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High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission
Erinn van Wynsberghe, M.Eng, B.Eng McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
2
Goal
Develop the interim technologies of space-based solar power into stand-alone marketable products
Objectives: • Raise Technology Readiness Levels • Lower launch costs • Improve public relations
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
3
Product Description
colourbox.com
#1:ProductHigh-Al(tudeBalloon
#2:ServicesTelecom Cellphone,TV,
Radio,Internet,Mapping,Defense
#3:AdvantageWirelessPowerTransmission
sites.wff.nasa.gov
25 km
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
4
Benefits to Space Power
Image: W.C. Brown, NASA-CB-179558 Rectenna Technology Program, PT-6902, Report No. CR179558, N87-19556, Contract NAS3-22764, Mar 11, 1987
1. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) - Income stream to refine WPT technologies 2. Lower Launch Costs - Power beaming for orbital transfer (Bill Brown’s vision) 3. Public Acceptance - WPT in day-to-day life (ex. Public Wi-Fi, wireless charging)
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
5
Product Design
1. “Superpressure” Ultra-Long Duration Balloon Diurnally balanced 2. Thin-Film Rectifying Antenna “Rectenna” 85%, 1 kW/m2, 4 kW/kg [4] 3. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Propulsion Fluid ion collision thrust - Lightweight scaffolding
[4] W. Brown, 1984 IEEE MTT-S International, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1984.
Image: sites.wff.nasa.gov/code820/spb_differences_between_zpandspb.html Image: intechopen.com/books/ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology/electromagnetic-radiation-energy-harvesting-the-rectenna-based-approach
blazelabs.com/pics/supercell.jpg
lae.mit.edu/ehd/
rmcybernetics.com/science/propulsion/ehdt.htm
Ground Station
4. EM Wave Generator (Magnetron, klystron, MASER, etc.)
5. Transmitting Antenna (Phased array, retrodirective)
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
6
Product Design
[5] W.C. Brown and E.E. Eves, IEEE Trans Micro. Theory and Tec., vol 40, issue 6, pp. 1239-250, 1992.
Example System:
Efficiency [5]: Distance, D: 25 km Receiver Diameter: 19.3 m Transmission Efficiency: 80 % (arbitrary) Transmitter Diameter: 256 m ( 2.45 GHz)
108 m ( 5.80 GHz) 26 m ( 24.12 GHz)
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
7
Challenges Safety - WPT: Energy density, accuracy / misdirection, atmospheric heating - Balloon: Dropped cargo, control - Combo: Balloon overheating, side lobes, reflection / jamming Power - 280 kW (Very high - regulation) Transmitter Size - 250 m diameter (Very large – cost, viability) EHD Thruster - Thrust / weight ratio = 1.3 N / kg [6] - O.O.M. Too low
[6] K. Masuyama and S. Barrett, Proc. Royal Soc. A, 3 April, 2013. Image: lae.mit.edu/ehd
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
8
Challenges Proposed craft: Altitude: 25 km (82,000 ft) Client Payload: 50 kg Internal Systems: 20 kg
Item Mass (kg)
Known EHD efficiency
Mass (kg) Anticipated EHD
efficiency Balloon Skin 2,765 554 Thrusters 4,970 100 Scaffolding 497 10 Rectenna 84 17 Helium 1,718 154
TOTAL 10,104 905
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
9
Conclusion • Proposed technology
– Geostationary high-altitude balloon – Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) propulsion – Wireless power transmission (WPT)
• Challenges – Safety – Power – Size – EHD thrust / mass ratio
• Benefits to Space Power – Funding to improve TRL – Reduced launch costs – Public acceptance of WPT
Superpressure Balloon
Rectenna
EHD Thrusters Lightweight scaffolding
Payload
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
10
Thank You
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission
Erinn van Wynsberghe [email protected]
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
Additional Slides
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
12
Altitude Selection Drag Force per Altitude
Prime Factors: Ionosphere (50 km)
Balloon ceiling (45 km)
Air traffic (10-11 km) Weather (2-6 km)
Ground
FD = Drag force p = Air density u = Wind speed
Minimize drag force 25 km
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
CD = drag coefficient A = Exposed surface area
13
Product Design
1. Superpressure Ultra Long-Duration Balloon - Developed by NASA (shell = 1.5 mil co-extruded LLDPE film) - No altitude variation through day / night cycle - Altitude optimized for lowest drag force (25 km / 15 miles)
