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Invi
ted
pres
enta
tion
at th
e W
orks
hop
“Hea
th R
isk
of C
arbo
n N
anot
ubes
, Can
We
Lear
n fr
om M
iner
al F
iber
s or U
ltra-
fine
Part
icul
ates
?”
duri
ng th
e an
nual
mee
ting
of th
e So
ciet
y of
Tox
icol
ogy
Mar
ch 2
6, 2
007
TO
XIC
ITY
OF
CA
RB
ON
NA
NO
TU
BE
S A
ND
IT
S I
MP
LIC
AT
ION
S
FO
R O
CC
UP
AT
ION
AL
AN
D E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TA
L H
EA
LT
H
Chi
u-w
ing
Lam
, Ph.
D.,1
,2 a
nd J
ohn
T. J
ames
, Ph.
D.1
1 NA
SA J
ohns
on S
pace
Cen
ter T
oxic
olog
y G
roup
and
2 Wyl
e La
bora
torie
sH
oust
on, T
X
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070014063 2020-04-26T07:20:48+00:00Z
GE
NE
RA
L C
LA
SSE
S O
F M
AT
ER
IAL
S O
F N
AN
O O
R U
LT
RA
FIN
E S
IZE
S
1 N
atur
al N
ano
Part
icle
sth
ose
that
are
gen
erat
ed b
y na
tura
lly o
ccur
ring
even
ts su
ch a
s vo
lcan
oes (
Hal
loys
ites)
and
fore
st fi
res.
2. I
ncid
enta
l/Ant
hrop
ogen
ic U
ltraf
ine
Part
icul
ates
: th
ose
gene
rate
d as
an
unin
tent
iona
l by-
prod
uct o
f hum
an
indu
stria
l act
iviti
es a
nd in
clud
e th
ings
like
die
sel e
ngin
e ex
haus
t, A
utom
otiv
e ex
haus
t, gr
indi
ng p
artic
ulat
es, a
nd
wel
ding
fum
es3.
In
dust
rial
Nan
osiz
e po
wde
rsM
ined
or s
ynth
esiz
ed: c
arbo
n bl
ack,
alu
min
a, ti
tani
um
diox
ide,
silic
a, e
tc.
4.
Eng
inee
red
or M
anuf
actu
red
nano
mat
eria
ls
synt
hesi
zed
rece
ntly
ass
ocia
ted
with
the
nano
tech
nolo
gy
deve
lopm
ents
: ful
lere
nes,
carb
on n
anot
ubes
, qua
ntum
dot
s, et
c.
Mou
nt
St. H
elen
s er
upte
d in
198
0
Hal
loys
ite c
lay
(Nan
ocla
y, o
r C
hina
cla
y) d
epos
it at
M
atau
ri B
ay in
New
Zea
land
(pa
rtic
le si
zes ~
10 n
m)
MO
TH
ER
NA
TU
RE
MA
KE
S N
AN
OM
AT
ER
IAL
S
Hal
loys
ite n
anot
ubes
from
Dra
gon
Min
e in
Uta
h (t
ube
size
~30
nm d
ia x
0.5
to 1
0 m
icro
n lo
ng )
CO
AL
-FIR
ED
PO
WE
R P
LA
NT
S P
RO
DU
CE
LA
RG
E A
MO
UN
TS
OF
AT
MO
SP
HE
RIC
NA
NO
/UL
TR
AF
INE
PA
RT
ICU
LA
TE
MA
TT
ER
Ash
tabu
la, O
hio.
