Patient monitoring using Gsm and Zigbee for hospitals

ABSTRACT

In this chapter introduction of the Patient Monitoring Using Gsm And Zigbee For

Hospitals And Old Age Homes are discussed. It gives overall view of the project design and the

related literature and the environment to be considered. Chapter wise organization of the thesis

and the appendices is given at the end of this chapter. At first we discuss what the main

processing done using 8051 microcontroller is and then what is the process that can be

automated which is within the scope of the work. Then we discuss the implementation aspects.

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main processes involved in this type of control system are to monitor the patient’s health

status. Zigbee is a wireless connection network that is used to connect different devices at a

frequency of 2.4GHz. For medical applications also this Zigbee is widely used. The Zigbee can

communicate with the devices of about 1km. The other network is GSM network. This can be

operated from any distance to any point of control. The communication is done with the help of

local network support. This can get communicated to any part of the world which the network of

the local system is applicable. Here we are using for the hospital communication for monitoring

the patient.

BREIF METHDOLOGY

In case of emergency and dangerous situations we have to alert the doctor immediately. For

this we are using a Zigbee based network for doctor to patient communication in the hospital and

even to communicate and indicate the status of the patient through SMS. This way of

communication is actually done with Zigbee network topology and with the GSM network. Each

patient will be given this module and with the help of this module the patient health condition is

monitored and if there is any change in the condition of the heath then it immediately sends that

changed data through Zigbee to the local system where the main module is connected to the

computer to maintain the status of the patient.

The blood pressure is monitored with the pulse rate of the body. The high intensity light

sensor senses the expansion and contraction of the blood with the help of the nerves. That beam

will transmit the signal to the receiver and the minuet change in the pulse is noticed as the blood

beat. If there is any change in the pulses then it is noticed as the change in the blood and then the

controller will get a disturbed pulse count which indicates the fault or malfunction of the blood.

The controller is fixed for a no. of pulses initially. If there is any change in the any of the pulse

count then it considers as a malfunction of the blood and then it transmits the pulse count with

the patients ID to the doctor in the hospital and at the same to it sends a sms to a fixed number in

the microcontroller. This is convenient process to monitor the patients health conditions form

any of the distance we present. Since we are using both the networks like Zigbee and GSM this

makes the user to communicate for internal system and as well as to the longer distances.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

Embedded systems have become an integral part of daily life. Be it a cell phone, a

smart card, a music player, a router, or the electronics in an automobile - these systems

have been touching and changing modern lives like never before.An embedded system

is a combination of computer hardware, software, and additional mechanical or

other technical components, designed to perform a dedicated function. Most of the

embedded systems need to meet realtime computing requirements.The major building

blocks of an embedded system are listed below:

• Microcontrollers / digital signal processors (DSP)

• Integrated chips

• Realtime operating system (RTOS) - including board support package and device

drivers

• Industry-specific protocols and interfaces

• Printed circuit board assembly

Usually, an embedded system requires mechanical assembly to accommodate all the

above components and create a product or a complete embedded device.The following

figure illustrates the architecture layers of an embedded system. The lowermost layer

comprises the printed circuit board that accommodates all the semiconductor

devices, buses and related electronics. The semiconductor devices may include

integrated chips, micro controllers, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or a system-

on-chip (SoC). The uppermost layer is the application layer. In-between, there are other

layers which may comprise components like device drivers and communication

protocols. A special genre of operating systems known as the real-time operating system

(RTOS) is usually required to cater to the deadline-driven requirements of an embedded

system.There are some key differences in the design and use of embedded systems as

compared to the general computing.

devices. They perform a limited set of pre-defined functions and have a limited field

configuration capability. The packaging into which they are embedded is also

standardized. These features enable embedded systems to be relatively static and simple

in functionality. However, there is a requirement for low cost, small physical footprint

and negligible electrical / electronic radiation and energy consumption. Simultaneously,

they need to be physically rugged and impervious to external electrical and electronic

interference.Therefore, embedded systems invariably have limited resources available in

terms of memory, CPU, screen size, a limited set (or absence) of key inputs, diskless

operations - these parameters play a crucial part during the design, development and

testing of such systems. They also require a host of diverse skill-sets related to

hardware, embedded software, electronics and mechanical domains, which renders

further complexity to their development. With increasing functionality, the selection of

a particular technology, standardization and functionality in the next product release is at

times a tough call for product managers and architects. While a focus on innovation,

upcoming standards and an enriched user experience is required, it is a challenge to

decide which technology and idea to pursue and nurture.Embedded systems are deployed

in various applications and span all aspects of modern life. Figure 2 details the main

application areas of embedded systems.

VARIETY OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded systems are widespread in consumer, industrial, commercial and

military applications.

Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from

telephone switches for the network to mobile phones at the end-user. Computer

networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.

Consumer electronics include personal digital assistants (PDAs), mp3 players, mobile

phones, video game consoles, digital cameras, DVD players, GPS receivers, and printers.

Many household appliances, such as microwave ovens, washing machines and

dishwashers, include embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and features.

Advanced HVAC systems use networked thermostats to more accurately and efficiently

control temperature that can change by time of day and season. Home automation uses

wired- and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights, climate, security,

audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for sensing and

controlling.

Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use embedded systems.

New airplanes contain advanced avionics such as inertial guidance systems and GPS

receivers that also have considerable safety requirements. Various electric motors

brushless DC motors, induction motors and DC motors use electric/electronic motor

controllers. Automobiles, electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicles increasingly use

embedded systems to maximize efficiency and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety

systems include anti-lock braking system (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP),

traction control (TCS) and automatic four-wheel drive.

Medical equipment is continuing to advance with more embedded systems for vital signs

monitoring, electronic stethoscopes for amplifying sounds, and various medical imaging

(PET, SPECT, CT, MRI) for non-invasive internal inspections.

Embedded systems are especially suited for use in transportation, fire safety, safety and

security, medical applications and life critical systems as these systems can be isolated

from hacking and thus be more reliable.[citation needed] For fire safety, the systems can

be designed to have greater ability to handle higher temperatures and continue to operate.

In dealing with security, the embedded systems can be self-sufficient and be able to deal

with cut electrical and communication systems.

In addition to commonly describing embedded systems based on small computers, a new

class of miniature wireless devices called motes are quickly gaining popularity as the

field of wireless sensor networking rises. Wireless sensor networking, WSN, makes use

of miniaturization made possible by advanced IC design to couple full wireless

subsystems to sophisticated sensors, enabling people and companies to measure a myriad

of things in the physical world and act on this information through IT monitoring and

control systems. These motes are completely self contained, and will typically run off a

battery source for many years before the batteries need to be changed or charged.

TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS

The following section provides an overview of the emerging technological

trends and implications in the development of embedded systems.

Multi-core Processors

8-bit controllers were widespread for quite a long time and are still powering a

multitude of embedded applications, for instance, in home appliances, smart cards and

automotive body electronics. To cater to the need for higher performance, these

controllers advanced towards16-bit to 32-bit, as used in routers, cell phones and media

players.New applications in the areas of imaging, rendering, compression, multimedia

and recognition demand higher bandwidth, enhanced processing capabilities, quicker

response times and more efficient algorithms. There is a definite requirement of

processors with multiple cores that would improve the throughput of the application

while reducing power consumption, cost of operation and increasing reliability. Thus,

semiconductor companies have introduced a single chip comprising multiple cores. Many

of the gaming consoles and network processors use multicore processors.During the

evolution of the controllers from 8-bit to 32-bit, there were not many programming or

architectural changes except perhaps, the transition to a multi-threaded architecture.

However, multi-core programming requires a paradigm shift for embedded applications -

engineers need to update their architecture, design, programming, debugging and testing

skills to draw the best out of these systems. In the near future, there could be a need to

migrate the existing systems to multi-core platforms so that a genuine multi-processing

ability can be realized by the systems.These are still early days for the widespread

deployment of multi-core processors in embedded computing. Adoption of these

processors will depend how fast the entire ecosystem responds to the

standardization of technology — in terms of debuggers, RTOS, compilers, integrated

development environment (IDE) vendors and programming methodologies. Companies

like QNX, Montavista, Wind River Systems, National Instruments and Mentor Graphics

have taken the lead in defining tools and processes that can be applied to multi-core

systems.

WIRELESS

For a long time, embedded devices were mostly operating as stand-alone systems.

However, with the advent of wireless connectivity, the scenario has changed. Both,

short-range wireless protocols like Bluetooth, Zigbee, RFID, near field communications

(NFC) and long-range protocols such as, wireless local area network (WLAN), WiMAX,

long term evolution (LTE) and cellular communications are bound to witness more

widespread applications in the near future. The recent trends in wireless for use in

embedded systems are in the areas of system-on-chip (SoC) architecture, reduced power

consumption and application of short range protocols.

SoC architectures

There have been developments in the architecture of wireless devices targeted

towards low-cost innovative applications. A significant development in this direction

is the integration of a microcontroller with the radio modem in a regular 64-pin out

single chip (called system-on-chip architecture). An example of such a device is

MC13213 from Freescale. Similar devices are available from Texas Instruments, Radio

Pulse, and other vendors.

One observation of these devices indicates that few external components are

required to design a platform and the programming paradigm is simple to execute. The

critical part in the development of such devices is the optimization of the printed antenna

with the transmitter and/or receiver. In this case, the conventional RF design

methodology needs to be fine-tuned to get the platform working.The interconnections

from the microcontroller to the radio are internal. In some devices, sample

interconnections are exposed for the purpose of factory testing. The analog and the digital

sections have separate power supply regulators that are internal to the IC. Externally, a

common power source can be used. An optimization cycle gets the platform going and

the components perform continually to ensure that the application development

cycle advances without any further effort towards platform development.

Power consumption

Another key parameter that is used as a differentiator among the available

products is ultra-low power consumption. Zigbee-based applications require battery life

to extend up to more than two years. In this case, smart scheduling of transmission and

reception will only help to a certain extent. The onus is on the device manufacturers to

reduce the power consumption, particularly during the time interval in radio

communication. The device should remain in sleep mode the rest of the time. The current

consumption during a radio interface is typically 30–35 mA. In most of the “sense and

transmit” applications, the sensing is scheduled so that the device is mostly sleeping (for

more than 99% of the time) with current consumption of the order of 1–2 uA. Thus, the

sleep mode’s current consumption becomes critical for effective solutions.

Short range protocols

Zigbee is a consortium of more than 200 major players seeking to tap into the potential

billion-dollar market of wireless sensor networks. The fundamental concept behind this

consortium is interoperability between the devices manufactured by different vendors.

To certify a device as Zigbee-enabled, one needs to comply with certain standards

other than the routine RF regulatory tests. For all such cases, the MAC protocol is the

standard defined by IEEE as 802.15.4. It is possible to define a better algorithm (like an

energy-efficient routing protocol for very large networks) without using either IEEE

MAC or the Zig bee stack.

Increased use of open source technology

Embedded systems have traditionally employed proprietary hardware, software,

communication protocols and home grown operating systems for their development. The

payment of royalty to vendors for using a particular operating system has been a

significant overhead faced by the manufacturers of embedded systems.This scenario is

changing. Embedded Linux is a real time operating system that comes with royalty-free

licenses, advanced networking capabilities and a large base of engineers familiar with the

Linux system. According to a recent report by the VDC Corporation, Embedded Linux

(both the free and the licensed versions) remains an attractive choice for a range of

development teams and its use is poised to see a manifold increase. Even WindRiver, the

global leader in device software optimization, joined the Linux bandwagon in 2005. It

now supports both VxWorks and Linux distributions. Software giant Microsoft, which

has a Windows-based system for cellular phones, has a separate consortium working on

an open source Linux-based solution.An increasing number of manufacturers are

providing their source code free of cost to engineers or other manufacturers.

Google has made its Android software—for cellular phones—available for free to

handset makers and carriers who can then adapt it to suit their own devices. Nokia has

concrete plans to make the Symbian OS open source once it completes its acquisition of

Symbian.

Eclipse, the open source project for building development platforms affords an

environment that crosses over RTOS boundaries. It comprises extensible frameworks,

tools and runtimes for building, deploying and managing software throughout its life

cycle. While open source tools are increasingly being employed in embedded systems

development, this by itself should not be the sole criterion for its selection. Engineers

may be tempted to use open source tools even when it may not be the best possible

solution. Further, for any open source tool, there is always certain tuning required and

more so for embedded applications, which are resource-constrained and have real-time

requirements. It is important to weigh all the pros and cons, in terms of benefits, costs,

efforts and facts on a case by case basis.

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED C

Looking around, we find ourselves to be surrounded by various types of embedded

systems. Be it a digital camera or a mobile phone or a washing machine, all of them has

some kind of processor functioning inside it. Associated with each processor is the

embedded software. If hardware forms the body of an embedded system, embedded

processor acts as the brain, and embedded software forms its soul. It is the embedded

software which primarily governs the functioning of embedded systems.

 During infancy years of microprocessor based systems, programs were developed using

assemblers and fused into the EPROMs. There used to be no mechanism to find what the

program was doing. LEDs, switches, etc. were used to check correct execution of the

program. Some ‘very fortunate’ developers had In-circuit Simulators (ICEs), but they

were too costly and were not quite reliable as well.

 As time progressed, use of microprocessor-specific assembly-only as the programming

language reduced and embedded systems moved onto C as the embedded programming

language of choice. C is the most widely used programming language for embedded

processors/controllers. Assembly is also used but mainly to implement those portions of

the code where very high timing accuracy, code size efficiency, etc. are prime

requirements.

 Initially C was developed by Kernighan and Ritchie to fit into the space of 8K and to

write (portable) operating systems. Originally it was implemented on UNIX operating

systems. As it was intended for operating systems development, it can manipulate

memory addresses. Also, it allowed programmers to write very compact codes. This has

given it the reputation as the language of choice for hackers too.

 As assembly language programs are specific to a processor, assembly language didn’t

offer portability across systems. To overcome this disadvantage, several high level

languages, including C, came up. Some other languages like PLM, Modula-2, Pascal, etc.

also came but couldn’t find wide acceptance. Amongst those, C got wide acceptance for

not only embedded systems, but also for desktop applications. Even though C might have

lost its sheen as a mainstream language for general purpose applications, it still is having

a stronghold in embedded programming. Due to the wide acceptance of C in the

embedded systems, various kinds of support tools like compilers & cross-compilers,

ICE, etc. came up and all this facilitated development of embedded systems using C.

 Subsequent sections will discuss what is Embedded C, features of the C language,

similarities and difference between C and embedded C, and features of embedded C

programming

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING

Embedded systems programming is different from developing applications on a desktop

computers. Key characteristics of an embedded system, when compared to PCs, are as

follows:

·         Embedded devices have resource constraints(limited ROM, limited RAM, limited

stack space, less processing power)

·         Components used in embedded system and PCs are different; embedded systems

typically uses smaller, less power consuming components. ·         Embedded systems are

more tied to the hardware.

 Two salient features of Embedded Programming are code speed and code size. Code

speed is governed by the processing power, timing constraints, whereas code size is

governed by available program memory and use of programming language.  Goal of

embedded system programming is to get maximum features in minimum space and

minimum time.

 

Embedded systems are programmed using different type of languages:

·           Machine Code

·           Low level language, i.e., assembly

·           High level language like C, C++, Java, Ada, etc.

·           Application level language like Visual Basic, scripts, Access, etc.

 Assembly language maps mnemonic words with the binary machine codes that the

processor uses to code the instructions. Assembly language seems to be an obvious

choice for programming embedded devices. However, use of assembly language is

restricted to developing efficient codes in terms of size and speed. Also, assembly codes

lead to higher software development costs and code portability is not there. Developing

small codes are not much of a problem, but large programs/projects become increasingly

difficult to manage in assembly language. Finding good assembly programmers has also

become difficult nowadays. Hence high level languages are preferred for embedded

systems programming.

 Use of C in embedded systems is driven by following advantages

·      It is small and reasonably simpler to learn, understand, program and debug.

·      C Compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today, and there is

a large pool of experienced C programmers.

·      Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not specific to

any particular microprocessor/ microcontroller or any system. This makes it convenient

for a user to develop programs that can run on most of the systems.

·      As C combines functionality of assembly language and features of high level

languages, C is treated as a ‘middle-level computer language’ or ‘high level assembly

language’

·      It is fairly efficient

·      It supports access to I/O and provides ease of management of large embedded

projects.

