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Health & Safety Risk Factors
in Shipping
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
2009
Safety Risk Factors
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Fatigue can degrade crew performance
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Some FactorsAffecting
Crew’s Performance
ManagementStyle
Behavior
TechnologyWork
Environment
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance
BEHAVIORBEHAVIORBEHAVIORBEHAVIOR
Value
AttitudeAptitudes
Training
Health
Experience
Physical capability
Stress
Workload
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance
Interrupted sleep patterns
Fear or perceptionof danger
Loneliness &isolation
Responsibility of job
Communicationdifficulties
Incompatibility of fellow workers
Reliability offellow workers
Fatigue
Environment :Noise, seasickness…
Monotony of job
Ships in Service Training Material C. STEVENSON
STRESSSTRESSFACTORSFACTORS
Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance
WORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENT
CongestionWeather
Distractions
Time of day
Work space
Waterway conditions
Man / Machine interface
Personnel interaction
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance
TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
Simulation
Automation
System integration
Advanced operationalmethods
Computerization
Advanced engineeringmethods
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Corporate culture
CommitmentProcedures
Ethic
Leadership
Incentives
Goals & directions
Feedback
Communication
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
FatigueIMO-MSC 1014
Fatigue can degrade crew performance
Safety Risk Factors
FATIGUE is generally described as a state of feeling tired or sleepy that results from:
- Prolonged mental work. - Physical work. - Extended periods of anxiety. - Exposure to harsh environments. - Loss of sleep.
Fatigue Causes
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Fatigue Effects
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
The result of fatigue is :
- Impaired performance.- Diminished alertness.
The effects of fatigue areparticularly dangerous
in the shipping industry.
RatingShip’s Officer
Master
Training Institution
Owner / OperatorManager
Naval ArchitectShip Designer
Maritime Pilot Tugboat
MSC 1014 Guidance on Fatigue
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
RatingShip’s Officer
Master
Training Institution
Naval ArchitectShip Designer
Maritime Pilot Tugboat
Who should do what ?
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Owner / OperatorManager
Men
tally
Em
otionally
Physically
Symptoms of Fatigue
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Effects on Anybody
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Rating & Tugboat Personnel : PhysicallySymptoms of Fatigue
- Inability to stay awake.- Difficulty with hand-eye coordination skills.
- Speech difficulties.- Heaviness in the arms and legs or sluggish feeling.
- Decreased ability to exert force while lifting, pushing or pulling.- Increased frequency of dropping objects like tools or parts.
- Non specific physical discomfort.
- Headaches.- Giddiness.
- Heart palpitation, irregular heart beats.- Rapid breathing.
- Loss of appetite.- Insomnia.
- Sudden sweating fits.- Leg pains or cramps.
- Digestion problems.
Symptoms of Fatigue Rating & Tugboat Personnel : Physically
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
- Increased willingness to take risks.
- Increased intolerance and anti-social behavior.
- Needless worry.
- Reduced motivation to work well.
- Increased mood changes ( from irritability to depression ).
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Rating & Tugboat Personnel : Emotionally Symptoms of Fatigue
- Poor judgment of distance, speed, time,…
- Inaccurate interpretation of a situation.
- Slow or no response to normal, abnormal or emergency situations.
- Reduced attention span.
- Difficulty concentrating and thinking clearly.
- Decreased ability to pay attention.
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Rating & Tugboat Personnel : MentallySymptoms of Fatigue
- Unable to organize a series of activities.
- Preoccupied with a single task.
- Focuses on a trivial problem, neglecting more important ones.
- Reverts to old but ineffective habits. - Less vigilant than usual.
1- Inability to concentrate
Ship’s Officer & Master
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Symptoms of Fatigue
2- Diminished decision-making ability
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Symptoms of Fatigue Ship’s Officer & Master
- Misjudges distance, speed, time,…
- Fails to appreciate the gravity of the situation.
- Overlooks items that should be included.
- Chooses risky options.
- Difficulty with simple arithmetic, geometry…
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
3- Poor memory
4- Slow response
Symptoms of Fatigue Ship’s Officer & Master
- Fails to remember the sequence of task.
- Difficulty remembering events or procedures.
- Forgets to complete a task or part of a task.
- Reverts to old but ineffective habits.
- Responds slowly to normal, abnormal or emergency situations
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
5- Loss of control of bodily movements
Symptoms of Fatigue Ship’s Officer & Master
- May appear to be drunk.- Inability to stay awake.
- Affected speech ( Slurred, slowed, garbled ).- Feeling heaviness in the arms and legs.
- Decreased ability to exert force while lifting, pushing or pulling.
