High-income Tax Returns, 1989

T

he Tax Reform Act of 1976 required annual publica-tion of data on individual income tax returns report-ing income of $200,000 or more, including the

number of such returns reporting no income tax liabilityand the importance of various tax provisions in makingthese returns nontaxable [1]. This article presents sum-mary data on high-income tax returns for the period 1977to 1989, and detailed data for 1989. Data for the years1974 through 1988 have been published previously [2].

Two income concepts are used in this article to classifytax returns as high-income: the statutory income conceptof adjusted gross income (AGI), and the expanded incomeconcept [3]. Expanded income uses items reported on taxreturns to obtain a more comprehensive measure ofincome than AGI. Specifically, expanded income is AGIplus tax-exempt interest, nontaxable social securitybenefits, and items of tax preference for alternativeminimum tax purposes; less unreimbursed employeebusiness expenses, moving expenses, investment interestto the extent it does not exceed investment income, andmiscellaneous itemized deductions not subject to the 2-percent-of-AGI floor [4]. Note that although expandedincome is a more comprehensive measure of income thanAGI, for some taxpayers the subtractions from AGI toarrive at expanded income exceed the additions, with theresult that expanded income is less than AGI.

Number of Hlgh-lncome ReturnsFor 1989, there were 786,063 individual income taxreturns reporting AGI of $200,000 or more, and 8 14,152reporting expanded income of $200,000 or more. Thesereturns represented, respectively, 0.701 and 0.726 percentof all returns for 1989 (see the top panel of Figure A).

Since 1977, the number of returns reporting income of$200,000 or more increased much more rapidly than thetotal number of returns filed. This pattern is true underboth income concepts. Each year these high-incomereturns have comprised a larger share of all returns than inthe preceding years (Figure A). The difference in thenumber of high-income returns between the two incomeconcepts significantly decreased beginning for 1987,when AGI began to include 100 percent of long-termcapital gains. This change in the definition of AGI makesthe income concepts of AGI and expanded income more

Therese Cruciano and Robert Kalish are economists with theIndividual Returns Analysis Section. Therese Cruciano wasresponsiblefor the overall production of the article. RobertKalish was responsiblefor the overall production of the tablesanddeveloped portions of the text. The article was preparedunder the direction ofJeffrey Hartzok, Chief, Individual ReturnsAnalysis Section.

comparable. In addition, the inclusion of tax-exemptinterest in expanded income starting with 1987 madeexpanded income for years after 1986 not strictly compa-rable to expanded income for years before 1987.

In the top panel of Figure A the $200,000 threshold forhigh-income returns is measured in current year (nominal)dollars. As a result of inflation, the real (constant) dollarlevel of the threshold has fallen over time, and somereturns are classified as high-income that would not havebeen classified as high-income in earlier years. Tomaintain the comparability of the threshold over time, thethreshold has been adjusted for inflation to constant 1976dollars for all years, and the number of high-income taxreturns has been recomputed [5].

The results using the constant 1976 dollar threshold areshown in the lower panel of Figure A. Using the expandedincome concept, the number of returns for 1989 measuredin current year dollars was 13 times as large as for 1977.Measured in constant 1976 dollars, the number of returnsfor 1989 was nearly four times the number for 1977. Notethat since 1977, the number of returns with income of$200,000 or more in constant 1976 dollars has increasedat a much more rapid rate than the total number of returnsfiled. Between 1977 and 1989, the share of such returnsrose from 0.067 percent to 0.204 percent of all returns.

Based on AGI, the number of returns for 1989 mea-sured in current year dollars was 14 times as large as for1977. Measured in constant 1976 dollars, the number ofreturns for 1989 was over four times the number for 1977.Between 1977 and 1989, the share of such returns rosefrom 0.052 percent to 0.194 percent of all returns.

Nontaxable High-income ReturnsTwo tax concepts are used in this article to classify taxreturns as taxable or nontaxable. The first concept, "U.S.Income Tax," is total Federal income tax liability (includ-ing the alternative minimum tax), less all credits againstincome tax (except the earned income tax credit). Sincethe U.S. income tax applies to worldwide income andsince a credit (subject to certain limits) is allowed againstU.S. income tax for income taxes paid to foreign govern-

ments, a return could be classified as nontaxable underthis first concept even though income taxes had been paidto a foreign government. The second tax concept, "World-wide Income Tax," addresses this circumstance by addingback to U.S. income tax the allowed foreign tax credit [6].

For 1989, of the 786,063 income tax returns with AGIof $200,000 or more, 1,081, or 0.138 percent, had no U.S.income tax liability; and 987, or 0. 126 percent, had noworldwide income tax liability (see the top panel ofFigure B). For 1988, 822 returns with AGI of $200,000 or

23

High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

Figure A

24

. All returns

Ail Returns and Returns with.Income of $200,000 or More Measured in Current Dollars and in Constant 1976

Dollars, by Incorhe Concipt, tax Years 1977--1.98

,9.

$200,000 income~ threshold measured in current dol

Tax year

1977 ... - ...........................1978 ..... ........ ............1979 ............ ....... : ...........1980:_ ...

..1981 ........... v ......................1982 .............. : ..................1983 ........ : ................... I ....1984 ............... .................1985 ............... .......... _1986..................................1987.............................. !..

-1988*......... .............. ......

1989......................... .......

(1)88,634,64089.771,55192,694,30293,902,45996,396,12395,337,43296,321,31099,438,708

101,660,287103,045,170106.996,270

-109.708,280112,135,673

Number of returnsby income concept

Adjusted gross income

(2)

53,40368,5069

'3,731,

117,250138, 1216 -169,3671198~608.243,760296,507

-374,363539,96~725,345-,786,063 ',

. Expanded income

(3)

67,58085,137

122,231149,826175.092207,291249,319310,042370,340529,460557,848~M.659-814,152

$200,000 income threshold measured in constant 1976 dollars

Tax year

1977.. ~ ....................1978 ... .............. ........1979 ................ ................1980 ..................................1981 ............ .....................1982 ............. ................1983 .............................. :1.1984 .................................1985 ...........................

I......

1986 .................................1987 ....... .........................1988 ....... ........ : ................1989 .............. ..................

by income conceptNumberbf return-.

Adjusted gross income

(6)-

45,93149,38855,54252,51250:88059,41167,31080,80095,740

119,550161,408235,051217,685

Expanded income

.. (7)

58.991.62~55676,479.,71,70471,14681,297.93.977

116,389134,715191,596169,942241,201228,530

more had no U.S. income tax liability; and 731 returnshad no worldwide income tax liability.

Of the, 814,152 tax returns with expanded income of$200,000 or more for 1989, 779, or 0.096 percent, had noU.S. income tax liability; and 691, Or 0.085 percent, hadno worldwide income tax liability,; Of the 737,659 returnswith expanded income of $200,000, or more for 1988- 397had no U.S. income'tax liability; and'309 had'no world-wide income tax I

.iability. Although the number of -

nontaxable returns has gone up greatly b~tween 1977 and1984, because the number of all returns. taxable andnontaxable - with income of $200,000 or more has risen

returns by income conceptPercentage of all

I Adjusted gross income

(8)

t 0.052-0.0550.0600.0560.0530.0620.0700.0810.0940.1160.1510.2140.194

(4)

0.0600.0760.1010.1250.1430.1780.2060-2450.2920.3630.505

-0:661-0.701

(9)

0.0670,0700.0830.0760.0740.0850.0980.1170.1330.1860.1590.2200.204

Expanded income

(5)

0.0760.0950.1320.1600.1820.2170.2590.3120.3640.5140.521

-0:672. 0.726

ICurrent dollar

Income th, eshold

equal to $200,000 in

constant 1976 dollars

(whole dollars)

(10)

213,005229,174255,184289,631319,508339,192350,088365,202378,207385,237399,297415,817435,852

substantially, the percentage of nontaxable returns has notchanged as significantly.

Since the inclusion of tax-exempt interest in expandedincome starting with 1987, the concept of expandedincome is no longer strictly comparable to expandedincome calculated for years before 1987. Despite the risein the number of nontaxable returns for 1989, the percent-age of returns that was nontaxable actually decreasedwhen compared to 1986. For 1986, the percentage ofnontaxable returns was 0. 1 12. For 1989, the percentage ofnontaxable returns had decreased to 0.096.