Im
age:
© C
OR
BIS
Imag
e: ©
Am
eric
an G
eolo
gica
l Ins
titut
e
IND
US
TR
IAL
PR
OC
ES
SE
S A
LS
O P
RO
DU
CE
A L
AR
GE
AM
OU
NT
O
F A
TM
OS
PH
ER
IC N
AN
O/U
LT
RA
FIN
E P
AR
TIC
UL
AT
E M
AT
TE
R
Cze
ch A
ir P
ollu
tion
© 2
006
Mic
roso
ft
YO
U A
ND
I A
LSO
CO
NT
RIB
UT
E
NA
NO
PAR
TIC
LE
S T
O T
HE
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
© 2
006
Mic
roso
ft
Man
ufac
ture
d N
anom
ater
ials
PubM
ed S
earc
h up
to 2
005:
Inf
o fr
om E
PA 2
005
(mod
ified
by
C. L
am)
TO
XIC
OL
OG
ICA
L S
TU
DIE
S O
F PA
RT
ICL
ES
Wik
iped
ia, t
he fr
ee e
ncyc
lope
dia
Lam
et a
l. C
rit. R
ev. T
ox. 3
6:18
9-21
7, 2
006
STR
UC
TU
RE
S O
F C
AR
BO
N N
AN
OT
UB
ES
EL
EC
TR
ICA
L C
ON
DU
CT
IVIT
Y O
F C
AR
BO
N
NA
NO
TU
BE
S
Arm
chai
r CN
Ts
cond
uct e
lect
ricity
>1
000x
bet
ter t
han
copp
er
Zigz
ag C
NTs
do
not
cond
uct e
lect
ricity
Sim
ulat
ed m
odel
and
dat
a by
Gok
turk
H.S
. (M
atsu
shita
Ele
ctric
) 200
5
CN
TS
(A
RM
CH
AIR
) A
RE
EX
CE
LL
EN
T
EL
EC
TR
ICA
L C
ON
DU
CT
OR
Aja
yan
et a
l (19
99),
PNAS
96:
1419
9-14
200
>30
"SPE
CIE
S" O
F SW
CN
Ts D
UE
TO
SL
IGH
T V
AR
IAT
ION
S IN
NA
NO
TU
BE
ST
RU
CT
UR
E A
ND
DIA
ME
TE
R W
ER
E E
TE
CT
ED
Bac
hilo
et a
l. Sc
ienc
e 29
8: 2
361-
2366
, 20
02
PHY
SIC
AL
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S O
F B
UL
K C
NT
MA
TE
RIA
LS
Lase
r SW
CN
TsA
rc S
WC
NTs
Arc
MW
CN
TsH
iPC
o SW
CN
Ts
HiP
Co
SWC
NTs
, Pur
ified
HiP
Co
SWC
NTs
Lam
et a
l. C
rit. R
ev. T
ox. 3
6:18
9-21
7, 2
006
PUR
IFIC
AT
ION
OF
CN
TS
TO
RE
MO
VE
C
AT
AL
YST
ME
TA
L R
ESI
DU
E
Lam
et a
l. C
rit. R
ev. T
ox. 3
6:18
9-21
7, 2
006
POT
EN
TIA
L E
XPO
SUR
E H
AZ
AR
D O
F M
AN
UFA
CT
UR
ED
CA
RB
ON
NA
NO
TU
BE
S
NT
s are
ligh
t an
d co
uld
beco
me
airb
orne
(Cou
rtesy
of D
rs. M
ayna
rd &
Bar
on, N
IOSH
)
LUN
GS
OF
MIC
E IN
STIL
LED
WIT
H C
AR
BO
N B
LAC
K &
CN
TS
(0.5
mg/
LUN
G IN
MIC
E SA
CR
IFIC
ED 9
0 D
AY
S LA
TER
)Lu
mpy
and
abn
orm
al
appe
aran
ce
Gro
ssly
ab
norm
al
Lam
et a
l Tox
. Sci
. 77:
126-
134,
200
4
PUL
MO
NA
RY
LE
SIO
NS
IN M
ICE
PR
OD
UC
ED
BY
CN
TS
MA
DE
BY
D
IFFE
RE
NT
PR
OC
ESS
ES
AN
D C
ON
TA
INE
D D
IFFE
RE
NT
ME
TA
LS
AN
D A
MO
UN
TS
Car
bon
Bla
ck,
90d
(Nan
osiz
e)
CN
Ts, 7
d
Las
er
Ni
CN
Ts, 7
dE
lect
ric
Arc
Ni,
Y
CN
Ts 7
dH
iPco
,
Fe
CN
Ts 9
0dH
iPco Fe
Purif
ied
CN
Ts
90d
HiP
co
Fe (t
race
)
(Lam
et a
l Tox
. Sci
77:
126-
134,
200
4; L
am e
t al C
rit. R
ev. T
ox 3
6:18
9-21
7, 2
006)
SWC
NT
S A
ND
MW
CN
TS
PRO
DU
CE
D G
RA
NU
LO
MA
S A
ND
OT
HE
R L
UN
G L
ESI
ON
S IN
RO
DE
NT
S
War
heit
et a
l. 04
(Du
Pont
)
SWC
NT
s R
ats
Mul
ler e
t al.
