Herbs and herbs raw stuff Herbs and herbs raw stuff that contain steroidal that contain steroidal

saponinssaponins

Planner

1. Determination of saponins and their classification.2. Physico-chemical properties of saponins.3. Distribution of saponins and their biological functions in plants.4. MP and MPM that contain saponins.

Saponins (Latin sapo, soap) are characterized by their property of producing a frothing aqueous solution, possessing a high surface activity. They also have haemolytic properties, and then injected into the blood stream are highly toxic. They can cause the death of cold blooded animals such as frogs, worms and fish even in 1:1000000 dilution. Their molecule consists of the aglycone called sapogenin and carbohydrates (sugars).Mevalonic acid origin.

Saponins are glycosylated at C3 and sometimes, the alkil side chain is changed into a -COOH group, which may be esterified by a sugar portion. Sugar parts of saponins are often containing uronic acid or acyl residues-

According to the structure of aglycone saponins are classified:

SAPONINS

Spirostanol type Furostanol type

Steroidal Triterpenoidal

Pentacyclic (ursane, oleanane)Tetracyclic type

(cycloartane, dammarane)

cyclopentane perhydrophenanthrene

Steroidal saponins

Normal line monodesmoside

Iso-line mono-desmoside

1. Spirostanol type of sapogenin

2. Furostanol type

Furostanol type (bidesmoside)

β-β-amyrinamyrinOleanane

Pentacyclic type

α-amyrinUrsane

Tetracyclic type

DammaraneCycloartane

Saponin Isolation Methods

1. The plant material is extracted either with water or methanol, or aqueous methanol under reflux.2. The extract is concentrated followed by precipitation with:- ether, or acetone;- lead acetate in case of acidic saponins;- or basic lead acetate in case of neutral saponins followed by decomposition with acid.3. The individual saponin glycosides are separated by using different chromatographic methods.

Qualitative Tests for Saponin Glycosides

1. Reactions, which are based on physical properties of saponins - Froth test.2. Reactions, which are based on biological properties- Haemolysis test.3. Reactions, which are based on chemical properties of saponins:a) a reaction with 10 % of basic and neutral acetate of lead; in the presence of triterpenoidal saponins residue with the neutral acetate of lead is formed and in the presence of steroidal ones- with the basic acetate of lead;b)a reaction with 10 % solution of copper sulphate, a residueof brick-red colour is formed;c) a reaction with hydrate of barium oxide: a residue of white colour is formed;d) a reaction with 1% alcohol cholesterol solution - a residueis formed.

To the colour reactions on saponins belong the following reactions:a) a reaction of Liebermann-Burchard: a dry residue of the extractis dissolved in acetic acid and the mixture of acetic anhydride andconcentrated sulphuric acid is added. After that the colouring changes from pink through green to blue;b) a reaction with chloroform and concentrated sulphuric acid;a yellow ring is formed, which becomes purple- red, then purple;c) a reaction of Lafon (with concentrated sulphuric aiid, ethylalcohol and 10 % solution of sulphuric acidic), bluish green colouring is formed:d) a reaction with 1% of sodium nitrite and concentrated sulphuricacidl blood red colouring is formed.

For qualitative identification of saponins paper chromatographyis used. TLC is also used

Quantitative Determination of Saponin Glycosides

1. Gravimetric Method: The saponin glycosides are precipitated using saturated Ba(OH)2 solution, the resulted complex is filtered and he precipitate is dried and weighed to the constant weight. The residue is then ignited and weighted after ignition, then the weight after ignition is subtracted from the original weight to give weight of saponin content.2. Foam Index: the dilution of the drug that gives a layer of foam of 1 cm height at 15 sec shaking, which is evaluated after 15 min standing.3. Fish Index: It is reciprocal to the dilution that kills 60 % of the fish at one hour.4. Haemolltic Inder It is the greatest dilution of saponin solution that produces total haemolysis

Steroidal saponinsSteroidal saponins Steroidal saponins are less widely distributed in Steroidal saponins are less widely distributed in

nature than the triterpenoid saponins. Some nature than the triterpenoid saponins. Some species of Strophantus and Digitalis contain both species of Strophantus and Digitalis contain both steroidal saponins and cardiac glycosides.steroidal saponins and cardiac glycosides.