 Many of these advantages are offered by other languages also, but what sets C apart

from others like Pascal, FORTRAN, etc. is the fact that it is a middle level language; it

provides direct hardware control without sacrificing benefits of high level languages.

 Compared to other high level languages, C offers more flexibility because C is relatively

small, structured language; it supports low-level bit-wise data manipulation.

 Compared to assembly language, C Code written is more reliable and scalable, more

portable between different platforms (with some changes). Moreover, programs

developed in C are much easier to understand, maintain and debug. Also, as they can be

developed more quickly, codes written in C offers better productivity. C is based on the

philosophy ‘programmers know what they are doing’; only the intentions are to be stated

explicitly. It is easier to write good code in C & convert it to an efficient assembly code

(using high quality compilers) rather than writing an efficient code in assembly itself.

Benefits of assembly language programming over C are negligible when we compare the

ease with which C programs are developed by programmers.

 Objected oriented language, C++ is not apt for developing efficient programs in resource

constrained environments like embedded devices. Virtual functions & exception handling

of C++ are some specific features that are not efficient in terms of space and speed in

embedded systems. Sometimes C++ is used only with very few features, very much as C.

 Ada, also an object-oriented language, is different than C++. Originally designed by the

U.S. DOD, it didn’t gain popularity despite being accepted as an international standard

twice (Ada83 and Ada95). However, Ada language has many features that would

simplify embedded software development.

 

Java is another language used for embedded systems programming. It primarily finds

usage in high-end mobile phones as it offers portability across systems and is also useful

for browsing applications. Java programs require Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which

consume lot of resources. Hence it is not used for smaller embedded devices.

 Dynamic C and B# are some proprietary languages which are also being used in

embedded applications.

 Efficient embedded C programs must be kept small and efficient; they must be optimized

for code speed and code size. Good understanding of processor architecture embedded C

programming and debugging tools facilitate this.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN C AND EMBEDDED C

Though C and embedded C appear different and are used in different contexts,

they have more similarities than the differences. Most of the constructs are same; the

difference lies in their applications.

C is used for desktop computers, while embedded C is for microcontroller based

applications. Accordingly, C has the luxury to use resources of a desktop PC like

memory, OS, etc. While programming on desktop systems, we need not bother about

memory. However, embedded C has to use with the limited resources (RAM, ROM,

I/Os) on an embedded processor. Thus, program code must fit into the available program

memory. If code exceeds the limit, the system is likely to crash.

Compilers for C (ANSI C) typically generate OS dependant executables. Embedded C

requires compilers to create files to be downloaded to the

microcontrollers/microprocessors where it needs to run. Embedded compilers give access

to all resources which is not provided in compilers for desktop computer applications.

Embedded systems often have the real-time constraints, which is usually not there with

desktop computer applications.

Embedded systems often do not have a console, which is available in case of desktop

applications.

So, what basically is different while programming with embedded C is the mindset; for

embedded applications, we need to optimally use the resources, make the program code

efficient, and satisfy real time constraints, if any. All this is done using the basic

constructs, syntaxes, and function libraries of ‘C’.

PROGRAMMING USING EMBEDDED C

Embedded C use most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main() function,

variable definition, datatype declaration, conditional statements (if, switch. case), loops

(while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros,

etc. In addition, there are some specifics to embedded C which are mentioned below:

1. Low Level Codes

Embedded programming requires access to underlying hardware, i.e., timers, memory,

ports, etc. In addition, it is often needed to handle interrupts, manage job queues, etc. As

C offers pointers and bit manipulation features, they are extensively used for direct

hardware access.

2. In-line Assembly Code

For a particular embedded device, there may be instructions for which no equivalent C

code is available. In such cases, inline assembly code, i.e., assembly code embedded

within C programs is used; the syntax depends upon the compiler. An example for ‘gcc’

is shown here.

3. Features like Heap, recursion

Embedded devices have no or limited heap area (where dynamic memory allocation takes

place). Hence, embedded programs do not use standard C functions like malloc.

Structures like linked lists/trees are implemented using static allocation only.

Similarly, recursion is not supported by most embedded devices because of its

inefficiency in terms of space and time.

Such other costly features of standard C which consume space and execution time are

either not available or not recommended

4. I/O Registers

Microcontrollers typically have I/Os, ADCs, serial interfaces and other peripherals in-

built into the chips. These are accessed as IO Registers, i.e., to perform any operation on

these peripherals, bits in these registers are read/written.

Special function registers (SFRs) are accessed as shown below:

SFR portb = 0x8B;

It is used to declare portB at location 0x8B.

Some embedded processors have separate IO space for such registers. Since there are no

such concepts in C, compilers provide special mechanisms to access them

unsigned char portB @portB 0x8B;

In this example, ‘@portB <address>’ declares portB at location 0x8B by the variable

portB.

Such extensions are not a part of standard C, syntax and semantics differ in various

embedded C compilers.

5. Memory Pointers

Some CPU architectures allow us to access IO registers as memory addresses. This

allows treating them just like any other memory pointers.

6. Bit Access

Embedded controllers frequently need bit operations as individual bits of IO registers

corresponds to the output pin of an I/O port. Standard C has quite powerful tools to do

bitwise operations. However, care must be taken while using them in structures because

C standard doesn’t define the bitfield allocation order and C compilers may allocate

bitfields either from left to right or from right to left.

7. Use of Variable data type

In C, datatypes can be simply declared, and compiler takes care of the storage allocation

as well as that of code generation. But, datatypes usage should be carefully done to

generate optimised code. For most 8-bit C compilers, ‘char’ is 8-bits, ‘short’ and ‘int’ are

16-bits, long is ’32-bits’.

Some embedded processors favour use of unsigned type. Use of ‘long’ and floating

variable should be avoided unless it is very necessary. Using long data types increase

code size and execution time. Use of floating point variables is not advised due to

intrinsic imprecise nature of floating point operations, alongside speed and code penalty.

8. Use of Const and Volatile

Volatile is quite useful for embedded programming. It means that the value can change

without the program touching it. Consequently, the compiler cannot make any

assumptions about its value. The optimizer must reload the variable every time it is used

instead of holding a copy in a register.

Const is useful where something is not going to change, for e.g., function declarations,

etc.

APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Embedded Systems have witnessed tremendous growth in the last one decade. Almost all

the fast developing sectors like automobile, aeronautics, space, rail, mobile

communications, and electronic payment solutions have witnessed increased use of

Embedded technologies. Greater value to mobility is one of the prominent reasons for the

rise and development of Embedded technologies.

Initially, Embedded Systems were used for large, safety-critical and business-critical

applications that included

Rocket & satellite control

Energy production control

Telephone switches

Air Traffic Control

Embedded Systems research and development is now concerned with a very large

proportion of the advanced products designed in the world. In one way, Embedded

technologies run global transport industry that includes avionics, space, automotive, and

trains. But, it is the electrical and electronic appliances like cameras, toys, televisions,

home appliances, audio systems, and cellular phones that really are the visual interface of

Embedded Systems for the common consumer.

Advanced Embedded Technologies are deployed in developing

Process Controls (energy production and distribution, factory automation

and optimization) Telecommunications (satellites, mobile phones and

telecom networks),

Energy management (production, distribution, and optimized use)

Security (e-commerce, smart cards)

Health (hospital equipment, and mobile monitoring)

In the last few years the emphasis of Embedded technologies was on achieving

feasibility, but now the trend is towards achieving optimality. Optimality or optimal

design of embedded systems means

Targeting a given market segment at the lowest cost and delivery time possible

Seamless integration with the physical and electronic environment

Understanding the real-world constraints such as hard deadlines, reliability,

availability, robustness, power consumption, and cost

Automobile sector

Automobile sector has been in the forefront of acquiring and utilizing Embedded

technology to produce highly efficient electric motors. These electric motors include

brushless DC motors, induction motors and DC motors, that use electric/electronic motor

controllers.

European automotive industry enjoys a prominent place in utilizing Embedded

technology to achieve better engine control. They have been utilizing the recent

Embedded innovations such as brake-by-wire and drive-by-wire.

Embedded technology finds immediate importance in electric vehicles, and hybrid

vehicles. Here Embedded applications bring about greater efficiency and ensure reduced

pollution. Embedded technology has also helped in developing automotive safety systems

such as the

Anti-lock braking system (ABS)

Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP)

Traction control (TCS)

Automatic four-wheel drive

Aerospace & Avionics

Aerospace and Avionics demand a complex mixture of hardware, electronics, and

embedded software. For efficient working, hardware, electronics and embedded software

must interact with many other entities and systems. Embedded engineers confront major

challenges,

Creating Embedded systems on time

Taking the budgetary constraints into consideration

Ensuring that the complex software and hardware interactions are right

Assembling components that meet specifications and perform effectively together

Understanding the larger context of the embedded software

Adopting the latest in Embedded technology like the fly-by-wire

Telecommunications

If ever there is an industry that has reaped the benefits to Embedded Technology,

for sure, it is only Telecommunications. The Telecom industry utilizes numerous

embedded systems from telephone switches for the network to mobile phones at the end-

user. The Telecom computer network also uses dedicated routers and network bridges to

route data.

Embedded engineers help in ensuring high-speed networking. This is the most critical

part of embedded applications. The Ethernet switches and network interfaces are

designed to provide the necessary bandwidth. These will allow in rapidly incorporating

Ethernet connections into advanced Embedded applications.

These Embedded application types range from high availability telecom and networking

applications to rugged industrial and military environments.

Consumer Electronics

Consumer electronics has also benefited a lot from Embedded technologies. Consumer

electronics includes

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

MP3 players

Mobile phones

Videogame consoles

Digital cameras

DVD players

GPS receivers

Printers

Even the household appliances, that include microwave ovens, washing machines and

dishwashers, are including embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and

features. The latest in Embedded applications are seen as advanced HVAC systems that

uses networked thermostats to more accurately and efficiently control temperature.

In the present times, home automation solutions are being increasingly built on

Embedded technologies. Home automation includes wired and wireless-networking to

control lights, climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use

embedded devices for sensing and controlling.

Railroad

Railroad signaling in Europe relies heavily on embedded systems that allows for faster,

safer and heavier traffic. Embedded technology has brought a sea of change in the way

Railroad Signals are managed and Rail traffic in large volumes is streamlined.

The Embedded technology enabled Railroad Safety Equipment is increasingly being

adopted by Railway networks across the globe, with an assurance of far lesser Rail

disasters to report. VECTOR Institute prepares Embedded students for the challenges

associated with Railroad industry.

Electronic payment solutions sector

In the present times there is stiff competition amongst Embedded solutions

providers to deliver innovative, and high-performance electronic payment solutions that

are easy to use and highly secure. Embedded engineers knowledgeable in trust

proprietary technology develop the secure, encrypted transactions between payment

systems and major financial institutions.

The market for mobile payment systems is growing rapidly. It is driven by retailers,

restaurants, and other businesses that want to service customers anywhere, anytime. With

the use of mobile devices, most mobile phones becoming very popular, Embedded

technologies compatible with mobile are being developed to promote payment systems.

Smart cards industry

Smart cards, though began prominently as either a debit or a credit card, are now

being introduced in personal identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national,

and international levels. Smart cards appear now as Citizen Cards, drivers’ licenses, and

patient cards.

We also come across contactless smart cards that are part of ICAO biometric passports

aim to enhance security for international travel. Europe enjoys precedence in the use of

Smart cards. All the E-services (e-banking, e-health, e-training) are based on the leading

edge in smart-card related technologies.

LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Jing-Cyun You, Yao-LungYeh, Gwo-Jia Jong Department of Electronic

Engineering” Mobile RFID Integration Home-Care System for Wireless Network”

International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal

Processing

In this paper, we use the Mobile RFID technology to measure physiological signal

(e.g. Blood rate and pressure pressure) through Ethernet and wireless network to transmit

physiological information. Besides, the database records login information, which

manages and observed person use RFID to log into the system and records real-time

physiological data. In this paper, we use RFID technology to protect the database was

stolen. The manager can use the personal digital assistant (PDA) to observe the observed

human physiological signals in the remote place.

DISADVANTAGE:

Through physiological information of patient transmit to wireless mode ,signal may

get interference and data to be diverted or altered .

[2] Zhe Mei, Qun Wang, Peng Zhou, Li Na Shao, Zhi Wen Liu School of

Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, 100081, China

” A New Design of Pressure Pressure Measurement for Family Health Care” in

2011.

This paper presents a design scheme of pressure pressure(BP) measurement for

health care based on the oscillometric method. A maximum curvature method is proposed

to simplify the algorithm of oscillation amplitude extraction.According to the results of

the simulated data, on the premise of accuracy assurance, this approximate method not

only reduces the complexity of detection algorithm effectiveness, but also is convenient

for the hardware implementation. Furthermore, the family health care can be achieved

with a low cost.

DISADVANTAGES

This Paper Proposed the Maximum curvature method for data extraction, but in

some cases it suppress the also suppress some artifacts which are produced by patient’s

motion.

[3]Dr.(Mrs).R.Sukanesh,P.Gautham,P.T.Arunmozhivarman,S.Palanivel

rajan,S.Vijayprasath Students of Research Scholars,Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering proposed “Cellular Phone Based Biomedical System

For Health Care” of Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamilnadu,

India.

Tele-health is an inter-disciplinary area where the delivery of health, medical

information and services over large and small distances is possible by combining

electronic information with communication technologies.Deaths from cardiovascular

diseases have decreased substantially over the past two decades, largely as a result of

advances in acute care and cardiac surgery. These developments have produced a

growing population of patients who have survived a Heart attack. These patients need to

be continuously monitored so that the initiation of treatment can be given within the

crucial golden hour. The available conventional methods of monitoring mostly perform

offline analysis and restrict the mobility of these patients within a hospital or room.

Hence the aim of this proposed paper is to enhance the Tele-Health system by providing

mobility to both the patient and doctor and regain their independence and return to an

active work schedule, there by improving the psychological well being.It is achieved by

detecting the changes in Blood rate and pressure pressure of the patient in advance and

sending an alert sms to the doctor through Global System for Mobile(GSM) Modem

thereby gaining immediate medical attention and hence reducing the critical level of the

patient.

DISADVANTAGE

This paper proposed the phone based biomedical process where some technical

faults have to be faced on it. due to improper network coverage Data which is sent to the

mobile will get delayed its make a major disadvantage in this paper.

[4] Hun Shim, Hyo Min Kim, Sang Ha Song, Jung Hoon Lee, Joo Hwan Lee, Hyung

Ro Yoon, Young Ro Yoon “Personalized Healthcare Comment Service for

Hypertension Patients Using Mobile Device “30th Annual International IEEE

EMBS Conference Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 20-24, 2008

Hypotension and hypertension are chronic diseases, which can be effectively

prevented and controlled by constantly monitoring. In this study, personalized healthcare

comment service for hypertension patients is proposed and implemented. We have

developed algorithms of health state code generation and doctor’s comments for patients

on case-by-case basis. This prototype service shows how such personalized comments

can manage patients with hypertension using a pressure pressure monitor and mobile

devices.

DISADVANTAGES

User having a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) may face many network problems

which take delay to transfer the data which we send to the destination.system using

mobile phone will lead to some problem.

[5] Hilmi R. Dajani 1, Richard S. T. Leung2 'School of Information Technology and

Engineering, University of Ottawa “The Measurement of Pressure Pressure During

Sleep ” MeMeA 2008 -IEEE International Workshop on Medical Measurements and

Applications Ottawa, Ontario, Canada - May 9-10, 2008

The measurement of pressure pressure (BP) variations during sleep can provide very

useful information for diagnosing and managing hypertension, and for assessing

cardiovascular function in general. This paper gives an overview of the clinical

significance of nocturnal BP and of the technical challenges involved in measuring it, and

compares technologies that perform intermittent measurements with technologies that

measure the continuous BP waveform. It also identifies likely future developments in this

field,including the convergence of ambulatory monitoring and the measurement of the

continuous waveform, and the wider use of polysomnography (in which other Cardio-

respiratory signals are also recorded) as a screening tool for detecting sleep apnea in the

management of hypertension.

DISADVANTAGES

The accuracy of the available devices has been improving , but there will always

be a need for verification with change of algorithm.

ABSTRACT

Touch pad recognition is the process of recognizing a person by analyzing the apparent

pattern of his or her vain. There is a strong scientific demand for the proliferation of systems,

concepts and algorithms for touch recognition and identification. This is mostly because of the

comparatively short time that iris recognition systems have been around. The program concept

here is useful for who are seriously ill and has to be carefully observed it keeps the patient under

complete observation. The project also sends a detailed description of the patient’s health status,

which can be viewed only by the authority doctor by the help. The main objective of proposed

system is to provide for a quick and efficient retrieval of information. Any type of information

would be available whenever the user requires. The project consists of three parts: Reading of

the Tag ID and BPM, zigbee and gsm. For reading the Tag ID and BPM we use a

microcontroller unit (MCU) as a kernel. BPM data storage and the querying of BPM records.

