History of Family & Genealogical Methods Online

HI2132 – Research Methods

Title; ‘Statistical Data and Analytical Report on Ardamullivan D.E.D. County

Galway 1901 -1911’

Student – Eamon Healy

Student Number 12119458

Word Count: 2,592

Page | 1

Introduction For the purpose of this assignment, I hope to

explore the District Electoral Division (D.E.D.) of

Ardamullivan in both the 1901 and 1911

census. The reason I chose this D.E.D. is

because of the fact that my ancestors have

lived here and also because I myself grew up

here.

Firstly, I shall place this D.E.D

geographically. Ardamullivan D.E.D. is in the

barony of Kiltartan and is one of two D.E.D.’s

that make up the parish of Beagh in South

Galway. It is located under Gort Poor Law

Union (PLU). Ardamullivan D.E.D. stretches

from the border of Clare to the parish of Gort,

containing 4167 hectares, and is part of the

Gort Rural District. This D.E.D. contains 26

townlands in all, with Agriculture the focal of parishioner’s lives. Electoral Divisions sometimes bear

little relation to natural community boundaries. This is particularly true here as the parish of Beagh is

divided amongst two D.E.D.s, Beagh and Ardamullivan.

Ardamullivan D.E.D. shaded in red. County boundaries are outlines in purple, CSO website

I will examine the D.E.D. under various headings I believe will statistically analyse the makeup of the

population to give us the most information possible, but also to keep within a well-focused and

Ardamullivan D.E.D. shaded in red. CSO Website

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concise analysis of Ardamullivan D.E.D. I will explore the following headings in order of appearance;

Population Growth, Place of Birth, Conjugal Conditions, Religion, Housing, Population Pyramids, Age

Distribution, Family composition and Occupation.

Population growth

The total for the population enumerated on Census Night in 1911 in Ardamullivan was 965

persons, compared with 983 persons in April 1901, a decrease of 18 persons since 1901 or 1.83 per

cent. This translates into an annual average decrease of roughly 2 people a year from the parish.

As can be analysed from the table above, the population change above almost certainly

reflects the stabilising of Ardamullivan DED population, most of which would have been lost to

emigration. Upon analysing Census reports from 1841 until 1911, it is apparent that the DED has lost

a considerable amount of its population from the Famine, and the subsequent emigration that

became widespread after it.

1

1 This chart was difficult to chart accurately as Ardamullivan D.E.D. once contained parts of Gort D.E.D. The

change of electoral boundaries occurred between the 1891 and 1901 census, so to demonstrate accurately the decline in population between 1841 and 1911 in Ardamullivan, I have omitted the irrelevant townlands annexed to Gort pre 1901 figures for better accuracy.

Ardamullivan DED Population Change

Year Population

Actual Change

Since Previous

Census

Decrease Rate

Per Cent

Average Annual

Percentage Change

Since Previous Census

Average Annual

Number of People

Leaving each Year

1891 1099 230 17.3 1.7 22

1901 983 116 10.5 1.05 11

1911 965 18 1.83 0.2 2

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911

Po

pu

lati

on

Census Years

Ardamullivan D.E.D. Population Change

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From the above chart, it is clear that Ardamullivan’s population has drastically decreased since the Famine, emigration since the mid-1850s evident with the gradual downward slope in population.

Place of Birth

The bar graph above demonstrates a surprising birthplace makeup of Ardamullivan D.E.D. However,

upon further research, these statistics are easily explained. The high percentage of people from

Clare in this D.E.D. is unsurprising, considering that this D.E.D. borders County Clare. Undoubtedly,

many farmers crossed the border in search of a wife,2 with more than half the people listed as being

from Clare in both 1901 and 1911 being

women.

3 However, if you take the expected influx of people from Clare out of the equation, in 1901 there are 36 people not from Clare or Galway, and 47 by 1911. This can be explained by the vast Lough Cutra Castle Demesne which is located in our D.E.D. It spreads mainly over two townlands, Lough Cooter and Tiraloughan, with these townlands accounting for 78% of the migrants in 1901 and a staggering 92% in 1911 (when those from Clare are excluded).

