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M ea n i n g a n d objecti v es of pl a n n i n g:
Planning is an intellectual pr ocess of think ing in advance about setting of goals and
developing str ategies w hich ar e r equir es to attain the goals efficiently .
M ea n i n g a n d objecti v es of pl a n n i n g : “Planning is a w ay to system atize, dir ect and or ganize
the events or com petitions and ex tr act the advantage and benefit of the available r esour ces.”
“Planning is the pr ocess of m ak ing a sequence of w or k for a futur e line of action”
T he success of Physical education pr ogr am s depends upon efficient staffing, food, dir ection,
pr oper contr ol, w ell super v ision, good co-or dination and m inim ize the chances of lapses.
Objecti v es of pl a n n i n g:
a. T o k eep contr ol over all activ ities w hich suggests that planning & contr ol ar e connected
w ith each other .
b. it also helps in k eeping a good contr ol in or ganizing a tour nam ent.
c. b. R educe the chances of m istak e
d. I t suggests pr ogr am m es can be conducted w ith pr oper coor dination w ith least m istak es
r ather focusing on success.
e. T o pr om ote innovative ideas.
f. T o pr ovide dir ection tow ar ds the goal
g. T o r educe undue pr essur e
h.T o pr ovide pr oper co-or dination am ong the com m ittees.
HEM SHEELA MODEL SCHOOL DURGAPUR
CLASS 12 PHYSICAL EDUCATIONREVISION NOTES
BYSOURABH LAHIRI & ANJAN KR BISWAS
i .T o have good contr ol over all the activ ities.j.T o im pr ove efficiency.
k .T o r educe the chances of m istak es.
l .T o incr ease the cr eativ ity .
m .T o enhance the spor ts per for m ance.
n.T o pr otect ex isting faci lities.
o.Pr ovide new facilities to m eet dem and.
p.H elps in decision m ak ing.
V a r i ou s com m i ttees a n d r espon si bi l i ti es :
Differ ent com m ittees w or k together for the sm ooth conduct of the spor ts events.T he var ious
com m ittees ar e:
(ì ) T echnical Com m ittee: T his com m ittee is r esponsible for the technical conduct or the
E m m is. T his com m ittee selects var ious officials such as r efer ees, judges, star ter s, um pir es,
tim e k eeper s etc.
(i i ) T r anspor t Com m ittee;T his com m ittee is r esponsible for pr oviding the faci lities r egar ding
tr anspor tation of var ious team s I f the venue of spor ts events.
(ì ì ì ) R eception Com m ittee: T he m em ber s of this com m ittee ar e r esponsible to w elcom e the
Chief Guest and spectator s at opening and closing cer em onies.
(ìv) B oar ding and L odging Com m ittee: T his com m ittee is r esponsible for m ak ing necessar y
ar r angem ents for pr oviding accom m odation and ser ving m eals to the spor tsper sons Abel
other officials,
(v) Gr ound and E quipm ent Com m ittee :T his com m ittee m ales necessar y ar r angem ents of
equipm ent r elated to events.
(v i) M edical and F ir st Aid Com m ittee: T his com m ittee i5 For m ed to pr ovide m edical
assistance. e to par ticipants r ound the clock
(vi i ) Pr otest Com m ittee : it's pr otest against a judgm ent, the m em ber s of this com m ittee
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decide about it.
(v i i i ) Publicity Com m ittee: All the pr ess r eleases and pr ess confer ences ar e conflicted by
W ho’s com m ittee.
(ix ) F inance Com m ittee: T his com m ittee is assigned to m ak e the budget for the event and
handle the ex penses.
(x ) R efr eshm ent Com m ittee :T his com m ittee is for m ed to pr ofi le r efr eshm ent to the
par ticipants.
T ou r n a m en ts:
A tour nam ent is a com petition involving r elatively lar ge num ber of com petitor s, all
par ticipating in a spor ts or gam e. I t is a ser ies of contests w ith sever al r ounds in w hich m any
contestants com pete, individually or as a team to decide the w inner . I n other w or ds,
tour nam ent is a ser ies of contests in w hich a num ber of contestants com pete and the one
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that pr evails thr ough the final r ound or that finishes w ith the best r ecor d is declar ed the
w inner .
