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
160170180190
molar Mg# > 0.6
wt%
FeO
*
�
0
5
10
15
160170180190
wt%
FeO
*
�0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
160170180190
wt%
Na 2
O
�
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
160170180190
molar Mg# > 0.6
wt%
K2O
�
0
1
2
3
4
5
160170180190
wt%
K2O
�
0
5
10
15
170 160180190
+ 3 samples > 15
molar Mg# > 0.6
wt%
MgO
�
0
5
10
15
20
160170180190
lavasvolcano averages
wt%
MgO
�0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
170 160180190m
olar
Mg#
�
1000
1200
1400
1600
170 160180190
molar Mg# > 0.6
estim
ated
tem
pera
ture
, ˚C
�
�
Kelemen et al. Fig 3
Ale
utia
n la
vas
Ale
utia
n la
vas
A
east
of
Ada
k
wes
t of
Ada
kA
da
k
wt%
SiO
2pp
m K
La/Y
b
molar Mg#
east
of A
dak
(gra
y)
Ada
k ar
ea
Kom
ando
rsky
blo
ck
dist
al A
leut
ians
, 177
to 1
87 ˚
W
plus
fou
r sa
mpl
esw
ith L
a/Y
b <
1
B C
5060
7010
0010
,000
110
100
5060
7010
0010
,000
110
100
5060
7010
0010
,000
110
100
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.8
0.2
0.0
molar Mg#molar Mg#
Ale
utia
n la
vas
Mar
iana
s l
avas
(op
en)
Tan
zaw
a pl
uton
ic c
ompl
ex (
fille
d)M
aria
nas
lav
as (
open
)T
anza
wa
plut
onic
com
plex
(fil
led)
Mar
iana
s l
avas
(op
en)
Tan
zaw
a pl
uton
ic c
ompl
ex (
fille
d)
Ale
utia
n pl
uton
sA
leut
ian
plut
ons
Ale
utia
n pl
uton
s
Kelemen et al. Fig 4
4050
6070
80w
t% S
iO2
mol
ar M
g# >
0.5
Kom
ando
rsky
blo
ck
dist
al A
leut
ians
Ada
k, K
anag
a, B
obro
f
wt%
K2O
mol
ar M
g# >
0.5
01
23
log(
La/Y
b(N
))al
l dat
a
lava
sea
st o
fA
dak
lava
sA
dak
& w
est
00.
51
1.5
plut
ons
estim
ated
co
ntin
enta
l cr
ust
(Mg#
0.4
5 to
0.5
4)
+ 6
sam
ples
25 20 15 10 5
100 80 60 40 20 10 8 6 4 2
30 20 10 70 50 30 10 8 6 4 2
35 25 15 5
100 80 60 40 20 15 10 5
Kelemen et al. Fig 5A
5101520T
onga
/Ker
mad
ec
2610K
urile
s
103050Iz
u-B
onin
/Mar
iana
102030
Ale
utia
ns, e
ast o
f Ada
k
51525Le
sser
Ant
illes
246
Sco
tia
207 P
b/20
4 Pb
plot
s in
clud
e al
l lav
as
Ale
utia
ns, e
ast o
f Ada
k
2060100
Kur
iles
10305070
Izu-
Bon
in/M
aria
na
100
200
300
Less
er A
ntill
es
204060
Ton
ga/K
erm
adec
50100
150
200
Sco
tia
2060100
wt%
SiO
2re
fere
nce
line
at 5
5 w
t%av
erag
e co
ntin
enta
l cru
st 5
9 w
t%
plot
s in
clud
e la
vas
with
mol
ar M
g# >
0.5
Ale
utia
ns, e
ast o
f Ada
k
10305070K
urile
s
10203040
Less
er A
ntill
es
204060Iz
u-B
onin
/Mar
iana
50150
250
350
Sco
tia
204060T
onga
/Ker
mad
ec
2060100
140
wt%
K2O
refe
renc
e lin
e at
1 w
t%av
erag
e co
ntin
enta
l cru
st 1
.9 w
t%
plot
s in
clud
e la
vas
with
mol
ar M
g# >
0.5
0510152025A
leut
ians
, wes
t of A
dak
051015202530
05101520A
leut
ians
, w
est o
f Ada
k
70B
2970
B29
70B
29
Ale
utia
ns, w
est o
f Ada
k
4050
6070
4050
6070
03
12
03
12
15.5
15.7
15.5
15.7
Kelemen et al., figure 5b
0.1
1
10
100
0.1
1
10
100
CarlisleAmukta"Makushin, Unalaska Island"Bogoslof
0.1
1
10
100
0.1
1
10
100
0.1
1
10
100
0.1
1
10
100
0.1
1
10
100
0.1
1
10
100
Komandorsky Straits Komandorsky Islands Piip volcanoKomandorsky block
0.1
1
10
100
distal Aleutians Adak area Atka & Seguam
Rechesnoi volcanoUmnak Island
Okmok volcanoUmnak Island
conc
entr
atio
n/M
OR
Bco
ncen
trat
ion/
MO
RB
conc
entr
atio
n/M
OR
B
BaTh
UK
TaNb
LaCe
PbPr
SrNd
ZrHf
SmEu
GdTb
TiDy
HoEr
TmYb
LuY
CoNi
BaTh
UK
TaNb
LaCe
PbPr
SrNd
ZrHf
SmEu
GdTb
TiDy
HoEr
TmYb
LuY
CoNi
BaTh
UK
TaNb
LaCe
PbPr
SrNd
ZrHf
SmEu
GdTb
TiDy
HoEr
TmYb
LuY
CoNi
BaTh
UK
TaNb
LaCe
PbPr
SrNd
ZrHf
SmEu
GdTb
TiDy
HoEr
TmYb
LuY
CoNi
BaTh
UK
TaNb
LaCe
PbPr
SrNd
ZrHf
SmEu
GdTb
TiDy
HoEr
TmYb
LuY
CoNi
BaTh
UK
TaNb
LaCe
PbPr
SrNd
ZrHf
SmEu
GdTb
TiDy
HoEr
TmYb
LuY
CoNi
BaTh
UK
TaNb
LaCe
PbPr
SrNd
ZrHf
SmEu
GdTb
TiDy
HoEr
TmYb
LuY
CoNi
BaTh
UK
TaNb
LaCe
PbPr
SrNd
ZrHf
SmEu
GdTb
TiDy
HoEr
TmYb
LuY
CoNi
BaTh
UK
TaNb
LaCe
PbPr
SrNd
ZrHf
SmEu
GdTb
TiDy
HoEr
TmYb
LuY
CoNi
east central Aleutians
Kelemen et al. figure 6
Figure 6, continued
BaTh
UK
TaNb
LaCe
PbPr
SrNd
ZrHf
SmEu
GdTb
TiDy
HoEr
TmYb
LuY
CoNi
0.1
1
10
100Taylor & McL andesite modelTaylor & McL bulk crustTaylor & McL Archean crustWeaver & Tarney bulk crustRudnick & Fountain bulk crust
conc
entr
atio
n/M
OR
B
continental crust
Kelemen et al. figure 6A
17.6
17.8
18
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8
19
19.2
160165170175180185190195
206 P
b/20
4 Pb
0.7024
0.7026
0.7028
0.703
0.7032
0.7034
0.7036
0.7038
160165170175180185190195
87S
r/86
Sr
0.51290
0.51295
0.51300
0.51305
0.51310
0.51315
0.51320
160165170175180185190195
143 N
d/14
4 Nd
longitude, ˚W
Kelemen et al. Fig 7
lavasvolcano averages
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
160165170175180185190195
updi
p co
nver
genc
e ra
te
longitude, ˚W
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
wt%
SiO
2
convergence rate, m/yr
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
wt%
FeO
*
convergence rate, m/yr
0
5
10
15
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
wt%
MgO
convergence rate, m/yr
+ 3 samples > 15 wt%
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
wt%
Na 2
O
convergence rate, m/yr
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
wt%
K2O
convergence rate, m/yr
Kelemen et al. Fig 8
KodiakSeamount
Kilo
met
ers
185 W195 W 175 W 165 W 155 W 145 W
KAMCHATKA
0
2
4
6
8
10
Dead Kula-PacSpreading
Ridge ? AmliaFracture
Zone
RatFracture
Zone60-65 Ma
40-60 Ma
20-40 Ma
PACIFIC OCEANIC CRUST
GULF OFALASKA
DISTALTRENCH-AXIS
TURBIDITESEQUENCE,
ALASKANDRAINAGES;
~05. Myr
OCEANIICPELAGIC
& HEMIPELAGICSEDIMENT,
DIATOM RICH;U-CRET-HOLO.
ZODIAK FANTURBIDITE
SEQUENCE,NORTH AMERICAN
DRAINAGES;EOCENE-OLIG;
ABYSSALPLAIN
TURBIDITESEQUENCE;
NORTH AMERICANDRAINAGES;
MIOC-HOLOCENE
W EOCEANIICPELAGIC
SEDIMENT,DIATOM RICH;
EOCENE-QUAT.
TRENCH-AXISTURBIDITE
SEQUENCE,SIBERIAN
DRAINAGES;QUAT?
0
500
1000
1500
160165170175180185190195
updi
p se
dim
ent
thic
knes
s, m
eter
s
longitude, ˚W
0
20
40
60
80
100
160165170175180185190195
updi
p se
dim
ent f
lux,
m3 /m
/yr
15.35
15.4
15.45
15.5
15.55
15.6
15.65
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
207 P
b/20
4 Pb
sediment flux, m3/m/yr
17.6
17.8
18
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8
19
19.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
206 P
b/20
4 Pb
sediment flux, m3/m/yr
longitude, ˚W
Kelemen et al. fig 9
lavasvolcano averages
00.
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
8051015
east
of A
dak
Ada
k &
wes
t
wt% MgO
00.
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
8404550556065707580
wt% SiO2
00.
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
8
0
0.51
1.52
2.53
wt% TiO2
00.
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
810152025
wt% Al2O3
00.
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
8051015
wt% FeO*
00.
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
8051015
wt% CaO0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
01234567
mol
ar M
g#
wt% Na2O
00.
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
8012345
mol
ar M
g#
wt% K2O
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
00.
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
8temperature, ˚C (1 bar, dry)
mol
ar M
g#
+ 3
sam
ples
> 1
5 w
t%
Kelemen et al. Fig. 10
0.7024
0.7026
0.7028
0.703
0.7032
0.7034
0.7036
0.7038
15.35 15.4 15.45 15.5 15.55 15.6 15.65
87S
r/86
Sr
207Pb/
204Pb
Attu
Komandorskyblock
Adak avg
0.51290
0.51295
0.51300
0.51305
0.51310
0.51315
0.51320
15.35 15.4 15.45 15.5 15.55 15.6 15.65
143N
d/14
4N
d
207Pb/
204Pb
Attu
Komandorskyblock
Adak avg
0.5122
0.5124
0.5126
0.5128
0.513
0.5132
0.5134
15.35 15.4 15.45 15.5 15.55 15.6 15.65 15.7
143N
d/14
4N
d
207Pb/
204Pb
0.702
0.703
0.704
0.705
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.709
15.35 15.4 15.45 15.5 15.55 15.6 15.65 15.7
87S
r/86
Sr
207Pb/
204Pb
15.35
15.4
15.45
15.5
15.55
15.6
15.65
15.7
17.6 17.8 18 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 19 19.2
lavas
volcano averages DSDP 183sediments
EPR & JDFMORB
Attu70B29
Adak
Buldir
Komandorskyblock
Adak avg
Kelemen et al., figure 11
DSDP 183 sediments
Aleutian lavas
volcano averages
206Pb/
204Pb
207P
b/20
4P
