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www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 5, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │
32
Nyarko et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
HERBAL SECONDARY METABOLITE FOR GASTRO-PROTECTIVE
ULCER ACTIVITY WITH API STRUCTURES
Purabi Saha1*, Roshan Kumar
2, Richard Owusu Nyarko
3, Ivan Kahwa
4, Paul Owusu
Boateng5, Christian Asum
6, Rosemond Owusu Nyarko
7, Neha Kumari
8 and Md. Umar
9
1Dept. of Pharmacy, Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dehradun Uttarakhand
India.
2Dept. of Pharmacology, Dev Bhoomi Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Dehradun,
Uttrakhand, India.
3School of Medicine, American International University of West Africa, The Gambia.
4Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and
Technology, P.O Box 1410, Uganda.
5Department of Medicine, Family Tree Medical Centre, Accra – Ghana.
6School of Medicine, American International University of West Africa, The Gambia.
7School of Graduate Studies York University, Canada.
8Dept. of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi.
ABSTRACT
Herbal remedies are very effective in the treatment of different human
diseases. The plants and herbs consumed in their natural state have
shown fewer harmful side effects and are therefore economically
effective. This awareness has generated demand for herbal medicinal
products in developing and developed countries worldwide. Peptic
ulcer disease is a widespread gastrointestinal condition in clinical
practise, with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcers, NSAIDs, and tension
ulcer is a common form of peptic ulcers. In the geriatrics and the lower
socio-economic community, gastric ulcers are often observed. Many
synthetic drugs are used to treat peptic ulcers but cause different kinds
of adverse effects. Herbal medicines are also remarkable for their
ethnic, ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological application. In this study, attempts were
made to learn the natural antiulcer drugs with their prescribed portion of drugs, screening
method and extract form used to test and demonstrate their uses.
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.632
Volume 10, Issue 5, 32-44 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
*Corresponding Author
Purabi Saha
Dept. of Pharmacy,
Uttaranchal Institute of
Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Dehradun Uttarakhand
India.
Article Received on
24 Feb. 2021,
Revised on 16 March 2021,
Accepted on 06 April 2021
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20215-18861
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Nyarko et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
KEYWORDS: Herbal drugs, H. pylori, Ulcer, NSAIDs.
INTRODUCTION
Peptic ulcers are acid lesion of the digestive tract and usually in the stomach or proximal
duodenum. Denuded mucous membranes characterize it with a defect that extends into the
submucosa or Muscularis Propria.[1]
The general population reports peptic ulcer disease
prevalence to be 5-10 per cent.[2]
Recent epidemiological studies have shown decreased
peptic ulcers, mortality, and hospital admission rates.[3,4]
New therapies and hygiene changes
are most likely secondary to the introduction, resulting in decreased infections with
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) (H. pylori). However, the risk of peptic ulcer complications
has increased four times in NSAID patients and twice in aspirin users.[5]
Concurrent use of
NSAID/aspirin anticoagulants, corticosteroids, and serotonin's limited recovery.[6,7]
H. pylori-
negative, NSAID-negative and aspirin-negative peptic ulcers identified as idiopathic ulcers
can be diagnosed in roughly one-fifth of the cases.[8]
However, the imbalance between
mucosal integrity factors and violent insults remains unknown as the pathogen behind the
production of idiopathic peptic ulcers.[9]
A Danish study found that psychological stress could
worsen peptic ulcers.[10]
Ischemia, medications (steroids, chemotherapy) and radiation
therapy, bacteria, histamine, microbial penetration, gastric bypass surgery and metabolic
disorders are other etiologies.[11]
Ulcer causes
Peptic ulcer (PUD) has many causes, but most etiological conditions are accounted for by
PUD associated with Helicobacter pyloric and PUD associated with NSAID.[12]
Fig. 1: Causes of ulcer.
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Nyarko et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Symptoms
Large ulcers have some common symptoms, despite extreme bleeding (Figure. 2), while
lower ulcers seldom cause symptoms, may not have them.[13]
Fig. 2: Some common symptoms present in ulcer.
Treatment
There have been two primary methods of treating peptic ulcers, prophylactic and therapeutic
types, in the past.