1.3 T ou r n a m en t: A ser ies of spor ts com petitions, in w hich, a team finally w ins and r est of
the par ticipating team s lose the m atches. I t depends on var ious factor s i .e. . . - No. of
par ticipating team s, availability of gr ounds and equipm ent,
No. of days and funds.
I m por tance of tour nam ents ar e -
Sour ce of R ecr eation; A lar ge num ber of people go to w atch var ious gam es and spor ts for
getting r ecr eation. Spor ts tour nam ents pr ovide am ple r ecr eation to the spectator s.
Developm ent of Social Qualities: Social qualities such as cooper ation, toler ance, sym pathy,
gr oup cohesion, br other hood and discipline ar e developed am ong par ticipants thr ough
spor ts tour nam ents.
I m por ta n ce of tou r n a m en t
T he spor tsm an lear ns the discipline by playing tour nam ents.
T he spor tsm an m eets other spor tsm an at a single platfor m .
H e lear ns ethical values such as honesty, fair play, r espect for other s.
T our nam ents pr ovides r ecr eation to all , i .e. . . or ganizer s, spectator s, students.
T y pe of tou r n a m en t:
K n ock ou t: I n this type of tour nam ent, the team once defeated, gets elim inated fr om
the tour nam ent. Only the w inning team s contest in the nex t r ounds. Oppor tunities
ar e given to the w inning player s/team s.
L ea gu e: I n single league tour nam ent all par ticipating team s com pete once, w ith each
other , w her e as in double league, each team plays w ith ever y as in double league,
each team plays w ith ever y other team tw ice, w ithout any consider ation of v ictor y or
defeat.
Com bi n a ti on T ou r n a m en ts: Com bination tour nam ents ar e or ganized in gr oup or
zonal m atches. W henever ther e is a lar ge num ber of team s, com bination tour nam ents
facilitate the Physical E ducation T eacher s, job. I t gives them elbow r oom to tr y out
new ex per im ents.
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T h er e a r e m a i n l y f ou r ty pes of com bi n a ti on tou r n a m en ts:
1. K nock out cum K nock out
2. L eague cum league
3. K nock out cum league
4. L eague cum K nock out
Ch a l l en ge T ou r n a m en t : T his type of tour nam ent com es handy w hen ther e ar e one to
one contests or ther e ar e tw o player s on each side. One player challenges the other
and the other player accepts the challenge. Gam es in w hich such tour nam ents ar e
held ar e - B ox ing, T ennis, T able T ennis, B adm inton etc
F ix tur es in such tour nam ents ar e decided accor ding to :
1. L adder M ethod
2. Physical M ethod
3. Cobw eb M ethod
V ar ious types of tour nam ents ar e
(í) K nock -out tour nam ent
(i i )L eague tour nam ent
(i i i ) Com bination tour nam ent
(iv) Challenge tour nam ent
K n ock ou t tou r n a m en ts:
I n k nock out tour nam ents the team s w hich gets elim inated gets autom atically elim inated
fr om the tour nam ent.
I n this type of tour nam ent , i f a team is defeated once, it gets elim inated. Only the w inner s
continue in the com petition. I t is the fastest m ethod to k now about the w inner team in the
tour nam ent.
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Seedi n g a T ea m :- T he sor ting of the team s and fitting them in the fix tur es so that the
str onger team s do not m eet each other in ear lier r ounds is k now n as Seeding. T his m ethod is
good if w e k now the r eal str ong team s. T he or ganizer s should find out the r eal str ong team s
fr om the pr evious tour nam ents or old r ecor ds figur e star ting a new tour nam ent.
B y e:
B ye is a pr iv i lege given to a team , genr e by dr aw ing lots, ex em pting it fr om plays fir st
r ound.
