HI306 REPRESENTATIONS OF NATURE IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD

Seminar Leaders: Jaya Remond and Clare Griffin Course Times: Mondays, 13:30-15:00, Fridays, 11:00-12:30 Email: jremond@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de cgriffin@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de Office Hours: By arrangement only. Course Description This course examines how the arts and the sciences collaborated to gain insight into nature in early modern Europe and the wider world. European naturalists and artists faced a natural world in expansion, one that they sought to describe in detail as new realms of natural history emerged, facilitated by a conjunction of sweeping geographic exploration and the invention of new scientific instruments. European exploration, trade, and colonial expansion lead to encounters between Europeans and non-Europeans that challenged perceptions of the limits and forms of human beings, nature, and the world. Images, texts, and objects functioned in this context as powerful tools of knowledge and as repositories of newly gained information about human bodies, plants, animals, and minerals. Addressing the epistemological encounter between image makers, scientists, and the natural world, this course focuses on how such a moment of intersection called for innovative strategies of visualization, collection, and classification. It interrogates how techniques of up-close observation, connected to technological progress in printing texts and images, informed and circulated innovative modes of depiction. This course takes a thematic approach, informed by a close examination of visual and textual sources. From the experimentation that nature generated in apothecary shops to the creation of cabinets of curiosity— challenging existing ideas about classification, visual expertise, collecting, and display—this course asks how questions of creation, morphology, scale, growth, and deformity, were investigated, and how we can retrace their scientific and artistic logic today. Requirements Attendance Attendance at ALL classes is expected. More than two absences (that is absences from two sessions of 90 minutes) in a semester will significantly affect the participation grade for the course. Students should consult the Student Handbook for regulations governing periods of illness or leaves of absence. Readings: Students are required to complete the essential readings for each lecture, and are encouraged to also take a look at the further readings (see below). There is no required textbook, but Charles H. Parker, Global interactions in the early modern age, 1400–1800 (Cambridge University Press, 2010) provides a good general introduction to the period (but not the specific topics we will be dealing with), and readings from this will be assigned for several lectures. Further readings should also be used as the starting point in preparing essays. All essential readings, and many further readings, will

be provided via Googledrive, but students are also encouraged to take advantage of Berlin’s libraries and museum collections in finding other secondary literature to read, and images and objects to examine. Class Presentation Each student will make a brief (5-10 minutes) presentation to the class on an object or picture of their choosing, and then be prepared to answer questions from the class relating to their presentation. The presented object should somehow relate to the theme of the course, and originate from the early modern world (approx. 1450-1750). The presentation should introduce the object, and explain how it helps us understand early modern ideas about nature. Presentations will be scheduled during classes from 23rd September on. An e-mail will be sent regarding presentation slots by the middle of September. Students MUST send in an image, or link to an image, no later than one week before their presentation. Writing Assignments Students must write one mid-term essay, and one final essay. The list of available topics for each essay is given at the end of this document. Word Count: Mid-term Essay: 2,000-3,000 words Final Essay: 3,000-4,000 words Essay Deadlines Deadline for the Mid-term essay: Friday, 14th October. Deadline for the final essay: Friday 16th December. Mid-term Essay Topics

1. Did early modern globalisation transform how people healed themselves in the early modern world?

2. Why did people in the early modern world make and use maps? 3. Did people in the early modern world see the occult as a part of the natural world? Answer

with regards to one or more of: magic, astrology, witchcraft, vampires. 4. How did the development of print technologies (for both text and images) affect the ways in

which people looked at, described, and understood natural objects and phenomena in the early modern period? Give specific examples.

Final Essay Topics

1. Why were people in the early world interested in nature? 2. How did art and science interact in early modern representations of nature? 3. How did visual artists and image-makers describe, interpret, and make nature visible in the

early modern period? What was at stake in such processes? Answer with regards to at least two different techniques and media: print, drawings, paintings, etc.