Using the constant 1976 dollar threshold, the number of

ars ,

Percentage of allreturns by income concept

Adjusted gross income

Expanded income

High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

nontaxable returns was significantly lower. Yet thepercentages of returns which are nontaxable are notsignificantly different. Of returns with AGI of $200,000or more in current dollars, 0.138 percent reported no U.S.income tax for 1989; 0. 126 percent had no worldwideincome tax. For returns in constant 1976 dollars, thepercentage of returns without U.S. income tax liabilitywas 0. 135; the percentage ofreturns without worldwide

Figure B

income tax liability was 0. 124 (see the lower panel ofFigure B). Of the returns with expanded income of$200,000 or more in current dollars, 0.096 percentreported no U.S. income tax; 0.085 percent reported noworldwide income tax. For returns in constant 1976dollars, the percentage of returns without U.S. tax liabilitywas 0.056; the percentage of returns without worldwideincome tax liability was 0.046. Beginning with 1987, the

Nontaxable Returns with Income of $200,000 or More Measured in Current Dollars and in Constant 1976Dollars, by Tax and Income Concept, Tax Years 1977-1989

$200,000 income threshold measured in current dollars

Number of nontaxable returns with income of $200,000 or more Percentage of all returns with income of $200,000 or more

Tax year Returns with no U.S. Returns with no worldwide Returns with no U.S. Returns with no worldwideincome tax, by income concept income tax, by income concept income tax, by income concept income tax, by income concept

Adjusted Expanded Adjusted Expanded Adjusted Expanded Adjusted Expanded

gross income income gross income income gross income income gross income income

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1977 ................... 60 85 37 64 0.112 0.126 0.069 0.0951978 ................... 98 105 60 67 0.143 0.123 0.088 0.0791979 ................... 70 114 28 64 0.075 0.093 0.030 0.0521980................... 143 198 56 114 0.122 0.132 0.048 0.0761981 ................... 226 304 79 114 0.164 0.174 0.057 0.065

1982....... ........... 262 299 109 153 0.155 0.144 0.064 0.0741983................... 447 579 321 437 0.225 0.232 0.162 0.1751984............. .... 532 325 471 271 0.218 0.105 0.193 0.087

1985 .............. .... 612 613 442 454 0.206 0.166 0.149 0.1231986...... . .......... 659 595 437 379 0.176 0.112 0.117 0.072

1987 ..... ............ 857 472 740 364 0.159 0.085 0.137 0.0651988 ................... 822 397 731 309 0.113 0.054 0.101 0.0421989 ................. 1.081 779 987 691 0.138 0.096 0.126 0.085

$200,000 income threshold measured in constant 197G dollars

Number of nontaxable returns with income of $200,000 or more Percentage of all returns with income of $200,000 or more

Tax year Returns with no U.S. Returns with no worldwide Returns with no U.S. Returns with no worldwide

income tax, by income concept income tax, by income concept income tax, by income concept income tax, by income concept

Adjusted Expanded Adjusted Expanded Adjusted Expanded Adjusted Expanded

gross income income gross income income gross income income gross income income

(9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)

1977 ............. ..... 54 75 32 56 0.118 0.127 0.070 0.095

1978 ................... 62 70 31 39 0.126 0.112 0.063 0.0621979 ................... 38 71 15 39 0.068 0.093 0.027 0.0511980 ................ _ 56 71 22 39 0.107 0.099 0.042 0.0541981 ................... 53 87 21 55 0.104 0.122 0.041 0.0771982 ................... 58 68 27 36 0.098 0.084 0.045 0.044

1983 ................... 138 135 113 108 0.205 0.144 0.168 0.1151984 ................... 170 78 160 66 0.210 0.067 0.198 0.057

1985 ................... 190 155 137 99 0.198 0.115 0.143 0.0731986 ................... 201 189 138 120 0.168 0.099 0.115 0.063

1987 ................... 312 126 271 85 0.193 0.074 0.168 0.0501988 ................... 277 141 251 116 0.118 0.058 0.107 0.048

1989 ................... . 293 128 269 106 0.135 0.056 0.124 0.046

25

High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

number of highm-income returns w ose nontaxability maybe attributed.to foreiptax credits has been reducedsubstantially. The reduction appears to be attributable tochanges in the foreign tax credit provisions of the "alter-native minimum -tax" (AMT).

Note that the number of nontaxable returns withincomes of $200,000 or more are based on samples. Thus,year-to-year differences in the numbers and percentagesof nontaxable returns with expanded income of $200,000or more-may represent sampling variability in addition toactual changes in the numbers of such returns [7].

Figures C and D show the number ofnontaxable high-income returns in both current year and constant 1976dollars, and their proportion of all high-income returnsbetween 1977 and 1989. Figure C is for returns withexpanded income of $200,000 or more and no U.S.income tax.liability measured in both current year andconstant 1976 dollar&. Figure D is for returns with

___ex anded.income of $200,000 or more and no worldwideincome tax liability. In both figures, the spread'betweenthe two percentage lines is small in the late 1970's.increased in the early 1980'~,~and decreased-agam' mirecent years.

Detailed. Data.for,1989.

Tables I through 12 present data based on I~99 incometax returns, mainly those with incomes of $200,000ormore (measured in current yea'r'dollars) of AGI orexpanded income. Most of the data are shown for taxableand nontaxable returns, both separately and combined. Insummary, the tables show:

• The numbers of returns under the 1two tax concepts,cross-classified by broad AGI and expanded incomeclasses (Tables I and 2);

• Ile distributions of. taxable income as a percentage ofAGI and expanded income (Tables 3 and 4);

• The frequencies and amounts of various sources ofincome, exclusions, deductions, taxes, and tax credits,as well as the relationship between the two incomeconcepts (Tables 5 and 6);

N The frequencies with which various deductions andtax credits, are the most important and the secondmost important items in reducing (oreliminating)income -taxes (Tables '7 and 8);'-'

Figure C

Number and Percentaoe'of -Returns with No U.S. Income Tax and with Expanded Income oIf

$200',000 or more, Tax Years 1977-1989

Number of returns (current dollars)

700

Soo '

Soo

400

300

200

100

Number of returns (constant.1 976 dollars)

Percentage of returns (current dollars)

------ Percentage of returns (constant 1976 dollars)

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 EUB UnK

Tax Year

1984 1985 am~ 1987 O= 1989

High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

Figure 0

Number and Percentage of Returns with No Worldwide Income Tax and with Expanded Income of

$200,000 or more, Tax Years 1977-1989Number of returnsOw

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

Number of returns (constant 1976 dollars)

Percentage of returns (current dollars)

------ Percentage of returns (constant 1976 dollars)

1977 1978 1979 IM 1961 1982 1983 1984 1986 1986 1987 1988 1989

Tax Year

M

a

The frequencies with which various itemized deduc-tions, tax credits, and preferences occur as certainpercentages of income (Tables 9 and 10); and

The distributions of effective tax rates, i.e., incometax under each definition as percentages of income,by broad income classes (Tables 11 and 12).

Tables 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 use the "U.S. Income Tax"concept to classify returns as taxable or nontaxable,whereas Tables 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 use the concept of-Worldwide Income Tax."

Size of IncomeTables I and 2 show the number of all returns, taxablereturns, and nontaxable returns, cross-classified by broadAGI and expanded income size classes. The tables showthat most returns fall in the same broad income size classunder both income concepts, but that expanded incometends to be a broader measure of income and thereforeclassifies more total and taxable returns in each of the$50,000-and-over income size classes. However, fornontaxable high-income returns, AGI tends to be abroader measure. For example, Table I shows that 1,081returns with no U.S. income tax had AGI's of $200,000 ormore, but only 779 had expanded incomes of $200,000 ormore.

Percentage of returns~ .24

.20

.16

.12

.Do

.04

Distibution of Tax LevelsTables 3 and 4 show the distributions of high-incomereturns by the ratios of adjusted taxable income (adjustedto reflect tax credits and special tax computations) to AGIor expanded income. Taxable income has been adjustedfor these tables by subtracting from taxable income thededuction equivalents of tax credits and other items [8].The tables illustrate three important facts about high-income tax returns. (The examples in the paragraphsbelow are drawn from the "expanded income" columns inTable 4.)

1. As already described, only a small proportion of high-income taxpayers were able to escape all incometaxes (0.085 percent).

2. Another group of high-income taxpayers-also asmall group, but larger than the nontaxable group-was able to offset a very substantial fraction of itsincome before being subject to tax. This type of high-income taxpayer pays income tax equal to only asmall share of his or her income. Such taxpayers maybe called "nearly nontaxables." (About 0.9 percent ofhigh expanded-income taxpayers were able to reducetheir taxable income to less than 25 percent of theirexpanded income.) 27

28,

High-Income Tax Retums, 1989

3. Overall, a large portion of high-income taxpayerswere subject to tax on a large share of their incomeand reported very substantial amounts of tax. (About67 percent had taxable income exceeding 80 percentof expanded income. Over 95 percent had taxableincome of more than 50 percent of expanded income.)

Tables 11 and 12 present another way of showing thedistributions of tax returns: by tax burden. These twotables classify all tax returns by both the size of income

and the effective tax rate, i.e., income tax as a percentageof income. These tables show that on average, high-

income taxpayers do have higher effective tax rates. Thetables also illustrate th

'

e wide dispersion of effectivetaxrates for high-income returns. For example, Table 12shows that while 2.5 percent of returns with expandedincomes of $200,000 or more had either no worldwide

income tax or worldwide income tax of less than 10

percent of expanded income, 31.9 percent had effective

-tax-rates-exceeding 25-percent.-More-than-93-percent-had-average tax rates ranging from 15 percent to 30 percent,

with over 50 percent ofhigh-income taxpayers having

effective tax rates between 20 percent and 25 percent.

ChM9MChV0RVCZ 09 UMUTables 5 and 6 show, in the aggregate, the frequencies andamounts of the types of income, the items of "tax prefer-ence," and the various deductions, credits, and incometaxes shown on high-income returns. By comparing thecolumns for nontaxable returns with those for taxablereturns, some of the different characteri

'stics of nontaxable

returns can be deduced. For example, nontaxable returns,under both income concepts, are much more likely tohave sizable partnership and S Corporation losses than aretaxable returns.

Mamma b?It is possible for certain itemized deductions and certainexclusions from income to cause nontaxability.bythemselves, but high-income returns are more often'nontaxable as a result of a combination of reasons, no oneof which by,itself would result in nontaxability. More-over, some items which singly or in combination mayeliminate regular tax liability cannot eliminate an AMTliability since these items give rise to offsetting adjust-ments or preferences for ANff purposes.

Because they do not generate AMT adjustments orpreferences, tax-exempt bond interest, itemized deduc-tions for interest expense, miscellaneous itemizeddeductions not subject to the 2-percent-of-AGI,floor,moving expenses, casualty losses, and medical expenses(exceeding 7.5 percent of AGI) can, by themselves,

produce nontaxabilify [9].Due to the AMT exclusion of $40,000 on joint returns

($30,000 on single and head of household returns and~20,000 on returns of married taxpayers filing separately)a return may be nontaxable even-though it includes someitems which produce AMT adjustments or prefei~nces[10]. Further, since the starting point for AMT income istaxable income for regular tax purposes, x taxpayer canhave adjustments and preferences exceeding theAMTexclusion without incurring AMT liability. This situationoccurs if taxable income for regular tax purposes issufficiently negative as a result of itemized deductionsand personal exemptions exceeding-AGI that thetaxpayer's AMT adjustments and preferences are less thanthe sum of theAMT 'exclusion and the amount by whichregular taxable income is below zero. Note that becauseof the AMT, taxpayers may find it beneficial to reportadditional deduction items on their tax returns, even if theitems do not vroduce a benefit for regular tax-purposes.

Tables 7 and 8 classify tax returns. by the items that hadthe largest and second largest effects in reducing oreliminating income tax. For returns on which eachprimary item was most important, the tables show thedistributions of the second most important item. Forexample, on taxable returns with expanded income of$200,000 or more, the most important item in reducmigthe amount of tax reported on 54 percent of the returnswas the itemized deduction of State and local taxes; forthese returns, the itemized deduction for interest paymentswas the second reason 48 percent of the time and thededuction for charitable contributions was the secondreason 4.1 percent of the time (Table 8). Conversely, onnontaxable returns (with no worldwide income tax),partnership and S Corporation losses were the mostimportant item 34 percent of the time. Where these werethe primary item, the interest paid deduction was thesecond most important item 34 percent of the time, the.taxes paid deduction was the second most important item24 percent of the time, and the deduction for charitablecontributions was the second most important item 19percent of the time.

The four categories which are most frequently thelargest item in reducing-taxes are: the itemized deductionfor casualty or theft losses (66 returns, or 19. 1 percent ofthe 3~46 returns with expanded 'income of $200,000 ormore and with no worldwide tax liability); net losses frompartnerships or S Corporations (119 returns, or 34.4percent); the itemized deduction for interest paid (62returns, or 17.9 percent); and the charitable contributionsdeduction (N returns, or 11.3 percent). The four itemswhich were most frequently ~he second largest factor in

High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

reducing regular tax liability were partnership and SCorporation losses, the interest paid deduction, thededuction for taxes paid, and the deduction for charitablecontributions. Note that the net losses from partnershipsand S Corporations reduce AGI; the other three itemsreduce taxable income.

Tables 9 and 10 represent another way of illustratingthe importance of various tax provisions in reducing oreliminating income tax. Unlike Tables 7 and 8, thesetables cover only nontaxable returns. Tables 9 and 10show the number of times that various items reducedincome by different fractions of income. The items shownare the various categories of itemized deductions, thededuction equivalents of two different types of tax credits,and total tax preferences excluded from income. Forexample, for high expanded-income returns with noworldwide income tax (see Table 10), the itemizeddeduction for casualty or theft losses exceeded 100percent of expanded income on 37 of the 691 returns, butthere was no casualty or theft loss deduction on 622returns. The total interest paid deduction exceeded totalexpanded income on 22 returns.

Notes and References[1] The statutory requirement is contained in section

2123 of the Tax Reform Act of 1976 (90 Stat. at1915).

[2] Lerman, Allen H., "High-income Tax Returns: 1974

[3]

and 1975, A Report on High-income TaxpayersEmphasizing Tax Returns with Little or No TaxLiability," U.S. Department of Treasury, Office ofTax Analysis, March 1977, and "High-income TaxReturns: 1975 and 1976, A Report EmphasizingNontaxable and Nearly Nontaxable Income TaxReturns," U.S. Department of Treasury, Office of TaxAnalysis, August 1978.

U.S. Department of Treasury, Internal RevenueService, Statistics of Income-Individual Income TaxReturns, reports for 1977 through 1982 and 1985through 1988. (For 1977 and 1978, only the numberof nontaxable high-AGI returns were published.)

Lerman, Allen H., "High-income Tax Returns,1983," Statistics ofIncome Bulletin, Spring 1986,Volume 5, Number 4, pp. 31-6 1, and "High-incomeTax Returns, 1984," Statistics ofIncome Bulletin,Spring 1987, Volume 6, Number 4, pp. 1-29.

The 1976 Act specified four income concepts forclassifying tax returns: adjusted gross income (AGI),expanded income, AGI plus excluded preferences,

and AGI less investment interest not in excess ofinvestment income. Section 441 of the Deficit Re-duction Act of 1984 (90 Stat. at 815) eliminated therequirement for using the last two income concepts.

[4] The definition of adjustments to AGI to obtainexpanded income given in the text is for 1989. SeeAppendix A for a discussion of AGI and expandedincome, and a list of adjustments covering all yearssince 1977.

[51 The price deflator used was the consumer price index(CPI) for all items as reported in Table B-56, page 361of the 1992 Economic Report of the President.

[6] See Appendix B for a discussion of the tax concepts.In previously published data (see footnote 4), the"U.S. Income Tax" concept was referred to as "TotalIncome Tax", and the "Worldwide Income Tax"concept was referred to as "Modified Total IncomeTax".

(71 Beginning with Tax Year 1991, nontaxable returnswith expanded incomes of $200,000 or more will besampled at higher rates for Statistics of Income, whichwill reduce the sampling variability of these returns.

[8] See Appendix B for a description of how the deduc-

191

tion equivalent of credits is computed.

The deduction for charitable contributions would alsofall into this class were it not limited to 50 percent ofAGI.

[10] The AMT exclusion phases out above a certain levelof AMT income, but since taxpayers will have someAMT liability in the phaseout range, the phaseout isnot relevant for nontaxable returns.

Appendix A: Income ConceptsThe Congress wanted data on high-income taxpayersclassified by an income concept that was more comprehen-sive than adjusted gross income (AGI), but that was basedentirely on items already reported on income tax returns. Inorder to derive such an income concept, it is necessary tobegin with a broad, inclusive concept of income. AGI mustthen be compared to this broad income concept, and thedifferences (both additions and subtractions) that can bedetermined from items reported on tax returns identified.

This appendix begins by defining "Haig-Simons in-come," a very broad concept of income used by economistsand others as a standard. AGI is then compared to Haig-Simons income, and the major differences between the twoincome concepts listed. The final section defines "expanded

29

30'

High-Income Tax Reftims, 1989

income," the more comprehensive income measure thanAGI based entirely on tax return data.

Haig-SImons IncomeThe broadest measure of annual income generally. used byeconomists and others is defined as the value of a ,household's consumption plus the change, if any, in itsnet worth. This income concept is referred to as Haig-Simons income, or H-S-income, after the two economists,who wrote extensively about it [AI). The H-S income of ahousehold that consumed $25,000 and saved $2,000 in ayear would be $27,000. Alternatively, the H-S income ofa household that consumed $25,000 and had no additionsto savings but had assets that declined in value by $1,000in a year would be $24,000.

H-S income consists of three broad components: laborincome, capital income (income from assets), and income,from transfer payments. The major elements of each ofthese three components are as follows:

• Labor income.-This includes all forms of employeecompensation, including wages and salaries; em-ployee fringe benefits, such as employer-providedhealth insurance and accrued pension benefits orcontributions; and the employer share of payroll.taxes, such as social security taxes. Labor income alsoincludes the labor share of self-employment income.Expenses of earning labor income would be deductedin'arriving at H-S income.~ Deferred labor incomewould be counted in the year it was earned, ratherthan in the year it was received.

• Capital income.-This includes all,income fromassets, including interest, dividends, rents, royalties,accrued capital gains (whether or not realized), thecapital income share ofself-employment income, andthe rental value of consumer durables (most imp'or-tantly, the rental value of. owner-occupied. housing).Capital income is measured in real (inflation-adjusted) terms, and

*is net of real economic

depreciation and all other expenses (which couldexceed capital income).

• Transferpayments. -These include payments in cash,such as social security benefits, workers' compensa-tion, unemployment benefits, aid for dependentchildren (AFDC), and noncash benefits (such

Ias

Medicare, Medicaid, and food stamps).

For purposes of tax analysis, H-S income should bemeasured on a pre-tax basis, the amount that would beearned if there were no Federal income tax in place. Mostitems of income are unaffected, or little affected, by the

income tax, and so are reported on a pre-tax basis.However, certain income items from tax-preferred sourcesmay be reduced because of the tax preferences. Anexample is interest from tax-exempt State and localGovernment bonds. The interest rate on tax-exempt bonds,is generally lower than the interest rate on taxable bondsof the same maturity and risk, with the difference beingapproximately equal to the tax rate of the typical investorin tax-exempt bonds. Thus, investors in tax-exempt bondsare effectively paying a tax, referred to as an "implicittax," and tax-exempt interest as reported is measured.onan after-tax, rather than a pre-tax, basis. Income from alltax-preferred sources should be grossed up by hinplicittaxes to properly measure H-S income.

Adjusted Gross IncomeAGI is the statutory definition of income for Federal-income tax purposes. AGI differs from H-S income byexcluding some components of H-S income and byallowing accelerated business.deductions and deductions.unrelated to income, but also by disallowing.or limitingcertain expenses of earning income and certain losses. Inaddition, AGI is not grossed up for implicit taxes.

The components of H-S income excluded from AdIinclude most employee fringe benefits, the employershare of payroll taxes, accrued but deferred employeecompensation, accrued but unrealized real capital gains,the rental value of consumer durables, most socialsecurity benefits and most other cash transfers, allnoncash transfers, and the real income of borrowers dueto inflation [A21

Depreciation and certain other expenses allowed. indetermining AGI may be accelerated (relative to eco-nomic depreciation and other costs) inthe early years ofan investment,,.thus understating investmerifinco, me. Inla'teryears, however, investment income in AGI will beoverstated because depreciation and other acceleratedexpenses will then be understated. AGI also excludescontributions to individual retirement arrangements(IRA's) and self-employed retirement plans (Keogh's),which are not expenses related to earning *income.

AGI generally exceeds H-S income to the extentexpenses of earning income and losses are limited ordisallowed. Most of the expenses of earning income aredeductiblefirom AGI in calculating taxable income, butonly if the taxpayer "itemizes" deductions and then insome cases only to the extent that the sum of all suchitems exceeds 2 percent of AGI. Expenses incurred in theproduction of income that are itemized deductions includecertain expenses of employees (such as union dues;expenditures for items used on-the-job but not reimbursed

High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

by the employer; and the employees' travel, meal, andentertainment expenses); job-related moving expenses;and expenses attributable to a taxpayer's investments (asopposed to the active operation of a trade or business)including, but not limited to, interest expense incurred inconnection with investments in securities.

Although net capital losses reduce economic income,only the first $3,000 of net realized capital losses may bededucted in computing AGI. Any additional realizedlosses must be carried forward to future years.

AGI can also exceed H-S income because of differ-ences in the timing of income between the two concepts.For example, a taxpayer may realize more capital gains ina year than he or she accrues in capital gains. Since AGIincludes only realizations of capital gains whereas H-Sincome includes only accruals, AGI in this circumstancewould exceed H-S income.

Finally, just as AGI understates the income of borrow-ers due to inflation, it overstates the income of lenders,which include bond owners and owners of bank deposits.

Expanded lowmeExpanded income is meant to be a measure of income thatis conceptually closer to H-S income than AGI, but whichis derived entirely from items already reported on incometax returns. Figure E shows the adjustments made to AGIto arrive at expanded income. Since the definition of AGIhas been changed by legislation several times since 1977,and certain reporting requirements have also changed, theadjustments have differed over the years, as indicated foreach item [A3]. Most of these adjustments are relativelystraightforward, but the adjustment for investmentrequires some explanation.

Figure E

Derivation of Expanded Income from Adjusted GrossIncome, Tax Years 1977 - 1989

Adjusted gross income (AGI)

PLUS: 0 Excluded capital gains (tax years prior to 1987)• Tax-exempt interest (1987 and later tax years)• Nontaxable social security benefits (1987 and

later tax years)C] Tax preferences for alternative minimum tax

purposes [A4]

MINUS: 0 Unreimbursed employee business expenses• Nondeductible rental losses (Tax Year 1987)• Moving expense deduction (1987 and later taxyears)• Investment interest expense to the extent it does not

exceed investment income• Miscellaneous itemized deductions not subject to the

2-percent-of-AGI floor (Tax Year 1989 only)

EQUALS: c, Expandedincome

investment interestit generally would be appropri-In measuring H-S income,

ate to deduct all expenses incurred in the production ofincome, including those related to any income-producinginvestments, without limit. Investment expenses in excessof investment income would then represent net economiclosses. However, such a liberal deduction for investment-related expenses is not necessarily correct when not allincome items have been included currently. (Investmentincome includes interest, dividends, and realized capitalgains.)

If all income has not been included currently, fulldeduction of investment expenses might represent amismatching of receipts and expenses and might result inunderstating income. For example, if a taxpayer borrowedfunds to purchase securities, net income would beunderstated if the taxpayer deducted all interest paymentson the loan but did not include as income any accruedgains or the securities. A similar mismatching of incomeand expenses would occur if investment expenses thatshould properly be capitalized were deducted when paid.In these instances, a more accurate measure of incomemight be obtained by postponing the deduction of theexpense until such time as the income was recognized fortax purposes.

Additional problems are created when a person with aloan has both income-producing assets, such as securities,and non-income-producing assets, such as a vacationhome or yacht. It is not possible to determine what portionof the interest expense should be attributed to taxableincome-producing assets and, therefore, ought to bedeductible against the gross receipts from such taxableassets. As a result of these problems, it has been necessaryto set arbitrary limits on the amount of investmentexpenses which are deductible in calculating expandedincome.

Investment expenses that have not been deducted indetermining AGI generally can appear on a Federalindividual income tax return in two places. Investmentinterest is taken into account in the calculation of theitemized deduction for interest. Deductible investmentinterest is a separate part of the total interest deduction.Other investment expenses, such as management fees, areincluded in the miscellaneous category of itemizeddeductions [A5]. Beginning with 1987, most of the typesof income-producing expenses included as miscellaneousitemized deductions are only deductible to the extent thattheir total exceeds 2 percent of AGI. To determineexpenses that should be deductible in calculating anapproximation of H-S income, investment expenses havebeen defined as the entire interest deduction other than the

I 31

32

High,4ncome Tax Returns, 1989

interest paid on a home mortgage. Other investmentexpenses could not be separated from the remainder of.miscellaneous" deductions. Hence, they have not beenused in the adjustment for investment expenses.

To the extent that interest expenses do not exceedinvestment income, they are generally allowed as adeduction in the computation of deductible investmentinterest and thus expanded income. Investment interestexpenses which do exceed investment income are notdeductible in calculating expanded income. One conse-quence of this definition is that investment expenses cannever turn positive investment income into investmentlosses. Generally, allowing investment expensed to offsetall investment income

'is generous and tends tounderstate

broadly-measured income. However, in some instances,limiting investment expenses to investment income mayoverstate income by disallowing genuine investmentlosses.

-Notes to-Appendix-A---[A 1] Haig, Robert M. (ed.), The Federal Income Tax,

[A2]

Columbia University Press, 1921, and Simons,Henry C., Personal Income Taxation, University ofChicago Press, 1938.

Borrowers receive income due to inflation becausethe real value of debt is reduced by inflation. Eventhough inflation may be anticipated and reflected ininterest rates, tax deductions for nominal interestpayments overstate interest-costs because part,ofthese payments represents a return of principal to thelender; rather than interest.

[A3] For 1977, 50 percent of long-term capital gains wereincluded in AGI. During 1978, the inclusion ratiowas changed to 40 percent. This inclusion ratioremained unchanged, through 1986. Beginning with1987, there was no exclusion allowed for capitalgains in computing AGI, and thus this adjustmentwas not made in computing expanded income forreturns for years after 1986; From this time forward,taxpayers were required to report on their Federalincome tax returns the amount of their tax-exemptinterest income from State and local Governmentbon&. Since 1987, tax7exempt interest.has beenincluded in expanded income. Taxpayers, are alsorequired to report social security benefits. Since1988, nontaxable social security benefits havebeenincluded in expanded income. The.subtraction ofunreimbursed employee business expense and themoving expense deduction is to make the concept ofexpanded income com arable to years prior to 1987.pDue to subtracting non-limited miscellaneous

deductions and not subtracting the nondeductiblerental loss for 1989, the expanded *income conceptfor 1989 is still not strictly comparable to expandedincome for 1988. Specific details on the definitionof expanded income for any given year are avail-able in the reports and publications enumerated infootnote 2 under Notes and References.

[A4] The tax preferences (obtained from Form 625 1 ,Alternative Minimum Tax Computation) excludedfrom adjusted gross income and tabulated in Tables5 and 6 include the following items: the excess ofaccelerated depreciation over straight-line deprecia-tion on certain real-property and propertysubject toa lease (for property placed in service.before 1987);the excess of rapid amortization allowable oncertain capital expenditures (such as pollutioncontrol facilities) over depreciation otherwiseallowable; the appreciated portion of the value ofproperty-contributed to-chariiable-organizations;-the-excess of percentage depletion*over the "adjustedbasis" of the property;- unrealized gain on -theexercise of stockoptions; and certain intangibledrilling.costs to the extent that they exceed theotherwise allowable amortization deductions~Preferences from itemized deductions did notrepresent omitted income; hence, they were notcounted as preference items in calculating a broadermeasure of income. The preference from tax-exempt interest frorfi certain private activity bondswas not. included since the interest for all tax-exempt State and local Government bonds wasconsidered as omitted income. Specific details onthe tax preference items obtained from Form 6251for earlier years are available in the reports andpublications enumerated in footn

Iote 2 under Notes

and References.

[A5] Some income deferrals and accelerated expensedeductions may also be involved in income orlosses from rental property, from royalties, frompartnerships, and from certain small businesscorporations, only the net amounts of which areincluded in adjusted gross income.

Appendix 8: Tax ConceptsThis appendix provides a brief summary of the U.S.taxation of worldwide income and the foreign tax credit~The two tax concepts used in the article are then defined.The following section explains the computation of thededuction equivalent of credits and other items. A finalsection discusses the possible implications of the use ofunaudited tax return data for this article.

High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

U.S. Taxation of Woridudde Income and Ow ForeignTax CreditCitizens and residents of the United States, regardless ofwhere they reside, must generally include in income forFederal income tax purposes income from all geographicsources. Thus, for example, dividends and interestreceived from a foreign corporation or income earnedworking abroad is subject to Federal income tax in thesame manner as income received from sources inside theUnited States [Bl]. Income from sources outside theUnited States may also be subject to tax by foreigngovernments.

To reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of doubletaxation of the foreign source income of U.S. citizens andresidents, the Federal income tax allows a credit forincome taxes paid to foreign governments. This foreigntax credit is generally limited to the amount of (pre-credit)U.S. tax liability attributable to foreip-source income.This limit prevents the foreign tax credit from offsettingthe U.S. tax on U.S. source income.

As a result of taxing citizens and residents on a world-wide basis but allowing a foreign tax credit, some Federalincome tax returns may report substantial income but littleor no U.S. tax liability after credits. This may occur, forexample, if a taxpayer has income only from foreignsources (the taxpayer may live abroad the entire year andhave no income-producing assets in the United States), orif a taxpayer has foreip-source income that exceeds a netloss from U.S. sources, and pays income taxes to a foreigngovernment that are comparable to the U.S. tax [B2].

For taxpayers with income from foreign sources, theseprocedures understate the taxpayers' true worldwideincome tax liabilities and effective income tax rates. Forsuch taxpayers, it does not seem appropriate to classifyU.S. income tax credits for foreign tax payments asreducing tax liabilities. That is particularly true for taxfilers who appear to be nontaxable because they do nothave any U.S. tax liability but who have paid foreignincome taxes. A more accurate measure of overall incometax burden, as well as the numbers of nontaxable returns,can be obtained by considering all income taxes - U.S.as well as foreign. Thus, a second tax concept "World-wide Income Tax," has been used in addition to thetraditional "U.S. Income Tax."

Two Tax ConceptsTwo tax concepts are used in this article to classify taxreturns as taxable or nontaxable and to measure the taxburdens on taxable returns: "U.S. Income Tax" and"Worldwide Income Tax." Worldwide income tax isdefined for purposes of this article as U.S. income taxes

plus the amount of foreign tax credits reported on the U.S.income tax return. The amount of the foreign tax credits isused as a proxy for foreign tax liabilities [B3]. Therelationship of U.S. income tax to tax items reported onindividual income tax returns, and to worldwide incometax is shown in Figure F.

Figure F

Derivation of U.S. Income Tax and WorldwideIncome Tax, Tax Year 1989

Tax at normal rates (tax generated)

PLUS: Additional taxes (such as tax on accumulationdistributions from qualified retirement plans,Form 4972)

EQUALS: Income tax before credits

PLUS: Alternative minimum tax (Form 6251)

MINUS: Tax credits (except the earned income credit)

EQUALS: U.S. Income Tax

PLUS: Foreign tax credit

EQUALS: Worldwide Income Tax

Comparing Exclusions, Deductions, Tax Credits, andSpecial Tax ComputationsIn order to compare the importance of various exclusions,deductions, tax credits, and special tax computations(such as the alternative minimum tax on tax preferences),the different types of items must be put on the same basis.One way of doing so is to calculate the size of thededuction that would reduce (or increase) income tax bythe same amount as a tax credit or special computation.This amount is called the "deduction equivalent" of thetax credit or special computation.

Tle deduction equivalent of a tax credit or a special taxcomputation is the difference between the taxable incomethat, using the ordinary tax rate schedules, would yield theactual tax before the provision in question is consideredand the actual tax after the provision. For example, the"deduction equivalent of all tax credits" is equal to thedifference between "taxable income which would yieldincome tax before credits" and "taxable income whichwould yield income tax after credits."

Using this method of equating the value of deductions,exclusions, credits, and special tax computations, theorder in which the various credits and special tax compu-tations are calculated may affect the value of theirdeduction equivalents. Because the tax rate schedules are 33

High-Income Tax Returns, 198.9

progressive with successive increments.to income.taxed atsuccessively higher tax rates,

-the deduction equivalent of

the credit converted.last.to a deduction equivalent will belarger (for the same amount of a credit) than the itemconverted first, unless all relevant taxable income. .amounts are within a single tax rate bracket.

The deduction equivalents of tax credits shown inTables 5 and 6 were computed by*assuming that deduc-tions and exclusions reduced taxes before credits. As a.result,Ahe deduction equivalent'of tax credits may beoverstated.

Unwdfted DIM,Tax return data used for Statistics of Income have beentabulated as they were reported on tax returns filed withthe Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Certain obviousarithmetic errors have been corrected, and certain adjust-ments have been made to-achieve consistent statisticaldefinitions. Otherwise, the data have not been altered. In

-particulari-the-,data-do-not-reflect-a!iy-changes-that may--have' been made or that may be made in the future as aresult of IRS audits. While this is true of data throughoutthe entire Statistics of Income program, it is of particularrelevance for high-income tax returns. Because of thegreater complexity of these returns, there is a higherprobability of error and more scope for disagreementabout the proper interpretation of tax laws.

The fact that the data have been.drawn fiorn unauditedreturns is of even greater importance for those high-

income returns that are nontaxable. Almost- any auditchanges would make such returns taxable. Even where thetax consequences were minor, such returns would bereclassified from nontaxable to taxable, thereby changingthe counts of nontaxable returns;

Notes to Appendix 8[Bl] An exceptioniis that certain income earned abroad

may be excluded from AGI. Any foreign taxes paidon such income are hot'cre'ditabl6 g~aiinst U.S.income tax. The tables in this article do not reflect

-either such excluded, income or any foreign taxpayments on it.

[B2] Although the foreign' ta'x'c'redit is'anIitem,6f tax

preference for AMT purposes, taxpayers below theAMT exclusion thresholds, or with preferences ordeductions not subject to ANIT, may completelyoffi~et their pre-credit.U.S.-income tax liability:withtheir foreign tax credit.

[B3] Where foreign tax rates exceed U.S. rates, foreign. tax credits will be less than foreign tax liabilities., Insuch cases, using foreign tax credits as a proxy forforeign tax liabilities understates w8rldwide. incometax liability. In other 6ases, when foreign tax creditsare for taxes paid on income from previous years,use of foreign tax credits as a proxy may overstateor understate worldwide taxes on current yearincome.

.~ 34

High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

Table I.-Returns With and Without U.S. Income Tax: Number of Returns, by Size of Income and byTax Liability'(All figures are estimates based an samples)

Size of adjusted gross incorne

Size of expanded incomeTotal

Under5601000

$50.000 under$100,OOD

$10D.ODO under$M0,ODO

$200,ODOor nx"

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

All retumsTotal ........................................................... 112,135,673 96,278,525 12,980,727 2,090,358 796,063

Under $50,000 ........................................................ 96,075.122 95.658.302 412,476 2,893 1.451S50,

000 under $100,000 ................................................ 13.104,046 608.907 12.404.026 89,976 1,137$100,000 under $200.000 ....... ....................................... 2.142.353 8.391 162,332 1,951,779 19.851$200,ODO or more .................................................. 814,152 2,926 1.893 45,709 763,624

Returns with U.S. incomo tax ITotal ........................................................... 91,669,781 75,837,365 12.959,707 2,087,727 794,982

Under $50,000 ........................................................ 75,633,745 75,225,327 405.855 1,596 967$50,000 under $100,000 ................................................ 13,082,126 602.270 12.389,674 89,146 1,036$100,000 under $200,000 ............................................... 2,140,537 7,204 162.307 1,951.302 19,723$200,000 or more ..................................................... 813,373 2,563 1,871 45,683 763,256

Returns without U.S. income taxTotal ........................................................... 20,465,893 20,4011,1160 21,020 2,631 1,081

Under $50,000 ........................................................ 20,441,377 20,432,975 6,621 1,297 484$50,000 under $100,000 ................................ ............... 21,920 6,637 14.352 831 101$100,000 under $200,000 ...................................... 1,817 477 128$200,000 or more ............................................ 779 362 '23 1 '26 1 368

*Estimate should be used with caution because of the small number of sample returns on which it is based.iReturns with U.S. income tax include returns on which income tax was entirely oftet by the earned income credit.NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

35

High-Income, Tax Returns, 1989

Table 2.-Returns With and Without WorlIdwide IncomeTax: 'Number oiRe.turn..s,'by-§'lie.;c.)'f -Inco

.me

and by Tax Liability,(All figures are estimates based on samples)

- Size of adjusted gross ftomeUize of expanded mcome

TOW Under SM.000 under$100.000

$100,000 under$200,000

$200.000or more

(1) (2) (3) .(4) (5)

All returnsTotal ................... 1 ...... I.................................. 112,135.873 96,278,525 12,980,727 2,090,358 706,063.

