Healthy Communities Official Plan Policies

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HEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN

Policy Statements for Official Plans

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Healthy communities design: policy statements for official plans.

Includes bibliographical references.Issued also in electronic format.

ISBN 978-1-896603-14-8

1. City planning--Health aspects. 2. Land use, Rural--Planning-- Health aspects. I. Simcoe Muskoka District He

RA566.7.H44 2010 307.1'2 C2010-901748-X

2010

Published by:

Simcoe Muskoka District Health Unit15 Sperling DriveBarrie, OntarioL4M 6K9Tel: (705) 721-7520Fax: (705) 721-1495

Website: www.simcoemuskokahealth.org
http://www.simcoemuskokahealth.org/http://www.simcoemuskokahealth.org/


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PREFACE

Within these pages are a series of suggested policy statements and implementation activities related to land use, comm

design and public health. The Simcoe Muskoka District Health Unit (SMDHU) offers these suggestions for policy directio

hope that communities adopt them as part of their Official Plans and work programs to improve the health of their citizen

Given the diversity and the mix of rural and urban communities within the health units jurisdiction, these suggestions hav

developed to be as versatile as possible. The health unit suggests that incorporating the content of this document shoul

well defined strategies and community engagement processes so that it can fit the physical and social context of the com

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Simcoe Muskoka District Health Unit would like to acknowledge the following individuals who took part in the creatiodocument:

Megan Williams Health Promotion Specialist, SMDHU

Pat Schneider Public Health Nurse, SMDHU

Alicia Tyson Take Heart Coordinator, SMDHU

Julie Cloutier Good for Life Coordinator, SMDHU

Doug Ironside Public Health Nurse, SMDHU Jane Shrestha Public Health Nutritionist, SMDHU

Brian Milligan Public Health Promoter, SMDHU

Christine Bushey Manager, SMDHU

Judy Lalonde Graphic Designer, SMDHU

Robert Voigt Planner, M.A., B.E.S.

The health unit would also like to acknowledge members of the agencys Building Healthy Communities Committee and

internal staff and external partners who reviewed and provided valuable input into the document, especially: Samantha H

Jill Lewis, Kathy Suggitt, Colleen Healey and George McKibbon. Photos included in this document are courtesy of:

www.pedbikeimages.org - Dan Burden (pgs. 4, 9, 11, 15, 22)

www.pedbikeimages.org Danny Woo (pg. 18)

Megan Williams (pgs. 5, 6, 7, 14, 16, 19, 21)
http://www.pedbikeimages.org/http://www.pedbikeimages.org/http://www.pedbikeimages.org/http://www.pedbikeimages.org/


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Environment

EN 1 - Ensure land use designation has a positive impact on health, the environment and overall quality of life..............................

EN 2 - Protect and preserve the natural environment and greenspace...............................................................................................

EN 3 - Reduce reliance on traditional energy systems, conserve energy and protect air quality........................................................

EN 4 - Create smoke-free indoor and outdoor spaces to protect health and air quality where people play, live and congregate........

EN 5 - Decrease use of single occupancy motor vehicles and reduce motor vehicle trips...... ...................... ...................... ................

Injury and Safety

IS 1 - Build compact neighbourhoods that increase density and reduce automobile dependency. ...................... ...................... .........

IS 2 - Provide infrastructure that supports safe walking and cycling...................................................................................................

IS 3 - Design roads that ensure the safety of all users. ...................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ........

Physical Activity and Sun Safety

PA 1 - Ensure a built environment that supports and encourages active transportation.....................................................................PA 2 - Provide recreational opportunities for all..................................................................................................................................

PA 3 - Develop a transportation system that is multi-modal, accessible and interconnected. ................... ...................... ....................

PA 4 - Ensure shade protection is available at outdoor venues..........................................................................................................

Food Access

FA 1 - Ensure that healthy food is available in every neighbourhood. ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ........

FA 2 - Preserve and protect land currently used and land with the potential for use in the growing and production of food...............

Social Cohesion and Well-being

SC 1 - Support complete neighbourhoods and mixed housing for all ages to promote health and safety...........................................

SC 2 - Provide greenspaces and build public spaces for residents to meet and congregate. .............................................................

Glossary Resources

References


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HEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN Policy Statements for Official Plans

Ontarios long-term prosperity, environmentalhealth and social well-being depend on wiselymanaging change and promoting efficient land useand development patterns. Efficient land use anddevelopment patterns support strong, liveable and

healthy communities, protect the environment andpublic health and safety, and facilitate economicgrowth.

(Provincial Policy Statement 2005, Part V, 1.0Building Strong Communities)

INTRODUCTION

Municipalities in Ontario face many challenges in planning for growth and development, including: working with changing

projections; developing land for a variety of uses; building to suit the needs of the population; protecting the environmen

planning for economic prosperity and a sustainable future. At the same time, municipalities must also ensure these plann

decisions protect the health and well-being of their citizens.

Land use decisions and the way communities are designed have multiple impacts on peoples lives, from how people ge

how they interact with their neighbours. The physical form of a community can impact its vitality, define its character and

ability to attract business and residents. It can also affect the overall physical and mental health of the people who live th

Research has shown that the physical form and development patterns of a community have significant impact on air poll

greenhouse gases, water quality, levels of physical activity, social cohesion and rates of injuries and fatalities for motoris

pedestrians and cyclists.1 The built environment affects the overall health of the community both negatively and positivel

following ways:

Environment The quality of our air and water affects our health. Community design and transportation planning caboth of these critical requirements for health. Vehicle use and distances travelled all influence the amount of vehicle

which are prime sources of air pollution affecting air quality and health. The design and layout of the built environme

in preserving water supplies and watersheds and ensure enough greenspace to allow for a natural and safe hydrolosystem, which affects water quality.

Injury and Safety The incidence of fatal and non-fatal injuries as a result of traffic crashes is closely related to vehic

traveled, automobile speed and traffic volumes. These characteristics of travel have been linked in research to the droadway and street network and to the distribution of land uses.

Physical Activity The built environment can either facilitate or constrain our ability to be physically active for either r

or utilitarian purposes. For example, neighbourhoods that are designed for the automobile can reduce the viability oftransportation, thus decreasing peoples activity levels. This may contribute to increased rates of overweight, obesitychronic disease in the population.

Sun Safety Skin cancer from sun exposure is increasing. Many communities are not designed with sun safety in mthus do not provide residents with natural and manmade structures for shelter from the sun.

Food Access The availability of fresh and affordable healthy foods at neighbourhood grocery stores and farmers mincreases the chance that a persons nutritional intake will be healthier. However, many residential areas are not loc

reasonable distance to a grocery store. Land use planning must also consider the protection and preservation of locproduction capacity for the long-term health of the local food system.


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The long-term prosperity and social well-being ofOntarians depend on maintaining strongcommunities, a clean and healthy environment anda strong economy Strong, liveable and healthycommunities enhance social well-being and areeconomically and environmentally sound.

(Provincial Policy Statement 2005, Part IV)

This Plan is about building complete communities,whether urban or rural. These are communities thatare well-designed, offer transportation choices,accommodate people at all stages of life and havethe right mix of housing, a good range of jobs, andeasy access to stores and services to meet dailyneeds.

(Places to Grow - Growth Plan 2006, p.13)

Social Cohesion and Well-being Certain characteristics of the built environment can influence how one feels about

themselves and their connection to the community. These characteristics can also have a profound impact on the coof a community and the creation of social capital.

Over the past decade, several key policies related to land use, development and growth planning in Ontario have come

Two of these -- the Provincial Policy Statement (2005) and the Places to Grow - Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Ho

(2006) provide clear direction on the creation of healthy and complete communities. The underlying principles within thpolicies are supportive of a municipal vision that addresses the importance of many public health concepts listed above.

These Provincial polices are also closely aligned with the goals of the Simcoe Muskoka District Health Units Building He

Communities initiative. Under this initiative, the health unit is working with partners to:

1 Act as a catalyst for change through programs, people and partnerships to achieve a shared vision of a built environpromotes and protects health.

2 Provide strong public health leadership and expert health advice to key stakeholders to influence the design of new existing communities to be sustainable and supportive of the achievement and maintenance of optimal health.

These goals have provided the impetus for the creation of this policy guide. The purpose of this document is to provide m

planners, municipal elected officials and other stakeholders and partners in Simcoe Muskoka with suggestions for Officia

policies that will assist municipalities in creating healthy and complete communities while also meeting the Provincial pol

The document has five sections that are based on key health issues impacted by the built environment: environment; inj

safety; physical activity and sun safety; food access; and social cohesion and well-being. Each section contains an overarelated goal and rationale, a number of related objectives, suggested planning policies to help achieve the objectives an

suggested strategies for implementation of the policies.

It will be up to each individual municipality to consider these policy and implementation suggestions and to determine the

of including them in its Official Plan and other municipal strategies. Municipalities are encouraged to use the concepts wi

document and to freely adapt, amend or revise the wording to suit their particular needs and circumstances. This is by n

complete list and should therefore be viewed as a starting point.

As the built environment has a variety of crossover effects on various components of health, many of the policy suggesti

included in the document have the potential to achieve multiple benefits to the community. It will take the support, energy

assets of the entire community at various times, and for various initiatives, to create healthy places to live. In doing so, th

collaborative effort can support visions for healthy communities and fulfill the requirements of Provincial policy.


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Environment

HEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN Policy Statements for Official Plan

Goal Statement:Preserve and protect the natural environment to ensure residents breathe clean air, drink cleand have access to greenspace.

Rationale: Clean air and water are critical to the health of any community making it essential that these resources be prenhanced at every opportunity. Exposure to air pollution and unclean water can result in increased illness, chronic disea

hospitalization and death. In preserving natural environments, communities should be developed in a manner that minim

disconnects between built and natural environments.

Objectives

EN 1 Ensure land use designation has a positive impact on health, the environment and overall quality of life.

EN 2 Protect and preserve the natural environment and greenspace.

EN 3 Reduce reliance on traditional energy systems, conserve energy and protect air quality.

EN 4 Create smoke-free indoor and outdoor spaces to protect health and air quality where people play, live and cong

EN 5 Decrease use of single occupancy motor vehicles and reduce motor vehicle trips.


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Environment


Objective 1:EN 1 - Ensure land use designationhas a positive impact on health, theenvironment and overall quality oflife.

Rationale: Close proximity to non-compatible usescould result in adverse health effects. Exposure tonoise can introduce or aggravate stress-relatedhealth outcomes including those on thecardiovascular system, immune system, sleep,task performance, behaviour and mental health.

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Periods of odour nuisance often go together withheadache, nausea, sleep disturbances, a loss ofappetite and stress.3 Children living in communitieswith higher levels of traffic-related pollution havelung function growth approximately 10 per centslower than children in communities with less airpollution.4 Seniors are also vulnerable to theimpacts of air pollution. Estimates indicate that by2026, the 65+ age group will experience a 74 percent increase in premature mortality due to airpollution. There are three times more smog-relatedemergency room visits for cardiac symptoms than

for respiratory symptoms.5

Long-term economic prosperity should besupported by:

e. planning so that major facilities andsensitive land uses are appropriately designed,buffered and/or separated from each other toprevent adverse effects from odour, noise andother contaminants, and minimize risk to publichealth and safety.

(Provincial Policy Statement 2005, 1.7.1)

Planning PoliciesEN 1.1 Ensure that proposed development is compatible with neighbouring uses from a community health perspective i

industrial and commercial emissions, nuisance noise and odour impacts.

EN 1.2 Land use designations shall consider impacts on community health especially for vulnerable populations (i.e. ch

seniors) when located adjacent to high traffic, trucking and highway corridors.

Implementation ActivitiesShort term

i) Review existing Zoning Bylaw and where necessary amend to include regulation pertaining to nuisance noise an

Medium Term

i) Work with school boards and child and family service agencies to establish policies around location of new schochild-care centres and determine sites suitable for school/child care designation.

ii) Work with seniors groups and developers to establish policies around location of seniors/retirement homes andsites suitable for seniors housing projects.

iii) Establish municipal policies on location of park space and athletic fields/venues as they relate to traffic corridors

Long Term

i) Form a land use advisory committee focused oncommunity health to work with Council and staff.


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Environment


Objective 2:EN 2 - Protect and preserve thenatural environment and greenspace.

Rationale: The preservation of greenspace

minimizes the effects of heat islands which drive upcooling and refrigeration-related energyconsumption and generation. Urban trees canreduce air temperature thereby reducing ozoneformation and removing air pollutants.6

Greenspaces protect water quality by providingopportunity for water absorption and filtration.7

Research suggests a positive impact on thepsychological well-being of people who are able tointeract with the natural environment, particularlygreenspace.8

Planning authorities shall protect, improve orrestore the quality and quantity of water by:

d. implementing necessary restriction ondevelopment and site alteration to:

1. protect all municipal drinking water supplies

and designated vulnerable areas; and

2. protect, improve or restore vulnerablesurface and ground water, sensitive surfacewater features and sensitive ground waterfeatures, and their hydrologic functions

f. promoting efficient and sustainable use of waterresources, including practices for waterconservation and sustaining water quality.


Planning PoliciesEN 2.1 Design standards shall be developed that require the use of natural and/or naturalized landscapes in new devel

improve air quality throughout the community.

EN 2.2 To maximize the environmental and community health benefits of having healthy trees, a community-wide UrbaPlan shall be developed with particular attention to protecting the communitys stock of existing trees, supportingof new trees and expanding the tree canopy in the community.

EN 2.3 Through land use and transportation planning the municipality is committed to providing public access to a rangfree outdoor settings, including parklands, open spaces and trails to support community health.


i) Establish a community-wide rain barrel/downspout disconnection program.

Medium Term

i) Review the municipal Transportation Master Plan. If not included, work with community partners to establish andan interconnected trail, sidewalk and bike lane system within and between communities.

Long Term

i) In consultation with community groups and foresters, develop

an Urban Forestry Plan for the community.

ii) Wherever possible, work with community partners toimplement the components of the Urban Forestry Plan (e.g.designate and promote a community tree planting day).


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Environment


Objective 4:EN 4 - Create smoke-free indoor andoutdoor spaces to protect health andair quality where people play, live andcongregate.

Rationale: The harm associated with secondhandsmoke is well documented and has resulted in acomplete ban in Ontario on smoking in indoorspaces used by the public and workers. There isalso increasing evidence of the harm caused bysecondhand smoke in outdoor environments.

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Research has shown air quality in an outdoorenvironment, such as a patio, is significantlyaffected when cigarettes are smoked and that airparticulates that cause cancer and heart diseasequadruple.

13Designated smoke-free areas in and

around the places where people play, live, workand gather promotes positive role modeling forchildren, helps to de-socialize the use of tobaccoproducts, helps to prevent secondhand smoke fromdrifting into indoor areas and protects nearbyindividuals in outdoor environments. Designatedsmoking areas that are removed from general use

areas and that are equipped with disposal unitsdesigned for tobacco refuse, will reduce theenvironmental impact from packaging litter and thehighly toxic and soluble chemicals in cigarettebutts.

Healthy, active communities should be promotedby:

b) providing for a full range and equitabledistribution of publicly-accessible built andnatural settings for recreation, includingfacilities, parklands, open space areas, trailsand, where practical, water-based resources;


Planning PoliciesEN 4.1 Develop requirements for smoke-free outdoor spaces in a variety of public and private settings, including park

fields, patios, bus shelters, resting benches and other public-use facilities and open spaces that ensures compseparation for the public from any exposure to the negative effects of secondhand smoke.

EN 4.2 Smoke-free areas shall be provided at all public, multi-unit, multi-use and municipal properties. Areas that are as smoking shall be designed and located such that they do not encroach or impact on smoke-free areas, shaidentified and shall include a permanent fixture for the safe disposal of tobacco product refuse.

EN 4.3 Provide smoke-free, single and multi-unit social and affordable housing options for residents of all ages to protfrom drifting secondhand smoke and to support individuals and families to live tobacco free.


i) Establish No Smoking bylaws for municipally owned outdoor spaces where people play and congregate.

ii) Conduct an assessment of businesses, multi-unit dwellings and public areas where smoke-free access is not prprovide stakeholders with information about the importance of and steps to take to designate smoke-free accessfacilities.

iii) Conduct a survey of social and non-profit housing residents by site to gauge support for smoke-free, multi-unit h

Medium Term

i) Require all businesses, multi-unit dwelling and privately owned public use areas to designate outdoor smoke-freareas and patios.

ii) Require all designated smoking areas to include and maintain a permanent fixture for the safe disposal of tobacrefuse.

iii) Work with resident/community groups to pilot smoke-free affordable housing sites.

Long Term

i) Work with social and affordable housing providers to ensure an adequate supply of smoke-free housing options in the community for individuals and families.


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Environment


Objective 5:EN 5 - Decrease use of singleoccupancy motor vehicles and reducemotor vehicle trips.

Rationale: Transportation is the primarycontributor to air pollution. On-road transportationand engine idling contribute to greenhouse gasemissions and release CO2, NOx, CO andhydrocarbons, which are the precursors of smog.14

Health impacts from air pollution include respiratoryproblems, asthma and increased risk of heartattack.

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A land use pattern, density and mix of uses shouldbe promoted that minimize the length and numberof vehicle trips and support the development ofviable choices and plans for public transit and otheralternative transportation modes, includingcommuter rail and bus.

(Provincial Policy Statement 2005, 1.6.5.4)

Planning PoliciesEN 5.1 Land use designations and transportation plans shall prioritize patterns and densities that support active tran

mass transit and smoke-free pedestrian-oriented development.

EN 5.2 A sufficient diversity of land uses will be provided such that schools, employment, recreation areas, public facshopping centers (commercial nodes) are in convenient walking and cycling proximity for residents.

EN 5.3 The Zoning Bylaw shall develop patterns of land uses that ensure appropriate separation of incompatible lanthose that negatively impact pedestrian-oriented development.

Implementation ActivitiesShort Term

i) Facilitate a walking school bus program near local schools to reduce vehicle trips for drop-off and pick-up of scchildren.

ii) Conduct an assessment of municipal fleet needs that includes vehicle type and usage.

Medium Term

i) Retrofit/purchase transit vehicles that allow for

storage/transport of bicycles, strollers, etc.ii) Work with community groups to implement and promote

programs that encourage residents to decrease theirvehicle use such as Smart Commute Days, Car-FreeSundays or Clean Air Days.

Long Term

i) Create and/or review the Transportation Master Plan toinclude active transportation and mass transit whereverpossible and to ensure safety for all transportation modesthrough the provision of bike lanes, wide sidewalks, smoke-free transit and rest benches, etc.


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Injury and Safety

HEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN Policy Statements for Official Plans I

Goal Statement:Create a physical environment that is safe for all residents.

The built environment contains risks that can compromise the safety of people living and moving within it. Risks include s

as crime, unsafe playgrounds and motor vehicle collisions. To combat such risk, design elements of the built environmenenhance safety for people of all ages throughout the community. An emphasis on safety within built environment design

risk and injury, resulting in safer and healthier communities.

Objectives

IS 1 Build compact neighbourhoods that increase density and reduce automobile dependency.

IS 2 Provide infrastructure that supports safe walking and cycling.

IS 3 Design roads that ensure the safety of all users.


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Injury and Safety

HEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN Policy Statements for Official Plans IN

Objective 1:IS 1 - Build compact neighbourhoodsthat increase density and reduceautomobile dependency.

Rationale: The more people travel by car thegreater the potential for motor vehicle-related injuryfor vehicle users and pedestrians. Concentratinguses, increasing density and reducing the distancebetween places of employment, recreation andresidency reduces the need for vehicle travel andmakes mass transit and active transportationoptions more viable. This lowers the risk for injuryand fatalities related to motor vehicle collisions. 14

Appropriate development standards should bepromoted which facilitate intensification,redevelopment and compact form, whilemaintaining appropriate levels of public health andsafety.


New development taking place in designated

growth areas should occur adjacent to the existingbuilt-up area and shall have a compact form, mix ofuses and densities that allow for the efficient use ofland, infrastructure and public service facilities.


Population and employment growth will beaccommodated by:

d) reducing dependence on the automobilethrough the development of mixed-use transit-supportive, pedestrian-friendly urbanenvironments.

(Places To Grow Growth Plan 2006, 2.2.2.1)

Planning PoliciesIS 1.1 Long-range transportation planning shall ensure that community-wide access for all modes of transportation is c

with specific attention to active transportation and pedestrian needs.

IS 1.2 Transit-oriented development patterns shall be facilitated with land use designations and densities that support aform and potential for efficient mass transit to meet the needs of citizens to access places of residence, work, seeducation and recreation.

IS 1.3 Through design standards the municipality shall ensure that new developments reduce auto dependency in the by providing for the needs of pedestrians and cyclists with the necessary infrastructure to make them safe and c


i) Work with a group of citizens to conduct an accessibility audit of thecommunity to identify strengths, weaknesses and challenges for futureinitiatives related to active transportation or walkability.

Medium Term

i) Review and amend Zoning Bylaw requirements for off-street parking to setboth maximum and minimum limits to the size of parking areas to reduce

the amount of parking and create a more compact physical form for thecommunity.

Long Term

i) Work with local groups and stakeholders to develop an ActiveTransportation Plan for the community.


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Injury and Safety


Objective 2:IS 2 - Provide infrastructure thatsupports safe walking and cycling.

Rationale: Where active transportationinfrastructure intersects or adjoins the automobilenetwork, pedestrians and cyclists are at greaterrisk for injury.15 Many other elements of the builtenvironment can create safety hazards forresidents, such as the way public spaces aredesigned for play, sharing and visibility.16 Toincrease safety and minimize injury it is necessaryfor design that supports the safety of all residentswherever they are in the community.


a. planning public streets, spaces and facilitiesto be safe, meet the needs of pedestrians, andfacilitate pedestrian and non-motorizedmovement, including but not limited to, walkingand cycling.


Municipalities will ensure that pedestrian andbicycle networks are integrated into transportationplanning to:

a. provide safe, comfortable travel forpedestrians and bicyclist within existingcommunities and new development.


Planning PoliciesIS 2.1 A network of active transportation infrastructure shall be developed that is safe, accessible, connected to the str

and links the various uses in the community in such a way that it supports peoples daily mobility needs betweeresidences, work places, commercial areas, educational institutions, places of worship and places of recreation.

IS 2.2 A transportation plan shall be developed for a community-wide integrated set of networks and routes that elevate

of pedestrians, cyclists and mass transit to a state of balance with automobile use. This plan shall include a netwuninterrupted sidewalks and/or pedestrian trails and walkways developed through retrofitting, infill and new deveensure that citizens without access to vehicles are able to move throughout the community.

IS 2.3 Long-term transportation planning shall identify community-wide safe routes to school and implementation stratedevelop infrastructure that supports these routes.

IS 2.4 Creating safe routes and reducing the distances necessary for students to walk and cycle to school from adjacenneighbourhoods shall be considered in designating locations for new schools.

IS 2.5 Development standards shall address the need for safe infrastructure and amenities that support pedestrian mosafety and the creation of a network of connected walkways, sidewalks and trails throughout the community.


i) Conduct a walkability audit in your community to identify needs and possible actions.Medium Term

i) Work cooperatively with the school boards, transportation department and police to identify and map safe routesThese routes can then be properly signed and improved as necessary.

ii) Work with the school boards and local groups to improve the on-site infrastructure needed to support active tranfor school children (e.g. more/better bike racks, covered bike racks, etc.).

iii) Provide infrastructure and safety features that augment safety along designated routes to school from residentiathe community (e.g. crosswalks, lighting, signage, etc.).

iv) Work with local police to review and implement appropriate design strategies (e.g. Crime Prevention ThroughEnvironmental Design) to increase safety and prevent crime in the community.

Long Term

i) Create development/subdivision standards that require pedestrian-oriented infrastructure to fulfill the suggested

Plan policies.


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Injury and Safety


Objective 3:IS 3 - Design roads that ensure thesafety of all users.

Rationale: Road design affects the physical formand walkability of neighbourhoods as well as theplacement, viability and safety of activetransportation infrastructure. Road designinfluences the behaviour of all transportation users,affecting the safety of everyone within thetransportation network. Pedestrians and cyclistsare more likely to be killed than motorists. Saferoad design results in lower rates of vehicle-pedestrian collisions.14

The transportation system with the Greater GoldenHorseshoe will be planned and managed to:

b) offer a balance of transportation choices thatreduces reliance upon any single mode andpromotes transit, cycling and walking

c) be sustainable, by encouraging the mostfinancially and environmentally appropriate

mode for trip-makingd) offer multi-modal access to jobs, housing,schools, cultural and recreational opportunities,and goods and services

e) provide for the safety of system users.


Planning PoliciesIS 3.1 Design for roads, crossings and new developments shall use active transportation and engineering best practice

approaches that increase safety for non-vehicle road users and reduce traffic speeds without the need for enforc

IS 3.2 To ensure safe pedestrian movement all streets shall include well maintained sidewalks, extra wide road shouldwalking and cycling, and/or pedestrian trails and walkways as applicable.


i) Create a walkability or active transportation committee/task force to raise awareness and assess the communitytransportation needs.

Medium Term

i) Develop a community-wide program to identify high pedestrian use intersections to be considered priorities for supgrades and retro-fitting as necessary.

ii) Develop or revise existing engineering and development standards to improve safety for all users. This may inclspecific standards for acceptable traffic calming and safety features.

Long Term

i) Update Zoning Bylaw (land use designations, land usearrangements, densities, etc.) to address changesnecessary to improve active transportation networks andsupport transit-oriented development patterns.


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HEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN Policy Statements for Official Plans PHYSICAL ACTIVIT

Goal Statement:Create a physical environment that provides opportunities for safe, smoke-free, daily physicafor all.

Rationale: Community design has a significant impact on an individuals ability to be physically active.1

Recent patternsdevelopment have removed people from active lifestyles by making daily lives dependent upon vehicular travel with the

predominant focus of site arrangements and development plans being the support of vehicular movement, parking and s

Where we put our buildings, how we separate them from public streets by vast areas of parking and how we link them w

networks dedicated only to vehicular movement all affect the ability of citizens to use their own energies to move around

community without the aid of a vehicle. Communities should be built with fewer barriers and shorter distances between la

so that non-motorized transportation is practical and safe. Other considerations of the built environment that enhance a p

ability to be more physically active in a safe, smoke-free and healthy environment involve creating spaces that function b

people using them while enhancing personal safety, preventing injuries and providing shade to protect users from the su

outdoor spaces.

Objectives

PA 1 Ensure a built environment that supports and encourages active transportation.

PA 2 Provide recreational opportunities for all.PA 3 Develop a transportation system that is multi-modal, accessible and interconnected.

PA 4 Ensure shade protection is available at outdoor venues.