Policy on Late Submission of Papers Essays that are up to 24 hours late will be downgraded one full grade (from B+ to C+, for example). Instructors are not obliged to accept essays that are more than 24 hours late. Where an instructor

agrees to accept a late essay, it must be submitted within four weeks of the deadline and cannot receive a grade of higher than C. Thereafter, the student will receive a failing grade for the assignment. For more informaiton, please consult the Student Handbook. Grade Breakdown Attendance and Active Participation in Classes - 10% Class Presentation – 10% Mid-term essay – 40% Final essay – 40% Schedule Scheduled class times are available online under the relevant course heading: http://www.berlin.bard.edu/academics/courses/fall-2016/ Session 1: Introduction [JR and CG] 29th August There is no required reading for this lecture. Session 2: A Cultural History of the Early Modern World [CG] 2nd September Essential Reading:

Ortelius’ World Map (1570)

‘Introduction’, from Parker, Charles H. Global interactions in the early modern age, 1400–1800 (Cambridge University Press, 2010).

Session 3: Healing in the Early Modern World [CG] 5th September Essential Reading:

Excerpt from Avvakum Petrov’s Life.

Oak, Sung-deuk, ‚Healing and exorcism: Christian encounters with shamanism in early modern Korea’, Asian Ethnology 69.1 (2010): 95-129.

Further Reading: Secondary:

Jenner, Mark SR, and Patrick Wallis, ‚The medical marketplace’ in Medicine and the Market in England and its Colonies, c. 1450–c. 1850 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007): 1-23.

Gentilcore, David, Healers and healing in early modern Italy (Manchester University Press, 1998).

Xianqing, Z., ‚The metaphor of illness: Medical culture in the dissemination of Catholicism in early Qing China’, Frontiers of History in China 4.4 (2009): 579-603.

Cook, Harold John, Matters of exchange: Commerce, medicine, and science in the Dutch Golden Age (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007).

Siraisi, N.G., Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine. An Introduction of Knowledge and Practice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).

Wear, Andrew, Knowledge and practice in English medicine, 1550-1680 (Cambridge University Press, 2000).

Session 4: Herbs, Remedies, and Cures [CG] 9th September Essential Reading:

Excerpt from Monardes.

Breen, Benjamin, ‘Portugal, Early Modern Globalization and the Origins of the Global Drug Trade’, Perspectives on Europe (2012), 84-88.

Further Reading: Primary: Online exhibition “Drug Trade: Therapy, Pharmacy and Commerce in Early Modern Europe”: http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/drugtrade/index.htm Secondary:

Chakrabarti, Pratik. "“Neither of meate nor drinke, but what the Doctor alloweth”:: Medicine amidst War and Commerce in Eighteenth-Century Madras." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 80.1 (2006): 1-38.

Winterbottom, Anna E. "Of the China Root: A Case Study of the Early Modern Circulation of Materia Medica." Social History of Medicine (2014).

Cook, Harold J., and Timothy D. Walker. ‘Circulation of Medicine in the Early Modern Atlantic World’, Social History of Medicine (2013), 337-51.

Cooper, Alix, Inventing the Indigenous. Local Knowledge and Natural History in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) - intro.

Smith P. H. and Findlen P. (eds), Merchants & Marvels: Commerce and the Representation of Nature in Early Modern Europe (New York, NY: Routledge, 2002) - chapters 6 and 8.

Shaw, James and Evelyn Welch, Making and Marketing Medicine in Renaissance Florence (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2011), especially Ch. 8.

Wallis, Patrick, ‘Exotic Drugs and English Medicine: England’s Drug Trade, c.1550- c.1800’, Social History of Medicine (2012), 20-46.

Session 5: Corpse Medicine, Anatomy and Surgery [CG] 12th September Essential Reading:

Online images of the anatomical collection of Frederik Ruysch (1638–1731): http://www.kunstkamera.ru/kunst-catalogue/index.seam?c=RUYSH

Sugg, Richard, ‘‘Good Physic but Bad Food’: Early Modern Attitudes to Medicinal Cannibalism and its Suppliers’, Social history of medicine 19.2 (2006): 225-240.

Further Reading: Primary:

Online tour of an anatomy theatre: http://www.thegarret.org.uk/tour.htm Secondary:

Park, Katharine. Secrets of Women: Gender, Generation, and the Origins of Human Dissection (New York: Zone books, 2006).

Carlino, Andrea, Books of the Body: Anatomical Ritual and Renaissance Learning, tr. John and Anne Tedeschi (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), esp. Ch. 1 and 2 (8-119).

