HELLO EVERYONE !. And... How are you, today ? And... What on Earth could we actually learn today ?

HELLO EVERYONE !

And...

How are you, today ?

And...

What on Earth could we actually learn today ?

Because after all...

What could you possibly want to learn that you do not already know ?

Indeed...

Don't you already know how to conjugate English verbs in

nearly all of their possible forms, including the present,

progressive, future, conditional and past ?...

… On top of knowing how to engage a conversation and to pronounce English

words and sentences properly ?

Well...It does look like you are now much better equipped to deal with the English language than you were at the beginning...

And at this point, why not to simply look for

what we can do in order to allow you to

become...

FULLY EQUIPPED !!!...

So...

Are you ready to take up this challenge ?

GOOD ANSWER !...

So let's see what we can do about this !...

And to start with...

Do you feel confident in telling just what exactly

is an...

AUXILIARY VERB ?

Or a modal ? And the difference between such verbs and normal verbs ?

I know, it's a rather complicated question...

But at this point, you probably know at least

something about modals, right ?

Do you have any idea about what exactly they

might be ?

And what about the other auxiliary verbs ?

YES !...

DO, HAVE and BE !...

So, in your opinion...

What would be the relation, or the differences between modals and other

auxiliary verbs ?

NOT BAD !!...

Not bad at all !

And while we're at it...

Why not to see what experts have to say about it ?

...And take a look to the following sites !...

http://www.elearnenglishlanguage.com/esl/grammar/modalverbs.html

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbaux.htm

So just so as to simplify this even a step further...

It actually looks like...

Auxiliary verbs are simply used to...

« HELP » another verb, notably by adding some extra meaning to it...

And now let's see if, by taking a look to the following

examples, you can actually find the main difference between MODALS and

OTHER AUXILIARY VERBS...

MODALSI can play guitar.

He can play guitar.

OTHER AUXILIARY VERBSI am playing guitar.He is playing guitar.

BINGO !...

Other auxiliary verbs are CONJUGATED, while modals are not !...

So, at this point...Aren't you getting eager to discover what those other auxiliary verbs can actually be used for ?

Well, then...

Let's just do that !...

And in the first place, do you recognize, in the

examples we just looked at, an auxiliary verb that we already knew, even if we did not call it by this

name...

It is, indeed, the verb that is used in building the present progressive

form....

So, what is it ?

YES, INDEED !...

The verb TO BE !!...

And now, apart from using it as an auxilliary verb in

present progressive constructions, what else can we do with the verb

TO BE ?

It can also be simply used as a verb !...

Well, of course...

And as such, the verb TO BE is naturally used

mostly to describe states and qualities, most often expressed by adjectives,

as we can see in the following sentences...

She is very happy about her new job.

They are thirteen years old.

Our teacher is so funny, kind and interesting !...

Now, if you look at the next bunch of examples, you will see that the verb TO BE is

then used in the exact same way, but you might notice something rather special

about the adjectives themselves... Let's see if you

can find out what it is !...

This house is very well built. Your favorite cup is now

broken into three pieces.We are so excited about this

lesson !

What kind of words do these « adjectives »

make you think about ?

So, to be more precise...

YES ! They look like verbs !

And do you know why ?

It's because that's just what they are !...

They represent a special form of the verb, called the « PAST PARTICIPLE »....

And more precisely...

But if you found it hard to tell whether these words were verbs or adjectives,

don't worry ! It's absolutely normal, because...

It is the very property of a « PARTICIPLE » to « share some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives », as

you can see here !...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participle

And by the way, did you know that there is also something called the

« PRESENT PARTICIPLE », and that you already know how to

build it ?

Of course, since that is the form of the verb that ends in -ING, and that

is used to build the present progressive tense !

And just in case you don't remind it, here are some examples of this

form : RUNNING JUMPING CLIMBING DIVING SWIMMING PLAYING

WORKING

Besides, just like any adjective, let it be noted that the present or

past participles do not necessarily need TO BE or any other verb for being used, since

they can simply modify a noun by being placed next to it, as you

can see by looking at these examples...

The following examples are indeed interesting !

This broken cup was one of my favorite !

The excited students are all eager to get to class !

GREAT !...

But now that you realize you already know how

to form the present participle, you are surely wondering...

What about forming the PAST participle !?!...

And now, well...

IT DEPENDS !...

Depends on what ? Well...

… On whether the verb is regular or not, simply !

So why not to start by finding how to build the

past participle for regular verbs, by simply looking at the following

examples ?

Accept : ACCEPTEDEnjoy : ENJOYEDFlash : FLASHED

Talk : TALKEDWelcome : WELCOMED

So, how do you build the past participle of a

regular verb ?

Well, indeed...

Simply by doing the exact same thing that you do in

order to produce the simple past tense !

Or in other words, you're right ! You simply need to...

Add -ED to the verb !...

And for doing so...

You also need to simply apply the same 3 special rules that we saw before, naturally !...

And as for the past participle of the irregular verbs, well, of course...

They're irregular !...

So, once again, why not to come back a few

moments to our list of the most useful irregular

verbs ?...

And this time, let's just take a closer look at this mysterious third column

that we decided to ignore last time !...

So, if you agree...

LET'S GO !...

And let's just open, once again, the document called « Most useful irregular verbs » !...

And, just like we did last time for the simple past forms...

Let's see how many of the irregular past participle forms you already know, and let's just discover the others !...

Why not to learn for next class what are thus the

most useful irregular past participle forms ?

And by the way...

And now, all this is certainly great, but...

Does anyone have an idea about what the past participle can

actually be used for ?

Apart from being used just as a simple adjective, like when it is preceded by the verb TO BE, as we could see a few slides before ?

Well, why not to find at least one other answer

to this excellent question, by just looking

to these examples !...

The window is broken by the ball.

The mouse is eaten by the cat.

The shark is eaten by the man.

And while we're at it, let's take a closer look at the third example, and let's modify it a little bit, compare it to another sentence, and see if you can

discover the difference between the two...

The man eats the shark.The shark eats the man.

Surely you can agree that there is indeed quite a difference

between...

THIS...

… and THAT !!...

And just so we can understand this difference even

better...

Can you tell, in these two sentences, who DOES the action ?


And in the same two sentences, can you now tell who RECEIVES the

action ?


EXCELLENT !...And now, let's see if we can express this difference in a somewhat more grammatical language...

So, in a sentence, how would you call the person or thing

that DOES the action ?

A) The SUBJECTB) The OBJECT

And how would you call the person or thing that

RECEIVES the action ?

A) The SUJECTB) The OBJECT

YOU GOT IT !...

And now that you have apparently grasped this most crucial distinction...

Let's just get back to the following sentence, and see if you can tell what

happens to the position of its subject and object in

the next slide...

The man eats the shark.


YES INDEED !

They just switched position !

And getting back to the previous examples, can you find what exactly

are the two parts of the verbs we see in these

sentences ?

The window is broken by the ball.



BINGO !

It appears that the verbs in these sentences are conjugated just like this...

BE (conjugated)+

PAST PARTICIPLE

So if we combine all our observations about these constructions, it looks like

they all basically follow this pattern...

Object+

BE (conjugated)+

PAST PARTICIPLE+BY+

Subject

And as for the name of this new construction,

well there it is...

We are actually talking here about the...

PASSIVE VOICE !...

The passive voice thus represents another

fundamental usage of the verb TO BE and of

the past participle...

You must certainly be thinking that the passive voice is definitely a great

thing, but wondering « what exactly is it for » ?

Now, of course...

And now...

To answer such a good question...

Why not to simply...

… ask the experts about it ?...

And so let's just take a look to the following sites !...

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

http://esl.about.com/od/grammarstructures/a/passive_voice.htm

So, to sum it up...

It looks like the passive voice can be used for

these three main reasons...

1) To focus on the action (or event)

2) To focus on the object

3) For politeness

Coming back to the actual construction of the passive

voice...

And now...

What do you think would be the best word to describe the

role of the verb TO BE in forming the passive voice ?

A) A verb ?B) A modal ?

C) An auxiliary ?

YOU GOT IT RIGHT !...

An AUXILIARY, of course !...

And besides, it looks like this can easily be

confirmed by another expert, as we can see just

by going here !...http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-voice_passive.htm

What do you think would happen TO THE VERB if

we tried to put into the passive voice a sentence

in which modals are used ?

And now by the way...

Well, of course...There probably is only one way to know about it for sure, namely to...

Do a little research !...And for this, let's just take a look at the following examples !

The cat may eat the mouse.The mouse may be eaten by

the cat.The ball could break the

window.The window could be broken

by the ball.

So it appears that, as always, one of the basic

properties of modals is not only to remain invariable,

but to also strip the following verbs of any

conjugation !

And in the case of the passive voice, this actually means that

the verb TO BE is just not actually conjugated when used

with a modal, and thus keeps its infinitive form, which is...

Well, what is it, already ?

YES !...

BE !...

And apart from that, can you guess, by taking another look to the same examples, where

exactly should a modal be placed, in a sentence

formulated in the passive voice ?

The cat may eat the mouse.The mouse may be eaten by

the cat.The ball could break the

window.The window could be broken

by the ball.

Indeed, the modal simply appears to be at its usual place

in a sentence...

And where exactly is that place, already ?

YES AGAIN !...Just before the verb, as usual !...

Oh, and one last thing...

What do you think would happen if we were to

conjugate in the simple past a sentence in the

passive voice ?

And more precisely...

What part of the verb should then be

conjugated in the simple past ?

And just to settle this straight away...

Why not to find that out by simply looking at the next

slide !

The package is sent to China.

The package was sent to China.

She is told she did great.

She was told she did great.

The assignments are completed on time.

The assignments were completed on time.

EXACTLY !

• The auxiliary, on in other words, BE !

And now that we know not only how to build the passive voice but when

and why to use it...

ALL RIGHT !...

Why not to practice and test our new knowledge by going through a few

good...

EXERCISES !...

And more precisely, let's just get to these other web sites !...

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/active_passive/active_or_passive.htm

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-present

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-present-2

CONGRATULATIONS !...

Coming back to the original objectives of

this lesson...

And now...

It looks like we have now learned how to use at

least one auxiliary verb, namely BE, in building not

only the present progressive tense but also

the passive voice...

And on top of that, we have even discovered the notion of participle, and

learned how to use it with the verb TO BE, notably in order to build the passive

voice...

But there still remains to be seen one rather crucial

way in which the past participle may be used...

And so...

Why not to just...

Find out what it is !?!...

So in the first place, let's try to find, by looking at the next examples, what

auxiliary verb is being used with the past

participle...

I have seen that movie twenty times.

He has never traveled by plane.

I have studied.

He has written a letter to María.

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

This time, the auxiliary verb that is used is not TO BE, but TO HAVE !...

YES INDEED !...

In fact, this specific way to use the past participle actually

represents a new verb tense, and probably the last one we will need to study together, at

least for now...

And by the way, the name of this ultimate verb tense is...

THE PRESENT PERFECT !...

And as you might have realized by now, the

present perfect tense is actually built just like

this...

Subject+

HAVE (properly conjugated, in the

simple present)+

PAST PARTICIPLE

What would be the point of discovering a new verb

tense, if we did not even learn what it is actually

used for ?

But as usual...

So let's try to find out at least one first reason for

using the present perfect tense, by simply looking at the next few

examples...

… and more precisely, by trying to determine if these sentences describe past

actions that happen at someA) SPECIFIED MOMENT

B) UNSPECIFIED MOMENT

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

There have been many earthquakes in California.

People have traveled to the Moon.

The most basic reason to use the present perfect is to describe an action that

happened at an unspecified time before

now.

YOU GOT IT !...

And now, by looking at the next set of examples, let's

try to find if the present perfect should be used for

events that are A) COMPLETED

B) UNCOMPLETED

He has lived in Canada for 5 years.

In 1985, I lived in Florida.

James has not finished his homework yet.

John finished his homework yesterday.

The train has still not arrived.

The train arrived in time yesterday.

School has not started yet.

School started last week.

The present perfect will be used when we are still

waiting for the action to be completed, whereas if the

action is completed, the simple past will be used

instead.

INDEED !

Finally, in order to discover a third crucial reason for using the present perfect, let's try to see, in

the following examples, if the action

A) STILL HAS AN INFLUENCE ON THE PRESENT

B) IS NOT RELEVANT ANY MORE

I have lost my keys.I can't come because I have

broken my leg.I have learned English in my

childhood.

BINGO !...

It looks like the present perfect tense can

essentially be used for these three basic

reasons :

And so, to sum it up...

1) Happened at some unspecified time in the past

2) Are still waiting to be completed

3) Still have an influence on the present

For describing actions that..

But once again...That may actually

not exactly be the end of the story, as you may see by looking at a few next examples...

And in fact...

Do you think you may even guess what is a first more

specific reason for using the present perfect, by looking

at these examples ?...

I haven't smoked today.I've lived here all my life.

Have you ever been to China?My brother has written several

plays. I have never driven such a fast car.

WELL SAID !

For actions happening in a period of time that includes the present, and that is thus incomplete !...

And now, since you're so well started...

Why not to go for yet another bunch of examples !...

I have been to France.I have been to France three times.

I have never been to France.I think I have seen that movie before.

He has never traveled by train. Joan has studied two foreign

languages. A: Have you ever met him?B: No, I have not met him.

THAT'S EXACTLY IT !

To describe your EXPERIENCE, simply !...

And in the same vein...

How would you describe the use of the present perfect in the following examples ?

Man has walked on the Moon.

Our son has learned how to read.

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

Scientists have split the atom.

I have climbed that mountain many times before.

INDEED !

We are actually speaking here about ACHIEVEMENTS !...

And now...

What's next ?...

Well...

You guessed right !

We'll just move to yet another bunch of

examples !...

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

The government has become more interested in arts education.

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

The interest of the government for the environment has decreased over the years.

THIS IS CORRECT !

The present perfect can indeed be used to describe a change that has happened over a period of time !

And if you now allow me to show you a final bunch

of examples...

The army has attacked that city five times.

I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

We have had many major problems while working on this project.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is

sick.

I couldn't have put it any better !

We can finally use the present perfect to talk about multiple actions that have occured at different times !...

And by the way...

In case you still consider you couldn't get enough knowledge about the

present perfect...

I would actually recommend at least taking a look at the following

document :

« Present perfect bonus »...

And now, as usual when dealing with auxiliaries or modals, there still remains one last thing to do before we can say that we really master the issue, namely to learn

how to conjugate the form in the...

ALL RIGHT !

Negative, abbreviated,, and abbreviated negative forms !

Do you think you can do it ?

Anyway, let's just give it a try !...

By conjugating all these forms in the following verbs…

SEEBE

Well, this certainly looks like a PERFECT mastery of the present

PERFECT tense !...

And while we're at it...

Let's see if we can fully conjugate, and thus in the positive, negative,

contracted and negative contracted forms, all of these new

constructions we recently discovered : HAVE TO, HAVE GOT

TO, GOT TO and GOTTA (contraction), with the verb TO

GO...

And... Let's go !...

AWESOME !

And now, just for the fun of it, let's see how to turn into the passive voice a verb conjugated in the present perfect tense...

And more precisely, let's just see if, by looking at the next

slide, you can discover WHAT PART of a passive construction should then

actually be conjugated in the present perfect tense...


The mouse has been eaten by the cat.

You are promoted.

You have been promoted.

I am told you are doing well.

I have been told you are doing well.

This lesson is given by Mister Tremblay.

This lesson has been given by Mister Tremblay.

YOU GOT IT !...

The auxiliary, or in other words the verb BE itself !

And now that you have apparently reached a point

of nearly PERFECT mastery of the present

PERFECT...

Why not to put your mastery to the test, by

completeting a few good...

EXERCISES !...

And as usual, let's just get to some well-built sites, such as

these ones !...http://www.anglaisfacile.com/exercices/exercice-anglais-1/exercice-anglais-18.php

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/pperf1.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_past_present_perfect.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs5.htm

EXCELLENT !And now, as usual, why not to put this new understanding into practice by simply...

Talking to each other !...

And since we now know that the present perfect tense is the one that is

typically used to describe accomplishments, why not

to ask each other...

What are our...

GREATEST ACHIEVE-MENTS ?...

So...

LET'S JUST DO IT !....

And so, let's just open the document called « Perfect

achievements »...

GOOD JOB !

And now that you have practically reached a

PERFECT understanding of the present PERFECT...

We might as well just bid each other farewell...

And may everything in your life be...

PERFECT !...

And as a part of such a perfect life...

Why not to have another great English class next week ?

So...

See you next class !

Mister Tremblay cours d'anglais

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HELLO EVERYONE !. And... How are you, today ? And... What on Earth could we actually learn today ?