Hem Raj RegmiUnder Secretary(Head; food security monitoring unit)

Ministry of Agriculture Development Nepal

Peshawar, PakistanMarch 2014

IPC-based Food Security Phase Classification IPC-based Food Security Phase Classification Experiences from NepalExperiences from Nepal

22

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

1. General Background of the Country:

2. Methodology Adopted by MOAD on measuring food

security

3. New Interventions on food security IPC; Acute vs

Chronic

4. Data Generation, Management, Analysis and Products

Details

5. Lesson Learned and Way Forward:

Nepal: General Background• A country of 27.5 million between India and China, with

high ethnic and cultural diversity

• Share of agriculture in total GDP is about 35% with 66% of the population having Agriculture as main occupation

• Sluggish economic growth ranging from 3-5%

• Physically divided into Mountains , hills and Terai (low land).

• The elevation ranges from 80 m to 8848 m( highest peak of the world; the mount Everest)

• Politically divided into 5 development regions, 14 zones and 75 districts.

• Major Agriculture commodities are paddy, maize, wheat as cereal, sugarcane, cardamom, ginger, tea as cash and fruits and vegetables as well as livestock.

Food security: constitutional provisionFood security: constitutional provision

•   The Interim Constitution 2007 has given The Interim Constitution 2007 has given recognition to food-security, as a basic recognition to food-security, as a basic human right human right

55

Few years ago; in Nepal

• Food security meant– Food availability through own production

So MoAD started to calculate Food Balance Sheet (FBS)

First Component was the AvailabilityFirst Component was the Availability• Production Estimate of 5/6 major Cereal CropsProduction Estimate of 5/6 major Cereal Crops

– PaddyPaddy– MaizeMaize– WheatWheat– MilletMillet– BarleyBarley– Buckwheat; Buckwheat;

Balance over the years

-9424

132179

-188390

-341598

-138610

-485155

-34351

-106548-150728

-181879

68496830518002275646

213027

162843

-21553

-179910

22367

-132910

-329972

443057

886307

408442

-600000

-400000

-200000

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

year

M t

on

Food Self Sufficiency by districts

Figure 15: Edible cereal balance at regional level and food self-sufficiency at district level. (Source: MoAD)

Now: food security is

When all people at all times have both physical When all people at all times have both physical and economic access to sufficient food to and economic access to sufficient food to meet their dietary needs for a productive and meet their dietary needs for a productive and healthy life.healthy life.

UN FAOUN FAO• Four DimensionsFour Dimensions

– Food availabilityFood availability– Food AccessFood Access– Food Utilization andFood Utilization and– StabilityStability

Adaptation of IPC

An adapted version of IPC was used for Nepal for analyzing and presenting food security.

This was necessary because the food balance sheet approach focused only on Availability and did not consider other dimensions of Food Security

FS Phase Classification FS Phase Classification Reference TableReference Table Five PhaseFive Phase

Generally food secureGenerally food secure Moderately food Moderately food

insecureinsecure Highly food insecureHighly food insecure Severely food Severely food

insecureinsecure Humanitarian Humanitarian

emergency/ famineemergency/ famine

Threshold for each Threshold for each indicators for respective indicators for respective five FS phasesfive FS phases

12 Indicators12 Indicators

Twelve Indicators for Acute food security analysis

1. Crop production/situation

2. HHs food stocks

3. Stock of staples in market

4. wage employment opportunities within district or neighboring VDC

5. Sale of NTFP, cash crops, other agr. Products, livestock

6. Market price of rice

7. Natural disasters

8. Out-migration

9. Coping

10.Acute child malnutrition status

11.Disease

12.Civil security

In

form

atio

n

Current Institutional FrameworkCurrent Institutional Framework

District Food Security Network(DAO, DADO, DDC,DHO, DLSO, WCO, NGOs, CCI, FECOFUN)

Monitoring ofMonitoring of

• CropCrop• Market and Market and

PricePrice• LivestockLivestock

MoADMoAD

Key surveysKey surveys

NLSSNLSS Labour forceLabour force CensusCensus

CBSCBS

NFCNFC

StocksStocks Subsidized Subsidized

rice provisionrice provision

MoCSMoCS

DHMDHM

Weather Weather

reports reports

Mo Env.Mo Env.

HMISHMIS

Growth Growth

monitoringmonitoring Disease Disease

EpidemicsEpidemics NDHSNDHS

MoHPMoHP

Monitoring ofMonitoring of

Economics Economics

and financial and financial indicatorsindicators

NRBNRB

National Planning CommissionNational Planning CommissionNepal Food Security and Nutrition Coordination CommitteeNepal Food Security and Nutrition Coordination Committee

Information

Seventy Two among 75 (except Kathmandu Valley Seventy Two among 75 (except Kathmandu Valley district) district) DFSNs trained on FS MonitoringDFSNs trained on FS Monitoring

DFSN consist development agencies working in the DFSN consist development agencies working in the districtsdistricts

GON line agencies - Agriculture, Livestock, GON line agencies - Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, District Development Committee, Forestry, District Development Committee, Infrastructure, District Health Office, District Infrastructure, District Health Office, District Administration office, Women and Child OfficeAdministration office, Women and Child Office

CBOs/NGOs/INGOs CBOs/NGOs/INGOs Networks – FECOFUN, FNCCINetworks – FECOFUN, FNCCI

District FS NetworkDistrict FS Network

Products – Food Security BulletinProducts – Food Security Bulletin

Products: District Food Security BulletinsProducts: District Food Security Bulletins

Products: Crop SituationProducts: Crop Situation

Products: Market WatchProducts: Market Watch

Name of

District

Phase I VDCs

Phase II

VDCs

Phase III

VDCs

Affected Populatio

n

% of Affected

PoP.

