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Matter in the Universe Electrons orbiting Atom nucleus Atomic nucleus quarks Neutrons & Protons 100 trillionths ( ) meter.01 trillionths ( ) meter.001 trillionths ( ) meter (also gluons!)
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Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC & RHIC Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC & RHIC - -
Recreating the Big Bang in the Recreating the Big Bang in the LaboratoryLaboratoryRene BellwiedRene Bellwied
(for the Bellwied/Pinsky group)(for the Bellwied/Pinsky group)
University of HoustonUniversity of Houston([email protected])([email protected])
T in the universe:3 K = -454oF
Cosmic wavebackground map
Matter in the Universe - a problem of galactic proportionsMatter in the Universe - a problem of galactic proportionsBullet Cluster, 3.4 Billion Lightyears from Earth Bullet Cluster, 3.4 Billion Lightyears from Earth
X-ray image vs. gravitational lensingX-ray image vs. gravitational lensing
Cluster contents by mass:
~ 2% galaxies
~ 13% hot gas
~ 85% dark matter
Dark and visible matter are close together ? Formed in same process ?
Matter in the UniverseMatter in the UniverseElectronsorbiting
Atom
nucleus
Atomic nucleus
quarksNeutrons & Protons
100 trillionths (10-10) meter
.01 trillionths (10-14) meter
.001 trillionths (10-15) meter (also gluons!)
Strong color fieldForce grows with separation !!!
Forces get weaker with distance…..exceptForces get weaker with distance…..exceptto study structure of an atom…
“white” proton
…separate constituents
Imagine our understanding of atoms or QED if we could not isolate charged objects!!
nucleus
electron
quark
quark-antiquark paircreated from vacuum
“white” proton(confined quarks)
“white” 0
(confined quarks)
Confinement: fundamental & crucial (but not understood!) feature of strong force- colored objects (quarks) have energy in normal vacuum
neutral atom
To understand the strong force and the phenomenon of confinement:Create and study a system of deconfined colored quarks (and gluons)
F ~ 1/r2
F ~ r
Let’s go back in time to when matter Let’s go back in time to when matter was formed – but how ?was formed – but how ?
It’s -454It’s -454ooF out there nowF out there now
Assume that the universe expands homogenously and Assume that the universe expands homogenously and simply run the expansion backwards (compression) at a simply run the expansion backwards (compression) at a compression rate set by the Hubble constantcompression rate set by the Hubble constant
Volume goes down
Pressure goes up
Temperature goes up
Energy goes up
Going back in time…Going back in time…
AgeAge Energy Energy Matter in universe Matter in universe 00 10101919 GeV GeV grand unified theory of all forcesgrand unified theory of all forces
1010-35-35 s s 10101414 GeV GeV 11stst phase transition phase transition (strong: q,g + electroweak: g, l,n)(strong: q,g + electroweak: g, l,n)
1010-10-10 ss 101022 GeV GeV 22ndnd phase transition phase transition(strong: q,g + electro: g + weak: l,n)(strong: q,g + electro: g + weak: l,n)
1010-5-5 s s 0.2 GeV0.2 GeV 33rdrd phase transition phase transition protons/neutronsprotons/neutrons(strong:hadrons + electro:g + weak: l,n)(strong:hadrons + electro:g + weak: l,n)
3 min.3 min. 0.1 MeV0.1 MeV nucleinuclei
6*106*1055 years years 0.3 eV0.3 eVatomsatoms
Now Now 3*103*10-4-4 eV = 3 K (13.7 billion years) eV = 3 K (13.7 billion years)
RHIC & LHCFRIB & FAIR
phases of matter form whenever energy phases of matter form whenever energy is low enough for them to surviveis low enough for them to survive
The first second of the universe
The The RRelativistic elativistic HHeavy eavy IIon on CColliderollider
RHIC BRAHMSPHOBOSPHENIX
STAR
AGS
TANDEMS
3.8 km circle
v = 0.99995
speed of light
Gold nuclei each with 197 protons + neutrons are acceleratedBeams cross the experimental area 100,000 times each second !
ea
The The
ExperimentExperiment
STARSTAR
~ 550 collaborators48 institutions10 countries
~100 grad. students
Cost for RHIC:~ $550 MillionCost for STAR:~ $50 Million
Took 10 years tobuild
Completed in 2000
First beam in 2009Heavy ions in 2010
Geneva with Large Hadron Collider Geneva with Large Hadron Collider SuperimposedSuperimposed
Speed: 99.9995%
1100 collaborators, 200 graduate students
Study all phases of a heavy ion collisionStudy all phases of a heavy ion collision
If the QGP was formed, it will only live for 10-21 s !!!!BUT does matter come out of this phase the same way it went in ???