B y e:- T he advantage given to a team usually by dr aw ing a lot, and ex em pting it fr om paying
a m atch in the fir st r ound is k now n as B ye. T hese ar e given to a specific num ber of team s in
the fir st r ound. T he num ber of byes ar e decided by subtr acting the num ber of team s fr om
the nex t higher num ber w hich is in pow er of tw o’s.
B ye Nex t H igher No-no of T eam [2n-no of team s]
T he pr ocedur e of giv ing byes is as follow s:
T he fir st bye is given to last team of low er half.
T he second bye is given to fir st team of upper half.
T he thir d bye is given to fir st team of low er half
T he four th bye if given to last team of upper half.
T he nex t bye or byes w ill be given in the sam e or der as descr ibed above.
Advantages of k nock out tour nam ent:
T hese ar e less ex pensive.
H elpful in enhancing standar d of spor ts.
I t r equir es less tim e to com plete the tour nam ent.
M inim um no. of officials ar e r equir ed.
Disadvantages of k nock out tour nam ent:
T her e ar e m any chances of elim ination of good team s in pr elim inar y r ounds.
T her e ar e m any chances of w eak team s to enter in the final r ound.
Spectator s m ay not have enough inter est in the final r ound.
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M eth ods of Pr epa r i n g F i x tu r es f or K n ock -ou t T ou r n a m en ts: -
1. T otal num ber of team s par ticipating in the tour nam ent
2. T otal num ber of m atches to be played in the tour nam ent
For m ula for calculating num ber of m atches=n-1,w her e n is the total num ber of team s
par ticipating in the tour nam ent.
3. T ota l n u m ber of r ou n ds pl a y ed i n th e tou r n a m en t depen ds u pon tw o th i n gs: -
a . T he num ber of team s playing in the tour nam ent
b . T he higher near est num ber fr om the total num ber of team s of pow er of tw o’s =
4. M ethod of deter m ining the num ber of team s in upper half and low er half:-
a . I f he num ber of team s is even, then equal num ber of team s w ill be div ided in both halves
i .e. . .- n/2,w her e n is the total num ber of team s.
b. I f the num ber of team s is odd, the follow ing m ethod is applied:
Num ber of team s in upper half=(n+1)/2,w her e n=num ber of team s.
Num ber of team s in low er half=(n-1)/2,w her e n=num ber of team s
5. T he num ber of byes is a k nock -out tour nam ent ar e decided by subtr acting total num ber of
team s fr om the nex t higher near est num ber in pow er of tw o’s
Dr a w a k n ock ou t f i x tu r e of 17 tea m s?
No. of team s = 17,
T otal No. of m atches = N-1 = 17-1 = 16
No. of team s in upper half N+1/2 = 17+ 1 = 9
No. of team s in low er half N-1/2 = 17 - 1 = 8
T otal no. of byes = 32- 17 =15 byes,
No. of byes in upper half = NB -1/2 = 15 - 1 = 7
No. of byes in low er half = NB + 1/2 = 15 + 1 = 8
T otal r ounds = 4
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L ea gu e tou r n a m en t:
I n this type each team plays w ith ever y otgher team once if it is a single league tour nam ent
and each team plays w ith ever y other team tw ice if it is a double league tour nam ent.
Cy cl i c m eth od:
I n cyclic m ethod, I f the num ber of team s is in even num ber , the team num ber 1 is fix ed on
the top of r ight hand side and then other team num ber s in ascending or der consecutively
dow nw ar d and then upw ar d on the left hand side and then fr om the nex t r ound team s w ill
r otate in clock w ise dir ection. I f the num ber of team s is odd then the bye is fix ed on the top of
r ight hand side and r est of the pr ocedur e w ill r em ain sam e. I f the num ber of team is even
num ber than num ber of r ounds w ill be (N-1). I f the num ber of team s is odd num ber then
num ber of r ounds w ill be equal to num ber of team s.