Dolpa

3 20 0 0

Jumla

23 7 0 0

Humla

9 7 11 22146 100%

Kalikot

21 7 2 10100 100%

Mugu 7 12 13 16446 100%

Total VDCs

63 53 26 48692 100%

Out-Look

Main influencing Indicators;-HHs Food Stock.Lean period of crop harvest. stock of main staples in the main market.Market price (coarse rice 20% - 40%)sale of NTFP, cash crops, other agr. Products.acute child (<5 years) malnutrition ( 10% to 19%)

Highly Food insecure Population; -Total PoP = 366848.Population at Risk= 48300 (13%)

Overall Food Situation is moderately food insecure and outlook will remain same.

Field Monitors’ De-briefing Meeting

Jan-Mar Apr-Jun Jul-Sep Oct-Dec2008

2009

2010

2011

Neksap Review

Expected outputs:

• Revision of Indicators and Methodology towards greater relevance, based on consultations with stakeholders at community, district, regional, and central levels;

• Streamlining of NeKSAP Food Security Phase Classification and IPC version 2.0;

• Synchronization of Monitoring/Reporting with the GoN reporting system;

Recommended Indicators

1. Food Consumption food and dietary diversity, food groups)2. Acute child malnutrition (6-59m), wasting as per the prevalence of

Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM)3. Crop production situation4. Food stock at household level 5. Stock of main staples in key markets (food availabiltiy in the market)6. Employment opportunities within and neighboring districts7. Income through sales: NTFP, cash/high value crops, and small

enterprise8. Income: meat, milk, egg, fish, honey 9. Market price of main staple like rice, wheat flour, and others. 10. Remittances11. Human disease incidence, and epidemics12. Water supply for drinking, sanitation (ODF)13. Climatic hazards: floods, landslides, dry spell, snowfall, hailstorm , and

strong wind14. Disaster: Earthquake, fire15. Out-migration (stress induced)16. Coping strategies17. Civil security (social violance, and bandh/blockade)

Minimal Food Insecure

Moderately Food

Insecure (or Stressed)

Highly Food Insecure(or Crisis)

Severely Food insecure (or Emergency)

Humanitarian Emergency, (or Declared famine)

Households with secure food and non-food needs without shifting or changing livelihood strategies . These households are capable of adjusting small scale stresses caused by hazards, disasters, shocks, epidemics and conflicts or violence by means of existing social, natural and economic capital.

Households meet minimal food with traditional coping, but are unable to afford some essential non-food expenditures without engaging in irreversible coping strategies.

Households with food consumption gaps high or above usual acute malnutrition. Or meet minimal food needs only with accelerated depletion of livelihood assets - lead to food consumption gaps.

Households unable to meet food and non-food needs without losing livelihood assets. This induces very high acute malnutrition leading to high morbidity, mortality and shortened life expectancy. Probable high level of violence and movement restriction due to conflict. Some immediate interventions and assistance required.

Almost all households have an extreme lack of food and other basic needs where starvation, destitutions, irreversible loss of capital resources and loss of lives are evident. Households of the whole areas are challenged by acute shortage of food and other basic needs - hazards, disasters, epidemics or destruction of infrastructure, disturbances of services. Immediate humanitarian assistance required.

NPC Nutrition and Food Security Steering Committee

MoAD Food Security Monitoring Unit

NPC Nutrition and Food Security Coordination

Committee

Reporting- Situation Update- Recommendation

District Council/District Development Committee (DDC)District Periodic Plan; Annual

Plan; Budget Allocation

• Chair: CDO; Vice Chair: LDO• Secretariat: DADO• MembersGovernment Offices including District Livestock Office; District Health Office; Meteorological Office; District Administration Office; District Development Office; District Office of Small Cottage and Industries; NFC, District Education Office; NRCs; District Forest Office; District Soil Conservation Office; Statistics OfficeUN/I/NGOs/Donors;Civil Society including District Chamber of Commerce; Farmers’ AssociationOther agencies as relevant and decided by the DFSNs

NeKSAP District Food Security Network

Programme Implementation Ministries

Annual Plan / Budget Allocation• Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development;• Ministry of Agriculture and Development• Ministry of Health and Population;• Ministry of Commerce and Supplies;• Ministry of Irrigation;• Ministry of Physical Planning ,Woks; and Transport• Ministry of Women and Social Welfare• Ministry of Home Affairs

NPC Five Year/Interim Plan; Annual Budget Allocation

National-level Strategic Plan; Programming; Budget Allocation

Reporting- Situation Update- Recommendations

Technical Backstopping/Coordination

Verificati

on/F

eedback

Bu

dg

et

Allo

catio

n

Central (technical) Structure

Central (policy) Structure

(dotted line) Proposed structure

Legend

District-level Structure

NPC Nutrition and Food Security

SecretariatNational Technical Coord Committee

Reporting

Secretariat Support

Institutional Arrangements and Flow of Information

Chronic Food Insecurity

Chronic food insecurity

“Conditions of persistent inability to meet minimum quality and quantity of food consumption requirements as is evident even in the absence of a shock/hazard” IPC V2

Piloting Response Analysis

FSRA Framework

Activities indicated in Red text are not required for immediate FS Response Analysis

Deciding Type of FS Response Analysis

Lessons Learned Lessons Learned • Capacity building at the local level is key to generate

commitments for the effectiveness of the FSM system

• Stakeholders benefited by the information for decision making–

• FS monitoring needs multi-sectoral coordination and support at the national and local level

• Time taking process • FS concept not fully understood (only food sufficiency) • Importance of build agencies’ awareness and have them

engaged in the process (more than a nice reference table!), • They want to keep monitoring at a “technical level” and have an

inclusive structure to do that

Any Questions, Comments, Suggestions?

Thank YouThank You