Heat Transfer Project Complete)

8/6/2019 Heat Transfer Project Complete)

1/29

HEAT TRANSFER PROJECT

AUTOMOBILE TYREGROUP IV

HTET PHYO WAI 10574AUNG MYINT OO 10576

AUNG NYEIN HAN 10577ABDUL MUZAKIR MUSTAFFA 10586ABDUL RAHMAN MOHD ZAFRULLAH 10588


2/29

Introduction

History

Development

Material Processing

Specification

Characteristics Maintenances


3/29

HISTORY

Early time of tyre.

Iron and wood

How iron took part

The people who noticed the used of rubber.

Explorers from Europe

Scotsman

Charles Goodyear

John Dunlop


4/29

DEVELOPMENT of TYRE & RUBBER

Timeline 1 (Tyre)

Timeline 2(Tyre)

Timeline (Rubber)


5/29

DEVELOPMENT

Materials Part in Tyre Material

Rubber (Binder)

Natural Latex Synthetic (Oil)

Others (Matrix)

Carbon Black Nylon

Steel tyre cord

Rubber chemicals


6/29

Material

Natural latex The rubber has known made from rubber trees .

Synthetic rubber polymers

Poly-Butadiene Rubber (PBR)

Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)

made from petroleum-based chemicals

substitute for natural latex (improved material

properties) Carbon Black

Pigment ( reinforcing phase of tyre)

Conduct heat away (from tread and belt)

reducing thermal damage and increasing tyre life


7/29

Material

Steel tyre cord

Tyres are not fabricated just from rubber. They

would be far too flexible and weak. Within therubber are a series of plies of cord that act asreinforcement.

Nylon

Family of synthetic polymer high tenacity fibers (for seatbelts, tire cords)


8/29

Material Percentage in tyre

Raw Material Consumption Tyre-sector Non Tyre-sector

Natural Rubber 628,000 50% 50%

SBR 53,800 49% 51%

PBR 49,200 81% 19%

Carbon Black 245,000 69% 31%

Nylon 66,000 95% 5%

Rubber Chemicals 24,000 60% 40%

Steel tyre cord 1,800 100% Nil

Butyl Rubber 37,900 64% 36%


9/29

Processing

In rubber technology Natural Latex

tapping the sap from the rubber trees (latex fluid)

filtering the latex and make smoked sheet oflatex(clump, dry, smoked)

chemically treated and heated at low temperatures toprevulcanize

Synthetic Rubber Extrusion

Injection molding

Compression molding


10/29

Processing

For cross ply and radial ply of tyre(from material of steel tyre cord)

Cross ply or bias ply (first invention idea)

Fabric made as cord (on flat steel drum)

+60 and -60 degrees from direction of travel

Crissed cross over each other and called as crossply process on tyre.

Radial Ply (better fuel economy) 90 degrees to the direction of travel (that is,

across the tire from lip to lip)

avoids having the plies rub against each

reducing the rolling friction of the tire


11/29

Comparison Between Cross-ply

& Radial

Cross-ply Radial

Vehicle Steadiness Good Bad

Cut Resistance - Tread Bad Good

Cut Resistance - Sidewall Good Bad

Repairability Good Bad

Self Cleaning Good Bad

Traction Bad Good

Heat Resistance Bad Good

Wear Resistance Bad Good

Flotation Bad Good

Fuel Economy Bad Good


12/29

SPECIFICATIONS

Tyre Types

Performance\Summer

Special Winter All Season

Wet Weather

All Terrain

Mud

Run-flat

Heavy Duty/Racing/Industrial/Aircraft/Motorcycle


13/29

SPECIFICATIONS

Distinguished points between tyre types

Tread pattern

Sipes Grooves

Blocks

Ribs

Dimples

Compound

Void ratio


14/29

SPECIFICATIONS

Tread Types

Symmetrical

Asymmetrical Unidirectional


15/29

Characteristicsof Tyre

Thread

wear

DryTraction

WetTraction

ForceVariation

CentrifugalGrowth

Rollingassistant


16/29

THREAD WEAR

THREAD WEAR

NORMAL ABNORMAL

TOE WEAR CAMBER WEARCUPPING WEAR

Thread wear is caused by friction between thetire and the road surface.