- Increased frequency of dropping objects like tools or parts.
6- Mood change
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Symptoms of Fatigue Ship’s Officer & Master
- Quieter, less talkative than usual.
- Unusually irritable.
- Increased intolerance and anti-social behavior.
- Depression.
7- Attitude change
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Symptoms of Fatigue Ship’s Officer & Master
- Fails to anticipate danger.- Fails to observe and obey warning signs.
- Seems unaware of own poor performance.- Too willing to take risks.
- Ignores normal checks and procedures.- Displays a “don’t care” attitude.
- Weakness in drive or dislike for work.
1- Inability to concentrate
Maritime Pilote
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Symptoms of Fatigue
- Unable to organize a series of activities.
- Preoccupied with a single task.
- Focuses on a trivial problem, neglecting more important ones.
- Less vigilant than usual.
2- Diminished decision-making ability
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Symptoms of Fatigue Maritime Pilote
- Misjudges distance, speed, time,…- Fails to appreciate the gravity of the situation.
- Overlooks items that should be included.- Chooses risky options.
- Difficulty with simple arithmetic, geometry…- Fails to observe and obey warning signs. - Fails to anticipate danger.
3- Poor memory
4- Slow response
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Symptoms of Fatigue Maritime Pilote
- Fails to remember the sequence of task or task elements.
- Difficulty remembering events or procedures.
- Forgets to complete a task or part of a task.
- Responds slowly to normal, abnormal or emergency situations.
5- Loss of control of bodily movements
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Symptoms of Fatigue Maritime Pilote
- May appear to be drunk.
- Inability to stay awake.
- Affected speech (Slurred, slowed, garbled).
6- Mood change
7- Attitude change
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Symptoms of Fatigue Maritime Pilote
Quieter, less talkative than usual.Unusually irritable.
- Seems unaware of own poor performance.- Too willing to take risks.
- Ignores normal checks and procedures.- Displays a “don’t care” attitude.
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Naval Architect& Ship Designer
Accommodationdesign
Work placedesign
Ambient environmental conditions
Boredom
On board facilities
Ship motions
Naval Architect & Ship Designer
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Design Process
Better designBetter upkeep
Crew cabins accommodationCrew cabins locationSoundproofing measuresCabins / Bunks designs & configuration
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Naval Architect & Ship Designer
- Sleep-interruption or deprivation due to accommodation design
- Work place design
Monotony & mental satiationLightingTemperatureSoundSmell
Noise & VibrationVentilationHumidity
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Naval Architect & Ship DesignerDesign Process
- Harsh ambient environmental conditions where people live and work
- Boredom
Sea keeping provisionsWeatherSea states
AccommodationsRecreational facilitiesGalleys & Mess roomsFood preparation & storage areasHygiene facilitiesMedical facilities
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Naval Architect & Ship DesignerDesign Process
On board facilities
Ship motions
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Ship Owner &Operator Manager
“ Master has been onboard for one year & a day… probably suffering from nervous exhaustion.“
Left night orders at 02:30Called to the bridge at 06:00
Fatigue on Merchant ShipsTORREY CANYON - 1967
Grounded on Seven Stones Reef - UK at 08:50 Master was under commercial pressure to reachhis destination port as he was instructed :If he did not make the evening tide at Milford Havenon march 18th the vessel would have to wait untilmarch 24th before he could enter the port.
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
- 11,000 people on clean-up- Training of 18,000 people- Use of 80 air crafts, 1,400 vessels, 260 skimmers, 2 dry docks, floating hotels,...- Specialist teams for all around the worldEstimated cost : $ 8 billion $ 300,000 per barrel of crude oil
Fatigue on Merchant ShipsEXXON VALDEZ - 1989
Fatigue was cited as one of the contributing factors.Oil spill involved not only the lossof 258,000 barrels of crude oil but massive expenditure in clean-up& fine :
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Number of hours on duty
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2.5
2.0
Ris
k re
lati
ve
Ships in Service Training Material A. COOPER
Relative Risk of AccidentDuring work shift duration
Sustained operationsfor 24 Hours
result in a dropin performanceof about 25%
Sleep deprivation for 24 hours
were comparable toBAC = 0,10%
Wakefulness of 18 hours
were comparable to BAC = 0,05%
16% of Critical ship causalities &
33% of injuries where partly du to
Human Fatigue
Ship Owner & Operator Manager
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Fatigue equivalent in Blood Alcohol Concentration
Midday
Midnight
Sleep of5 to 6 hours
Sleep of7 to 8 hours
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Ship Owner & Operator Manager
Fatigue is awarning sign
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Accident Prevention
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL