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Health Psychology Class 2 Physiology, Part I. "Were they normal?" What a question to ask! And it is always those who know nothing about human nature, who are bored by psychology and shocked by physiology , who ask it. E.M. Forester (1910) , Howards End. Topics Covered Today. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Health Psychology
Class 2
Physiology, Part I
"Were they normal?" What a question to ask! And it is always those who know nothing about human nature, who are bored by psychology and shocked by physiology, who ask it.
E.M. Forester (1910), Howards End
MIND BODY DILEMMA MOVIE:
THE ADVENTURES OF BARON MUNCHAUSEN
1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system
3. Cardiovascular system
Topics Covered Today
The Body Systems Class Challenge
Nervous System (NS) Functions
Functions of the NS? Sensation/sensory: What are the senses?
Sight, hearing, touch, smell,
taste, kinesthesia, proprioception
Generate thoughts and emotions
Execution of movement
Regulation of other systems
Respiratory, digestive, circulatory, etc.
Neuron—Building Block of Nervous System
synaptic cleft
…are chemicals released by axons, absorbed by dendrites, passing messages from neuron to neuron.
Neurotransmitters
Subsystems of Nervous System
Sensory (visual) to brain
Brain to spinal cord
Spinal cord to peripheral
nerves
Peripheral nerves to muscles
Autonomic NS
Sympathetic NS Mobilize for action
(fight/flight)
Parasympathetic NS Restores to equilibrium after
danger passed
The Brain
Question: Is this where our “self” lives?
The Brain
Hindbrain
Diencephalons
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex)
Reflexes, HR, BP, resp.
RespirationVol. muscles, balance, posture
Visual, auditory reflexes
Recog. Sens. stimRelay to cortex
HR, BP, resp; appetites, transit thoughts to body
Higher intel., memory, personality
Principle Lobes of the Brain
Memory; vol activity
Kinesthetics; touch, pain, temp, pleasure
Hearing, smell
sight
Basal Ganglia: Moderates Muscle Movement
Recticular Activating System (RAS)
RAS: “Mr. Attention”
Limbic System
Limbic System: “Mr. Emotion”
Self-preservation, fight/flight
Socially-relevant behavior
Function: Control internal organs
Sympathetics NSa. Emergencies, emotions, hard workb. Activated during stressc. Catabolic = energy using
Parasympathetic NSa. Controls organs during normal times (non emergencies)b. Antagonistic to sympathetic NS
Autonomic Nervous System
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that pass between nerve cells. Catecholamines: Epinephrine and norepinephrine
a. Released in response to stressb. Body changes
1. Sympathetic NS arousal2. HR increases3. Respiration increases4. Digestion/urination decrease (why?)
c. Chronic stress taxes systems: Leads to?
Neurotransmitters
Heart disease, Hypertension
Diseases and Dysfunctions of the Nervous System
Epilepsy: Cause: idiopathic (no known cause)Suspects: head injury, disease, genesSymptoms: seizures Treatment: Minimal, surgery, drugs
Cerebral palsy Cause: Air-flow restricted at birthSymptoms: Motor control impaired
Mental deficiencies
Multiple sclerosis Cause: Myelin degeneration, auto-immuneSymptoms: Body control loss, fatigueTreatment: Maybe stem cell
Diseases and Dysfunctions of the Nervous System
Alzheimer's Disease: Cause: Plaque buildup
Symptoms: Cognitive degeneration
Paraplegia: Cause: Spinal cord injuryParalysis of lower limbs
Quadriplegia Cause: Spinal cord injuryParalysis of all limbs
Endocrine System
Endocrine collaborates with NS
NS – Fast, short acting Endocrine –slow, long lasting
Glands, secrete hormones to blood
Stimulate organ changes
Regulated by hypothalamus, pituitary
Oxytocin: love chemical
Adrenals: Release steroids, regulate kidneys, carbo. metabolism, healing.
Adrenals are implicated by stress
Pituitary Gland & Hypothalamus
Hindbrain
Diencephalons
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex)
Nature: Body does not produce or utilize insulin
Insulin: Converts sugar and carbs into energy
Type I (insulin dependent) a. Not enough insulin produced b. Most serious
Type II a. Body not responsive to insulin b. Leads to obesity
Symptoms a. Hypoglycemia: insufficient blood sugar, quick onset, give sugar. b. Hyperglycemia: Too much blood sugar: thirst, slower onset, give insulin.