Prophylaxis mechanism (Gastroprotective or cytoprotective) In addition to other gastrin-
protective acts, protection factors are strengthened with enhanced prostaglandin synthesis and
stimulated somatostatin synthesis.[14,11,12]
Moreover, several other gastroprotective effects that
help treat peptic ulcers are the prevention of oxidative damage to gastric mucosa (by
preventing lipid peroxidation and substantially reducing superoxide dismutase and increasing
catalase activity),[13,16]
the possible NO-synthase pathway.[15]
Therapy process[8]
Therapeutic agents treat illnesses by innovative or curative antics. The treatment of ulcers by
local mucosal enhancement has an antagonistic role in gastric secretion or proton pumps'
inhibition.[17]
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Nyarko et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Synthetic medications[16]
They may also ruin the life of a human being, in addition to their novel cause, by generally
damaging the quality of life and creating many other dangers. Synthetic drugs of different
forms, introduced for treatment using their (MOA) and side effects of drug class, are in Table
1.
Table 1: Group of drug class and Their moa with side effects related to ulcer.
Group of drug class Moa of drug List of drug used
on this
side effects of drug
class
a. Anti-Muscarinieagents
Inhibits gastric
secretion action
Pirenzepine drug Blurred Vision[24]
b. H2-receptor
blockersagents
Inhibitor of
H2 receptor
(CYP450)action
Cimetidine drug Headaches
Prostaglandins agents Inhibits the acid
secretion action
Misoprostol drug Vomiting[29]
c. Antacids drug Reduces pepsin
formation action
Calcium bicarbonate
drug
Hypokalemia[28]
d. Proton pump inhibitors
drug
Inhibits H+/K
+
ATPase in parietal
collection
Inhibits
H+/K
+ ATPase in
parietal cells reaction
Risk of Pneumonia
e. Mucosal protective
agents
Stimulates
angiogenesis for
healing action
Bismuth
Subsalicylate drugs
Darkening of
stools[30]
In ulcer activity herbal plant used
Linn Sanctum from Ocimum, Ocimum sanctum belongs to the Lamiaceae family because of
its therapeutic ability. The Ocimum sanctum has two versions of the same chemicals: black
(Krishna Tulsi) and green (Rama Tulsi).[4]
Ocimum sanctum is widely distributed through
different plant areas to prevent and cure several Ayurveda and Siddha diseases. Fig: 3 Tulsi is
a common medicine for many conditions like injury, bronchitis, liver conditions, catarrh,
otalgia, lumbago, hiccups, ophthalmic conditions, gastric conditions, genitourinary issues,
skin conditions, various types of poisoning, and psychosomatic stress disorders.[5,6]
It also has
herb, intestine, carminative, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and alexiteric
properties.[7]
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Nyarko et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Fig. 3: Diagram of tulsi.
The action of an antiulcer[8,9]
a. Anti-bacterial
b. Anti-inflammatory
c. Antihypertensive
d. Cardioprotective
e. Central nervous system
f. Anti-depressant
g. Antioxidant
Musa acuminata acuminata
Musa acuminata is an orchid and Liliaceae family herb. The Musa acuminata, Fig.4 and the
wild plants of M. Balbisiana are the progenitors of the heart rhythm, the working cells, and
the modern complex's nerves. And muscles. And muscles. And muscles. And muscles.[9]
as
well as antiulcer,[3]
hypoglycaemia,[4]
colitis, inflammation, snakebite and hypolipidemia.
Fig. 4: Diagram of banana tree.
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Nyarko et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Antiulcer activity[5,6]
Plant components such as peels, stalks, berries, banana roots and leaves have been consumed
orally or topically for diarrhoea and dysentery medications. Bananas' anti ulcerative effect is
due to natural flavonoids and can vary because of these natural active elements in different
bananas types.
Zingiber roscoe[10]
The official Zingiber Roscoe is also known as Ginger, a spice from the Zingiberaceae family,
which is eaten as a flavouring agent. Antioxidant, anti-migraine, antimicrobial, anti-
inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-analgesic, anti-proliferative, anti-arthritic, anti-hepato-
proletarian pharmacological activities.
Fig. 5: Diagram of ginger.
Antiulcer activity[11]
Ginger was isolated from many antiulcer compounds, including 6-ginge-sulphonic acid 6-
and curcumin. The most extraordinary of all is 6-Gingesulfonic acid.
Alkaloids are used in model for protecting in ulcer[16-20]
An alkaloids are complex organic products from ornithine. Anticholinergic compounds such
as atropine and scopolamine are essential for anticholinergic compounds extracted from
plants in Datura spp.[23]
Muscarinic anti-acidity was used to facilitate spastic colitis, peptic
ulcer, and gastroenteritis. They are useful methods to explore new active concepts that have
important effects on the gastrointestinal tract. This composition affected the gastric ulcer
caused by radicals and increased the level of intragastric pH. Another one of the tropane
alkaloids, cocaine, also demonstrated antiulcer potential using the same dosage of 10 mg/kg
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Nyarko et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
by oral administration route.[27]
It is obtained from the coca leaves Nicotine is a secondary
compound called pyridine alkaloid found in the Solanaceae family,[28]
particularly in the
tobacco plant. This drug activates the acetylcholine-like receptors in the central nervous
system of mammals. Chronic nicotine use can lead to addiction.These alkaloids eliminated
secretion and impaired gastric function. Piperine, a piperidine alkaloid, was found to relieve
Capsaicin is a Phenylalkylamide alkaloid, often pungent. It can be used as a probe of
transmission of nociceptive information by slowly conducting primary afferent neurons.In
this research, alkaloids were examined in health[29]
benefits linked to Pachysandra terminalis
plants' consumption.[24]
V Besides alleviating inflammation, peroxynitrite scavenging leads to
a lower blood glucose level.[27]
Reserpine, isolated from a plant of Rauvolfia Serpentina
(Apocynaceae), did not show any effects in preventing gastric ulceration or stress-induced
ulceration in mice. Other alkaloids have been isolated from the domestic plant Uncaria
Rhynchophylla.
The five substances are developed in Quassia amara, Simaba multiflora, Sapongia Perugina
and Eurycoma Longifolia, which are currently more widely used as relievers of
gastrointestinal problems, weight loss supplements, anti-inflammatory agents, stimulants for
intestinal motility and central nervous system activities. It has been successful against gastric
ulcers arising from alcohol and indomethacin. They demonstrated regeneration of micro
vascularization of wounded epidermis and inhibition of inflammatory immune response.[30]
1. Imidazole alkaloids[21,22]
A) Allantoin
B) Histamine
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Nyarko et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
C) Hirsuteine
D) Reserpine
2. Isoquinoline alkaloids
A) Berberine
B) Cathinone
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Nyarko et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
3. Non- nitrogen heterocyclic alkaloids
A) Chlorophyll
4. Pyrazine alkaloids
A) Ligustrazine
Ulcer protective with flavanoids[27,28]
Natural, plant-derived compounds are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and contain a
compound called flavanone (2- Phenylchromone or 2-Phenylbenzopyrone). Gastric ulcer
pathophysiology still not completely elucidated. Most studies indicate a defect in antral-
pylorus-duodenal motility. Abnormal motility patterns promote reflux of contents into the
stomach resulting in damage to the gastric mucosa. Excessive postponement of gastric filling
will cause increased exposure of acids, pepsin and refluxed contents to the stomach.
I.) Silymarin
II.) Kaempferol
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Nyarko et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
III.) Sophoradin
CONCLUSION
The side effects of some medications, including brucine, are hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and
carcinogenic. Risks harm the development of analgesics. Besides, some alkaloids are not
used because of their composition. The anti-stress hormone change in size plays major
pharmaceutical consequences. It is worth noting that exploring natural pharmacopoeia with
antiulcer and gastroprotective capacities is essential. Study on flavonoids has been performed
in most universities in the world. Both Mecicadanol and sofalcone have been tested for their
clinical efficacy and be effective. While these were not used as effective antiulcer drugs, they
demonstrate medical and economic promise. Researchers are seeking to find an effective
drug for ulcers with an organic compound naturally occurring.
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