2 In 1911, we see 27 Clare women listed as wives, 13 listed as ‘Head of Household’, all of whom are widowed, leaving one to speculate that most of their respective deceased husbands were most likely from our DED, if not all of them. Similarly, in 1901 26 Clare women are listed as wives, 15 as ‘Head of Household’, again, all of whom are widowed. Out of the 18 male ‘Heads of Household’ in 1911, 6 are married to Galway women, undoubtedly from the area, and out of 12 ‘Heads of Household’ in 1901, again, 6 are married to Galway women. 3 Robert French and William Lawrence. Lough Cutra Castle, Gort, Co. Galway. 18651914.

National Library Ireland, (http://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000339355/Details#tabnav : 17 May 2013)

GalwayOther

ConnachtLeinster Ulster Clare

OtherMunster

OutsideIreland

1901 89.3 0.2 1.6 0.2 7.1 0.7 0.9

1911 88.1 0.2 1.7 0.3 7.1 0.4 2.2

0102030405060708090

100

Pe

rce

nt

Place of Birth Ardamullivan D.E.D. %

Lough Cutra Castle (ca 1865 - 1914)

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Also interesting to note here is that the majority of these migrants in Lough Cutra Estate in both 1901 and 1911 are not Roman Catholic.4

Conjugal Conditions.

From examining both census records, it appears that in Ardamullivan D.E.D., like many other

rural D.E.D.’s around the country, marriages took place at a comparatively late age. In 1901, from

the ages of 20 to 34, only 16.4% of the population are married. It is not until the 35-39 age group do

we notice the majority of the population listed as married.

Similarly in 1911, from the ages 20 to 34, only 18.8% of the population are married. Unlike

1901 however, it is not until the 40 to 44 age grouping do we see married people represent the

majority over those still single, which suggests a slightly older marriage age.

Although emigration is practically over at this age (35-40) and large numbers of single males

have by then left the country, still the proportion unmarried at 35 to 40 is more than three times as

great as in Denmark or in England and Wales.5

We also can speculate from the data that the lateness of marriage of males, and the low

death rates of elderly women result in a comparatively large number of widows.6

Religion

Comparison of Religious Composition 1901 - 1911

From the above pie-charts, the following statistics come to light. In 1901, 96.9% of Ardamullivan

D.E.D. was Roman Catholic, with 2.6% being listed as Church Of Ireland and 0.5% Presbyterian. It is

4 Of the 43 migrant people in 1911 on Lough Cutra Estate, 32 of these are Church of Ireland and Baptist. This is

hardly surprising as the estate was run by an English landed gentry’s landlord, Lord Gort. In 1901 there were 28 migrants, 15 of whom were Church Of Ireland or Baptist. 5 Central Statistics Office, Census of Population 1926, Volume X - General Report, (Dublin, 1934), p. 95

6 Ibid, p. 102

Church OfIreland

Presbyterian

RomanCatholic

1901

Baptist

Church OfIreland

Church OfEngland

Presbyterian

Roman Catholic

1911

Page | 5

interesting here that 97% of those listed as non-Roman Catholic in this D.E.D. are listed in the

townlands of Tiraloughan and Lough Cutra Demesne – both being heavily settled with migrants from

outside the area by the Lord of Lough Cutra Estate (a Church of England man himself) as established

earlier in the essay.

In 1911, 95.7% of the population are returned as Roman Catholic, a decrease of 1.2%. This is

due both to the decrease in the overall population,7 and the 14% increase of those on Tiraloughan

and Lough Cutra Demesne from outside the area. The local landlord’s house and demesne were

located in Lough Cooter and Tiraloughan townlands, being a major source of employment, so

settlement in these areas was particularly heavy, especially from those originally from outside the

D.E.D, as discussed above.

Housing

This data is an indicator of population levels, but also may be taken as an indicator of

economic and social conditions. Large numbers of houses being built, for example, could indicate

economic prosperity; while large numbers of uninhabited houses could indicate economic decline

and emigration.8

There were no houses being built in Ardamullivan D.E.D. in either 1901 or 1911. This does

not mean, of course, that no building occurred between those dates, but the lack of increase

reported in the area in both 1901 and 1911 has to be seen as an indication of rural decline in

Ardamullivan D.E.D. during this period.

However, it is not quite accurate to refer to ‘the lack of any building in the area’. ‘Out offices

and farm steadings’ were being built during the period 1891-1911, as can be seen clearly from the

table below.

Year

Inhabited Houses

Uninhabited Houses

Out offices and Sheds

1891 218 6 754

1901 205 4 863

1911 197 4 897

Numbers in out-offices increase from 754 in 1891 to 897 in 1911, as are illustrated in the table

above. Given the overall rural decline, this is surprising. However, when you account for the

improving situation after Gladstone’s Land Act of 1881 and after the Ashbourne Land Act of 1885,

tenant farmers were no longer afraid to build sheds or make other improvements on their farms,9

and again after the purchase of land by its occupiers after the implementation of Wyndham's Act of

7 It was more likely those of Roman Catholic background were to emigrate than those of Protestant

background. 8 Central Statistics Office, Using the 1901 and 1911 Census In The History Classroom: An Educational Resource

for Secondary Schools (Dublin, 2012) p. 20. 9 Ibid, p. 24.

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1903. Tenant farmers no longer were afraid to improve their farm holdings at the risk of increased

rent for such improvements.

The increase of uninhabited houses in twenty years probably corresponds with continuing

emigration. People continued to leave the area and more houses were becoming derelict than were

being built, with possibly some of these uninhabited houses indeed being absorbed into the out

offices and farm buildings category.

The mean household size for 1901 in Ardamullivan D.E.D. is 4.7 people, and in 1911

increases slightly to 4.8 people. Expectedly, mean household size varied with social status, as can be

seen in the lower household mean of those living on Lough Cutra Demesne.

Form B1 Class of House Rating Criteria10

The majority of people in this D.E.D. lived in ‘second’ and ‘third’ class housing, an

explanation for which can be read from the extract above. It appears that most people in the D.E.D.

lived in houses made of stone, roofs of thatch and between two to four rooms.

10

1901 Census of Ireland, “House and Building Return”, Galway County, District Electoral Division (DED) Ardimullivan, Loughile, unpaginated, household no. 1, Lawrence Healy; digital image, National Archives of Ireland, Census of Ireland 1901/1911 (http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai000822367/ : accessed 9 May 2013)

Page | 7

Population Pyramid

Population pyramids provide a method of studying the age and sex structure of any

population in a given place at a given time, and are useful in determining some facts about the

population in question as regards economic conditions, emigration rates etc.

This population pyramid is a classic example of what geographers refer to as an ‘expansive

age structure’. It shows high birth and death rates, reflected in its triangular shape. The wide base

indicates the high birth rates and the low mortality rate is shown by steep sides until the over 65 age

group is reached. At this point the pyramid tapers sharply, illustrating the increase of the death rate

through ageing. This structure is compatible with ‘stage one’ of the demographic transition model

where high birth rates are balanced by high death rates, a stage atypical of a developing country,

which Ireland was, at the time.

The pyramid shows that the bulk of the population of Ardamullivan D.E.D. in 1901 was quite

young, with 39.6% of the total population in the 20 or less age group. A population pyramid can also

be used as an indicator of the population’s social and economic development. The older and

younger age groups (below 15 and over 65) are generally economically unproductive and must be

supported by the middle group, which includes the wealth producing labour force. The 1901

population pyramid shows a productive sector of 63% supporting a quite large non-productive

sector of 37%, which illustrates the economic strain on the community.