Und r $50,000 .......... ............................. I.............N

96,075,122 95,658.302 412,476 .2,893 1'451under $100,000 ............................................. _$50, ... 13,104.046 608.907 12,404.026 89,976 .1:137

$100,000 under $200.000 ................................................. 2,142,363 8,391 162,332 1,951,779 19,851$200,000 ormore ..................................................... 814.152 2,926 45.709 763,624

Returns with wairldwide income tax.Total ........ ..................................................... 75,8S6,397 12,959,984 2,087,871 785,076

Under $50,000 ............................. ......... ....... * .......... 75,652.847 75,244,359 405,923 1,596 968.$50,000 under $100,000 ................................................. 13,082,336 602.270 12.389,883 89.146 1 037$100,000 under $200,000 ............................................... 2,140,M 7,204 162,307 19:727,$200,000 or more ...................................................... 813,461 2.563 1.871 45,683 763,344

Retunris without weeldwMe income WTotal ........................................................... 20,446,3" 20,422,129 ~20,743 2,487 987

Under $50,000 .....................................: , * .... * ... I * , I I I I I 1 20,422275 20413,942 6,553 1,297 483

$50,000 under $100,000 ............................ .................... ?1:710 6,637 14,143 831 100$100,000 under $200,000 ..................... ............... ............. *1,186 '25- 333 124$200,000 or more ...................................................... .362

.'26 .280

*Estimate should be used with caution because of the small number of-sample returns on which it is based.-.-

rkfiv manRotuma willf-w-o ide ino-*me._ta_x inid-uder-sturns which income tax was entirely oftet by the earned Income credit.NOTE: O~tail may not add to totals because of rounding.

36

High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

Table 3.-Returns With and Without U.S. Income Tax and With Income of $200,000 or More UnderAlternative Concepts: Distribution of Returns by Ratio of Adjusted Taxable Income to Income PerConcept(All figures are estimates based on samples)

Adjusted gross income Expanded Income

Specified itemNumber of Percent Cumulative percent Number of Percent Cumulative percent

returns Of total Of total returns of total Of total

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Total, * ' * * * * * ' ' ' , , * * * * *

7"'M 100.0 - 814,152 100.0 -

Retum; wKhout U .S . incoffie ta x 1,081 0.1 - 779 0.1 -

Rotuma with U.S. income tax:Total ... ............................. 784,982 99.9 100.0 813.373 99.9 100.0Ratio of adjusted taxable income to

Incomer

onrpt:Under glipecrce

........ * ..........234 0 0 947 0.1 0.1

5 under 10 percent .................. 1,383 0.2 0.2 543 0.1 0.2

10 under 15 percent ................. 1,216 0.2 0.4 2,819 0.3 0.5

15 under 20 percent ................. 1,732 0.2 0.6 1,995 0.2 0.8

20 under 25 percent ................. 2,268 0.3 0.9 3,580 0.4 1.2

25 under 30 percent ................. 1,003 0.1 1.0 6,118 0.8 2.0

30 under 35 percent ..... ........... 2.266 0.3 1.3 3,858 0.5 2.4

35 under 40 percent ................. 2,733 0.3 1.6 6,653 0.8 3.3

40 under 45 percent ................. 3,155 0.4 2.0 6,429 0.8 4.0

45 under 50 percent ................. 5,379 0.7 2.7 9.231 1.1 5.2

50 under 60 percent ................. 18.287 2.3 5.1 33,444 4.1 9.3

60 under 70 percent ................. 59,911 7.6 12.7 62,300 7.7 17.0

70 under 80 percent ................. 126,121 16.1 28.8 139,652 17.2 34.1

80 percent or more ................. 559,294 71.2 100.0 535,805 65.9 100.0

*Estimate should be used with caution because of the striall nunter of sample returns on which It is based.() Less than 0.05 percent.NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

37

ffigh-Income Tax Retums, 1989

Table.4.-.Retums With and Without Worldwide Income Tax-and With Income of $200-000 or MoreUnder Alternative Concepts: Distribution of Returns by Ratio of Adjusted Taxable Income toIncome Per Concept(All figures are estimates based on samples)

Adjusted grow income Expanded income

Specified hemNumber of Percent Cumulative Pincer, Number of Percent cumula0e Percent

returnsof

towOf total retum3 Of total Of tow

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6).

Tow 786,063 100.0

814,152 100.0Returns without worldwide income tax 987 0.1 691 0.1Returns with worldwide Income tax:Total ...................... 785,076 99.9 100.0 813,461 99.9 100.0Ratio of adiusted taxable income

Income Pit.CT ce;ceUnder ;e nt

...... * ...........217 938 0.1 OA

5 under 10 percent .................. 944 0.1 0.1 97 0.1

10 under 15 percent ................. 499. 0.1 0.2 2,108 0.3 0.415 under 20,percent ................. 987 0.1 0.3 683 0.1 0.520 under 25 percent .................. 1,590 0.2 0.5 3,603 0.4 0.925 under 30 percent ................. 487 0.1 0.6 5,536 0.7 1.630 under 35 percent ................. . 1,987 0.3 0.9 3.543 0.4 2.035 under 40 percent ......... :.: ...... 2,2D9 0.3 1.1 .6,037 0.7 2.840 under 45 percent ................. 2,844 0.4 1.5 5,256 0.6 3.445 under 50 percent ................. 4,871 0.6 2.1 9,182 1.1 4.550 under 60 percent ................. 17,172 2.2 4.3 32.473 4.0 8

'560 under 70 percent ........... .....

.

58,431 7.4 11.7 60,607 7.5 16.070 under 80 percent

............ 1124.905, .15.9 27.7 139,211 17.1 33.1

80 percent or more ................... 567,934 72.3 100.6- 544,186 66.9 1000

*Estimate should be used with caution because of the small number of sanV§e returns on which it is based.Lou than 0.05 percent.,

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High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

Table B.-Raturns With and Without Worldwide Income Tax and With Income of $200,000 or More Under Alternative Concepts: Number of Returnsand Percentage$ Classiflod by Item With Largest Tax Effect and by Item WIth Second Largest Tax Effect,(#Jl figures am so based an "

TOM intent pod drouctia n W..W~ xerreir dealuat"in Texas pod dduction ContiloOrGrill dduMM mefto and aw" Oxgerwirded ctionrxi -ii"d"M tax u

M~ Of Percent N-e. .1

0=

(2) (3) (4) (5) (a) M (6) (9) 1101 ('11 (12)

Reftwissit with worWwWoknorm tax

Pleftweve withad~ growof 620111.01110 or "we

Total ............................ 771,343 100.0 aw'"I 26.8 2111161111111 3.9 "4.047 51.1 7.6 S'466 0.4

nterest Pod deduction . . .. .. , - . 219,262 28.4 - - 8.788 29.a 182.429 46.3 9,545 15.9 805 23.2In,arstment interest deduction . . . 34.4W 45 7,000 3.4 - - 19,339 49 2AW 4.0 136 39

Taxes paid deduction . . . ... 248,715 32.2 156,120 75.6 13.2" 44.7 - - 40,55il 674 1,595 460

Contrioution's deduction ... .... ... 181,489 23.5 25.286 12.2 2,921 9.8 145.1" 36.8 - - 271 7.8

Medical and donlal expense deduction ... 3.266 0.4 1.098 0.5 92 0.3 I.W 0.4 312 0 5 - -N. C...ty

or theft[on

deduction . I ~ r ~ 137 - - - - 137 - - - -

Total miscellaneous deduction ........... 28,072 3.6 &727 2.8 1.205 4.1 15.300 3.9 3.216 53 633 183

Foreign tax creditSumnse,

"ad"5,386 0.7 1.057 0.5 252 0.8 2.9" 0.7 282 0.5

.1 .,,at tax Credit .... ..... 5.919 0 8 1,397 0.7 446 1.5 2,072 0.5 350 0.6 - -

Partnership and S Corporationnet losses... 37.935 49 8.453 4.1 2,632 0.9 22,493 5.7 3.239 5.4 25 07

No second liargesirtern ...... .......... 6.682 0.9 315 0.2 75 0.3 2.558 OLO 264 0.4 - -

Retwivis wo 1; 1 1

of UNA10111 or owe

Total ............................ 793,591 100.0 21 lion U.? - - 4VA76 53.9 7:111011110 9.2 6,891 0.7

Interest pad deduction .... ... . .. ... 234,252 29.5 - - 203,239 47.5 11.591 15.9 805 13.7

rivestment interest deductionTun pad dedLiction ... ..... 2W.424 32 8 167.6w 79.1 - - 51,049 69.9 3.165 53.7

Contriputions dedLiction . . .... .. ..... 212.774 26.8 20,161 13.3 IN. 2331

41.2-

- i'las 201M

at and dent'expense deauction

a3.335 0.4 1.096 0 5 1 .703

04 312 0.4 -

0c aNot

cawarty or theft 1. deduction ....... 136 - - 138 6 - - - -Total miscellaneous deduction . . . , ~ . . . . . 21.500 2.7 1,905 0.9 12.311111 2.9 4.985 68 711 12.1

Foreign tax credit ... . .... ......Business credit ........ ...

.7945 07 1,079 0.5 3.124 0 7 385 0.5

All other tax crechut ... ... .. ......... 8026: 0.8 1,498 0.7 2,273 0.5 440 06 - -

Partnership and S Corporationrot losses. .. .... .. .. .... ....... 40,634 5.1 10,375 4.9 25,165 5.9 3.919 5.4 25 0.4

No second largest lem . .... .... ..... 8,714 1 11.111

246 0.1 3.612 0.8 1 400 0.5

Total Iftleat "Id derewrin #.Vwlam w4K" dducu. Texas pad swe"an akcdan Musical and dww..P~

Iten."se-V - mom

i- - =INWO oft" 01 al twel

0) (2) (3) (5) (a) (12)

PAtume vAllsold seat Id

liscom OR

r

Return with equiseed Wave

of =I% or asom

Total . ... . ................. .. .... 987 100.0 74 7.9 417 11110.4 4 0.4 23 2.3 36 3.4

nterest OW deduction .............. 208 21.1 - - 115 23.1 t t t t

t

Irivernment interest deduction . . ~ . . . ...... 204 20.7 20 27.0 - - t t 11 47.8 t t

Tun paid deduction ................. 130 13.2 24 32.4 63 12.79

25.0

Contritu"ons deduction . , .... ........ 112 11.3 9 12.2 77 155 t t t

Medical andCentel

expense deduction . ... 7

0

.7 - - t t

No casualty or theft Ioss deduction ....... t tTotal mucallarectus deduction ........... 48 4.9 t t 23 4,6 t t 50.0

Fentrign tax credit . ..... .....

Busness credit , . ................. tAll other tax credits ... ............... 8 0.8 t t t t

Partnership and S Corporation

nal lose"250 25.3 is 24.3 211 42.5 t t

No second largest itern .............. 17 1.7 t t t t-

Moslem with wwronslad

ol$Mwwwoft

Total ............................ 346 11MO 42 17.9 7 2.0 so 11.3 34 9.8

Interest pad deduction ................. 100 28.9 - - t t 12 30.8 t t

n.interest

deduch .....11 28 2 12 351Tuft paid deduc~on ............ ....

Contributions deduction -9947

28.613.6

27

10

43.516.1 t

.- tMad cleducedri

" and dental expense .... t

t t

t t t

Net casualty cir ffieft low deduction ....... t t

Total ""Callan"ousdeduction ... ... 27 7.8 t t t t t t 16 47A

Focagn tax credit .... ...... __ ...... - -

Businew credit , . - ... ...... ....... - -

AN other tax credits - ... ~.., ......... 6 13 - - t

Partnership and S Corporation

net losses40 11.6 20 32.3 t t 9 23A

No second largest dam 5.8 1 t t

Foo-Wist . nd of table

45

6;Z'

zmg

all

1:1

N.O

.

606

6,

hN

I 'L

High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

Table 9.--Returns Without U.S. Income Tax and With Income of $200,000 or More Under Alternative Concepts:Number of Returns With Itemized Deductions, Credits, and Tax Preferences, as Percentages of Income(All figures we estimates based an somples)

Number of returns on which income a reduced bv vercentagg of incomeIncome concept and type No deduction Under 10 percent 20 percent 30 percent 40 percent 50 percent 60 percent percen percen

of deduction or credit Total or credit 10 under under under under under under under or more

oement 20 ceroent 30 oeroent n40 rce t 50 -percent 60 percent 70 oercent 100 percent

(3) (4) (5)(7)

(a) (9)Adjusted gross incon

concept

Total itemized deductions.............................. 1,081 44 26 16 7 11 5 t t 103 864

Interest paid deduction:

Total............................................................ 1,()81 93 112 47 17 24 21 22 30 284 431

ln~estmerrt interest per income concept. 1,081 226 99 24 16 27 38 46 39 270 296

Taxes paid deduction..................................... 1,081 96 716 160 54 23 11 9 t 6 tContributions deduction .................................. 1.081 148 646 87 46 47 68 39 - -

Medical and dental expense deduction .......... 1,081 1,017 16 t t 4 t t t 18 17Not casualty or theft loss deduction ............... 1.081 1,010 t t - t - 3 3 21 39Net limited miscellaneous deductionsper income concepL .................................... 1,081 648 299 69 25 16 9 3 - 6 6

Non-limited miscellaneous deductions.......... 1,081 977 35 4 - t 5 t t 27 29

Deduction equivalent of.Total credits................................................ 1,081 926 33 4 6 t t 5 13 83 7Foreign tax credit ....................................... 1,081 987 7 - - t t 74 7Business credit .......................................... 1,081 1,056 20 t t - t t - - -

Tax preferences excluded from adjustedgross income................................................ 1,081 683 260 41 27 12 6 8 5 13 26

Expanded Incomeconcept

Total iternized deductions.............................. 779 411 31 21 63 10 12 4 10 48 169

Interest paid deduction:

Total. ........................................................... 779 461 136 60 27 15 14 5 a 31 22

Investment interest per income concepL 779 589 82 15 14 6 8 4 9 15 37

Taxes paid deduction..................................... 779 429 2D5 102 25 10 t 3 t t tContributions deduction .................................. 779 446 230 23 13 16 6 12 7 16 10

Medical and dental expense deduction .......... 779 732 t 6 t 5 4 - 4 10 14

Net casualty or theft loss deduction ............... 779 710 t - - t 5 22 37Net limited nrtiscellaneous deductionsper income concept .................................... 779 658 87 22 4 t - t t t t

Non4imited miscellaneous deductions.......... 779 722 7 t - - 22 t 24 t -

Deduction equivalent ofTotal credits................................................ 779 656 9 4 t 3 t 3 a 83 9Foreign tax credit ....................................... 779 691 5 - 3 71 9Business crediL .......................................... 779 766 t - t t - - t - -

Tax preferences excluded from adjustedgross income................................................ 779 216 69 15 1 14 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 6 1 43 1 395

Data deleted to avoid disclosure of information for specific taxpayers. Deleted data are included in the appropriate totals.NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

147

48

High-Income Tax Retunis, 1989

Table I O.-Returns Without Worldwide Income Tax and With Income of $200,000 or More Under Alteenative Concepts:Number of Returns With Itemized Deductions, Credits, and Tax Preferences, as Percentages of Income,YU1 figunr* we *Wmates b*W on sunples)

Total

T1

987

987987987987987987

987-987

987987987'

987

691- -

691691691691.691

~691

691691

691691691

691

Number of returns on which income was reduced b~No deduction Under 10 percent 20 percent 30 percent 1 40 percent

or credit 10 under I 30under I 40under Jergement 20 Percen Percen pement I 50uVr1(roent

(2)

-

401563788

~925916

566885

926987964

598

-364

400518370389645622

578635

656691680

137

(3)

t

8482

68461715t

29033

28-18

252

-8-

11469178X4

t

816

(4)

4

t

684

3-t

12-

5613

102216-

21t

4-

15

(5)

4

15165345t-

24-

6-t

27

60

26132411t

4

(6)

232623474t

15t

t

12

8

t

t

7)

2137IllN3-

5

-

t

oer6inta6es of incoment 70 percent 10050 nt 60=

under60 percent 70 nt I 100 percent

(8)

t

22469

38t3

3t

3-t

14-

543

112-t

t

(9)

4

30391,

t24

5-t

(10)

3115.

169122

t

1

43

percentor more

Income concept and typeof deduction or credit

Adjusted gross Incomeconcept

Total itemized deductions ............................interest paid deduction:

Total ...........................................................Investment interest per income concept..

Taxes paid deduction....................................Contributions deduction .................................Medical and dental expense deduction .........Net casualty or theft loss deduction ..............Net limited miscellaneous deductions -

per income con6ept ...................................Non-4imited miscellaneous deductionsDeduction equivalent of.

Total credits................. .............................Foreign tax credit .............. :.......................Business credit .........................................

Tax preferences excluded from adjustedgross income...............................................

Expandedincomeconcept . ,

-Total itemized deductions... ...........Interest paid deducbon:,

Total...................................................... aInvestment interest per income concept..

Taxes paid deduction ....................................Contributions deduction...................... :_Medical ard dental expense deductionNet casualty or theft loss deduction ..............Net limited miscellaneous deductions

per income concept ...................................Non-4imited miscellaneous deductionsDeduction equivalent of.

Total credits * ......................................Foreign tax credit ......................................Business credit .........................................