05
(Bel
gium
)
MW
CN
Ts
Rat
s
Man
gum
et a
l. 06
(CII
T)
SWC
NT
s R
ats
Shve
dova
et a
l. 05
(NIO
SH)
SWC
NT
s
Mic
e
Lam
et a
l. 04
(NA
SA)
SWC
NT
s
Mic
e
A B
FIB
RO
GE
NIC
AC
TIV
ITY
OF
CN
TS
WA
S D
OSE
DE
PEN
DE
NT
MW
CN
Ts
(Mul
ler e
t al
, 200
5)
SWC
NTs
(S
hved
ova
et a
l, 20
05)
Shve
dova
: “SW
CN
Ts in
duce
d “a
n un
usua
lly r
obus
t pul
mon
ary
infla
mm
ator
y
re
spon
ses w
ith a
ver
y ea
rly
onse
t of f
ibro
sis,
whi
ch is
acc
ompa
nied
by
a si
gnifi
cant
oxi
dativ
e st
ress
and
ant
ioxi
dant
dep
letio
n”
GR
AN
UL
OM
AS
IN T
HE
LU
NG
S O
F C
NT
- T
RE
AT
ED
RO
DE
NT
S C
ON
TA
IN F
IBR
OU
S C
NT
S
(Lam
et a
l., T
ox. S
ci. 7
7, 2
004)
(War
heit
et a
l., T
ox. S
ci 7
7, 2
004)
AG
GR
EG
AT
ES
OF
CN
TS
TA
KE
N U
P B
Y M
UL
TIP
LE
CE
LL
S
(Man
gum
et a
l. Pa
rticl
e an
d Fi
ber T
ox. 2
006)
EX
TR
APU
LM
ON
AR
Y T
OX
ICIT
Y O
F C
NT
S G
IVE
N T
O T
HE
MO
USE
LU
NG
SWC
NT
s tox
icity
in th
e H
eart
• D
amag
e in
the
mito
chon
dria
l DN
A in
aor
ta•
incr
ease
in th
e pe
rcen
t of a
ortic
pla
que
• in
duct
ion
of a
ther
oscl
erot
ic le
sion
s in
the
brac
hioc
epha
lic a
rtery
of t
he h
eart
NIO
SH st
udie
s, 20
05 &
200
6 .
MW
CN
Ts i
n th
e B
rain
• El
icite
d ne
uroi
nfla
mm
atio
n•
alte
r inf
lam
mat
ory
cyto
kine
exp
ress
ion
in
brai
n ar
eas
NIO
SH S
tudy
(Sri
ram
et a
l.) 2
007
SUM
MA
RY
OF
CN
T T
OX
ICIT
Y IN
RO
DE
NT
S
All
cond
ucte
d by
non
-inha
latio
n ex
posu
res
and
exam
ined
≤9
0d a
fter i
nstil
latio
nLu
ng•
Infla
mm
atio
n, fi
bros
is, e
pith
elio
id g
ranu
lom
as•
Bio
chem
ical
and
toxi
colo
gica
l cha
nges
in B
ALF
• R
espi
rato
ry fu
nctio
n im
pairm
ents
•
reta
rded
bac
teria
l cle
aran
ce a
fter b
acte
rial i
nocu
latio
n H
eart
• D
amag
e in
the
mito
chon
dria
l DN
A in
aor
ta,
• in
crea
se in
the
perc
ent o
f aor
tic p
laqu
e, a
nd in
duct
ion
of
athe
rosc
lero
tic le
sion
s in
the
brac
hioc
epha
lic a
rtery
of t
he h
eart
Bra
in•
Infla
mm
atio
n an
d in
crea
se in
flam
mat
ory
cyto
kine
s in
the
brai
n.
Rel
ativ
e T
oxic
ity•
Toxi
city
: CN
Ts >
qua
rtz >
nan
osiz
e ca
rbon
bla
ck
Eac
h in
crea
se o
f 10
µg/m
³ was
ass
ocia
ted
with
a 2
4% in
crea
se in
the
risk
of
a ca
rdio
vasc
ular
(CV
) eve
nt (h
azar
d ra
tio, 1
.24
[ 95%
CI:,
1.0
9 to
1.4
1]) a
nd
a 76
% in
crea
se in
the
risk
of d
eath
from
CV
dis
ease
(haz
ard
ratio
, 1.7
6;
95%
CI:
1.25
to 2
.47)
. ( M
iller
et a
l. N
EJM
356
:447
-458
,200
7)
LO
NG
-TE
RM
EX
POSU
RE
S T
O A
IRB
OR
NE
PA
RT
ICU
LA
TE
MA
TT
ER
IN
CR
EA
SED
INC
IDE
NC
E O
F C
AR
DIO
VA
SCU
LA
R E
VE
NT
S IN
WO
ME
N
CA
RB
ON
NA
NO
TU
BE
S IN
TH
E E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
T:
IMPL
ICA
TIO
NS
TO
PO
LL
UT
ION
-IN
DU
CE
D
CA
RD
IOPU
LM
ON
AR
Y D
ISE
ASE
S??
Wha
t are
in th
ese
part
icle
s tha
t cau
se
dise
ases
? C
an th
ey b
e M
WC
NT
???
MW
CN
TS
IN T
HE
ENVI
RO
NM
ENT
???
MW
CN
TS
FOU
ND
IN P
RE
HIS
TO
RIC
AL
ICE
SA
MPL
ES
FRO
M G
RE
EN
LA
ND
Figu
res (
e) a
nd (f
) sho
w 1
0000
yea
r-ol
d pa
rtic
ulat
e tr
appe
d in
a G
reen
land
ice
core
. (f
) sho
ws a
mag
nifie
d im
age
at a
rrow
in (e
) Mur
r et a
l., J
. Mat
er. S
ci. 3
9:21
99
MW
CN
Ts P
RO
DU
CE
D B
Y C
AN
DL
E F
LA
ME
S
ww
w.in
tera
ctiv
es.c
o.uk
MW
CN
Ts G
ENER
ATE
D F
RO
M F
UEL
CO
MB
UST
ION
Pro
pane
com
bust
ion
Exh
aust
Nat
ural
gas
com
bust
ion
Exh
aust
Met
hane
com
bust
ion
Exh
aust
Cou
rtes
y of
L. M
urr a
nd A
. Hol
ian
Sour
ce:
Phot
oSea
rch
MW
CN
Ts F
OU
ND
IN
FIN
E PA
RTI
CU
LATE
MA
TTER
IN U
RB
AN
AIR
PM sa
mpl
es fr
om E
l Pas
o do
wnt
own
Cou
rtes
y of
L. M
urr a
nd A
. Hol
ian
PM sa
mpl
es fr
om H
oust
on d
ownt
own
© 2
006
Mic
roso
ft
MA
NU
FAC
TU
RE
D v
s CO
MB
UST
ION
-GE
NE
RA
TE
D M
WC
NT
SM
anuf
actu
red
MW
CN
TSFu
el C
ombu
stio
n-ge
nera
ted
MW
CN
Ts
Lam
et a
l. C
rit. R
ev. T
ox. 3
6:18
9-21
7, 2
006
CO
MPA
RIS
ON
OF
MA
NU
FAC
TU
RE
D M
WC
NT
S A
ND
FUE
L C
OM
BU
STIO
N-G
EN
ER
AT
ED
MW
CN
TS
Man
ufac
ture
dFu
el C
ombu
stio
n-G
ener
ated
Synt
hesi
s Con
ditio
nsFu
el/M
ater
ials
Tem
pera
ture
Envi
ronm
ent
Met
al C
atal
ysts
Purif
ied
feed
stoc
kC
ontro
lled,
opt
imiz
edC
onfin
edG
ener
ally
: yes
, but
not
ne
eded
Het
erog
eneo
usV
ary
Not
con
fined
Gen
eral
ly: n
o
Agg
rega
tion
Mor
e or
derly
Ran
dom
Prod
ucts
L
onge
r, a
nd m
ore
unifo
rm in
size
Ver
y sh
ort,
high
ly
irre
gula
r in
size
, co
ntai
n m
any
defe
cts o
n w
alls
FUEL
-CO
MB
UST
ION
GEN
ERA
TED
MW
CN
TS IN
TH
E EN
VIR
ON
MEN
T
The
se p
artic
les
may
con
tain
M
WC
NT
s
© 2
006
Mic
roso
ft
AN
IMA
L S
TU
DIE
S (≤
90 D
AY
S) S
HO
WE
D•
Infla
mm
atio
n, fi
bros
is, e
pith
elio
id g
ranu
lom
as•
Bio
chem
ical
and
toxi
colo
gica
l cha
nges
in B
ALF
• R
espi
rato
ry fu
nctio
n im
pairm
ents
, ret
arde
d ba
cter
ial c
lear
ance
•
Dam
aged
mito
chon
dria
l DN
A in
aor
ta, i
ncre
ased
% o
f aor
tic p
laqu
e, a
nd in
duce
at
hero
scle
rotic
lesi
ons i
n th
e he
art
• To
xici
ty: C
NTs
> q
uartz
> n
anos
ize
carb
on b
lack
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
AL
ST
UD
IES
SHO
WE
D•
Atm
osph
eric
fine
PM
agg
rega
tes s
how
n to
con
tain
MW
CN
T na
noag
greg
ates
•
Ass
ocia
tion
betw
een
expo
sure
s to
PM2.