Steroidal saponins are found in plants of such Steroidal saponins are found in plants of such families as: Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, families as: Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Schrophulariaceae, Zygophyllaceae Dioscoreaceae, Schrophulariaceae, Zygophyllaceae etc. etc.

Steroidal saponins are of great pharmaceutical Steroidal saponins are of great pharmaceutical importance because of their relationship to importance because of their relationship to compounds such as the sex hormones, cortisone, compounds such as the sex hormones, cortisone, diuretic steroids, vitamin D and the cardiac diuretic steroids, vitamin D and the cardiac glycosides. Some are used as starting materials for glycosides. Some are used as starting materials for the synthesis of these compounds.the synthesis of these compounds.

Triterpenoid saponinsTriterpenoid saponins

In many triterpenoid saponins In many triterpenoid saponins oleanolic acid is sapogenin. They are oleanolic acid is sapogenin. They are abundant in many dicotyledonous abundant in many dicotyledonous families, particularly the families, particularly the Caryophyllaceae, Sapindaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Sapindaceae, Polygalaceae and Sapotaceae, Polygalaceae and Sapotaceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Araliaceae, Rubiaceae and Araliaceae, Rubiaceae and Compositeae. Altogether some 70 Compositeae. Altogether some 70 families are involved.families are involved.

Uses of SaponinsUses of Saponins

1. Steroidal sapogenins are used in production of cortisone and

sex hormones (parlial synthesis).2. Saponins showed diverse array of medicinal uses

such as expectorant,immunostimulant, and antiatherosclerotic.3. Saponins are used in cleaning industrial equipment

and finefabrics.4. They are used as a powerful emulsifier

Dioscoreae rhizomata cum radicibus Dioscoreae rhizomata cum radicibus Wild Yam rhizome with rootWild Yam rhizome with rootDioscorea nipponica, Dioscorea vilosaDioscorea nipponica, Dioscorea vilosaWild Yam, Makino, China root, Devil’s Wild Yam, Makino, China root, Devil’s BonesBonesDioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceae

Constituents. Constituents. Saponins, Saponins, including dioscin (aglycone including dioscin (aglycone diosgenin); isoquinuclidine diosgenin); isoquinuclidine alkaloids, including alkaloids, including dioscorin. Sdioscorin. Starch, calcium tarch, calcium oxalate, etc.oxalate, etc.

Uses. Uses. Wild Yam has an Wild Yam has an antispasmodic, and a mild antispasmodic, and a mild diaphoretic effect. MPM is diaphoretic effect. MPM is used as a precursor for used as a precursor for manufacturing progesterone manufacturing progesterone and oestrogen.and oestrogen.

PolisponinPolisponin – – dry extract of Dioscoreae rhizomata cum radicibus

Decrease the level of cholesterol, increase the phospholipid content in blood. Antisclerous tool which is particularly effective in patients with early disease.

Lowers blood pressure.

Diosgenin

DioscinGracylin

Agavae folia Agavae folia Agava Americana- Century plantAgava Americana- Century plantAgavaceaeAgavaceae

Constituents. Constituents. Leaves contain Leaves contain steroidal saponins-steroidal saponins- hecogenin, hecogenin, manogenin, hitogenin. manogenin, hitogenin.

HecogeninHecogenin Uses. Uses. Leaves are used for the Leaves are used for the

production of steroidal production of steroidal hormones.hormones.

Yuccae filamentosae folia –Adam’s needle leafYucca filamentosa L. – Adam’s needleAgavaceae

Constituens. Steroidal saponins: protoyuccoside C, yuccoside B, yuccoside C, yuccoside E, aglycones including sarsasapogenin, tigogenin.

sarsasapogeninUses. The plant is used for liver and gallbladder disorders.