Reading of the Tag ID and BPM comprises five functions:

BPM signal received, photoresistor signal received, reading of Tag ID, signal analysis and BPM

data transfer. We, therefore, can obtain a person's pressure pressure, blood rate (HR), the correct

measurement posture and identify the status of the Tag ID.We have designed the voice guide

features to remind the aged and to guide them in the measurement steps and messages. The

remote server builds a database and provides some functionality, such as BPM data received and

BPM data analysis, and it produces suggestions and BPM data

storage. The analysis of the BPM data from the user command generates a list and suggestions.

INTRODUCTION

In modern society average life span of a person has significantly risen. The phenomenon

of aging is clearly noticeable in most developed countries. In the United States, for example, the

very old made up 30 percent of all older people in 2008, and they are projected to constitute 36

percent in 2040. The aged have a higher probability of hypertensive and cardiovascular diseases.

Hypertension is apt to cause other diseases such as stroke, coronary blood disease, myocardial

infarction, cerebro vascular accidents, aortic dissection, nephrosis and even retinal disease.As

people grow older they are affected by physical changes and changes in the environment. Aging

causes three main types of changes. First are the external physical changes, such as wrinkles,

bone degradation, joint pain and muscle relaxation, which may result in atrophy. Second are the

internal physical changes, such as degradation of the respiratory system and a decreasing

immune system. The endocrine system is changing continually, and there is degradation or

hardening of cardiovascular and other circulatory systems. Third are sensory changes: vision,

hearing,smell, taste and touch. There are two types of tags: active and passive. Our system uses

passive tags for the identity, and it records the measurements to reduce the possibility of data

error. There are many studies available of physiological signal measurement systems for the

aged. One proposes a wrist-worn Routine Monitoring System which gives electrocardiograms

(ECG) and measures oxygen concentration and transfers them to the personal digital assistant

(PDA) via wireless. Another study monitors the physiological parameters of patients and uses a

GSM/GPRS Modem to send SMS to notify either the doctor or hospital staff.

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Bloodpressuresensor:

Bloodpressuresensor for measuring the blood pressurerate and pressure pressure by using bloodpressurereading.if any abnormal condition exists,sensor acknowledge to the micro controller.

Zigbee :

Zigbee operates with 2.4GHz frequency range will send the patient condition to other station wirlessly.

GSM modem:

if the 2nd micro controller receives any abnormal data from Zigbee ,controller activates the GSM modem to send the condition of patients to relatives and family doctor.

VOICE GUIDANCE

apart from sending messages , voice guidance is used whether the patient is abnormal or not for voice recognition.

RFID :

The RFID tag is given to patients related to particular hospitals for identifying the patients address if any abnormal condition exists.tag is fixed in patient body, if abnormal condition occurs RFID ID is also transmitted through zigbee along with abnormal signal data. through this ID hospital can know the patient previous record,personal information etc.

LCD:

Used to display the patient health status.

keypad:

key pad is used to enter the phone number to whom the message is send if any health problem occurs.

HARDWARE:

1. Zigbee

2. Rfid

3. Gsm modem

4. Key pad

5. Lcd

6. Power supply

7. ATMEL board

8. Pressure and Temparature Sensor

SOFTWARE USED:

1. Codevision

2. Embedded C

ATMEGA 8 CONTROLLER

8-BIT WITH 8KBYTES IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMABLE FLASH

Features• High-performance, Low-power Atmel®AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller• Advanced RISC Architecture

130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers Fully Static Operation Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments 8Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory 512Bytes EEPROM 1Kbyte Internal SRAM Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation Programming Lock for Software Security

Peripheral Features Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator Three PWM Channels 8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy 6-channel ADC in PDIP package Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface Programmable Serial USART Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator On-chip Analog Comparator

Special Microcontroller Features

Power-on Reset and Programmable Brownout Detection Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator External and Internal Interrupt Sources Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and

Standby

I/O and Packages 23 Programmable I/O Lines 28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF

Operating Voltages 2.7V - 5.5V (ATmega8L) 4.5V - 5.5V (ATmega8)

• Speed Grades 0 - 8MHz (ATmega8L) 0 - 16MHz (ATmega8)

• Power Consumption at 4Mhz, 3V, 25°C Active: 3.6mA Idle Mode: 1.0mA Power-down Mode: 0.5μA

BLOCK DIAGRAM

PIN DESCRIPTIONS

1.VCC Digital supply voltage.

2.GND Ground. 3. XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B (PB7..PB0)

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for

each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high

sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will

source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a

reset condition becomes active,even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock

selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and

input to the internal clock operating circuit.Depending on the clock selection fuse

settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.If the Internal

Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as the chip clock source, PB7..6 is used as

TOSC2..1input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.

Port C (PC5..PC0) Port C is an 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for

each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high

sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will

source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a

reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the

electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C.If the

RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin

for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not

running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.

Port D (PD7..PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for

each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high

sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will

source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a

reset condition becomes active,even if the clock is not running.

RESET

Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will

generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to

generate a reset.

ATMEGA8(L)AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, Port C (3..0), and

ADC (7..6). It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the

ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that Port C

(5..4) use digital supply voltage, VCC.AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the

A/D Converter.

ARCHITECTURAL OVER VIEW

Register File

The Register File is optimized for the AVR Enhanced RISC instruction set. In

order to achieve the required performance and flexibility, the following input/output

schemes are supported by the Register File:

• One 8-bit output operand and one 8-bit result input

• Two 8-bit output operands and one 8-bit result input

• Two 8-bit output operands and one 16-bit result input

• One 16-bit output operand and one 16-bit result input

GSM MODEM:

Model of gsm modem

• Sim300 - gsm/gprs engine.

• Works on frequencies egsm 900 mhz, dcs 1800 mhz and pcs 1900 mhz.

• Sim300 features gprs multi-slot class 10/ class 8 (optional) and supports the gprs

coding schemes.

Feautures of gsm kit:

This gsm modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad band gsm modem for

direct and as integration to rs232.

• Supports features like voice, data/fax, sms, gprs and integrated tcp/ip stack.

• Control via at commands.

• Use ac – dc power adaptor with following ratings · dc voltage : 12v /1a.

• Current consumption in normal operation 250ma, can rise up to 1amp while

transmission.

Introduction:

This document describes the hardware interface of the simcom sim300 module that

connects to the specific application and the air interface. As sim300 can be integrated

with a wide range of applications, all functional components of sim300 are described in

great detail. This document can help you quickly understand sim300 interface

specifications, electrical and mechanical details. With the help of this document and other

sim300 application notes, user guide, you can use sim300 module to design and set-up

mobile applications quickly

Product concept :

Designed for global market, sim300 is a tri-band gsm/gprs engine that works on

frequencies egsm 900 mhz, dcs 1800 mhz and pcs1900 mhz. Sim300 provides gprs multi-

slot class 10 capability and support the gprs coding schemes cs-1, cs-2, cs-3 and cs-4.

With a tiny configuration of 40mm x 33mm x 2.85 mm , sim300 can fit almost all the

space requirement in your application, such as smart phone, pda phone and other mobile

device.

The physical interface to the mobile application is made through a 60 pins board-to-board

connector, which provides all hardware interfaces between the module and customers’

boards except the rf antenna interface.

The keypad and spi lcd interface will give you the flexibility to develop

customized applications.

Two serial ports can help you easily develop your applications.

Two audio channels include two microphones inputs and two speaker outputs. This

can be easily configured by at command.

Sim300 provide rf antenna interface with two alternatives: antenna connector and antenna

pad. The antenna connector is murata mm9329-2700. And customer’s antenna can be

soldered to the antenna pad. The sim300 is designed with power saving technique, the

current consumption to as low as 2.5ma in sleep mode. The sim300 is integrated with the

tcp/ip protocol， extended tcp/ip at commands are developed for customers to use the

tcp/ip protocol easily, which is very useful for those data transfer applications.

