Hebrew 1 Review Guide by Karyn Traphagen

8/4/2019 Hebrew 1 Review Guide by Karyn Traphagen

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Hebrew Review Guide (version 080707) (please email [email protected] any corrections of suggestions)

Hebrew

Character

Hebrew

Character

namealephbetgimmeldalethe

or heyor heh

wawvav

zayinettetyodkaflamedmemnunsamekayinpetsade

orade

qofreshsinshintawtavname

translitera

tion

hwzylmnsp qrtransliterat

ion

sounds

likesilent

v

as in

vine

g

as in

garden

d

as in

dot

h

as in

help

v

as in

vine

z

as in

zebra

ch

as in

Bach

t

as in

tip

y

as in

yo-yo

ch

as in

Bach

l

as in

lovely

m

as in

mom

n

as in

now

s

as in

sitsilent

f

as in

photo

ts

as in

nets

k

as in

keep

r

as in

run

s

as in

sin

sh

as in

shin

t

as in

tipsounds

like

alternate

formalternate

form

translitera

tionbgdkpttransliterat

ion

sounds

like

b

as in

boy

g

as in

garden

d

as in

dot

k

as in

keep

p

as in

pop

t

as in

top

sounds

like

final formfinal form

U/O ClassI/E ClassA Class

Historic Long lem wawo as in row

req

u as in rule

ireq yd

i as in machine

ere yd

ey as in they

qame he

a as in car

Long

olem

o as in row

ere

ey as in they

qame

a as in car

uoeiaShort

qibb

u as in rule

qameatf

o as in row

segl

e as in met

ireq

i as in sit

pata

a as in car

Composite Shewa

atef-qame

o as in row

atef-segl

e as in met

atef-pata

a as in car


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Gutturals: resist doubling; prefer a-class vowels; take composite shewa

and sometimes acts like a guttural

Quiescent Letters:

Complete Simple Noun Paradigm:

PLDualSG

Masc Absolute

Masc Construct

Fem Absolute

Fem Construct

Common Irregular Nouns:

Singular Plural

absolute construct w/ suffix absolute construct w/ suffix

father ,Q ,

son ,Q , daughter ,Q ,

brother ,Q , wife , Q

house Q , name , ,Q ,


3/16

More Irregular Nouns (pg 47 Weingreen):

Noun SG Abs SG Cons PL Abs PL Cons Remarks

horse Simple noun. The masc. pl. changes to inthe construct (general rule).

mare Simple noun. The fem sg. termination inthe construct- general rule.

son Pl. abs. irregular. Vowel shortened in cons.sg. Qames lost in cons. pl.

hand Same as "son." Note how dual serves also forpl. (irregular)

people Dagesh forte in of pl. Note: a vowel may beelide, but not a syllable; since pl. abs. is really

there is no loss of vowel.

prophet The Qames (under the first letter) of the sg.abs. is lost.

prophetess Same as "mare"

word, thing Sg. cons. loses first Qames and shortenssecond one. Both are lost in pl. cons., the first

shewa becoming hireq.

old (man),

elder

Second vowel of sg. abs. is Sere, butchanges in the same way as "word"

wise (man) Same as "word" except that the first letter is aguttural. In sg. cons. Qames is replaced by

composite shewa. In pl. cons. the composite

shewa becomes corresponding short vowel.

dust Sg. same as "wise (man)"

man Pl. abs. irregular. Pl. cons. same as "wise"

woman Note special form of sg. cons. The pl. hasmasc. termination. Pl. cons. same as "son"

eye Note special form of cons. sg., where thedipthong 'ai' becomes ''. In the pl. the full

vowel in the first syllable is not shortened, just

as in "horse"

star Full vowel does not change. Qames of sg.abs. is shortened in sg. cons. and disappears

in pl. cons.


4/16

DEFINITE ARTICLE Normal: becomes Special Situations:

Problem Solution Remark

and resist doubling no dagesh

or guttural or virtual doubling-no dagesh

gutturalHet with Qames

vowel change to segol, no dagesh

orunaccented gutturalsUnaccented heh or ayin with Qames

, vowel change to segol, no dagesh

accented gutturals compensatory lengthening

,, gutturals ,, compensatory lengthening

INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS:

to, for with, by, in as, like, according to

Normal situation: affix preposition with shewa: W "with a king"

Before the Definite Article: takes the place of and takes its pointingW (the king) becomes W (with the king)

Before Nouns with a Shewa:

preposition takes a hireq, shewa becomes silent under the consonent

(Samuel) becomes (with Samuel) NOTE: Names (Proper Nouns) arealways Definite

Before a Composite Shewa: takes the vowel pointing of the composite shewa

(lion) becomes (with a lion)Before Names of God:


5/16

(Lord, Adonai) becomes (in the Lord)- takes a patahX (God) becomes X (to God)- takes a sere

Before : the yod quiesces, the preposition takes a hireq (Judah) becomes (to Judah)

Before an accented syllable (accented syllable=tone syllable): Preposition takes a qamets

becomes

THE CONJUNCTION follows the same preposition rules AND ALSO:Before labials (BuMP letters ) and before a shewa initial word it becomes a SUREQ

ADJECTIVES - Adjective paradigm is same as noun (but no dual form).

Attributive Adjectives (agree in number, gender, and definiteness)

Atrributive adjectives usually come After the noun they modify

a good man

the good man (note the qamets in "the man"... preceding a guttural)

Substantive use of Adjective: functions independently as a noun.

a wise one (or a wise man) the wise one (note the pointing of the article due to the at the beginning of the word)

Predicative Adjectives (agree in gender and number but NEVER TAKE THE ARTICLE)Predicative adjectives usually Precede the noun they modify.

The man is good. W The king is evil

The wife is great.


6/16

Demonstrative Adjectives:

Near Far

this (ms) that (ms) this (fs) that (fs)

these (cp)

those (mp)

those (fp)

VERBS

Complete Qal Paradigm (see following pages)

Strong Verb Synopsis (see following pages)

PRONOUNS

See Pronoun Chart for the following:

Independent subject pronouns

Suffixes on prepositions , (Recognize suffixes on and ( Suffixes on as a preposition (with...) and direct object marker.

See Noun Paradigm for suffixes added to ms, mp, fs, and fp noun forms.


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Perfec

t

Imperfe

ct

)

3p

(

Juss

ive

Impera

tive

(2p

)

Co

horta

tive

(1p

)

Infin

itive

Part

iciples

3ms

Ac

tive

Passive

3fs

InfConstruct:tokill

ms

2ms

fs

2fs

fs

1cs

InfAbsolute

mp

fp

3mp

3fp

Nega

tive

Comman

dsw

/Im

perfec

t

2mp

Don'task

2fp

NeverAsk

1cp

CompleteQalStrongVerb(page27)


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SYNOPSIS

OF

THE

STRONG

VERB

PERFECT

IMPERFECT

IMPERATIVE

INFINITIVE

CO

NSTRUCT

INFINITIVE

ABSOLUTE

PARTICIPLE

QAL

GA

ctive

lj

;q'

lojoq.yI

ljoq

.

ljoq

.

lAjq

'

lj

eqolWjq

'

NIFAL

GP

sv/Refl

Someonlyin

Nifalare

active

lj

;q.nI

ljeQ'yI

lj

eQ'hi

l

jeQ'hi

ljoQ

'hi

ljoq

.nI

lj

'q.nI

PIEL

DActiveSttv-

CstvorItrtv

(sometimes

intensive)

lJ

eqi

lJeq;y>

lJ

eq;

lJ

eq;

lJoq

;

lJ

eq;

lJ

eq;m.

PUAL

D

Passiveof

Pielverbs

lJ

;qu

lJ;quy>

lJ

;qu

lJ

;qu

lJoq

u

lJ

'qum.

HITPAEL

D

Reflexiveof

Piel

lJ

eq;t.hi

lJ

eq;t.yI

lJ

eq;t.hi

lJ

eq;t.hi

lJ

eq;t.hi

lJoq

;t.hi

lJ

eq;t.mi

HIFIL

HActiveCstv

Qal&Niphal.

OnlyHifil=not

cstv

lyj

iq.hi

lyjq.y

:

lj

eq.h;

lyj

iq.h;

lj

eq.h;

lyj

iq.m;

HOFAL

H

Passiveof

Hifilverbs

lj

;q.h'

lj;q.y"

lj

eq.h'

lj

;q.h'

lj

eq.h'

lj

'q.m'


9/16

Complete Noun with Suffixes

masc singfem sing 3ms3ms

3fs 3fs ) 2ms ) 2ms+ 2fs + 2fs 1cs 1cs 3mp 3mp 3fp 3fp

2mp 2mp 2fp 2fp 1cp 1cp

masc plural fem plural 3ms 3ms 3fs

3fs

2ms( 2ms( 2fs+ 2fs+

1cs 1cs 3mp 3mp 3fp 3fp

2mp 2mp 2fp 2fp 1cp 1cp


10/16

object

pronoun

subject

pronoun

Endings

forPL

Nouns

Endings

forSG

Nouns

inhim

tohim

fromhim

withhim

him

he

3ms

inher

toher

fromher

withher

her

she

3fs

inyou

toyou

fromyou

withthee

you

you

2ms

inyou

toyou

fromyou

withthee

you

you

2fs

inme

tome

fromme

withme

me

I

1cs

inthem

tothem

fromthem

with

them

them

they

3mp

inthem

tothem

fromthem

with

them

them

they

3fp

inyou

toyou

fromyou

withyou

you

you

2mp

inyou

toyou

fromyou

withyou

you

you

2fp

inus

tous

fromus

withus

us

we

1cp


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12/16

Definitions and Terms:

1. Dagesh Forte/ Lene

Dagesh Forte Dagesh Lene

Form

Function doubling stop, "hard" pronunciation

Occurence all non-gutturals ONLY BeGaDKePaT

Recognition Is it non-begadkephat?