So what do we hope for ?So what do we hope for ?a.) Re-create the conditions as close as possible a.) Re-create the conditions as close as possible to the Big Bang, i.e. a condition of maximum to the Big Bang, i.e. a condition of maximum density and minimum volume in an expanding density and minimum volume in an expanding macroscopic system. macroscopic system. Measure a phase transitionMeasure a phase transition, characterize the new , characterize the new phase, measure the de-excitation of the new phase phase, measure the de-excitation of the new phase into ‘ordinary’ matter – into ‘ordinary’ matter – ‘do we come out the way ‘do we come out the way went in ?’went in ?’
b.) b.) How do the particles (ordinary matter) form ? How do the particles (ordinary matter) form ? How do they attain their mass ?How do they attain their mass ?
c.) c.) Does Dark Matter form at the same time ?Does Dark Matter form at the same time ?
d.) d.) Do Black Holes form ? Are they related to Do Black Holes form ? Are they related to Dark Matter or Dark Energy ?Dark Matter or Dark Energy ?
e.) e.) Does matter separate from anti-matter ?Does matter separate from anti-matter ?
An example:An example:Probing the medium with fast particlesProbing the medium with fast particles
p
p
?
Au+Au
idea: use p+p collisions (no medium)as reference
?: what happens in Au+Au to particles which pass through medium?
Prediction: density in fireball is sohigh that particles get stuck.
Measure properties of medium from the interaction of particles with medium.
STAR, nucl-ex/0305015
energyloss
pQCD + Shadowing + Cronin
pQCD + Shadowing + Cronin + Energy Loss
High momentum particles get stuck !High momentum particles get stuck !
The system is very dense. Too dense to be made of protons and neutrons !
SYSTEM NEEDS TO BE MADE OF QUARKS & GLUONS
The deposited energy density is enormous, at least 5 GeV/fm3
Lessons from Lessons from RHIC: RHIC:
The Quark The Quark SoupSoup
AIP ScienceAIP ScienceStory of 2006Story of 2006
The early universe The early universe behaves like a behaves like a
perfect liquid not like perfect liquid not like a gas or plasmaa gas or plasma
400 times less viscous than water,10 times less viscous than superfluid helium !
Lessons from Lessons from RHIC: RHIC:
The Anti-MatterThe Anti-MatterFactoryFactory
AIP ScienceAIP ScienceStory of 2011Story of 2011
Antimatter forms Antimatter forms molecules just like molecules just like
mattermatter
Discovery of Anti-Helium-4 Discovery of Anti-Helium-4 (Nature 473, 353 (2011))(Nature 473, 353 (2011))
collision evolution
particle detectors
collision overlap zone
QGP phasequark and gluon
degrees of freedom
~ 10 fm/c
hadronization
kineticfreeze-out
lumpy initial energy density
0~1 fm/c ~ 0 fm/c
distributions and
correlations of produced particles
quantum fluctuations
Heavy-ion Collisions: Rapid Expansion
expansion and cooling
The Universe: Slow Expansion
credit: NASA
Where are we going ? Collectivity causes correlationsWhere are we going ? Collectivity causes correlationsCan the structures in the Quark Soup explain galaxies ?Can the structures in the Quark Soup explain galaxies ?
particle distributionin and
Our teamOur team
Professors: Anthony Timmins, Larry Pinsky, Rene Bellwied Postdocs: Francesco Blanco, Michael Weber Students: Chanaka DeSilva, Badrajee Piyarathna, Sandun
Jayarathna
Talk to us: Suite 406, 4th floor, SR1 Building
Call us: 713-743-3548
Email us: [email protected]