Sim300 key features at a glance:

Application interface:

All hardware interfaces except rf interface that connects sim300 to the customers’

cellular application platform is through a 60-pin 0.5mm pitch board-to-board connector.

Sub-interfaces included in this board-to-board connector are described in detail in

following chapters:

• Power supply

• Dual serial interface

• Two analog audio interfaces

• Sim interface

Electrical and mechanical characteristics of the board-to-board connector are specified.

There we also order information for mating connectors.

Power supply:

The power supply of sim300 is from a single voltage source of vbat= 3.4v...4.5v.

In some case, the ripple in a transmit burst may cause voltage drops when current

consumption rises to typical peaks of 2a, so the power supply must be able to provide

sufficient current up to 2a. For the vbat input, a local bypass capacitor is recommended.

A capacitor (about 100μf, low esr) is recommended. Multi-layer ceramic chip

(mlcc) capacitors can provide the best combination of low esr and small size but may not

be cost effective. A lower cost choice may be a 100 μf tantalum capacitor (low esr) with a

small (1 μf to 10μf) ceramic in parallel, which is illustrated as following figure. And the

capacitors should put as closer as possible to the sim300 vbat pins. The following figure

is the recommended circuit.

The following figure is the vbat voltage ripple wave at the maximum power transmit

phase, the test condition is vbat=4.0v, vbat maximum output current =2a, ca=100 μf

tantalum capacitor (esr=0.7ω) and cb=4.7μf

Power supply pins on the board-to-board connector:

Eight vbat pins of the board-to-board connector are dedicated to connect the

supply voltage; four gnd pins are recommended for grounding. Backup can be used to

back up the rtc.

Minimizing power losses:

Please pay special attention to the supply power when you are designing your

applications. Please make sure that the input voltage will never drops below 3.4v even in

a transmit burst during which the current consumption may rise up to 2a. If the power

voltage drops below 3.4v, the module may be switched off. Using the board-to-board

connector will be the best way to reduce the voltage drops. You should also take the

resistance of the power supply lines on the host board or of battery pack into account.

Monitoring power supply:

To monitor the supply voltage, you can use the “at+cbc” command which include

three parameters: voltage percent and voltage value (in mv). It returns the battery voltage

1-100 percent of capacity and actual value measured at vbat and gnd.

The voltage is continuously measured at intervals depending on the operating mode. The

displayed voltage (in mv) is averaged over the last measuring period before the at+cbc

command was executed.

Power up and power down scenarios Turn on sim300:

Sim300 can be turned on by various ways, which are described in following

• Via pwrkey pin: starts normal operating mode

• Via rtc interrupt: starts alarm modes

Turn on sim300 using the pwrkey pin (power on):

You can turn on the sim300 by driving the pwrkey to a low level voltage

For period time. The power on scenarios illustrate as following figure.

Turn on sim300 using the rtc (alarm mode):

Alarm mode is a power-on approach by using the rtc. The alert function of rtc

makes the sim300 wake up while the module is power off. In alarm mode, sim300 will

not register to gsm network and the software protocol stack is close. Thus the parts of at

commands related with sim card and protocol stack will not accessible, and the others can

be used as well as in normal mode. Use the at+calarm command to set the alarm time.

The rtc remains the alarm time if sim300 was power down by “at+cpowd=1” or by

pwrkey pin. Once the alarm time expires and executed, sim300 goes into the alarm mode.

In this case, sim300 will send out an unsolicited result code (urc):

Rdy alarm mode:

During alarm mode, using at+cfun command to query the status of software

protocol stack; it will return 0 which indicates that the protocol stack is closed. Then after

90s, sim300 will power down automatically. However, during alarm mode, if the

software protocol is started by at+cfun=1, 1 command, the process of automatic power

down will not available. In alarm mode, driving the pwrkey to a low level voltage for a

period will cause sim300 to power down

Turn off sim300:

Following procedure can be used to turn off the sim300:

• Normal power down procedure: turn off sim300 using the pwrkey pin

• Normal power down procedure: turn off sim300 using at command

• Under-voltage automatic shutdown: takes effect if under-voltage is detected

• Over-temperature automatic shutdown: takes effect if over-temperature is detected

Turn off sim300 using the pwrkey pin (power down) :

You can turn off the sim300 by driving the pwrkey to a low level voltage for

period time. The power down scenarios illustrate as following figure. This procedure

will let the module to log off from the network and allow the software to enter into a

secure state and save data before completely disconnect the power supply. Before the

completion of the switching off procedure the module will send out result code:

Power down:

After this moment, no any at commands can be executed. Module enters the power

down mode, only the rtc is still active. Power down can also be indicated by vdd_ext pin,

which is a low level voltage in this mode.

Turn off sim300 using at command :

You can use an at command “at+cpowd=1” to turn off the module. This command will let

the module to log off from the network and allow the software to enter into a secure state

and safe data before completely disconnect the power supply.

Power down:

After this moment, no any at commands can be executed. Module enters the power down

mode, only the rtc is still active. Power down can also be indicated by vdd_ext pin, which

is a low level voltage in this mode

Under-voltage automatic shutdown:

Software will constantly monitors the voltage applied on the vbat, if the measured battery

voltage is no more than 3.5v, the following urc will be presented:

Power low warning:

If the measured battery voltage is no more than 3.4v, the following urc will be presented:

Power low down:

After this moment, no further more at commands can be executed. The module will log

off from network and enters power down mode, only the rtc is still active. Pow

Restart sim300 using the pwrkey pin :

You can restart sim300 by driving the pwrkey to a low level voltage for period time,

same as turn on sim300 using the pwrkey pin. Before restart the sim300, you need delay

at least 500ms from detecting the vdd_ext low level on. The restart scenarios illustrate as

the following figure.

Power saving :

There are two methods to achieve sim300 module extreme low power. “at+cfun” is used

to set module into minimum functionality mode and /dtr hardware interface signal can be

used to set system to be sleep mode (or slow clocking mode).

Minimum functionality mode :

Minimum functionality mode reduces the functionality of the module to a minimum and,

thus, minimizes the current consumption to the lowest level. This mode is set with the

“at+cfun” command which provides the choice of the functionality levels

<fun>=0，1，4

0: minimum functionality;

1: full functionality (default);

4: disable phone both transmit and receive rf circuits;

If sim300 has been set to minimum functionality by “at+cfun=0”, then the rf function

and sim card function will be closed, in this case, the serial ports is still accessible, but all

at commands need rf function or sim card function will not accessible. If sim300 has

disable all rf function by “at+cfun=4”, then rf function will be closed, the serial ports is

still active in this case but all at commands need rf function will not accessible. When

sim300 is in minimum functionality or has been disable all rf functionality by

“at+cfun=4”, it can return to full functionality by “at+cfun=1”.

Sleep mode (slow clocking mode) :

Through dtr signal control sim300 module to enter or exit the sleep mode in

customer applications. When dtr is in high level, at the same time there is no on air or

audio activity is required and no hardware interrupt (such as gpio interrupt or data on

serial port), sim300 will enter sleep mode automatically. In this mode, sim300 can still

receive paging or sms from network. In sleep mode, the serial port is not accessible.

Wake up sim300 from sleep mode :

When sim300 is sleep mode, the following method can wake up the module.

Enable dtr pin to wake up sim300; If dtr pin is pull down to a low level this signal will

wake up sim300 from power saving mode. The serial port will be active after dtr change

to low level about 20m

Receive a voice or data call from network to wake up sim300;

Receive a sms from network to wake up sim300

Rtc alarm expired to wake up sim300;

RFID

LCD DISPLAY:

16 x 2 character LCD display:

An LCD is a small low cost display. it is easy to interface with a micro-controller

because of an embedded controller (the black blob on the back of the board). This

controller is standard across many displays (hd 44780), which means many micro-

controllers have libraries that make displaying messages as easy as a single line of code.

Schematic view 16 x 2 LCD display:Schematic view 16 x 2 LCD display:

Figure- schematic view of 16 x 2 lcd displayFigure- schematic view of 16 x 2 lcd display

Features:

5 x 8 dots with cursor

built-in controller (ks 0066 or equivalent)

+ 5v power supply (also available for + 3v)

1/16 duty cycle

b/l to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or a.k (led)

n.v. optional for + 3v power supply

Address code:Address code:

Details of 16 x 2 LCD displayDetails of 16 x 2 LCD display::

ZIGBEE

INTRODUCTION

The ZigBee Alliance is an association of companies working together to meet an

open Global standard for making low-power wireless networks. The intended outcome of

ZigBee Alliance is to create a specification defining how to build different network

topologies with data security features and interoperable application roles. The association

includes companies from a wide spectrum of categories, from chip manufacturers to

system integration companies. The number of members in the association is rapidly

growing and is currently over 125 (Q1 2005). Among the members one can and Philips,

Samsung, Motorola and LG. The rest specification was rated in Q4 2004 and the rest

generation of ZigBee products may reach the market sometime in 2005. A big challenge

for the alliance is to make the interoperability to work among different products.