sites.wff.nasa.gov/code820/spb_differences_between_zpandspb.html stuff.co.nz/science/67523343/Nasa-launches-super-pressure-balloon-at-Wanaka
http://blog.metservice.com/tag/super-pressure-balloon/
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
14
Product Design
2. Rectifying Antenna (“Rectenna”) - Convert EM wave to Direct Current - High efficiency - Long history
W.C. Brown. 1982 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest
intechopen.com/books/ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology/electromagnetic-radiation-energy-harvesting-the-rectenna-based-approach
- Thin film, printed / etched circuit - 2.45 GHz - 85% efficiency - 1 watt / gram
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
15
Product Design
3. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Propulsion - “Ioncraft”, “lifter” - Fluid ions collide with neutrals to create thrust - No mechanical moving parts - Silent, no heat signal
rmcybernetics.com/science/propulsion/ehdt.htm lae.mit.edu/ehd/
http://www.blazelabs.com/pics/supercell.jpg
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
16
Product Design
4. EM Wave Generator - Magnetron - Klystron - Room-Temperature MASER
hawkeye-greyhound-association.org/2014/04/02/project-cadillac-aew-and-the-us-navy-part-one/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klystron http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v488/n7411/full/nature11339.html
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
17
Product Design
5. Transmitting Antenna - Phased Array Antenna - Retrodirective Antenna
mwrf.com/passive-components/retrodirective-array-fits-compact-designs rfcafe.com/references/electrical/ew-radar-handbook/frequency-phase-effects-antennas.htm
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
18
Advantages Alternative to satellites, telecom towers, UAVs (drones)
Financial • Low cost • Rent vs. Buy
Technical • Rapid deployment • Adjust OR lock position • Quick & easy repair
Environmental • Removable (no space debris) • No pollution • Low Carbon footprint
Launch Cost Comparison
Agency Launch Cost
2 Tons ($ USD Million)
Russia / Europe [1] 100 – 260.0
United Launch Alliance [1] 380.0
SpaceX Falcon 9 [2] 57.0
NASA Superpressure Balloon [3] 1.6
[1] qz.com/481025/the-new-frontier-for-big-agriculture-is-aquaculture/ [2] airspacemag.com/space/is-spacex-changing-the-rocket-equation-132285884/?no-ist
[3] stuff.co.nz/science/67523343/Nasa-launches-super-pressure-balloon-at-Wanaka
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
19
Advantages Alternative to satellites, telecom towers, UAVs (drones)
Strategic • Silent • Invisible to IR detection • Zero emissions • No mechanical moving parts • Operable at any temperature
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
20
Potential Markets Alternative to satellites, telecom towers, UAVs (drones)
Commercial • Broadcast: TV, Radio, Internet, Mobile Phones • Mapping & Surveying • Meteorology
Academia • Space & Astronomy • Earth Observation
Government • Search & Rescue • Border Patrol • Military: Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
21
Path Forward
Starting New Business Strategic Partnerships Pitch Deck / Business Plan Budget Financial Projections
Seeking Government / Equity Financing Research & Development Safety & Regulation Computer Simulations Technology Demonstrations Working Model Prototype Mass Production
Superpressure Balloon
Rectenna
EHD Thrusters Lightweight scaffolding
Payload
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
22
Frequency Letter Bands
microwaves101.com/encyclopedias/frequency-letter-bands
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
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ISM Bands
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISM_band
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
24
Atmospheric Absorption
rfcafe.com/references/electrical/atm-absorption.htm
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
25
Atmospheric Absorption Frequency (GHz) Loss % (Per km) Loss % (Total)
2.45 0.14 1.15
5.8 0.14 1.15
24.125 2.73 22.70
Air Density
00.20.40.60.81
1.21.4
0 10 20 30
Altitude (km)
Air
Den
sity
(kg/
m^3
)
Series1
Data: engineeringtoolbox.com/standard-atmosphere-d_604.html
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission Erinn van Wynsberghe
26
End
High-Altitude Balloon with Wireless Power Transmission
Erinn van Wynsberghe [email protected]
IEEE WiSEE - SSP 2015 Workshop Technical Program December 14, 2015 Orlando, FL