Complications: Heart disease, blindness, renal failure, amputation, death
Diabetes
Circulatory System
Circulation RoutingLungs to Cells
Lungs (oxygenated blood)
↓
heart (L. Ventrical)
↓
aorta to arteries
↓
muscles, organs, cells
Color “in”? RedTransports? Gasses, nutrients
Cells Back to Heart
cells, muscles, organs
↓
heart (R. Atrium)
↓
lungs (CO2 expelled / Oxy inhaled)
↓
Heart (L. Ventrical)
Color “out”? BlueTransports? Wastes
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART
Cardiac Cycle Phases
Systole: Blood pumped INTO / OUT OF heart
Diastole: Blood pumped INTO / OUT OF heart
Stress: Cycle accelerates, due to decreased diastolic phase, which fatigues heart, thus reducing blood pumped out.
AtherosclerosisDue to: cholesterol depositsSymptoms:
a. Angina pectorisb. Myocardial infarction (aka heart attack)c. Aneurysmd. Phlebitis
Arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries
Rheumatic fever: Bacterial infection, hardens valve flaps
Diseases of the Heart
Adult contains 5 liters—about 1.33 gallons
Compositiona. Plasma (55%): Proteins, salts, stuff cells transportb. Blood cells (45%)
Blood cells1. White blood cells2. Lymphocytes3. Red blood cells4. Platelets
Blood
Leukemia: too many white blood cells, due to cancer
Leukocytosis: Too many white cells, due to disease response
Leukopenia: Too few white blood cells
Anemia: Too few red blood cells
Sickle cell anemia
Hemophilia: Can't produce clots. "Royal's disease", why?
Blood Related Diseases
Harry's Eventful DayHarry is walking to his apartment. He comes to red light and stops. The part of his brain used to make this decision is the:
_____ Telencephalon_____ Diencehpalon_____ Midbrain_____ Corpus Trafficus
Harry passes a plate glass window and admires his smooth, regular gait. He says to himself, "Wow, my must really be doing its thing!"
X
Basal Ganglia
Then he passes Robert's Pizza, and takes a big whiff of sizzling pepperoni, which activates the of his cerebral cortex.
Harry stops by a newsstand, and sees a funny headline "Insane orangutan on loose in Newark". The lobe in his cerebral cortex used to comprehend and remember this headline is the .
Harry goes up to his apartment, which he shares with Wilfred. The place is completely trashed! Garbage strewn everywhere. Broken lamps. Smashed DVDs.Harry is about to scold Wilfred for his bad behavior, but he's suddenly more alert due to this event. This is because his is aroused.
Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Recticular Activating System
Suddenly Harry spots a large orange/yellow hulking apelike thing bouncing up and down on his bed. What part of Harry's autonomic NS kicks into action, SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC? The pathway through which this disturbing information is processed is a follows:
Eyes to lobe, to the which recognizes sensory inputs, to the which elevates Harry's and and reduces his activity and desires.
Occipital ThalamusHypothalamus
Heart Rate (HR) Respiration Digestive
Sexual
Harry is highly emotionally agitated, which is because his SYMPATHETIC nervous system is activated. Because he is in flight/fight mode, which structure within this system is aroused:
____ Amygdala & hippocampus____ Cingulate gyrus & septum____ Anterio thalamus
Because of this stressful event, Harry's adrenals go to work. The produces which increase metabolism and reduce in case of injury.
It secretes and (aka ), which arouses his body for action.
X
Adrenal Cortex CorticosteroidsInflamation
Adrenalin Noradrenaline
Catacholamines
Harry thinks to himself, “if that crazed ape gets me, he could break my back leading to , or paralysis of my legs, or worse this could lead to or paralysis of my upper body and lower body”.
Paraplegia
Quadraplegia
Suddenly the orangutan stops jumping, enters the living room, and says "Hi Harry! how you like the new costume?" It's that crazy Wilfred. Harry says, "Gee Wilfred, you sure had me going. I thought I would have a
(aka Heart attack).”
Although the danger is over, Harry is still in an aroused state because his SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system has not yet returned his body to its normal state.
Myocardial Infarction