3.1.4.2 THE NAME ZIGBEE

The name ZigBee is said to come from the domestic honeybee which uses a zigzag

type of dance to communicate important information to other hive members. This

communication dance (the “ZigBee Principle”) is what engineers are trying to emulate

with this protocol a bunch of separate and simple organisms that join together to tackle

complex tasks.

3.1.4.3 IEEE 802.15.4

The goal IEEE had when they specified the IEEE 802.15.4 standard was to

provide a Standard for ultra-low complexity, ultra-low cost, ultra-low power consumption

and low data rate wireless connectivity between inexpensive devices. The raw data rate

will be high enough (maximum of 250 KB/s) for applications like sensors, alarms and

toys.

Components of the IEEE 802.15.4

IEEE 802.15.4 networks use three types of devices:

• The network Coordinator maintains overall network knowledge. It is the most

sophisticated one of the three types, and requires the most memory and computing power.

• The Full Function Device (FFD) supports all IEEE 802.15.4 functions and features

specified by the standard. It can function as a network coordinator. Additional memory

and computing power make it ideal for network router functions or it could be used in

network-edge devices (where the network touches the real world).

• The Reduced Function Device (RFD) carries limited (as specified by the standard)

functionality for lower cost and complexity. It is generally found in network-edge

devices. The RFD can be used where extremely low power consumption is a necessity.

HARDWARE DETAILS

SPECIFICATION OF ZIGBEE

ZIGBEE NETWORKING

ZigBee can use so-called mesh networking, which may extend over a large area

and contain thousands of nodes. Each FFD in the network also acts as a router to direct

messages. The routing protocol optimizes the shortest and most reliable path through the

network and can dynamically change, so as to take evolving conditions into account. This

enables an extremely reliable network, since the network can heal itself if one node is

disabled. This is very similar to the redundancy employed in the Internet. ZigBee

networks are primarily intended for low duty cycle sensor networks (<1%). A new

network node may be recognized and associated in about 30 ms. Waking up a sleeping

node takes about 15 ms, as does accessing a channel or transmitting data .ZigBee

applications benefit from the ability to quickly attach information, detach, and go to deep

sleep, which results in low power consumption and extended battery life.

Figure: 3.10 Functional Diagram of ZigBee

3.1.4.6 FEATURES OF ZIGBEE

Low power consumption.

Integrated bit synchronizer.

Integrated IF and data filters.

High sensitivity (type -104dBm)

Programmable output power -20dBm~1dBm

Operation temperature range: -40~+85 deg C

Operation voltage: 1.8~3.6 Volts.

Available frequency at: 2.4~2.483 GHz

Digital RSSI

PCB BOARD USING ZIGBEE

ZIGBEE is the name given to a specific suite of high level communication protocols

using low power digital radios, based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for Wireless Personal Area

Networks (WPANs). The following diagram relates a number of wireless technologies used in

WPANs, WLANs (Wireless Local Area Networks,) WMANs (Wireless Metropolitan Areas) and

WWNAs (Wireless Wide Area Networks.) The speeds shown are guides only. WWANs are

dominated by mobile phone (cell phone) technologies, known as 2G, 3G and, forthcoming, 4G.

In the WPAN field, UWB (Ultra-WideBand radio technology) is a rapidly developing area, used

to transmit high data rates over very short distances, opening up application such as video and

audio streaming wirelessly around the home between a base device and subsidiary devices.

WPANs cover a radius of about 10m around a person or object. The core aim is to

design systems offering low cost, low power, and compact size. The IEEE 802.15 working group

has defined three classes of WPANs, differentiated by data rate, power requirements and level of

performance. The high data rate WPAN technology, UWB, is suitable for multi-media

applications that require very high performance levels. Medium rate WPANs (IEEE

802.15.1/Blueetooth) handle a variety of tasks ranging from mobile phones to PDA

communications. The low data rate WPAN standard, ZigBee, is intended to serve a set of

industrial, residential and medical applications with very low power consumption and cost

requirement and with much lower requirements in terms of data rate and performance.

A ZigBee network links a number of electronic devices (nodes). Each node in the

network forms part of the transmission chain, receiving messages, deciding if the messages are

for local use, and re-transmitting them to other nodes in the network if not.

A common use of ZigBee is to form ‘sensor area networks’. For example in a factory

environment many ZigBee nodes can be quickly installed to provide complete low power

wireless coverage of the many sensors needed in a factory for fire and burglar alarm systems.

COMPARISON OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

ZIGBEE:

• Was formally adopted in December 2004

• Is targeting control applications in industry, which do not require high data rates, but

must have low power demand, low cost and offer ease of use (remote controls, home

automation, etc.)

• Offers data rates of 250 Kbits at 2.4 GHz, 40 Kpbs at 915 Mhz, and 20 Kpbs at 868

Mhz with a range of 10-100m

• Currently offers three levels of security

• Costs around half that of Bluetooth

• Can network up to 256 devices

• Has as power requirements much less than Bluetooth

• uses star, tree or mesh topology.

REASONS FOR CHOOSING ZIGBEE INCLUDE:

• Low Cost

• High Reliability

• Very Long Battery Life

• High Security

• Self-Healing Properties

• Large Number Of Nodes Supported

• Ease Of Deployment

• Guaranteed Delivery

• Route Optimization.

BLOOD PRESSURESENSOR

Blood PressureSensor

Blood pressuresensor is designed to give digital output of heat pressurewhen a

finger is placed on it. When the blood pressuredetector is working, the pressureLED

flashes in unison with each blood beat. This digital output can be connected to

microcontroller directly to measure the Beats Per Minute (BPM) rate. It works on the

principle of light modulation by pressure flow through finger at each pulse.

Features

· Heat pressureindication by LED

· Instant output digital signal for directly connecting to microcontroller

· Compact Size

· Working Voltage +5V DC

Applications

· Digital Blood Rate monitor

· Patient Monitoring System

· Bio-Feedback control of robotics and applications

Specification

Parameter Value

Operating Voltage +5V DC regulated

Operating Current 100 mA

Output Data Level 5V TTL level

Blood Pressuredetection Indicated by LED and Output High Pulse

Light source 660nm Super Red LED

Pin Details

Board has 3-pin connector for using the sensor. Details are marked on PCB as below.

Pin Name Details

1 +5V Power supply Positive input

2 OUT Active High output

3 GND Power supply Ground

Using the Sensor

o Connect regulated DC power supply of 5 Volts. Black wire is Ground, Next

middle wire is

o Brown which is output and Red wire is positive supply. These wires are

also marked on PCB.

o To test sensor you only need power the sensor by connect two wires +5V

and GND. You can

o leave the output wire as it is. When PressureLED is off the output is at 0V.

o Put finger on the marked position, and you can view the pressureLED

blinking on each blood

o beat.

o The output is active high for each pressureand can be given directly to

microcontroller for

o interfacing applications

o

Blood pressureoutput signal

Working

The sensor consists of a super bright red LED and light detector. The LED needs

to be super bright as the maximum light must pass spread in finger and detected by

detector. Now, when the blood pumps a pulse of pressure through the pressure vessels,

the finger becomes slightly more opaque and so less light reached the detector. With each

blood pulse the detector signal varies. This variation is converted to electrical pulse. This

signal is amplified and triggered through an amplifier which outputs +5V logic level

signal. The output signal is also indicated by a LED which blinks on each blood beat.

Following figure shows signal of blood pressureand sensor signal output graph.

Fig.2 shows actual blood pressurereceived by detector (Yellow) and the trigger point of

sensor (Red)

after which the sensor outputs digital signal (Blue) at 5V level.

Fig.3 shows target pulse rates for people aged between 20 and 70. The target range is the

pulse rate

Needed in order to provide suitable exercise for the blood. For a 25-year old, this range is

about 140-170 beats per minute while for a 60-year old it is typically between 115 and

140 beats per minute.