Tax preferences excluded from adjustedgross income ................ : .............................

tData deleted to avoid disclosure of information for specific taxpayers. Deleted data are included in the appropriats.t0tals.NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

_169

t-to

1141~37

High-Income Tax Returns, 1989

Table I I.-Returns With and Without U.S. Income Tax: Number of Returns and Percentages of Returns Classified byEffective Tax Rate and by Size of Income Under Alternative Concepts,(All figures are estimates based on samples)

Size of adjusted gross income

Total Under $50,000 $50,000 under $100.000 $100,000 under $200,000 $2DO,000 or more-

Effective Tax Rate

Number ofPercentage

Number ofPercentage

Number ofPercentage

fNumber of

PercentageOf

Number ofI Percentage

Ofreturns

Oftotal

returns oftotal

returnso

totalreturns total

returns

t

otal

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

All returns ....................... 112,135,673 100.0 96,278,525 100.0 12,980,727 100.0 2,090,358 100.0 786,063 100.0

Returns without U.S. income tax .......... 20,465,893 18.3 20.441,160 21.2 21,020 0.2 2,631 0.1 1.081 0.1

Returns with U.S. income tax ...... ..... 91,669,781 81.7 75,837.365 78.8 12,959,707 99.8 2,087.727 99.9 784,982 99.9

Effective tax rate:

Under 5 percent ........ .......... 16,819,791 15.0 16,678,255 17.3 121,888 0.9 14,183 0.7 5,466 0.7

5 under 10 percent .................. 35,926,355 32.0 34,326,014 35.7 1,558,675 12.0 35,253 1.7 6,413 0.8

10 under 15 percent ................. 27,252,659 24.3 21,084,940 21.9 5,910,080 45.5 240,865 11.5 16,774 2.1

15 under 20 percent ................. 8,985,964 8.0 3.523,500 3.7 4,580,577 35.3 800,538 38.3 81.349 10.3

20 under 25 percent ................. 2,070,048 1.8 133,946 0.1 717,698 5.5 829,558 39.7 388,845 49.5

25 under 30 percent ............ .... 545.708 0.5 44,604 56.987 0.4 162,299 7.8 281,817 35.9

30 under 35 percent ................. 13,687 4,603 4,656 2,604 0.1 1,624 0.2

35 under 40 percent ................. 9,363 5,719 2,324 96 1,224 0.2

40 under 45 percent ................. 4,665 1.531 1,144 1,443 0.1 547 01

45 under 50 percent ... ............. 3,062 2,924 21 4 114

50 under 60 percent ................. 7,818 5,727 1,750 131 209

60 under 70 percent .. .............. 4,498 3,388 794 145 171

70 under 80 percent ................. 6,518 4,521 1,725 - 272

80 percent or more .................. 19,645 17,693 1,189 607 156

Size of expanded income

Total Under $50,000 $50,000 under $100.000 $100,000 under $200,000 $200,000 or more

Effective Tax Rate

Number ofPercentage

Number ofPercentage

Number of

I

Percentagef

Number ofPercentage

ofNumber of

PercentageOf

returnsof

totalreturns

Oftotal

returnso

totalreturns

totalreturns

total

(12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20)

All returns ....................... 112,13S.673 100.0 96,075,122 100.0 13,104,046 100.0 2,142,353 100.0 814,152 100.0

Returns without U.S. income tax ......... 20,465.893 18.3 20,441,377 21.3 21,920 0.2 1,817 0.1 779 0.1

Returns with U.S. income tax ............ 91.669,781 81.7 75,633,745 78.7 13,082,126 99.8 2,140,537 99.9 813,373 99.9

Effective tax rate:

Under 5 percent ................ ... 17.946,149 16.0 17,753,357 18.5 159,835 1.2 24,936 1.2 8,020 1.0

5 under 10 percent .................. 35,533,733 31.7 33.921,141 35.3 1,545,166 11.8 52.181 2.4 15,246 1.9

10 under 15 percent ............. ... 26,690,803 23.8 20,313,128 21.1 6,115,592 46.7 231,344 10.6 30,739 3.8

15 under 20 percent ................. 8,953,684 8.0 3.425,679 3.6 4,575,851 34.9 854,819 39.9 97,334 12.0

20 under 25 percent ............ .... 2,032,277 1.8 141,909 0.1 637.533 4.9 844,431 39.4 406,405 50.2

25 under 30 percent ................. 455,366 0.4 39,827 38,471 0.3 127,375 5.9 249,692 30.7

30 under 35 percent ............ .... 11,680 4,616 3,834 1,756 0.1 1,474 0.2

35 under 40 percent ................. 7,217 5.409 369 507 931 0.1

40 under 45 percent ................. 6,289 3,253 1,135 1,436 0.1 466 0.1

45 under 50 percent ................. 4,253 2,323 1,768 t t t t

50 under 60 percent ................. 3,943 3,022 732 t t t t

60 under 70 percent ................ 5,501 3,367 1,818 152 163

70 under 80 percent .................' 1 3,295 3,014 - - - 281

80 percent or more .................. 15,591 13,699 21 1,585 0.1 286

'Returns with U.S. income tax include returns on which income tax was entirely offset by the earned income credit.

( ) Less than 0.05 percent.t Data deleted to avoid disclosure of information for specific taxpayers. Deleted, data are included in the appropriate totals.

NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

49

Table 12.-Retums With and Without Worldwide Income Tax: Number of Returns and Percentages of'keturns*Classified by Effective Tax Rate and by.Size of Income,Under Alternative Concepts'(All figures pre estimates based an samples)

Effective Tax Rate

All returns ................

Returns without worldwide income tax ...

Returns with worldwide income tax ...Effective tax rate:

Under 5 pe'rc'ent ....................

5 under 10 percent ...................

10 under 15 percent .................

15 under 20 percent ~ : .............

20 under 25 percent ..................

25 under 30 percent .................

30 under 35 percent

........ ......35 under 40 percent .................

40 under 45 percent ..................

45 under 50 percent ............

50 under 60 percent .................60 under 70 percent . . .-. : ........... :70 under 80 percent .................80 percent or more ..................

Total

Number ofreturns

1112,135,673

20,446,34491,689,329

16,790,051,35,931,28927,260.7118,992,1902,085,026

560,51413,9369,3184,6663,140

7,8181 1

4,4986,518

19,653

TotalEffective Tax Rate

Number ofreturns

All returns ....... .................Returns w1hou" worldwide income tax

Returns with worldwide. income tax .....

Effective tax rate~.

Under 5 percent ....................5 under 10 percent ....... % .... ...10 under 15 percent .................15 under 20 percent ...................20 under 25 percent .................

25 under 30 percent ..................30 under 35. percent ... .............35 under 40 percent .................40 under 45 percent .................45 under 50 percent ........ .......

50 under 60 percent .................60 under 70 percent .................70 under 80 percent ..................80 percent or more ... ...... ; ........

Retums with worldwide income tax include

(l 1)

112,135,673

20,446,34461,689,329

17,921,11535,536.61626,693,9028,962.8312,048,237

468,71111.778

7,16516,3034,331

3,9435.5013,295

15,601

PercentageOf

total

(2)

.100.018.281

1.8

Percentageof

total

(12)

100.0

18.281.8

Under SM.000

Number ofreturns

(3)

96;278,52t

26.422:128J5,656.397

Size of adjuited gross income

$50.000 under $100,060

ferce"'get Ofotal

(4)

100.0

1'&'661',204-34,343.361 1

~'21,099,6513,526,444

134,950

44,6~24,6035,7191,5312,9.24

.5,727-3,3884,521

17,1701

21.278.8

Under $50,,000

Number ofreturns

(13)

96,075,122

20,422,27575,652,847

21.378.7

17,741,05433,938,49820,321,3473,430.426

142,913

39,895:4.6165,4093,2532,323

3,0223.3673,014

13,709

Number ofreturns

(5)

1.2,980,727.

~ 20,74312,959,984

Porcer"ageOf

total

(6)

100.0

0.

2

99.8

114,6841,550,9995.908,6054.585,885

-725,9W

60.0164,8562,3241,144

21

1.750794

1,7251,189

Size of ex~anded income

$50.~undar$10~0,OWOO

Number ofreturns

(15)

13,104,046

21,710

13,082,336

Percentage

Oftotal

(16)

100.0

0.299.81

152,4531

.535,442

6,115,098

4,583,569644,664

41,432

3691,1351,7W

7321,818

-

21

returns on which income tax was entirely offset by the earned income credit.Less than 0.05 percent.

t Data deleted to avoid disclosure of information for specific taxpayers. Deleted data are included in the appropriate totals.:NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

$110D.000 under $200,000

Number ofreturns

(7)

2,09058

. 2,4872,087,871

Percentagelototal

(8).

100.0

0.199.9

10,499,32,273,

237,356801,032835,018

166,5952,672

961,443

4

131.145

-607

1.511.4.38'.339.9

8.00.1*

0.1

0

0

_J100,000 undo, $200,000

Numbir ofre

Iturns

(17)

2t142,353

1,6682,140,685

Percentageof

total

(18)

100.0

0.199.9

21,32949,463

228,684853 8~3850~872

130,960

1,8231506

1,444

t

t152-

1.585

1.0

2.310.7

39.9'39.7

6.10.1

( )0.1t

t

-

0.1

$200,600

. Number ofreturns

(9)

786;063

~ . 987785,0'76'

3,664~4,656

15,09978,828

389,066

289,2311,80411179

548192

171272156

$200,000

. . INumber of

tr.e tons

(19)

814,152

6911813;461

6,27813.21328,77394,982

409,788

256,4241,W4

880472

t

t163281

286

or more

PercentageOf

total

0.50.61.9

10.046.5

36.80.20.10.1

0

'00

r-more-

PercentageOf

total

(20)

100.0

al99.9

0.81.63.5

11.750.3

31.50.20.10.1

50