The major effect to cause tire wear are minimumallowable thread depth, poor wheel alignment,temperature.


17/29

NORMAL WEARwhen the thread wears evenly across the surface of the tire

Form at same rate but depend on which end is driving

TOE WEAR a feathered wear pattern across both front tires

ABNORMALresults from a suspension or alignments problem

CAMBER

the inside or outside edge or shoulder of the

tire shows extreme wear

CUPPED

caused by a wheel and tire that are out of

balance or by weak shock absorbers or struts

CAUSESworn tie rod ends

worn or loose inner tie rod sockets on rackpinion steering gears,

bent steering armsmisalignment in the rear wheels

suspension misalignment bent struta miss-located strut towera weak or broken spring,

a bent spindle

collapsed or damaged control arm bushings

unbalance a wheel and tireweak shock absorbers or strutsCAUSES


18/29

DRY TRATION

the tires ability to deliver traction or grip under dry condition

IMPACTS

the compound of the tire

thread contact area

WET TRATION

the tires ability to deliver traction or grip under wet condition

IMPACTS

Thread ability to channel water out of the tire footprint and reduce hydroplaning.


19/29

FORCEVARIATION

transmission force betweenthe vehicle and road

dynamic behavior of these forces

IMPACTS

ride disturbances into the vehicleThread extrusion thickness

thread splicebody ply splicesinner liner splicesbead symmetry

turn-up symmetry building drum alignment

transfer ring alignmentcuring press bead seating,shaping bladder alignment

Lateral ForceVariation

CAUSES

the steeringTraction

breakload support

Radial ForceVariation


20/29

Rolling resistance is the resistance

to rolling caused

by deformation of the tire in contact

with the road surface

As the tire rolls, tread enters the contact area and is deformed flat to conform to the roadway.

The energy required to make the deformation depends on the inflation pressure, rotating speed,

and numerous physical properties of the tire structure, such as spring force and stiffness

lower rolling resistance tire constructions in order to improve

fuel economy in cars and especially trucks,

where rolling resistance accounts for a high amount of fuel consumption.


21/29

Centrifugal growth

A tire rotating at higher speeds will tend to develop a larger diameter

Due to centrifugal forces the tread rubber was forced to be away from the axis of rotation

As the tire diameter grows the tire width decreases

This centrifugal growth can cause rubbing of the tire against the vehicle at high speeds.


22/29

Maintenances

Four Main Parts Inflation pressure maintenances

Inflation pressure should be checked when the tyreis cold.

Watch for air leakage. The valve core should berenewed and lost valve cap should be replaced.

Wheel balancing & alignment Always maintain proper wheel alignment

Wheel alignment should be done after every 5,000km.


23/29

Maintenances

Tyres Rotation


24/29

Maintenances

Tread

make sure that tire dealer balances the tires wheninstalling them.

make sure that the cars suspension is properlyaligned.


25/29

Cleaning & Inspection

Cleaning tyres removes foreign substances fromthe tyre surface that can degrade them.

Check your tyres at least once a month for unevenwear and foreign objects wedged in the tread.

Always look for bulges, cracks, cuts, penetrations

and abnormal tyre wear, particularly on the edgesof the tread.

A tyre that needs more air all the time should betaken off the vehicle and checked thoroughly.


26/29

CONCLUSION

The impact of invention of automobile tyre

The intriguing points of tyre its types, specifications, characteristics

Benefits of understanding rubber technology Basic knowledge about rubber technology

Future developments in tyre industry


27/29

Back


28/29

Back


29/29

Back

Documents

Heat Transfer Project Complete)