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Fix tur e- No of m atches=n(n-1)/2 = 8(8-1)/2 =28
No. of r ounds=N-1= 8-1=7
Fix tur e- Cyclic m ethod
1st r ound 2nd r ound 3r d r ound 4th r ound 5th r ound 6th r ound 7th r ound
A-B A-H A-G A-F A-E A-D A-C
H -C G-B F-H E -G D-F C-E B -D
G-D F-C E -B D-H C-G B -F H -E
F-E E -D D-C C-B B -H H -G G-F
(b) Cy cl i c M eth od : I n cyclic m ethod, i f the num ber of team s is even, the team num ber 1 is
fix ed on the top of r ight hand side and other team s in ascending or der consecutively
dow nw ar d and then upw ar d on the left side and r otate them clock w ise. I f the num ber of
team s is odd, then bye is fix ed on top r ight side and the r est pr ocedur e r em ains sam e. T he
num ber of r ounds in case of even num ber of team s w ill be n -1, w her e n = num ber of team s.
T he num ber of r ounds in case of odd num ber of team s w ill be n, w her e n = num ber of team s.
E x a m pl e 1. Dr aw a fix tur e of 6 team s on league basis accor ding to cyclic m ethod.
Sol u ti on : T otal num ber of team s = 6
T otal num ber of m atches
Num ber of r ounds = n-1 = 6-1 = 5 r ounds.
F i x tu r es
I R I I R I I I R I V R V R
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1.4 B . M eth od f or dr a w of f i x tu r e i n l ea gu e tou r n a m en t: -
(a ) Sta i r -ca se M eth od : I n stair -case m ethod, the fix tur es ar e m ade just lik e a ladder or a
stair - case. I n this m ethod, no bye is given to any team and ther e is no pr oblem of even or
odd num ber of team s.
E x a m pl e : Dr aw a fix tur e of 9 team s on league basis accor ding to stair -case m ethod.
Sol u ti on : F i x tu r e
Com bi n a ti on tou r n a m en t:
Com bi n a ti on tou r n a m en ts ar e conducted w hen the m atches ar e to be played on gr oup
basis or zonal basis. T hese tour nam ents depend on the suitability of the activ ity , the num ber
of par ticipating team s and the ar eas and distance fr om w hich they com e to par ticipate.
Depending upon the num ber of team s in each zone and the availability of tim e, he
tour nam ent can be or ganized on the basis of k nock out or league and after that national level
tour nam ent can also be conducted either on k nock out or league basis.
1.5 A I N T R A M UR A L A N D E X T R A M UR A L :M E A N I N G , OB JE CT I V E S A N D I T S SI G N I F I CA N CE
M ea n i n g of I n tr a m u r a l : -
I ntr am ur al is der ived fr om the L atin w or d’ I ntr a” and “m ur alist’.” I ntr a” m eans “w ithin” and
“M ur alist” m eans ‘W aif .So w e can say that the activ ities, w hich ar e per for m ed w ithin the
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w alls or w ithin the cam pus of an institution ,ar e called ‘I ntr am ur al” .
T he intr am ur al spor ts m eans com petitions w ithin the w alls or w ithin the school, i .e. being or
occur r ing w ithin the lim its usually of a com m unity, or ganization, or institution. T his
pr ogr am m e offer s the school com m unity the oppor tunity to par ticipate in or ganized spor ts
com petition. T he r ules of the gam es/ spor ts ar e m odified accor dingly, i f needed.
Objecti v es of I n tr a m u r a l : -
T o pr ovide oppor tunity to ever y student to par ticipate in Gam es and Spor ts
T o develop L eader ship Qualities am ong students
T o develop Feeling of Cooper ation
T o pr ovide R ecr eation
T o develop the Feeling of Spor tsm anship
T o pr ovide oppor tunity to lear n a var iety of gam es and Sk ills
T o pr ovide oppor tunity to get E x per ience of Or ganization of Com petitions
T o find out talented Spor t per sons
T o pr ovide oppor tunity to Develop per sonality
E x tr a m u r a l s :
E x tr am ur al spor ts satisfy the need for str uctur ed spor ts activ ities betw een students fr om
var ious schools, or ganizations, or institutions. E x tr am ur al m eans com petitions outside w alls
or boundar ies, as of a city or tow n or a univer sity . T hese tour nam ents w ill be or ganized on a
zonal, r egional, state or national basis.eg. CB SE tour nam ents, SGFI tour nam ents etc.