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Objective 1:PA 1 - Ensure a built environment thatsupports and encourages activetransportation.

Rationale: Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle,overweight and obesity are associated withescalating chronic disease rates.17 The majority ofCanadian adults are inactive, risking their healthand quality of life. Moderately intense physicalactivity such as walking and cycling increaseshealth benefits and has the potential to reducecardiovascular disease by as much as 50 percent.18 Communities designed with an activetransportation infrastructure that prioritizes thepedestrian and cyclist while reducing automobiledependency supports daily physical activity. Activetransportation can also lead to economic andenvironmental sustainability and improve tourism.

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a. planning public streets, spaces and facilitiesto be safe, meet the needs of pedestrians, andfacilitate pedestrian and non-motorizedmovement, including but not limited to, walkingand cycling.


Transportation systems should be provided whichare safe, energy efficient, facilitate the movementof people and goods, and are appropriate toaddress projected needs.


Planning PoliciesPA 1.1 Land use designations of the Zoning Bylaw will be developed to support a vibrant downtown centre (or local bus

development district) with a combination of mutually supportive land uses at densities and with arrangements thpedestrian traffic and usage.

PA 1.2 Development standards will be created so that new projects develop aesthetic, cultural and safety features to su

pedestrian environment, especially in downtown.

PA 1.3 Barrier-free, aesthetically pleasing pedestrian linkages such as trails, sidewalks and bike lanes between residencommercial, employment, industrial, institutional and open space lands shall be provided and maintained as parcommunitys transportation system to encourage and support recreational and utilitarian active transportation.

PA 1.4 All employment lands shall be linked to residential areas and main transportation corridors with active transportainfrastructure and mass transportation services to support employment needs.

PA 1.5 Trail planning and design shall be focused on trails as both recreation and active transportation infrastructure, inconnected system of regional trails and bike paths/lanes to permit linkages between municipalities.

PA 1.6 Development standards shall include support infrastructure for active transportation, such as bicycle-activated stenhanced street crossings, smoke-free pedestrian rest areas and bike racks.


i) Create a community work group to conduct a survey of streets and designated bike/pedestrian routes to determdeterrents to bicycling/walking such as potholes, debris and overgrown landscaping; and to report back to Counrecommendations for maintenance, enhancements and retrofitting.

Medium Term

i) Develop a complete inventory and map of existing trails to identify gaps and determine potential active transport

ii) Retrofit municipal buildings with infrastructure that supports active transportation (e.g. bike racks, change rooms

Long Term

i) Create an Active Transportation Master Plan and associated policies.

ii) Draft development standards that focus on making places safer, smoke-free and more appealing to pedestriansrequirements for design features such as links between parking and pedestrian walkways, adequate pedestrian-lighting and street furniture and shade features to support active transportation and physical activity).

iii) Develop a prioritized plan to create an active transportation infrastructure that supports the tourism sector, includliving/recreation facilities (looking at municipal projects and public-private partnerships).


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Objective 2:PA 2 - Provide recreationalopportunities for all.

Rationale: Physical activity is essential for healthygrowth and development for children and youth,and for continued good health throughout thelifespan. Physical activity, even at moderate levels,reduces the risk of overweight, obesity anddeveloping numerous chronic diseases. 20 Accessto open spaces, recreation facilities and ageappropriate recreational programming encouragesphysical activity and social networking and hasbeen shown to have a positive effect on onesphysical and mental health.

21


b. providing for a full range and equitabledistribution of publicly-accessible built andnatural settings for recreation, includingfacilities, parklands, open space areas, trailsand, where practical, water-based resources.


Planning PoliciesPA 2.1 The provision of active and passive parks is recognized as an essential component within the municipality for ph

mental health and enjoyment by residents and visitors and shall be a priority of the community.

PA 2.2 All residents and visitors shall have access to an adequate supply of recreational areas and opportunities within proximity to residential and tourist-associated areas in the community to ensure maximum potential for access.

PA 2.3 The municipality shall develop (or revise) a Recreation Master Plan to ensure that the community is provided wstrategic plan to provide safe, affordable and quality recreation programs and facilities for all residents and visitoregardless of age, physical ability and financial means. This includes restrictions on smoking in and around the ppeople play and gather.

PA 2.4 Open spaces, recreational areas and parks will be developed as an interconnected system that can be accessedresidential neighbourhoods through a community-wide network of walkways, sidewalks and trails.


i) Conduct a community needs assessment/engagement process (including surveys, open houses, round tables, mapping, etc.) to gather information required to create a Recreation Master Plan.

Medium Term

i) Develop critical stakeholder partnerships to move forward withrecreational projects identified in the Recreation Master Plan.

ii) Implement a community-wide signage and wayfinding programfor access to public parks, recreation facilities and trailscoordinated with the engineering department.

Long Term

iii) Develop a Level of Service (LOS) measurement tool andoperational policies for managing and developing thecommunitys recreational assets as described by the OfficialPlan.


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Objective 3:PA 3 - Develop a transportationsystem that is multi-modal,accessible and interconnected.

Rationale: A community designed with activetransportation can increase a persons capacityand tendency to be physically active.19 Additionally,communities that can support an affordable publictransit system enable more equitable access forpeople to places of employment, shopping,education, recreation and other necessaryservices.

22Interconnected transportation systems,

such as active and public transit, can decrease theneed for vehicle use thereby minimizing potentialimpacts on air quality and can facilitate linkagesbetween urban and rural settings.19

Connectivity within and among transportationsystems and modes should be maintained and,where possible, improved including connectionswhich cross jurisdictional boundaries.



d. providing for an efficient, cost-effective,reliable multi-modal transportation system thatis integrated with adjacent systems and thoseof other jurisdictions, and is appropriate toaddress projected needs.


Planning PoliciesPA 3.1 The municipality shall consider intensification of land uses as a means to achieve compact development that wil

mass transit, optimize active transportation and contribute to better air quality and increased physical activity.

PA 3.2 Residential land uses will be designated to optimize mass transit services, as well as facilitate the development and efficient pedestrian and cycling networks as forms of transportation.

PA 3.3 The Zoning Bylaw shall arrange higher density residential, major employment uses, schools and community censupport transit-oriented development patterns.

PA 3.4 Development and subdivision standards will be created to ensure that new development provides convenient anaccess to adjacent uses through integrated pedestrian sidewalks, walkways and trails.

PA 3.5 Transportation options shall be provided for the community that do not limit peoples mobility and access based ability.


i) Create a working group with community members and transit authorities to develop strategies to improve accessetc. for the public transit system.

Medium Term

i) Develop a retrofitting program to upgrade all transit stops withsmoke-free benches and shelters, low-level security lighting,etc.

Long Term

i) Update the Zoning Bylaw to develop transit-orienteddevelopment patterns.

ii) Work with adjoining municipalities to develop a regionaltransportation plan to create a system of interconnected activetransportation routes and connections between municipalitiesthrough public transit.