APR9600 for voice guidance

The APR96 0 0 devi ce offers true single-chip voice recording,non-volatile

storage, and playback capability for 40 to 60 seconds.The device supports both random

and sequential access of multiple messages. Sample rates are user-selectable,allowing

designers to customize their design for unique quality and storage time needs. Integrated

output amplifier,microphone amplifier, and AGC circuits greatly simplify system design.

the device is ideal for use in portable voice recorders, toys, and many other consumer and

industrial applications.APLUS integrated achieves these high levels of storage capability

by using its proprietary analog/multilevel storage technology implem ented in an

advanced Flash non-volatile memory process, where each memory cell can store 256

voltage levels. This technology enables the APR9600 device to reproduce voice signals

in their natural form. It eliminates the need for encoding and compression, which often

introduce distortion.

Features

• Single-chip, high-quality voice recording & playback solution

- No external ICs required

- Minimum external components

• Non-volatile Flash memory technology

- No battery backup required

• User-Selectable messaging options

- Random access of multiple fixed-duration messages

- Sequential access of multiple variable-duration

messages

• User-friendly, easy-to-use operation

- Programming & development systems not required

- Level-activated recording & edge-activated play

back switches

• Low power consumption

- Operating current: 25 mA typical

- Standby current: 1 uA typical

- Automatic power-down

• Chip Enable pin for simple message expansion

PIN DIAGRAM

Functional Description

The APR96 0 0 block diagram is included in order to give understanding of the APR9600

i in ternal architecture. At the left hand side of the diagram are the analog inputs. A

differential microphone amplifier, including integrated AGC, is

included on-chip for applications requiring its use. The amplified microphone signal is

fed into the device by connecting the Ana_Out pin to the Ana_In pin through an external

DC blocking capacitor. Recording can be fed directly into the

Ana_In pin through a DC blocking capacitor, however, the connection between Ana_In

and Ana_Out is still required for playback. The next block encountered by the input

signal is the internal anti-aliasing filter. The filter automatically adjusts

its response according to the sampling frequency selected so Shannon’s Sampling

Theorem is satisfied. After anti-aliasing filtering is accomplished the signal is ready to be

clocked into the memory array. This storage is accomplished through a

combination of the Sample and Hold circuit and the Analog Write/Read circuit. These

circuits are clocked by either the Internal Oscillator or an external clock source. When

playback is desired the previously stored recording is retrieved

from memory, low pass filtered, and amplified as shown on the right hand side of the

diagram. The signal can be heard by connecting a speaker to the SP+ and SP- pins. Chip-

wide management is accomplished through the device control block shown in the upper

right hand corner. Message management is controlled through the message control block

represented in the lower center of the block diagram. More detail on actual device

application can be found in the Sample Applications section. More detail on sampling

control can be found in the Sample Rate and Voice Quality section. More detail on

message management and device control can be found in the Message Management

section.

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:

Code Vision AVR:

CodeVisionAVR is a C cross-compiler, Integrated Development Environment and

Automatic Program Generator designed for the Atmel AVR family of microcontrollers. The

program is a native 32bit application that runs under the Windows 95, 98, NT 4, 2000 and XP

operating systems. The C cross-compiler implements nearly all the elements of the ANSI C

language, as allowed by the AVR architecture, with some features added to take advantage of

specificity of the AVR architecture and the embedded system needs. The compiled COFF object

files can be C source level debugged, with variable watching, using the Atmel AVR Studio

debugger.

The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) has built-in AVR Chip In-System Programmer

software that enables the automatical transfer of the program to the microcontroller chip after

successful compilation/assembly. The In-System Programmer software is designed to work in

conjunction with the Atmel STK500, Kanda Systems STK200+/300, Dontronics DT006, Vogel

Elektronik VTEC-ISP, Futurlec JRAVR and MicroTronics' ATCPU/Mega2000 development

boards.For debugging embedded systems, which employ serial communication, the IDE has a

built-in Terminal.

Besides the standard C libraries, the CodeVisionAVR C compiler has dedicated libraries for:

• Alphanumeric LCD modules

• Philips I2C bus

• National Semiconductor LM75 Temperature Sensor

• Philips PCF8563, PCF8583, Dallas Semiconductor DS1302 and DS1307 Real Time

Clocks

• Dallas Semiconductor 1 Wire protocol

• Dallas Semiconductor DS1820/DS18S20 Temperature Sensors

• Dallas Semiconductor DS1621 Thermometer/Thermostat

• Dallas Semiconductor DS2430 and DS2433 EEPROMs

• SPI

• Power management

• Delays

• Gray code conversion.

CodeVisionAVR also contains the CodeWizardAVR Automatic Program Generator, that allows

you to write, in a matter of minutes, all the code needed for implementing the following

functions:

• External memory access setup

• Chip reset source identification

• Input/Output Port initialization

• External Interrupts initialization

• Timers/Counters initialization

• Watchdog Timer initialization

• UART initialization and interrupt driven buffered serial communication

• Analog Comparator initialization

• ADC initialization

• SPI Interface initialization

• I2C Bus, LM75 Temperature Sensor, DS1621 Thermometer/Thermostat and PCF8563,

PCF8583,

• DS1302, DS1307 Real Time Clocks initialization

• 1 Wire Bus and DS1820/DS18S20 Temperature Sensors initialization

• LCD module initialization

EMBEDDED C:

Microcontroller Program Is Written In Embedded C Langiage And It Is Compile And

Converterd Into Hex File Using Codevision Software. The hex file is loaded into the

microcontroller for performing the operation.

KEIL C

KEIL development tools for the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture support every level of

Software developer from the professional applications engineer to the student just learning about

embedded software development. The KEIL C51 C Compiler for the 8051 Microcontroller is the

most popular 8051 C compiler in the world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C

compiler available today. The C51 Compiler allows you to write 8051 Micro controller

applications in C that, once compiled, have the efficiency and speed of assembly language.

Language extensions in the C51Compiler give you full access to all resources of the 8051.The

C51 Compiler translates C source files into Reloadable object modules which contain full

symbolic information for debugging with the µVision Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In

addition to the object file, the compiler generates a listing file which may optionally include

symbol table and cross reference information.

FEATURES

Nine basic data types, including 32-bit IEEE floating-point,

Flexible variable allocation with the bit, data, b data, idata, xdata, and data memory types,

Interrupt functions may be written in C

Full use of the 8051 register banks complete symbol and type information for source-

level debugging

Use of AJMP and ACALL instructions,

Bit-addressable data objects

Built-in interface to the RTX51 Real-Time Kernel

Support for dual data pointers on Atmel, AMD, Cypress, Dallas Semiconductor, Infineon,

Philips, and Transcend Micro controllers

Support for the Philips 8xC750, 8xC751, and 8xC752 limited instruction sets

ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT:

Incase Of high pressure pressure patients status is monitored and instruts according to the

situation by video interaction

Regular check ups are intimated to patients

Specific ID is given to patients for identification

low cost with wireless Technology

APPLICATION

This is not restricted to measure pressure pressure this system is also help monitor the

blood pressureand other body parameters.

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

This project describes there advantage of using a touchpad to provide a friendly service

for the pressure pressure measurement of the aged. Firstly, the touchpad provides BPM at any

place and a large, clear display. Secondly, our system adds RFID technology, determines the

posture of the mechanism and adds interactive video to increase the rate of accuracy. Finally, it

allows medical staff to monitor the health of the aged.

REFERENCE

[1] National Academies Publications, “An Aging World 2008”, Issued in July.

[2] V. Chawla and Dong Sam Ha, “An overview of passive RFID” IEEE Communications

Magazine, Volume 45, Issue 9, September 2007, pp.11-17.

[3] L. Xu, F. E. H. Tay, D. G. Guo, L. M. Yu, M. N. Nyan, F. W. Chong, K. L. Yap and B. Xu,

“An integrated wrist-worn routine monitoring system for the elderly using BSN”, 5th

International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors, 2008. ISSS-

MDBS 2008, 1-3 June 2008, pp. 45-48.

[4] R. K. Megalingam, R. Vineeth, M. U. D. Krishnan, K. S. Akhil and D.C. Jacob, “Advancetid

network based wireless, single PMS for multiplepatient monitoring”, 2011 13th International

Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), 13-16 Feb. 2011, pp. 1587 -

1592.