B . E X T R A M UR A L :-
E x tr am ur al is der ived fr om the L atin w or ds “E x tr a” and “W aif” . So, w e can say that the
activ ities w hich ar e per for m ed outside the w alls of an institution or school, ar e k now n as
“ex tr am ur al” .
Objecti v es of ex tr a m u r a l :
T o pr ovide E x per ience to Students
T o im pr ove the Standar d of Spor ts
T o br oaden the B ase of Spor ts
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T o develop Spor tsm anship and Fr ater nity
T o pr ovide k now ledge of New R ules and Advanced T echniques
Si gn i f i ca n ce of i n tr a m u r a l s a n d ex tr a m u r a l s :
H elps in pr oviding the w ays and m eans for the developm ent self esteem , citizenship,
r esponsibility , spor tsm anship, and sk i lls in co-oper ative behavior .
H elps in pr oviding tak e par t in activ ities that encour ages active par ticipation,
enjoym ent, and fun w ithout ex ter nal pr essur e or r ew ar d.
H elps in pr oviding to r einfor ce the concept that w inning is less im por tant than
pr epar ing to w in. L osing should not be the sam e as fai lur e, nor success the sam e as
w inning.
H elps in pr oviding to deter m ine par ticipation by inter est r ather than sk i ll , not
lim iting activ ities to the gifted or ear ly m atur ing athlete.
H elps in pr oviding oppor tunities for students and ex pose them to a w ide var iety of
spor ts, sk i lls and activ ities so that the m ay r efine inter est and m ak e choices to suit
their per sonal abilities and needs.
H elps in pr oviding oppor tunities for students, faculty , and staff to actively engage in
activ ities involving spor ts, r ecr eation, and play w hile pr oviding str uctur e for an
ex per im ental education.
1.6 SPE CI F I C SPOR T S PR OG R A M M M E
Spor ts and gam es pr ogr am s ar e ar r anged in the w or ld as w ell as in our countr y to pr om ote
the gam es and spor ts for a specific cause. E ver y countr y in the w or ld has som e or other cause
for pr om oting specific spor ts pr ogr am s.
T he pr ogr am s m otivate and cr eate the feeling to tak e par t in these spor ts pr ogr am s. People
becom e health-conscious and tr y to r em ain fit and stay healthy for as long as possible. T hese
specific spor ts pr ogr am s ar e usually or ganized by the feder ations, state gover nm ent, NGO
etc. to cr eate health consciousness am ong the people and tak e par t in health-r elated spor ts
pr ogr am s.
M or e and m or e people of all age gr oups should tak e par t in such spor ts pr ogr am s. Specific
spor ts pr ogr am m es ar e such pr ogr am m es of spor ts w hich ar e not usually r elated to
com petitions. T hese pr ogr am m es have var ious objectives such as cr eating aw ar eness am ong
peoples r egar ding unity , health & diseases etc.
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T he var ious im por tant specific pr ogr am s ar e:-
l . SP OR T S DA Y –
A. School–Annual Spor ts Day
B . NAT I ONAL SPOR T S DAY
2. H E AL T H R UN: these ar e or ganised by health depar tm ents to am elior ate the standar d of
health in a countr y along w ith r aising funds for char ity .
3. R UN FOR FUN: I t is also or ganised to spr ead the m essage am ong m asses to r em ain healthy
and fit. I t m ay be or ganised to m otivate the people to r em ain fit.
4. R UN FOR UNI T Y: I t is or ganised to show unity and peace am ong the people of differ ent
r eligions. I ts pur pose m ay be national and inter national integr ation and br other hood.
5. R UN FOR SPE CI F I C CAUSE : T H is is the r un r elated to specific or noble cause. M ost of the
social non- pr ofit or ganisations or ganises these r uns for cr eating aw ar eness about AI DS,
E ducating the gir l child, Cancer , etc.M um bai and Chennai M ar athons ar e or ganised for such
noble pur pose.