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Objective 4:PA 4 - Ensure shade protection isavailable at outdoor venues.

Rationale: Most skin cancers are caused by thesun and deaths from these forms of cancers are

rising.23 The built environment has an impact onthis health issue through the absence or presenceof sun shelters. Community planning shouldinclude natural and built shade features at outdoorpublic venues to protect citizens from the sun andhelp to prevent skin cancers.

Healthy, liveable and safe communities aresustained by:

g. ensuring that necessary infrastructure andpublic service facilities are or will be available tomeet current and projected needs.


Planning PoliciesPA 4.1 Development standards shall be created to support citizens health by requiring new developments to integrate s

protection features and landscapes.

PA 4.2 Municipal projects and parks shall be designed to take into account peoples health as it relates to protection froexposure.


i) Implement a tree planting program at outdoor municipal recreation sites specifically targeted toward shade provpeople using the sites.

Medium term

i) Implement a program to retrofit all bus stops with shelters on a most needed priority basis and ensure these aresmoke-free areas.

Long Term

i) Create development standards that address the policiesof the Official Plan related to sun safety.

ii) Develop an urban forestry strategy that addressesnatural shade considerations throughout the community.


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Food Access


Goal Statement:Increase the availability of healthy food for all residents of the municipality.

Rationale: Access to a dependable and affordable supply of nutritious food contributes to people reaching their full phy

mental potential, leading productive lives and lowering their risk of many chronic diseases. Land use planning can have

impact on whether or not neighborhoods have ready access to grocery stores, farmers markets, community gardens an

sources of fresh and healthy foods.24 Policies that enhance peoples physical access to healthy foods and that support a

local food system that includes food production, processing, distribution, retail and consumption components contribute

term health and well-being of a community.

Objectives

FA 1 Ensure that healthy food is available in every neighborhood.

FA 2 Preserve and protect land currently used and land with the potential for use in the growing and production of foo


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Food Access


Objective 1:FA 1 - Ensure that healthy food isavailable in every neighbourhood.

Rationale: People are more likely to meet theirnutrition needs when healthy, affordable food

sources are within easy reach.25 In neighborhoodswithout a grocery store (food deserts) residentsoften turn to more expensive, less healthyprocessed and packaged foods that nearbyconvenience stores and fast food restaurantsoffer. Households that lack income and access totransportation are affected more than others.24

Healthy, liveable and safe communities aresustained by:

b. accommodating an appropriate range andmix of residential, employment (includingindustrial, commercial and institutional uses),recreational and open space uses to meet long-term needs.


Planning PoliciesFA 1.1 The community wide Parks Plan shall incorporate opportunities for community gardens as assets for both recrea

access to locally grown produce which support the health of citizens.

FA 1.2 The Zoning Bylaw shall be reviewed/amended to allow for retailers of healthy foods such as supermarkets, smalsize grocery stores and farmers markets as well as community/urban agriculture initiatives such as community g

edible landscaping and roof top gardens in Residential, Commercial and Institutional designations.

FA 1.3 Land use designations shall be developed for small-scale food processing facilities and distribution centre(s) for produced food.

FA 1.4 The Zoning Bylaw shall enable the community to integrate opportunities for community/urban agriculture by devland use designations that permit community gardens and agriculture uses as accessory uses for community facas places of worship, schools and health, cultural or recreational institutions.


i) Strike a task force to identify opportunities throughout the municipality for community/urban agriculture initiativesopportunities for retailers of healthy foods in underserved rural and urban neighborhoods.

Medium Term

i) Develop a community education and outreach program tohighlight the importance of community/urban agricultureand how it can be integrated into public and private spaces.

ii) Establish a process for fast-tracking development approvalfor supermarkets and other retailers of healthy foods inunderserved rural and urban areas.

Long Term

i) Develop a community Parks Plan that includes a system-wide process to retrofit/integrate community gardens intoappropriate municipal parks.


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Food Access


Objective 2:FA 2 - Preserve and protect landcurrently used and land with thepotential for use in the growing andproduction of food.

Rationale: The food produced, distributed and soldwithin a region can play a major role in how wellthe dietary needs of the population are met. 25

Communities that have ready access to asustainable supply of healthy, locally grown andproduced foods are less vulnerable to externalfactors that can affect the nutritional quality and/orquantity of foods available.26

In rural areas located in municipalities:

e. locally-important agricultural and resourceareas should be designated and protected bydirecting non-related development to areaswhere it will not constrain these uses.



g. promoting the sustainability of the agri-foodsector by protecting agricultural resources andminimizing land use conflicts.


Planning PoliciesFA 2.1 Preservation of local food production capacity, restricting the fragmentation of agricultural lands, protecting land

agricultural potential and preservation of rural and cultural landscapes through land use designations and transpplans shall be municipal priorities.

FA 2.2 Land use designations shall be developed that support small-scale home industries and home occupations, inclu

based enterprises that are supportive of agricultural activities in areas with an Agricultural designation.

FA 2.3 Development of the infrastructure required to establish distribution and/or processing centres for local foods, agrproduct warehouses, abattoirs and other agriculturally-related commercial, industrial and/or institutional facilitiesactivities that build local food self-sufficiency will be a priority of any land use planning initiatives.


i) Strike a task force to undertake a community food system assessment to identify gaps and opportunities to connfood growers and producers, processors, distributors, retailers and consumers throughout the municipality.

Medium Term

i) Use the food system assessment results to develop a community education and outreach program to highlight thimportance of preserving and strengthening the local food system.

Long Termi) Review existing zoning to ensure agricultural lands are

protected under the Zoning Bylaws.


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HEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN Policy Statements for Official Plans SOCIAL COHESIO

Goal Statement:Create communities that encourage social interaction, promote social capital and sustain thebeing of residents.

Rationale The physical environment is one determinant of a persons overall health, which is described by the World

Organization as: a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or Community design impacts physical health but it also affects mental health through the role it plays on a persons sense

belonging to their community. The results of planning and design decisions can affect access to the natural environment

in the amount of time spent driving and commuting and influence the social and economic characteristics of a neighbou

these factors can influence feelings of well-being and sense of social cohesion where people live.

Objectives

SC 1 Support complete neighbourhoods and mixed housing for all ages to promote health and safety.

SC 2 Provide public spaces and greenspaces for residents to meet and congregate.

S i l C h i d W ll b i


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Objective 1:SC 1 - Support completeneighbourhoods and mixed housingfor all ages to promote health andsafety.

Rationale: Feeling connected to ones communityis associated with lower stress, improved overallhealth status and lower mortality rates.7 Completecommunities that provide proximity to neighbours,workplaces, schools and services can promoteneighbourhood cohesion and increase socialcapital.28;29 Mixed housing communities thatintegrate affordable housing can provideopportunities for aging in place as people movethrough their life cycle. Mixed housing can alsoprevent concentrations of poverty, which isassociated with crime, health disparities andenvironmental health risks.30

Planning authorities shall provide for anappropriate range of housing types and densities tomeet projected requirements of current and futureresidents of the regional market area by:

a. establishing and implementing minimum targets

for the provision of housing which is affordable tolow and moderate income households.

b. permitting and facilitating: 1. all forms of housingrequired to meet the social, health and well-beingrequirements of current and future residents,including special needs requirements

d. promoting densities for new housing whichefficiently use land, resources, infrastructure andpublic service facilities, and support the use ofalternative transportation modes and public transitin areas where it exists or is to be developed; and

e. establishing development standards forresidential intensification, redevelopment and newresidential development which minimize the cost ofhousing and facilitate compact form, whilemaintaining appropriate levels of public health andsafety.


Planning PoliciesSC 1.1 Amend the Zoning Bylaw to allow for mixed and non-traditional housing arrangements to support residents of al

universal design, granny flats, multiple housing types within neighborhoods, etc.).

SC 1.2 Adopt affordable housing targets and standards that include the option to live in 100% smoke-free single and mdwellings that are integrated into mixed-income neighbourhoods within complete communities.

SC 1.3 Provide mixed neighbourhoods that balance residential, commercial and institutional development and that reduneed for residents to commute long distances to work, school, shops and services.


i) Hold focus groups and/or key informant interviews to find out the housing needs within the community and thenstrategy to address the identified needs.

Medium term

i) Work with the economic development department and/or local business associations to develop strategies that to existing residents skills and employment needs.

Long term

i) Develop an economic development plan that includes strategiesfor attracting business and industry to locate in the community.

S i l C h i d W ll b i


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Objective 2:SC 2 - Provide greenspaces and buildpublic spaces for residents to meetand congregate.

Rationale: Creating indoor and outdoor public

spaces within a community that allow forindividuals to meet and congregate providesopportunities for social integration. Researchshows that people with strong social networks livelonger.7 Research also shows that exposure to thenatural environment is associated with feelings ofwell-being in individuals.

21Designing communities

where residents have access to greenspace canresult in physical and mental health benefits.


b. providing for a full range and equitabledistribution of publicly-accessible built andnatural settings for recreation, includingfacilities, parklands, open space areas, trailsand, where practical, water-based resources;

c. providing opportunities for public access toshorelines


Planning PoliciesSC 2.1 Provide open space and park areas within the built environment that are smoke-free and easily accessible to al

and visitors and that are particularly located near schools, workplaces and residential developments.

SC 2.2 Ensure neighbourhoods are designed to include meeting spaces and common areas that are smoke-free and aneeds of people of all ages and physical abilities.

SC 2.3 Increase community safety features and initiatives to encourage more social interaction among neighbours and physical activity.


i) Conduct a community mapping exercise to identify common meeting locations in the community and develop a paddress areas without them.

Medium term

i) Work with community partners to develop a municipal Parks Plan that ensures new development includes accessmoke-free green and open spaces for residents based on defined Level of Service goals.

Long term

i) Work with police and community groups to review andimplement design strategies (e.g. Crime PreventionThrough Environmental Design) to increase communitysafety.


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R


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Resources


This document is just one of many resources available to support the creation and implementation of healthy community

policies. Other useful resources include:

BACKGROUNDERS & REPORTS

Planning by Design: A Healthy Communities Handbook (Fall 2009) http://www.mah.gov.on.ca Ontario M

Municipal Affairs and Housing and Ontario Professional Planners Institute.

Creating Walkable and Transit-Supportive Communities in Halton (February 2009) http://www.halton.ca

Region Health Department.

Healthy Communities, Sustainable Communities (Fall 2007) http://www.ontarioplanners.on.ca Ontario P

Planners Institute.

The Impact of the Built Environment on the Health of the Population: A Review of the Review Literature (

2007) http://www.simcoemuskokahealth.org Simcoe Muskoka District Health Unit.

CHECKLISTS

Public Health in Land Use Planning & Community Design http://www.naccho.org Land use checklist, Na

Association of County & City Health Officials (U.S.).

Sustainability Checklist for Rezoning and Development Permit Applications http://www.portcoquitlam.ca

Coquitlam.

WEBSITES

Driven to Action: Stopping Sprawl in Your Community http://www.davidsuzuki.org David Suzuki Founda

citizens action toolkit for stopping sprawl.

Shaping Active, Healthy Communities http://www.heartandstroke.com Heart & Stroke Foundation of Can

kit to influence healthy neighbourhood planning and design.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design http://www.cptedontario.ca/ CPTED Ontario; CPTED s

that the proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the incidence and fea

and improve the quality of life.

Active Living By Design http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/ U.S. Information and resources about incre

physical activity and healthy eating through community design.

References
http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/http://www.halton.ca/http://www.ontarioplanners.on.ca/http://www.simcoemuskokahealth.org/http://www.naccho.org/http://www.portcoquitlam.ca/http://www.davidsuzuki.org/http://www.heartandstroke.com/http://www.cptedontario.ca/http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/http://www.cptedontario.ca/http://www.heartandstroke.com/http://www.davidsuzuki.org/http://www.portcoquitlam.ca/http://www.naccho.org/http://www.simcoemuskokahealth.org/http://www.ontarioplanners.on.ca/http://www.halton.ca/http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/


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References


(1) Williams, M and Wright, M. The impact of the built environment on the health of the population: a review of the review literature. Simcoe Musk

Health Unit; 1-11-2007.

(2) Basrur, Sheela. Health effects of noise. Toronto: Toronto Public Health; 2000.

(3) Shusterman D. The health significance of environmental odour pollution: revisited. Journal of Environmental Medicine 2000; 1(4):249-258.

(4) Bray, Riina, Vakil, Catherine, and Elliott, David. Report on public health and urban sprawl in Ontario: a review of the pertinent literature. Toron

Environmental Health Committee, Ontario College of Family Physicians; 1-1-2005.[Accessed 8 A.D./11/11];

(5) Ontario Medical Association. The illness costs of air pollution: regional data for 2005 (with projections to 2026). Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Med

Association; 2005.

(6) U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. Trees and vegetation: heat island effect. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency 2010; Available from: U

http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/trees.htm [Accessed 2010/3/3]

(7) Frumkin H, Frank L, Jackson R. Urban sprawl and public health: designing, planning, and building for healthy communities. Washington, D.C.

2004.

(8) Newton, J. Wellbeing and the natural environment: a brief overview of the evidence. University of Bath; 2007.

(9) McKeown, D. Toronto staff report: the impacts of traffic on health. Toronto: Toronto Public Health; 2007.

(10) Worldwatch Institute. Questions and answers about global warming and abrupt climate change. Worldwatch Institute 2006; Available from: UR

http://www.worldwatch.org/node/3949 [Accessed 2007/8/15]

(11) American Lung Association. Selected air pollution studies of note: ozone and particulate matter and health: 1997-2001. 2004.

(12) Klepeis N, Ott W, Switzer P. Real-time measurement of outdoor tobacco smoke particles. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association

534.

(13) Kennedy, RD and Parkinson-McCracken, C. Smoke-free patios: A positive set to further protect children, hospitality workers and the communi

secondhand smoke. Physicians for a Smoke-free Canada. 2009.

(14) Ewing, R, Frank, L, and Kreutzer, R. Understanding the relationship between public health and the built environment: a report prepared for the

Core Committee. Washington, DC: LEED for Neighborhood Development Partnership; 2006.

(15) Frank, L, Kavage, S, and Litman, T. Promoting public health through Smart Growth: building healthier communities through transportation and

policies and practices. Smart Growth BC 2007; Available from: URL: http://www.smartgrowth.bc.ca/downloads/SGBC%5FHealth%20Report%

[Accessed 2007/8/2]

(16) Dannenberg AL, Jackson RJ, Frumkin H, et al. The impact of community design and land-use choices on public health: a scientific research a

American Journal of Public Health 2003; 93(9):1500-1508.

(17) Katzmarzyk P, Gledhill N, Shephard RJ. The economic burden of physical inactivity in Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2000; 1

References
http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/trees.htmhttp://www.worldwatch.org/node/3949http://www.smartgrowth.bc.ca/downloads/SGBC_Health%20Report%20Final.pdfhttp://www.smartgrowth.bc.ca/downloads/SGBC_Health%20Report%20Final.pdfhttp://www.worldwatch.org/node/3949http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/trees.htm


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References


(18) Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute. Cost of physical inactivity. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute 2005; Availab

http://www.cflri.ca/eng/provincial_data/information/cost_inactivity.php [Accessed 2007/6/13]

(19) Federation of Canadian Municipalities. Communities in motion: bringing active transportation to life. Federation of Canadian Municipalities 200

from: URL: http://www.sustainablecommunities.fcm.ca/files/capacity_building_transportation/communitiesinmotion-pub-e.pdf[Accessed 2010

(20) Public Health Agency of Canada. Benefits of physical activity. Public Health Agency of Canada 2010/2/9; Available from: URL: http://www.pha

aspc.gc.ca/hp-ps/hl-mvs/pa-ap/index-eng.php [Accessed 2010/2/25]

(21) Maller C, Townsend A, Brown P, et al. Healthy nature healthy people: 'contact with nature' as an upstream health promotion intervention for p

Health Promotion International 2005; 21(1):45-54. [cited October/30/2007]; Available from: URL: http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/21

(22) American Public Health Association. At the intersection of public health and transportation: promoting healthy transportation policy. American

Association 2008; Available from: URL: http://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/43F10382-FB68-4112-8C75-49DCB10F8ECF/0/TransportationBrie

[Accessed 2010/2/25]

(23) Canadian Cancer Society. About UV rays. Canadian Cancer Society 2009/12/13; Available from: URL: http://www.cancer.ca/Canada-

wide/Prevention/Use%20SunSense/Preventing%20skin%20cancer.aspx?sc_lang=en [Accessed 2010/2/25]

(24) Feldstein, L. Linking land use planning and the food environment. Smart Growth Online 2010/1/1; Available from: URL:

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(25) Xuereb, M and Desjardins, E. Towards a healthy community food system for Waterloo Region. Interim Report. Health Determinants, Planning

Region of Waterloo Public Health 2005/11/1; Available from: URL:

http://chd.region.waterloo.on.ca/web/health.nsf/0/54ED787F44ACA44C852571410056AEB0/$file/Food%20Systems_Report.pdf?openeleme

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(26) Campsie, P. Food connects us all. Sustainable local food in southern Ontario. Metcalf Foundation 2010; Available from: URL:

http://www.metcalffoundation.com/downloads/Food%20Connects%20Us%20All.pdf[Accessed 2010/3/2]

(27) World Health Organization. Constitution of World Health Organization. W orld Health Organization; 1946. Available from: URL:

http://www.searo.who.int/aboutsearo/pdf/const.pdf

(28) Leyden K. Social capital and the built environment: The importance of walkable neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health 2003; 93:1

(29) Nasar J, Julian D. The psychological sense of community in the neighborhood. American Planning Association Journal 1995; 61. [cited May/2

Available from: URL: http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.rap.bibliocentre.ca/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?

(30) Smith, A. Mixed-income housing developments: promise and reality. Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University Neighborhood Re

Corporation; 2002.[Accessed 2010/3/3]; Available from: URL: http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/W02-10_Smith.pdf

Notes:
http://www.cflri.ca/eng/provincial_data/information/cost_inactivity.phphttp://www.sustainablecommunities.fcm.ca/files/capacity_building_transportation/communitiesinmotion-pub-e.pdfhttp://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/hp-ps/hl-mvs/pa-ap/index-eng.phphttp://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/21/1/45http://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/43F10382-FB68-4112-8C75-49DCB10F8ECF/0/TransportationBrief.pdfhttp://www.cancer.ca/Canada-wide/Prevention/Use%20SunSense/Preventing%20skin%20cancer.aspx?sc_lang=enhttp://icma.org/sgn/newsdetail.cfm?nfid=2666&id=#autoID%23http://chd.region.waterloo.on.ca/web/health.nsf/0/54ED787F44ACA44C852571410056AEB0/$file/Food%20Systems_Report.pdf?openelementhttp://www.metcalffoundation.com/downloads/Food%20Connects%20Us%20All.pdfhttp://www.searo.who.int/aboutsearo/pdf/const.pdfhttp://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.rap.bibliocentre.ca/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/W02-10_Smith.pdfhttp://www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/W02-10_Smith.pdfhttp://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.rap.bibliocentre.ca/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?http://www.searo.who.int/aboutsearo/pdf/const.pdfhttp://www.metcalffoundation.com/downloads/Food%20Connects%20Us%20All.pdfhttp://chd.region.waterloo.on.ca/web/health.nsf/0/54ED787F44ACA44C852571410056AEB0/$file/Food%20Systems_Report.pdf?openelementhttp://icma.org/sgn/newsdetail.cfm?nfid=2666&id=#autoID%23http://www.cancer.ca/Canada-wide/Prevention/Use%20SunSense/Preventing%20skin%20cancer.aspx?sc_lang=enhttp://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/43F10382-FB68-4112-8C75-49DCB10F8ECF/0/TransportationBrief.pdfhttp://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/21/1/45http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/hp-ps/hl-mvs/pa-ap/index-eng.phphttp://www.sustainablecommunities.fcm.ca/files/capacity_building_transportation/communitiesinmotion-pub-e.pdfhttp://www.cflri.ca/eng/provincial_data/information/cost_inactivity.php


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Documents

Healthy Communities Official Plan Policies