Tribuli terrestris herba Tribuli terrestris herba Tribulus terrestrisTribulus terrestris

ZygophyllaceaeZygophyllaceae Bindii, bullhead, burra Bindii, bullhead, burra

gokharu, gokharu, caltrop, cat's head, devil's , cat's head, devil's

eyelashes, eyelashes, devil's thorn,devil's thorn, devil's weed, devil's weed,

goathead,goathead,

puncturevine, and tackweed.puncturevine, and tackweed. Constituents. SConstituents. Steroidal teroidal glycosides (2%) and dioscine, glycosides (2%) and dioscine, tihogenin, hecogenin and tihogenin, hecogenin and gracyllin are among them; gracyllin are among them; flavonoid glycosides, tannins, flavonoid glycosides, tannins, ascorbic acid.ascorbic acid.

Uses. Uses. Liquid extractLiquid extract has diuretic, has diuretic, antisclerotic and hypotensive antisclerotic and hypotensive effects, stimulates secretion of effects, stimulates secretion of gastric juice. gastric juice. TribusponinTribusponin is used is used for prevention and treatment of for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Drugs also have atherosclerosis. Drugs also have anabolic properties (anabolic properties (tribestantribestan).).

Foenugraeci semina Foenugraeci semina Fenugreek seedFenugreek seedTrigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Fenugreek (Greek Hay Seed, Bird’s Foot)Fenugreek (Greek Hay Seed, Bird’s Foot)FabaceaeFabaceae

Constituents. Constituents. Steroidal saponins (1.2-1.5 %), including trigofoenosides A to G, aglycones including diosgenin, yamogenin, gitogenin, smilagenin, tigogenin, yuccagenin; flavonoids (isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin, vitexin; trigonelline (derivative from nicotinic acid); volotile oil (0,01 %); fatty oil contains lecetin and phiten; mucalages (25-45 %) (mannogalactans); proteins (25-30 %).

Uses. Main application is for the production of steroidal hormones. Extract is part of Phytolysin. The ground drug is employed in

domestic medicine for the preparation of poultices, enemata, and plasters; in veterinary cattle and condition powders.

Rhapontici carthamoides radix et rhizoma

Rhaponticum carthamoidesMaral rootAsteraceae

Constituent main ones are suggested to be ents: the ecdysteroids, which have been reported to exhibit anabolic activities. According to secondary sources, many ecdysteroids are growth hormones in insects.

Ecdysone

Also herb contains alkaloids, schugars, essential oils, inulin, tannic substances, gums, organic acids.

Uses. Traditionally, Eastern European and Russian field and track athletes have used Leuzea carthamoides root extracts to recover from strenuous training and boost muscle mass more quickly (anabolic activity). Chinese athletes have also been reported to use Leuzea carthamoides root to increase their strength and improve recovery time after intense training. Anecdotally, herbal preparations containing Leuzea carthamoides root were taken by some Olympic athletes as recently as 2002.

Admax™ Energy Formula - 90 capsulesSKU: SUPPLEMENTS

Ingredients: Leuzea carthamoides root extract, Rhodiola rosea root extract, Eleutherococcus senticosus root extract, Schisandra chinensisberry extract.

Leuza carthamoides root extract – This herb replenishs the depleted mental and structural physical body reserves exhausted during hard training and help rebuild damaged tissue.Rhodiola rosea root extract - It encourages a healthy stress response to physical, mental and emotional challenges while improving the immune system and the cardiovascular system.Eleutherococcus senticosus root extract – This herb enhances physical and mental vitality and endurance, helps with lower back or kidney pain, boosts concentration and focus, handles fatigue, enhances immunity, helps prevent adrenal burnout.Schisandra chinensis berry extract – Calms the nerves, increasesvitality,enhances the energy of the kidney and liver,supports memory and sexual endurance.

Adaptogens that can increase the body's resistance to

stress factors and help it adapt to stressful

conditions.

Neurovitan is the tablets of Russian production: 1 tabletes contains: the extracts from Rosae fructus , Hyperici herba, Aroniae melanocarpae fructus , Rhapontici carthamoides radix et rhizoma , propolis, Calendulae officinalis flores .

Neurovitan promotes cerebral circulation of blood and oxidation-reduction processes in the body. It’s used at the disease of Central nervous system, associated with both ischemic and with primary organic lesions of the brain tissue.