5 &
car
diop
ulm
onar
y di
seas
es•
Hig
hest
cor
rela
tion
betw
een
impa
irmen
t of l
ung
func
tions
in c
hild
ren
and
elem
enta
l ca
rbon
in e
nviro
nmen
tal s
ampl
es (G
aude
rman
et a
l., 2
004)
.
PRO
POSE
D R
OL
E O
F M
WC
NT
s IN
PA
TH
OG
EN
ESI
S O
F C
AR
DIO
PUL
MO
NA
RY
DIS
EA
SES
• W
e po
stul
ate
that
MW
CN
Ts m
ay p
lay
a si
gnifi
cant
ro
le o
f pol
lutio
n- in
duce
d ca
rdio
pulm
onar
y di
seas
es(L
am e
t al.,
Cri
t. Re
v. T
ox. 3
6: 1
89-2
17, 2
006)
CO
NC
LU
SIO
NS
?? Man
ufac
ture
d N
anom
ater
ials
PubM
ed S
earc
h up
to 2
005:
Inf
o fr
om E
PA 2
005
(mod
ified
by
C. L
am)
TO
XIC
ITY
OF
CN
TS:
WH
AT
CA
N W
E L
EA
RN
FR
OM
T
OX
ICIT
IES
OF
UL
TR
AFI
NE
PA
RT
ICL
ES
G. O
berd
orst
er
(Env
iron.
Hlth
Per
spec
., 20
05)
Toxi
city
incr
ease
d W
ith ⇓
Si
ze o
r ⇑
Su
rfac
e A
rea
20 n
m
20 n
m
250
nm
250
nm D. W
arhe
it(T
ox. S
ci. 9
5(1)
:270
-280
, 200
7)To
xici
ty d
id n
ot in
crea
se w
ith ⇓
si
ze o
r ⇑
su
rfac
e ar
ea“P
ulm
onar
y bi
oass
ay st
udie
s with
nan
osca
le a
nd fi
ne-q
uart
z par
ticle
s in
rats
: to
xici
ty is
not
dep
ende
nt u
pon
part
icle
size
but
on
surf
ace
char
acte
rist
ics”
TO
XIC
ITY
OF
CN
TS:
WH
AT
CA
N W
E L
EA
RN
FR
OM
UL
TR
AFI
NE
PA
RT
ICL
E T
OX
ICIT
Y??
• T
oxic
ity o
f car
bon
nano
tube
>>
nano
size
car
bon
blac
k (o
r gr
aphi
te)
• C
NT
s are
ele
ctri
cally
and
ther
mal
ly c
ondu
ctiv
e, fi
brou
s, bi
oper
sist
ent a
nd v
ery
com
plic
ated
in st
ruct
ures
Fact
ors
affe
ctin
g to
xici
ty o
f CN
Ts a
re
mor
e th
an s
ize
and
surf
ace
area
!
TOXI
CIT
Y O
F C
NTS
: WH
AT
CA
N W
E LE
AR
N
FRO
M F
IBER
TO
XIC
ITY
??M
anuf
actu
red
SWN
Ts
Asb
esto
s (C
hrys
otile
)
MW
CN
Ts
in H
oust
on A
irG
lass
fibe
rsG
irard
, Prin
. Env
iron.
Che
m p
526,
200
5
TA
BL
E 2
-1 T
ypic
al C
hem
ical
Com
posi
tion
of S
ome
Com
mer
cial
MV
Fa
Com
posi
tion
%N
ameb
11
AC
21
FG
22
RCF-
1X-6
07
Inso
frax
Cla
ssG
lass
Gla
ssG
lass
Rock
Rock
Rock
Sla
gRCF
RCFs
ub.