b
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
160165170175180185190195
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
molar Mg# > 0.6
ppm
La
0.1
1
10
160165170175180185190195
molar Mg# > 0.6
ppm
Th
0.1
1
160165170175180185190195
Th/
LaB
a/La
La/S
m
1
10
100
160165170175180185190195
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
160165170175180185190195
0.01
0.1
1
10
160165170175180185190195
Th/NbTh/(Ta*17)volcano avg Th/Nbvolcano avg Th/(Ta*17)
Th/
Nb
lavasvolcano averages
lavasvolcano averages
lavasvolcano averages
Kelemen et al., figure 12
15.35
15.4
15.45
15.5
15.55
15.6
15.65
0.1 1
Th/La
15.35
15.4
15.45
15.5
15.55
15.6
15.65
1 10 100
Ba/La
0.1
1
1 10 100
Elliott compilationeast of AdakAdak & west
Th/
LaBa/La
0.1
1
1 10 100
Elliott compilaton
Th/
La
Ba/La
east of AdakAdak & west
volcano averages
east of AdakAdak & west
volcano averages
Kelemen et al.,figure 13
207P
b/20
4P
b20
7P
b/20
4P
b
10
100
1000
160165170175180185190195
Ba/
Th
1
10
160165170175180185190195
Ce/
Pb
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
longitude, ˚W
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
160165170175180185190195
Sr/
Nd
molar Mg# > 0.6
Kelemen et al., figure 14.
lavasvolcano averages
0 5 10 15 2015.35
15.4
15.45
15.5
15.55
15.6
15.65
15.7
east of Adak
Adak & west
Ce/Pb
207 P
b/20
4 Pb
AmakBogoslof
Buldir
70B29
sed &MORBfluid?
EPR & JDFMORB
Komandorskyblock
DSDP 183sediments
Kelemen et al.,figure 15
00.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Th/La
05
1015
20
Ce/
Pb
sedi
men
tm
elt?
eclo
gite
mel
t?
4550
5560
6570
wt%
SiO
2
low
deg
ree
man
tle m
elt
high
deg
ree
man
tle m
eltm
olar
Mg#
> 0
.6
Sr/Y
10
100
1000
eclo
gite
mel
t?
0.5
122.5
33.5
4 1.5
00.
20.
40.
60.
8
Dy/Yb (N)
Th/
La
eclo
gite
mel
t?
sedi
men
tm
elt?
0.1
1
Sr/Y
Th/
Nb
eclo
gite
mel
t?
sedi
men
tm
elt?
man
tleco
mpo
nent
mol
ar M
g# >
0.6
10
100
1000
eclo
gite
mel
t?
01
23
45
6
wt%
Na 2
O
mol
ar M
g# >
0.6
Sr/Y
10
100
1000
high
deg
ree
man
tle m
elt
low
deg
ree
man
tle m
elt
Sr/Y
Dy/
Yb
(N)
spin
elpe
ridot
iteso
urce
mol
ar M
g# >
0.6
10
100
1000
0.7
12
34
Sr/Y
La/S
m (
N)
eclo
gite
mel
t?
man
tleco
mpo
nent
mol
ar M
g# >
0.6
05
1015
20
Ce/
Pb
Dy/Yb (N)
0.5
122.5
33.5
4 1.5
eclo
gite
mel
t?ec
logi
te m
elt?
0.7
12
34
10
100
1000
mol
ar M
g# >
0.6
00.
51
1.5
22.
53
wt%
K2O
10
100
1000
Sr/Y
eclo
gite
mel
t?
Kelemen et al., Figure 16
Dy/
Yb
(N)
east
of A
dak
Tb/
Yb
(N)
east
of A
dak
Dy/
Yb
(N)
Ada
k &
wes
tT
b/Y
b (N
) A
dak
& w
est
Sr/
Yb
eas
t of A
dak
Sr/
9.6*
Yb
east
of A
dak
Sr/
Yb
Ada
k &
wes
tS
r/9.
6*Y
b A
dak
& w
est
east
of A
dak
Ada
k &
wes
t
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5
SiO2 < 54 wt%
La/Sm
0
2
4
6
8
16
1 2 3 4 5
SiO2 > 54 wt%
La/Sm
molar Mg# > 0.6
0.5 < Mg# < 0.6
Kelemen et al., figure 17
La/Yb
Nye & Reid ID1Nye & Reid ID16Nye & Reid ID18Nye & Reid AS4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
mol
ar M
g#
wt% SiO2
1000 10,000
ppm K
1 10 100
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
mol
ar M
g#
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
mol
ar M
g#
Kelemen et al., figure 18
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Dy/Yb (N) east of AdakTb/Yb (N) east of AdakDy/Yb (N) Adak & westTb/Yb (N) Adak & west
Dy/
Yb(
N)
molar Mg#
Kelemen et al., figure 19
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1 2 3 4 5
molar Mg# > 0.6
east of Adak
Adak & westpp
m P
b
ppm Th
Kelemen et al., figure 20
0.1110100
mel
ting
ofec
logi
te (
MO
RB
)
0.5
% m
eltin
g
1 %
mel
ting
2 %
mel
ting
5 %
mel
ting
10 %
mel
ting
10 %
mel
ting
20 %
mel
ting
concentration/MORB
0.1110100
mel
ting
ofga
rnet
per
idot
ite (
pyro
lite)
0.5
% m
eltin
g1
% m
eltin
g2
% m
eltin
g5
% m
eltin
g10
% m
eltin
g20
% m
eltin
g
concentration/MORB
0.1110100
reac
tion
cons
umes
spin
el p
erid
otite
prod
uces
gar
net p
yrox
enite in
itial
liqu
id90
% li
quid
80 %
liqu
id70
% li
quid
60 %
liqu
id50
% li
quid
40 %
liqu
id30
% li
quid
20 %
liqu
id10
% li
quid
concentration/MORB0.
1110100
reac
tion
betw
een
eclo
gite
mel
t &sp
inel
per
idot
ite (
pyro
lite) initi
al li
quid
1.25
x liq
uid
mas
s
1.5x
liqu
id m
ass
2x li
quid
mas
s
3x li
quid
mas
s
concentration/MORB
0.1110100
reac
tion
betw
een
eclo
gite
mel
t &sp
inel
per
idot
ite (
abys
sal) initi
al li
quid
1.2x
liqu
id m
ass
1.4x
liqu
id m
ass
1.6x
liqu
id m
ass
2x li
quid
mas
s
3x li
quid
mas
s
concentration/MORB
0.1110100
reac
tion
betw
een
eclo
gite
mel
t &sp
inel
per
idot
ite (
abys
sal)
initi
al li
quid
3x li
quid
mas
s
5x li
quid
mas
s
10x
liqui
d m
ass
20x
liqui
d m
ass
concentration/MORB
Ba T
hUKT
a NbLa
CeP
b PrS
r NdZ
r HfSm E
uGd T
bTi D
yHo E
rTm Y
bLuY
Co N
iB
a ThU
KTa N
bLaC
ePb P
rSr N
dZr H
fSm E
uGd T
bTi D
yHo E
rTm Y
bLuY
Co N
iB
a ThU
KTa N
bLaC
ePb P
rSr N
dZr H
fSm E
uGd T
bTi D
yHo E
rTm Y
bLuY
Co N
i
Ba T
hUKT
a NbLa
CeP
b PrS
r NdZ
r HfSm E
uGd T
bTi D
yHo E
rTm Y
bLuY
Co N
i
Ba T
hUKT
a NbLa
CeP
b PrS
r NdZ
r HfSm E
uGd T
bTi D
yHo E
rTm Y
bLuY
Co N
iB
a ThU
KTa N
bLaC
ePb P
rSr N
dZr H
fSm E
uGd T
bTi D
yHo E
rTm Y
bLuY
Co N
i
DE
F
AB
CKelemen at al., figure 21