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 5 years

5 to 9 years

10 to 14 years

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 39 years

40 to 44 years

45 to 49 years

50 to 54 years

55 to 59 years

60 to 64 years

65 to 69 years

70 to 74 years

75 to 79 years

80 to 84 years

85 to 89 years

Female

Male

Ardamullivan D.E.D. 1901 Population Pyramid

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The illustration above shows the population pyramid for Ardamullivan D.E.D. in 1911. The first fact

evident is that the overall population has dropped from 983 in 1901 to 965 in 1911. Birth rates have

increased slightly in ten years by about 2%. Again, this population pyramid echoes the ‘expansive

age structure’ of that in 1901, which indicates that although the overall population of the D.E.D. fell

between 1901 and 1911; the economic situation did not improve during that time.

Another indication of worsened times economically in the D.E.D. in 1911 is to be found in

the fact that the productive sector of the population (15-65 year olds) has now lowered from the

63% mark in 1901 and stands at 53% in 1911 supporting a non-productive sector of 47%. This is a

drastic decrease and can helped be explained by continued emigration out of the D.E.D as will be

discussed further in detail below. 1911 Ardamullivan is still weighted heavily in favour of the young,

with 41% of the total population falling into the age groups below 20. This represents a 2% increase

on the 1901 situation, and it would take some years of lower birth rates to have an impact on the

lowering of the overall percentage made up by the under 20s.

55

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Under 5 years

5 to 9 years

10 to 14 years

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 39 years

40 to 44 years

45 to 49 years

50 to 54 years

55 to 59 years

60 to 64 years

65 to 69 years

70 to 74 years

75 to 79 years

80 to 84 years

85 to 89 years

Female

Male

Ardamullivan D.E.D. 1911 Population Pyramid

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Age Distribution

1901 Age Groupings

Male Matching 1911 Age Groupings

Male 1901 Age Groupings

Female Matching 1911 Age Groupings

Female

0-10 102 10-20 99 0-10 100 10-20 84

10-20 90 20-30 59 10-20 98 20-30 51

20-30 111 30-40 72 20-30 76 30-40 54

30-40 61 40-50 44 30-40 46 40-50 50

40-50 40 50-60 46 40-50 32 50-60 24

50-60 42 60-70 26 50-60 50 60-70 34

60-70 43 70-80 39 60-70 49 70-80 50

70-80 19 80-90 8 70-80 15 80-90 8

From the above table, it is obvious from matching corresponding age groupings from the

1901 census to the 1911 census, some interesting changes occur. The most noticeable change

happens from the 10-30 age groupings in the 1901 census. If we age that population by ten years

and compare the figures in the 1911 census, we see that a staggering 37% of this age group (139

people) have disappeared when figures for men and women are combined.11 Deaths and inter-

county migration cannot account for all of those that disappeared, so it is safe to assume that many

of those ‘missing’ in the 1911 census, have most likely emigrated abroad in search of work. One was

most mobile in the age grouping 10-30 and this is proven from analysing the statistics above.

Another interesting fact drawn from this table is the apparent sudden decrease in mortality

in the DED, when age groupings are again matched up accordingly. We see that the age groupings

60-70 from 1901 only suffer a surprising decrease of less than 3% when matched up with the 1911

census. Healthcare had not improved that drastically in the ten years since 1901, and the only other

explanation for this apparent improvement is intentional age misrepresentation. This is undoubtedly

the reason, and was a frequent occurrence around the country. The reason for misrepresenting your

age was undoubtedly influenced by the Old Age Pension Act of 1908.12 Another possible reason for

this is lack of education.

11

Men account for over half of the percentage of those that disappear at 55%, but 70 men and 69 women respectively are missing from the 1911 census 12

The introduction of the Old Age Pension on New Year’s Day 1909 gave many an incentive to exaggerate their true age in 1911. The qualifying age for the pension was 70, and thousands made false statements about their age in 1908. Thus it was much more common in rural Ireland, where means testing was harder to enforce.

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Family Composition

Number of Private Household Classified by Composition and Size in 1901

From analysing 1901 and 1911 census returns and entering all the relevant data into the

above table, it appears that Ardamullivan D.E.D. continues the Irish stem family household pattern,

and is consistent with the notion that stem family and subsequent stem succession practices were

widespread throughout rural Ireland, but unusually prevalent along the western seaboard.13 Stem

households contained both a married child and at least one parent,14 which in Ardamullivan D.E.D.,

applies to 42 households in 1901 and 38 households in 191115. Moreover, instances of aged persons

living alone were quite rare here16, with most living with sons and daughters and their families, or

with an aging brother or sister.

There has been debate about the link between the system of inheritance in rural households

and emigration. It has been argued that the stem family system prevailed in Ireland and influenced

emigration patterns, particularly from the western seaboard. After the Famine, the division of farms

became relatively rare; hence, one child (usually a son) inherited the family farm, leaving the others

to seek their fortunes elsewhere. In general, we would expect large families to be associated with

high rates of emigration.17 In conclusion on this point, the stem family system could be said to

influence emigration in Ardamullivan.

13 David Fitzpatrick, ‘Irish Farming Families before the First World War’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 25:2 (Apr. 1983), 339-374 at 364. 14 David Fitzpatrick, ‘Irish Farming Families before the First World War’, 366. 15 In both 1901 and 1911 census returns, I took the following terms in ‘Relation to Head’ column as indication of a snapshot of stem family system and succession; ‘father-in-law’, ‘mother-in-law’, ‘father’, ‘mother’, daughter-in-law’, ‘son-in-law’, ‘uncle’ and ‘aunt’. The term ‘grandson’ and ‘granddaughter’ also helped distinguish stem family systems. Although the numbers of stem family households may seem quite low in comparison with the total, this is more the flaw of using a census record which only records information from one particular night. Valuation records would prove more fruitful in studying stem family systems in Ardamullivan D.E.D. 16

Liam Kennedy, ‘Farm Succession in Modern Ireland: Elements of a Theory of Inheritance’, The Economic History Review, New Series, 44 : 3 (Aug. 1991), 477-499 at 494. 17

Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson, ‘After the Famine Emigration from Ireland, 1850-1913’, The Journal of Economic History, 53 : 3 (Sep. 1993), 575-600 at 592.

Persons in household

Total

private

house

holds

1 person 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 persons 6 persons 7 persons 8 persons 9 persons

10 or

more

persons

Total

persons

Composition

One person 10 10 - - - - - - - - - 10

Husband and wife 4 - 4 - - - - - - - - 8

Husband and wife with children (of any age) 72 - - 11 12 15 12 8 6 2 6 410

Widow mother with children (of any age) 24 - 6 10 3 4 1 - - - - 74

Lone mother with children (of any age) and other persons 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - 3

Widow mother with children (of any age) and other persons 11 - - 1 3 5 1 - - 1 - 45

Lone father with children (of any age) 10 - - 4 2 3 1 - - - - 41

Widow father with children (of any age) and other persons 3 - - - - 2 1 - - - - 16

Husband and wife with other persons 8 - - 4 1 3 - - - - - 31

Husband and wife with children (of any age) and other persons 28 - - - 6 2 6 5 3 4 2 185

Two family units with or without other persons 13 - - 1 2 1 4 2 2 1 80

Non-family households containing related persons 15 - 7 5 2 1 - - - - - 42

Non-family households containing no related persons 6 - 4 1 1 - - - - - - 15

Total private households 205 10 21 38 32 36 26 15 11 7 9 960

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Occupation

From the above graph,18 it is plain to see that Ardamullivan D.E.D is an overwhelmingly

agriculturally dominated one. This graph strengthens the view that farming was crucial to rural

D.E.D.’s in early twentieth century Ireland, particularly western Ireland; one index implies that 57 %

of all occupied Irish males in 1901 worked in agriculture.19

Although we register a slight decrease in the agricultural class, this is most likely due to the

decrease in population as a whole between 1901 and 1911; in particular, those with a Roman

Catholic background i.e. those most likely to emigrate. Another point worth mentioning here is that

industry in this D.E.D. is cottage industry, those carried out at home and not large-scale.

Unsurprisingly, the majority of ‘Professional Classes’ have been returned from the domain of Lough

Cutra Demesne, (54% in both 1901 and 1911), and could certainly be linked with religion, as the

majority of these residents were also non-Roman Catholic. Only one ninth of occupied males in

Britain engaged in agriculture, whereas the Irish proportion was well over half.20

18 In 1901, I declined to include 431 persons listed in this D.E.D. Some were listed as infants and students, as well as those that declined to fill in the ‘Occupation’ column on the census. I concluded that infants and students would not help determine what occupations were important in the D.E.D., as a child may be a student, as well as a farmer’s son or daughter, which would not lead to an accurate representation of the family background. Similarly, in 1911 I excluded 571 persons on the same principles as those excluded in 1901. Therefore, the percentages represented above in the graph, are percentages of the remaining population once those excluded were deducted from the total number of persons in the D.E.D. in 1901 and 1911 19

Timothy W. Guinnane, ‘Age at Leaving Home in Rural Ireland, 1901-1911’, The Journal of Economic History, 52 : 3 (Sep. 1992), 651-674 at 658 20 David Fitzpatrick, ‘Irish Farming Families before the First World War’, 351.

05

101520253035404550556065707580859095

Agricultural Class Industrial Class Domestic Class Professional Class

Pe

rce

nta

ge o

f P

op

ula

tio

n

Population Occupation Divided by Class

Ardamullivan DED Occupation 1901 - 1911

1901

1911

Page | 12

Conclusion

The place of birth of inhabitants not from either Clare or Galway can be linked with religion,

and religion linked with Place of birth – 97% of those listed non-Roman Catholic are not from either

Clare or Galway, seemingly attracted to Ardamullivan by Lough Cutra Estate. Occupation can again

be determined somewhat on religion and place of birth, with 54% of the ‘Professional Classes’ being

non-Roman Catholic, which constitute less than 5% of the population (similar to religion and place of

birth), although this D.E.D. is overwhelmingly an agricultural district.

Conjugal Conditions analysis shows marriages take place late in life, later in 1911 than 1901,

contributing to the higher number of widows when paired with the lower death rates of elderly

women. With no increase of private houses built, a rural decline exists, but increase in building of

farm outhouses suggests people were willing to improve their landholdings in light of favourable

changes in the law for tenants.

The impact of emigration is highlighted by the increase of uninhabited houses and decrease

of houses overall from 1891 -1911. The population pyramid also suggests worsening economic

circumstances in 1901 than 1911, and the effects of emigration. Age distribution is the most

conclusive evidence that emigration took many of the inhabitants aged between 10-30 from this

D.E.D. Family composition highlights the evidence of stem family households in this D.E.D., which is

also another known factor in emigration.

In conclusion, Ardamullivan D.E.D., like many other primarily agricultural rural D.E.D.’s, has

been hit hard by emigration, with population growth declining steadily since the Famine, but seems

to be stabilising, although economic conditions have worsened between 1901 and 1911.

Page | 13

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Age Pensions Act in Ireland,’ Population Studies, (1992) 45 : 3, 497-518.

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Fitzpatrick, David. ‘Irish Farming Families before the First World War’, Comparative Studies in Society

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Guinnane, Timothy W. ‘Age at Leaving Home in Rural Ireland, 1901-1911’, The Journal of Economic

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The Journal of Economic History, 53 : 3 (Sep. 1993), 575-600 .

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Economic History Review, New Series, 44 : 3 (Aug. 1991), 477-499.

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