RCF
sub.c
SiO
263.4
065.0
061.7
046.3
056.3
060.1
038.4
047.7
058.3
076.2
0
Fe2 O
30.3
00.1
00.1
013.2
00.3
06.1
00.0
01.0
00.1
00.3
0
TiO
20.0
60.0
20.0
22.6
00.1
00.0
50.5
02.1
00.0
50.0
8
Al 2
O3
3.9
01.9
01.0
013.5
03.2
00.4
010.6
048.0
01.3
01.4
0
CaO
7.4
07.4
07.2
010.0
026.1
018.8
038.0
00.0
738.7
00.2
0
MgO
2.8
02.6
02.9
09.1
06.4
08.3
09.9
00.0
80.4
021.5
0
Na 2
O15.4
016.1
016.1
03.1
03.2
05.5
00.4
00.0
00.3
00.0
7
K2 O
1.3
00.7
00.6
01.4
00.7
00.2
00.5
00.2
00.1
00.1
0
B2 O
24.5
04.7
09.2
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
10.0
00.0
0
P 2 O
50.0
01.1
01.1
00.4
02.9
00.0
80.0
00.1
00.4
00.0
3
SO
30.3
00.0
30.2
00.0
00.0
00.0
51.8
00.0
00.0
00.0
0
Cr 2
O3
0.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
40.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
30.0
00.0
0
MnO
0.0
10.0
00.0
10.2
00.0
00.0
00.7
00.0
00.0
00.0
1
ZrO
20.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.1
00.0
00.0
0
To
tal
99.4
099.6
0100.0
099.8
099.1
099.5
0100.8
099.4
099.3
099.9
0
a Dat
a de
rived
from
Ber
nste
in e
t al.
(199
6), M
axim
et a
l. (1
999a
), an
d M
cCon
nell
et a
l. (1
994,
199
5, a
nd 1
999)
; Mat
eria
l Saf
ety
Dat
a sh
eets
for I
sofr
ax
fiber
s fro
m th
e U
nifr
ax C
orpo
ratio
n, N
iaga
ra F
alls
, NY
. b N
ame:
11,
Cer
tain
Tee
d B
gla
ss w
ool f
iber
; A, n
ew g
lass
woo
l; C
, new
gla
ss w
ool;
21, r
ock
woo
l; F,
rock
woo
l; G
, roc
k w
ool;
22, s
lag
woo
l; R
CF-
1 - k
aolin
-bas
ed re
frac
tory
cer
amic
fibe
r; X
-607
, roc
k w
ool p
rodu
ced
by U
nifr
ax; I
sofr
ax, r
efra
ctor
y ce
ram
ic fi
ber.
cSub
stitu
ted
RC
F.
So
urce
: NRC
200
0
CN
Ts: P
ure
carb
on
Bond
s in
min
eral
fibe
rs a
re
i n o
r g
a n
i c
Org
anic
bon
ding
TA
BL
E 2
-1 T
ypic
al C
hem
ical
Com
posi
tion
of S
ome
Com
mer
cial
MV
Fa
Com
posi
tion
%N
ameb
11
AC
21
FG
22
RCF-
1X-6
07
Inso
frax
Cla
ssG
lass
Gla
ssG
lass
Rock
Rock
Rock
Sla
gRCF
RCFs
ub.
RCF
sub.c
SiO
263.4
065.0
061.7
046.3
056.3
060.1
038.4
047.7
058.3
076.2
0
Fe2 O
30.3
00.1
00.1
013.2
00.3
06.1
00.0
01.0
00.1
00.3
0
TiO
20.0
60.0
20.0
22.6
00.1
00.0
50.5
02.1
00.0
50.0
8
Al 2
O3
3.9
01.9
01.0
013.5
03.2
00.4
010.6
048.0
01.3
01.4
0
CaO
7.4
07.4
07.2
010.0
026.1
018.8
038.0
00.0
738.7
00.2
0
MgO
2.8
02.6
02.9
09.1
06.4
08.3
09.9
00.0
80.4
021.5
0
Na 2
O15.4
016.1
016.1
03.1
03.2
05.5
00.4
00.0
00.3
00.0
7
K2 O
1.3
00.7
00.6
01.4
00.7
00.2
00.5
00.2
00.1
00.1
0
B2 O
24.5
04.7
09.2
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
10.0
00.0
0
P 2 O
50.0
01.1
01.1
00.4
02.9
00.0
80.0
00.1
00.4
00.0
3
SO
30.3
00.0
30.2
00.0
00.0
00.0
51.8
00.0
00.0
00.0
0
Cr 2
O3
0.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
40.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
30.0
00.0
0
MnO
0.0
10.0
00.0
10.2
00.0
00.0
00.7
00.0
00.0
00.0
1
ZrO
20.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.1
00.0
00.0
0
To
tal
99.4
099.6
0100.0
099.8
099.1
099.5
0100.8
099.4
099.3
099.9
0
a Dat
a de
rived
from
Ber
nste
in e
t al.
(199
6), M
axim
et a
l. (1
999a
), an
d M
cCon
nell
et a
l. (1
994,
199
5, a
nd 1
999)
; Mat
eria
l Saf
ety
Dat
a sh
eets
for I
sofr
ax
fiber
s fro
m th
e U
nifr
ax C
orpo
ratio
n, N
iaga
ra F
alls
, NY
. b N
ame:
11,
Cer
tain
Tee
d B
gla
ss w
ool f
iber
; A, n
ew g
lass
woo
l; C
, new
gla
ss w
ool;
21, r
ock
woo
l; F,
rock
woo
l; G
, roc
k w
ool;
22, s
lag
woo
l; R
CF-
1 - k
aolin
-bas
ed re
frac
tory
cer
amic
fibe
r; X
-607
, roc
k w
ool p
rodu
ced
by U
nifr
ax; I
sofr
ax, r
efra
ctor
y ce
ram
ic fi
ber.
cSub
stitu
ted
RC
F.
So
urce
: NRC
200
0
CN
Ts h
ave
exce
llent
ele
ctri
cal a
nd u
nusu
al h
igh
ther
mal
con
duct
ivity
Min
eral
fibe
rs a
re n
onco
nduc
tive
& u
sed
as in
sula
tors
MV
F bi
oper
sist
ence
pa
thog
enic
ity &
car
cino
geni
city
CN
Ts w
ould
be
very
bio
pers
iste
nt
path
ogen
icity
ca
rcin
ogen
icity
??
Lam
(200
4): C
NT
s lun
g le
sion
s got
wor
se w
ith ti
me.
Mer
cer
(200
7): A
lveo
lar
mac
roph
age
clea
ranc
e is
not
a si
gnifi
cant
co
mpo
nent
of t
he lu
ng r
espo
nse.
TOX
ICO
LOG
ICA
L R
ISK
OF
CN
T EX
POSU
RES
CN
T T
OX
ICIT
Y•
Seve
re lu
ng le
sion
s, C
NTs
are
rath
er to
xic
• Lu
ng le
sion
s got
wor
se w
ith ti
me
(NA
SA a
nd N
IOSH
Stu
dies
)•
Prod
uced
Pul
mon
ary
func
tion
decr
emen
t & C
ardi
ovas
cula
r tox
.•
Car
cino
geni
city
: don
’t kn
ow??
?
OC
CU
PAT
ION
AL
RIS
K A
ND
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TIO
NS
• R
ecom
men
d se
tting
indu
stria
l CN
T ex
posu
re li
mits
: C
NT
<< c
arbo
n bl
ack
or g
raph
ite•
Impl
emen
t ind
ustri
al h
ygie
ne to
min
imiz
e ex
posu
res
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
AL
HE
AL
TH
• M
WC
NTs
are
pre
sent
in e
nviro
nmen
t•
We
post
ulat
e th
at e
xpos
ure
to c
ombu
stio
n-ge
nera
ted
MW
CN
Ts
in f
ine
PM m
ay p
lay
a si
gnifi
cant
role
in a
ir po
llutio
n-re
late
d
card
iopu
lmon
ary
dise
ases
A B
IG Q
UE
STIO
N F
OR
TO
XIC
OL
OG
ICA
L R
ESE
AR
CH
?
PM2.
5 re
late
d ca
rdio
pulm
onar
y di
seas
es:
can
we
lear
n fr
om C
NT
toxi
city
?
Do
MW
CN
Ts p
lay
an im
port
ant r
ole
??
??D
isea
ses