If: Does it follow avowel?

Look at preceding consonant,

lene will NOT follow a vowel

Pronunciation no effect Stop, "hard" consonant for

Transliteration Repeat Consonant Note when absent

Dagesh lene occurs in a syllable initial begadkepat letter not preceded by a vowel.

Note: for dagesh forte, the doubled consonant closes one syllable and opens the following.

EXCEPTION!: when a dagesh is within a consonant AND a shewa is beneath the consonant

THEN the dagesh is forte and the shewa is vocal (even if the previous vowel is short!)

A previous word ending in a vowel will spirantize (soften) a begadkepat letter.

2. Open/Closed syllable

CVC= closed

CV=open

A CVC cannot have a vocal shewa


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3. Direct Object Marker : or (see section on pronouns also)

4. Waw Consecutive/Conjunctive

Kellys waw + Verb Quadrantsw + Perfect w + Imperfect

N

a

r

r

D

i

r

S

p

c

h

Form: l+aqfw:Occurrence: Clause initial (waw on verb

is always clause initial)waw type:waw conjunctive, coordinating

two verbal ideas; continues narrative

Translation: usuallypast tense

, 'and'

Form:l+aqfw:Occurrence: Clause initial

waw type:wawconsecutive

Translation: usually future, modal,

durative; log/temp sequence, present or

future idea, depends on context of

previous clauses

Form:l+oq;yI%wAOccurrence: Clause initialwaw type:waw consecutive. Temporal or

logical subordination of clauses; explanation

Translation:Matter of interpretation

Logical: so, thus, because, therefore

Temporal: then, when, afterOther: and, etc. PAST TENSE

Form:l+oq;yIw:

Occurrence: Clause initial, primarily

direct speech, prophecy, etc.

waw type:waw conjunctivecoordinating two

verbs

Translation:future, modal, durative;

sequential, usually 'and' except in specificcontexts (e.g. following command).

5. Furtive Patah:

Example: X

Patah occuring prior to the final guttural


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6. 3 M's

Mappiq: marks the as a consonantMetheg: occurs in distant open syllable, helpful for distinguishing qamets from qamets hatuf.

Maqqef: raised line between two words which pulls the accent from the first word, making"two words" functionally into "one"

Here's another opportunity to distinguish qamets from qamets hatuf-->

7. Silent/Vocal Shewa

Shewa preceded by a LONG vowel is VOCAL

Shewa preceded by Short vowel is Silent (keep your s's together)

CVC closed syllable cannot have a vocal shewa

Shewa under dagesh forte is vocal

If a shewa is followed by a dagesh--> the shewa is silent and the dagesh is lene

9. Vowel Letters

a class i/e class o/u class

10. Construct Chain

W The king of the land.Chain of "construct" form nouns "anchored" by an absolute noun at the end; can be

connected by maqqef(s).

Construct noun NEVER takes the article.

Nothing can come between the nouns in a construct chain.

If the absolute is definite, the entire construct chain is definite.

Construct noun will often experience vowel reduction. WG 24 has examples.


15/16

Attributive adjectives cannot interrupt the construct chain, it must follow the ENTIRE chain.

Look for agreement.

The good word of the queen. The word of the good queen.

Predicate adjectives agree with the construct noun in gender and number and usually

PRECEDE the construct chain.

The hand of the man is large.

11. Stative Verb: expresses being or some state of being

12. Seven Verbal Stems and their meanings (see attached sheet)

13. Segolate Noun: unaccented final syllable with a segol-->except with gutturals

Accent is always on the penultimate syllable

W gutturals don't follow the pointing because they prefer A-class vowels

Instead: look for accent on penultimate AND short vowel in the ultimate of a bisyllabic noun

(here the patah under the ayin is because the resh also sometimes wants an a- classand the ayin gets its own a-class under the nun)

(here the ayin gets its a-class under the resh)When suffixes are added the nouns "remember" their archaic leading vowel.

14. How Negative Commands are formed (for 2nd Person)

("don't") or ("never") with the imperfect verb

15. Interrogative heh: simple questions, prefix the particle to the beginning of a clause

Have you kept the law?


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16. Cohortative and Jussive

See forms on Qal Strong Verb sheet

Cohortative - 1st person (on the IMPERFECT)

Jussive - 3rd person (on the IMPERFECT)

17. Qames and Qames Hatuf: a metheg will help distinguish

Qames Hatuf is a SHORT vowel, so look for short vowel indicators.

18. How possession is indicated in Hebrew: with suffixes "there is to me" translate as "Ihave a ......"

19. The syntax of the Infinitive Absolute

Infinitive Absolute is found with a finite verb that has the same root. Translate with emphasis.

Documents

Hebrew 1 Review Guide by Karyn Traphagen