Cunningham, Andrew, “Human Bodies: Getting, Keeping, Picturing, Publishing, Arguing,” (Chapter 4) The Anatomist Anatomis’d: an Experimental Discipline in Enlightenment Europe (Farnham, Surrey, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010), 98-114.

Klestinec, Cynthia, “A history of anatomical theatres in 16th century Padua,” Journal of the History of Medicine (2004) 375-412.

Maerker, Anna. "Florentine anatomical models and the challenge of medical authority in late-eighteenth-century Vienna." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43.3 (2012): 730-740.

Eve Levin, “From Corpse to Cult in Early Modern Russia,” in Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice under the Tsars, ed. Valerie A. Kivelson, Robert H. Greene (University Park, pa: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, 2003), pp. 81-104.

Session 6: Astrology and Astronomy [CG] 16th September Essential Reading:

The Museum of the History of Science’s Astrolabe collection: http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/astrolabe/

Saif, Liana, ‚The Arabic theory of astral influences in early modern medicine’, Renaissance Studies 25.5 (2011): 609-626.

Further Reading: Secondary:

Popper, Nicholas, ‚Abraham, planter of mathematics": Histories of mathematics and astrology in early modern Europe’ Journal of the History of Ideas 67.1 (2006): 87-106.

Akıllı, Sinan, ‚Apocalyptic eschatology, astrology, prophecy, and the image of the Turks in Seventeenth Century England’, Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 29.1 (2012).

Håkansson, Håkan, ‚Tycho the Prophet: History, Astrology and the Apocalypse in Early Modern Science’, The Word and the World (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007): 137-156.

Von Stuckrad, Kocku, ‚Interreligious Transfers in the Middle Ages: The Case of Astrology’, Journal of Religion in Europe 1.1 (2008): 34-59.

Carolino, Luís Miguel, and Carlos Ziller Camenietzki, ‚Tokens of the future: comets, astrology and politics in early modern Portugal’, Cronos 9 (2006): 33-58.

Ben-Zaken, Avner, ‚The heavens of the sky and the heavens of the heart: the Ottoman cultural context for the introduction of post-Copernican astronomy’, The British Journal for the History of Science 37.01 (2004): 1-28.

Harrison, Mark, ‚From medical astrology to medical astronomy: sol-lunar and planetary theories of disease in British medicine, c. 1700–1850’, The British Journal for the History of Science 33.01 (2000): 25-48.

Sessions 7: Cartography 1: Mapping your own World [CG] 19th September Essential Reading:

A Russian map

Valerie A. Kivelson, Cartographies of Tsardom: the land and its meanings in seventeenth-century Russia (Cornell University Press, 2006), Chapter 4.

Further Reading: Primary:

Imperiia project: http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/russianempire

China’s History in Maps project: https://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/china-history Secondary:

Cordell D. K. Yee, ‘Reinterpreting traditional Chinese geographical maps’, in The History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 2, Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies, ed. J. B. Harley and David Woodward (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1994), 37–52

Turnbull, David, ‚Cartography and science in early modern Europe: Mapping the construction of knowledge spaces’, Imago Mundi 48.1 (1996): 5-24.

Veres, Madalina-Valeria, ‚Putting Transylvania on the map: cartography and enlightened absolutism in the Habsburg Monarchy’, Austrian History Yearbook 43 (2012): 141-164.

Yonemoto, Marcia, ‚The “Spatial Vernacular” in Tokugawa Maps’, The Journal of Asian Studies 59.03 (2000): 647-666.

Schmidt, Benjamin, ‚On the Impulse of Mapping, or How a Flat Earth Theory of Dutch Maps Distorts the Thickness and Pictorial Proclivities of Early Modern Dutch Cartography (and Misses Its Picturing Impulse)’, Art History 35.5 (2012): 1036-1049.

Branch, Jordan, ‚Mapping the sovereign state: Technology, authority, and systemic change’, International Organization 65.01 (2011): 1-36.

Sessions 8: Cartography 2: Mapping the Unknown [CG] 23rd September Essential Reading:

Early modern European maps of Africa: http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/africa/maps-continent/continent.html

Braude, Benjamin, ‚The sons of Noah and the construction of ethnic and geographical identities in the medieval and early modern periods’, The William and Mary Quarterly 54.1 (1997): 103-142.

Further Reading: Secondary:

Parker, Charles H. Global interactions in the early modern age, 1400–1800 (Cambridge University Press, 2010), Chapters 1 and 2.

Kivelson, Valerie A., ‚‘Between All Parts of the Universe’: Russian Cosmographies and Imperial Strategies in Early Modern Siberia and Ukraine’, Imago Mundi 60.2 (2008): 166-181.

Hostetler, Laura, ‚Contending cartographic claims? The Qing Empire in Manchu, Chinese, and European maps’, in The Imperial Map, ed. James Akerman (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2008).

Schmidt, Benjamin, ‚Mapping an Empire: Cartographic and Colonial Rivalry in Seventeenth-Century Dutch and English North America’, The William and Mary Quarterly 54.3 (1997): 549-578.

Padrón, Ricardo, ‚A Sea of Denial: The Early Modern Spanish Invention of the Pacific Rim’, Hispanic Review 77.1 (2009): 1-27.

Aksan, Virginia H., and Daniel Goffman, The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire (Cambridge University Press, 2007).

Sessions 9: Prints I: General Introduction [JR] 26th September Essential Reading: Dürer, Albrecht, Apocalypse, 1498, online copy http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav3/general/index.html#mets=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.dlib.indiana.edu%2Fiudl%2Fgeneral%2Fmets%2FVAB8619&page=2 ( A great part of the discussion will be devoted to visual analysis: go through the copy of the Apocalypse and focus on the use of images in it) Parshall, Peter, “Imago Confracta: Images and Facts in the Northern Renaissance,” Art History, Vol. 16, 1993, pp. 554-579

Parshall, Peter, “Art and the Theater of Knowledge: The Origins of Print Collecting in Northern Europe,” Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin 2, 1994, pp. 7-36

Landau, David, and Parshall, Peter, Renaissance Print 1470-1550, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1994, I Framing the Renaissance Print, III How prints became works of art: the first generation pp. 1-6, 33-102

Further Reading: Secondary: Griffiths, Anthony, Prints and Printmaking: An Introduction to the History and Techniques. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996.

Ivins, William, Prints and Visual Communication, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1969 (1st

ed. 1953)

Landau, David, and Parshall, Peter, Renaissance Print 1470-1550, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1994, V The cultivation oft he woodcut in the North, pp. 169-259 Mayor, A. Hyatt, Prints and People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York1971, (A bit old, but still useful and the Metropolitan Museum of Art conveniently offers a downloadable PDF) http://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Prints_and_People_A_Social_History_of_Printed_Pictures Sessions 10: Prints II: Visualizing Natural Knowledge [JR] 30th September Primary reading: Fuchs, Leonhart, De Historia Stirpium, Basel, 1542 Online Copy: http://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/titleinfo/543675 (click on pdf link) Daston, Lorraine, “Epistemic images,” in A. Payne ed., Vision and its instruments: art, science, and

technology in early modern Europe, Penn State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania, 2015, pp. 13-35

Kusukawa, Sachiko, Picturing the book of Nature: image, text, and argument in sixteenth-century human anatomy and medical botany, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2012, Introduction and Part I: Printing pictures, p. 1-97

Further reading: Secondary: Dackerman, Susan, Prints and the pursuit of knowledge in early modern Europe. Harvard Art Museums/Yale University Press.; New Haven/Cambridge, 2011

Kusukawa, Sachiko, Picturing the book of Nature: image, text, and argument in sixteenth-century human anatomy and medical botany, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2012, Part II: Picturing Plants, p. 98-177

Sessions 11: Magic and Witchcraft 1: Texts and Demons [CG] 7th October Essential Reading:

Excerpt from Kieckhefer, Richard, Forbidden Rites: A Necromancer's Manual of the Fifteenth Century (Penn State Press, 1998).

Kieckhefer, Richard, ‚The specific rationality of medieval magic’, The American Historical Review 99.3 (1994): 813-836.

Further Reading: Secondary:

Eamon, William. Science and the secrets of nature: Books of secrets in medieval and early modern culture (Princeton University Press, 1996).

Ostling, Michael, Between the Devil and the Host: Imagining Witchcraft in Early Modern Poland.

Brock, Michelle D., ‚Internalizing the Demonic: Satan and the Self in Early Modern Scottish Piety’, Journal of British Studies 54.01 (2015): 23-43.

Sneddon, Andrew, ‚Medicine, belief, witchcraft and demonic possession in late seventeenth-century Ulster’, Medical humanities 42.2 (2016): 81-86.

Daston, Lorraine, ‚Marvelous facts and miraculous evidence in early modern Europe’, Critical Inquiry 18.1 (1991): 93-124.

Chajes, Jeffrey Howard, ‚Judgments sweetened: possession and exorcism in early modern Jewish culture’, Journal of Early Modern History 1.2 (1997): 124-169.

Gentilcore, David, From bishop to witch: the system of the sacred in early modern Terra d'Otranto (Manchester University Press, 1992).

Klaassen, Frank, The Transformations of Magic: Illicit Learned Magic in the Later Middle Ages and Renaissance (Penn State Press, 2013).

Session 12: Magic and Witchcraft 2: Trials [CG] 10th October Essential Reading:

Salem Witch Trials Archive. http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/home.html

Darr, Orna Alyagon, ‚Experiments in the Courtroom: Social Dynamics and Spectacles of Proof in Early Modern English Witch Trials’, Law & Social Inquiry 39.1 (2014): 152-175.

Further Reading: Primary:

Levack, Brian P., ed., The Witchcraft Sourcebook (Routledge, 2015).

Breslaw, Elaine G., ed., Witches of the Atlantic World: An Historical Reader and Primary Sourcebook NYU Press, 2000).

Secondary:

Levin, Eve, ‚Healers and Witches in Early Modern Russia’, in Saluting Aron Gurevich: Essays in History, Literature, and Other Related Subjects, ed. Yelena Mazour-Matusevich and Alexandra S. Korros (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 105–33.

McMillan, Timothy J., ‚Black magic: Witchcraft, race, and resistance in colonial New England’, Journal of Black Studies 25.1 (1994): 99-117.

Kivelson, Valerie A., and Jonathan Shaheen, ‘Prosaic Witchcraft and Semiotic Totalitarianism: Muscovite Magic Reconsidered’, Slavic Review, 70 (2011), 23-44.

Kieckhefer, Richard, European Witch Trials (RLE Witchcraft): Their Foundations in Popular and Learned Culture, 1300-1500 (Taylor & Francis, 2012).

Erdem, Yusuf Hakan, ‚Magic, Theft and Arson: the Life and Death of an Enslaved African Woman in Ottoman İzmit’, in Race and Slavery in the Middle East: Histories of Trans-Saharan Africans in Nineteenth-century Egypt, Sudan, and the Ottoman Mediterranean ed.s Terence Walz, Kenneth M. Cuno (Oxford University Press: 2010): 125-46.

Klaniczay, Gábor, and Éva Pócs, Witchcraft Mythologies and Persecutions. Vol. 3. (Central European University Press, 2008).

Oldridge, Darren, The Witchcraft Reader (Psychology Press, 2002). Session 13: Vampires [CG] 14th October Essential Reading:

Visum et Repertum from Barber, Paul, Vampires, Burial, and Death: Folklore and Reality (Yale University Press, 1990).

Bräunlein, Peter J., ‚The frightening borderlands of Enlightenment: The vampire problem’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43.3 (2012): 710-719.

Further Reading: Primary:

A Contemporary Account of the Greek Vrykolakas by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort from A Journey into the Levant (1741).

Secondary:

Klaniczay, Gábor, ‚The Decline of Witches and the Rise of Vampires’, The Witchcraft Reader, ed. Darren Oldridge (2002): 387-98.

Butler, Erik, Metamorphoses of the Vampire in Literature and Film: Cultural Transformations In Europe, 1732-1933 (Camden House, 2010).

Keyworth, G. David, ‚Was the Vampire of the Eighteenth Century a Unique Type of Undead-corpse? Research article’, Folklore 117.3 (2006): 241-260.

Waite, Gary K., ‚Talking animals, preserved corpses and Venusberg: The sixteenth‐century magical world view and popular conceptions of the spiritualist David Joris (c. 1501–56)’, Social History 20.2 (1995): 137-156.

Kord, Susanne, Murderesses in German Writing, 1720-1860: Heroines Of Horror (Cambridge University Press, 2009), chapter 3.

Jakobsson, Ármann, ‚The Fearless Vampire Killers: A Note about the Icelandic Draugr and Demonic Contamination in Grettis Saga’, Folklore 120.3 (2009): 307-316.

Dimić, Milan V., ‚Vampiromania in the eighteenth century: The other side of enlightenment’, Man and Nature/L'homme et la nature 3 (1984): 1-22.

Sessions 14 and 15: Double-length Library Session @ the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science [CG and JR] Date TBC Session 16: Alchemy [CG] 31st October Essential Reading:

Choose one source from the Beinecke Collection containing images and think about how they choose to represent alchemy and alchemical processes: http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/book-secrets-alchemy-and-european-imagination-1500-2000

Nummedal, Tara E. "Alchemical Reproduction and the Career of Anna Maria Zieglerin." Ambix 48.2 (2001): 56-68.

Further Reading: Secondary:

Nummedal, Tara, Alchemy and authority in the Holy Roman Empire (University of Chicago Press, 2008).

Newman, William R., and Lawrence M. Principe, Alchemy Tried In The Fire: Starkey, Boyle, And The Fate Of Helmontian Chymistry (University of Chicago Press, 2005).

Newman, William R., and Lawrence M. Principe, ‚Alchemy vs. chemistry: the etymological origins of a historiographic mistake’, Early science and medicine 3.1 (1998): 32-65.

Collis, Robert, ‚The Petersburg Crucible: Alchemy and the Russian Nobility in Catherine the Great’s Russia’, Journal of Religion in Europe 5.1 (2012): 56-99.

Jennifer M. Rampling, ‚Depicting the Medieval Alchemical Cosmos: George Ripley’s Wheel of Inferior Astronomy’, Early Science and Medicine, 18 (2013): 45–86.

Smith, Pamela H., ‚Alchemy as a Language of Mediation at the Habsburg Court’, Isis 85.1 (1994): 1-25.

Sessions 17: Cabinets of Curiosity I: Displaying and Collecting (JR) 4th November Essential Reading: I would like you to look closely at the engraving representing a cabinet of curiosity in Ferrante Imperato’s Dell'Historia Naturale (Naples 1599). Write a short description for yourself if it helps in preparation for the discussion.

http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/collections/imu-search-page/record-details/?thumbnails=on&irn=30140&TitInventoryNo=13839 (click on image to zoom in) Full copy online https://archive.org/details/gri_c00033125008260594 Cook, Harold J. ,“Time’s bodies: crafting the preparation and the preservation of naturalia“, in Pamela H. Smith & Paula Findlen eds., Merchants & marvels : commerce, science, and art in early modern Europe, Routledge, New York, 2002, pp. 223-247 Daston, Lorraine, "Curiosity in early modern science." In: Word and Image. 11:4 (1995): 391-404 Findlen, Paula, "The Museum: Its Classical Etymology and Renaissance Genealogy." The Journal of the History of Collections 1, no. 1, 1989, 59-78

Kaufmann, Thomas da Costa, "Remarks on the Collection of Rudolf II: The Kunstkammer as a Form of Representation," Art Journal 38, no. 1, 1978, pp. 22-8

Further Reading: Secondary: Impey, Oliver, and Arthur MacGregor, eds. The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth Century Europe: Oxford University Press, 1985. Sessions 18: Cabinets of Curiosity II: Windows on the world (JR) 7th November Essential Reading: Dupré, Sven and Egmond, Florike, “Collecting and Circulating Exotic Naturalia in the Spanish Netherlands,” In Sven Dupré, Bert de Munck, Werner Thomas & Geert Vanpaemel eds, Embattled Territory - The Circulation of Knowledge in the Spanish Netherlands, Academia Press, Ghent 2015, pp. 199-227 Swan, Claudia, „Collecting naturalia in the shadow of early modern Dutch trade,“ in Londa Schiebinger and Claudia Swan eds, Colonial botany : science, commerce, and politics in the early modern world, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2005 , pp.223.236

Further Reading: Secondary: Galdy, Andrea and Sylvia Heudecker (eds.), Collecting Nature, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014 Findlen, Paula. Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. Session 19: Gardens [JR] 11th November Essential Reading:

Van de Passe, Crispijn, Hortus Floridus, Utrecht, 1614 (1st

ed.) Online edition

http://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-255736&lan=en&_ga=1.258343756.734684421.1469954471#page//98/11/79/98117971234025888095670821311480455829.jpg/mode/1up Goldgar, Anne, “Nature as art: the case of the tulip,“ in Pamela H. Smith & Paula Findlen eds, Merchants & marvels : commerce, science, and art in early modern Europe, Routledge, New York, 2002, pp. 324-336

Rix, Martyn, The Golden Age of Botanical Art, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2013

Mukerji, Chandra, “The Power of the Sun-King at the Potager du Roi”, in Hubertus Fischer, Volker R. Remmert, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn (eds) Gardens, Knowledge and the Sciences in the Early Modern Period, Springer, 2016, pp. 55-74 Further Reading: Secondary: Bennett, J. and S. Mandelbrote. The Garden, the Ark, the Tower, the Tempel: Biblical metaphors of knowledge in early modern Europe. Oxford, Museum of History of Science, 1998. Gardens, Knowledge and the Sciences in the Early Modern Period, Hubertus Fischer, Volker R. Remmert, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn (eds,), Springer, 2016 Sessions 20: Global Encounters: Receiving and Interpreting the Unknown [JR] 14th November Essential Reading: For this week and and next week : focus on the images Plumier, Charles, Traité des Fougères de l’Amerique, Impreimerie Royale, Paris, 1693

Online copy

http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86232830/f1.image.r=

Cummins, Thomas, "From Lies to Truth: Colonial Ekphrasis and the Act of Crosscultural Translation." in Claire Farago ed. Reframing the Renaissance : visual culture in Europe and Latin America, 1450-1650, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1995, 152-174

Jardine, Lisa and Brotton, Jerry, Global Interests. Renaissance Art between East and West, Reaktion Books, London, “Chapter I: Exchanging Identity,” pp. 11-62

Mukherjee, Chandra, “Dominion, Demonstration and Domination” in Colonial Botany. Londa Schiebinger and Claudia Swann, eds. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.

Further Reading: Secondary: Greenblatt, Stephen, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World. Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1991.

Dickenson, Victoria, Drawn from life: science and art in the portrayal of the New

World, University of Toronto Press, 1998

Levenson, Jay, Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1991

Sessions 21: Global Specimens: Exotic Plants as Objects of Desire [JR] 18th November Essential Reading:

Merian, Maria Sybilla, Metamorphosis Insectarum surinamensis, Amsterdam, 1705

Online copy (click on PDF link)

http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/varia/content/titleinfo/4604281

Bleichmar, Daniela, Visible Empire, Botanical Expeditions and Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment, University of Chicago Press, 2012, Introduction, Chapters I, II, III pp. 3-122

Zemon Davies, Natalie, “Maria Sybilla Merian,” Women on the Margins, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 140-202

Further Reading: Secondary: Neri, Janice, The insect and the image: visualizing nature in early modern Europe, 1500-1700, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2011

Session 22: Unclassifiable? Monsters and Hybrids [JR] 21st November Essential Reading:

Belon, Pierre, Histoire de la nature des estranges poissons marins, Paris, 1551 online copy http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k82816p/f2.image

Better copy in colour: http://www.museum.nantes.fr/pages/06-actumuseum/expo-illustrations/belon_v1/index.html

Daston, Lorraine, Katherine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, Zone Books, New York, “Chapter V. Monsters: A Case Study,” pp. 173-214

Wittkower, Rudolf. "Marvels of the East: A Study in the History of Monsters." Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5 (1942), pp. 159-97

Po-chia Hsia, R. “Time for Monsters: Monstrous Births, Propaganda, and the German. Reformation,” In Laura Lunger Knoppers, Joan B. Landes (eds), Monstrous Bodies/political Monstrosities in Early Modern Europe, New York, 2004, pp. 67-92

Further Reading: Primary:

Secondary: Grosse, Peggy and Pommeranz, Johannes( eds), Monster: fantastische Bilderwelten zwischen Grauen und Komik, Verlag des Germanisches Nationalmuseums, Nuremberg, 2015

Jones, Timothy S. and David A. Springer (eds), Marvels, Monsters, and Miracles: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Imaginations, Kalamazoo: Western Michigan University Press, 2002 Session 23: Animals [JR] 25th November Essential Reading:

Gessner, Conrad, Thierbuch, 1583, online edition http://bildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de/index.html?c=viewer&bandnummer=bsb00086947&pimage=00001&v=100&nav=&l=de

Margócsy, Dániel, „The camel’s head : representing unseen animals in sixteenth- century Europe,“ in Eric Jorink and Bart Ramakers eds, Art and science in the early modern Netherlands, Netherlands Yearbook, WBOOKS, Zwolle, 2011, pp. 62-85

Maxwell , Susan, “Every living beast : collecting animals and art in early modern Munich,” in Pia F. Cuneo (ed.), Animals and early modern identity, Ashgate, Burlington, 2014, pp. 45-66

Silver, Larry, “World of wonders: exotic animals in European imagery. 1515-1650,” in Pia F. Cuneo (ed.), Animals and early modern identity, Ashgate, Burlington, 2014, pp. 291-325

Further Reading: Secondary: Enenkel, Karl A.E. and Paul J. Smith (eds.). Early Modern Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts. Leiden: Brill, 2007 Koreny, Fritz, Albrecht Dürer and the animal and plant studies of the Renaissance, (transl. Pamela Marwood and Yehuda Shapiro), Little, Brown, Boston, 1988 (1st. ed. 1985).

Raber, Karen, Animal Bodies, Renaissance Culture, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2013

Session 24: Optical Devices and Observation [JR] 28th November Essential Reading:

Hooke, Robert, Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses, J. Martyn and J. Allestry, London, 1665 Online copy http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=header;pview=hide;id=HistSciTech.HookeMicro

Daston, Lorraine, "Marvelous Facts and Miraculous Evidence in Early Modern Europe." Critical Inquiry 18 (1991): 93-124

Neri, Janice, “Representation of insects in Robert Hooke’s ’Micrographia,’“ in Therese O’Malley and

Amy R. W. Meyers eds, The art of natural history, Studies in the history of art, National Gallery of Art, Washington, pp. 82-107

Mancosu, Paolo, “Acoustics and Optics in the early modern period,” in L. Daston and K.Park eds., The Cambridge History of Science, vol . 3: Early Modern Science, Cambridge University Press, 596-631 Further Reading: Secondary: Hunter, Matthew, Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2013.

Ruestow, Edward G., The microscope in the Dutch Republic: the shaping of discovery, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York, 1996

Session 25: Representations of Nature: “After life” [JR] 2nd December Essential Reading: A selection of paintings to look at in the Gemäldegalerie in Berlin and/or online will be sent out in advance in preparation for the session.

Pächt, Otto, “Early Italian Nature Studies and the Early Calendar Landscape ,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 13, No. 1/2, 1950, pp. 13-47

Swan, Claudia, “Ad vivum, naer het leven, from the life: defining a mode of representation,” Word & Image, vol. 11/4, 1995, pp. 353-372

Bryson, Norman, Looking at the Overlooked: Four Essays on Still Life Painting, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1990, „Abundance“, „Still life and Feminine Space“, pp 96-178

Further Reading: Secondary: Bredekamp, Horst et al., The technical image: a history of styles in scientific imagery, The University of Chicago Press/Bard Graduate Center, Chicago/New York City, 2015 (German edition: Das technische Bild, 2008)

Session 26: Revisiting the Early Modern World [CG and JR] 5th December Essential Reading:

Flynn, Dennis O., and Arturo Giraldez, ‘Globalization Began in 1571’, Globalization and Global History (London and New York: Routledge, 2012), 208-22.

Session 27: Final Discussion [CG and JR] 9th December

There is no assigned reading for this class, but students should look back at what they have already read during the year, and select one primary source they have encountered that they feel is particularly significant for understanding the representation of nature in the early modern world.