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Health Impact Assessment (HIA) SD 05
Addendum
Please note that the Public Health Development Manager has
confirmed they didn’t feel the changes in the Proposed
Submission DALP required a refreshed HIA, as the policies
and approaches as they relate to health impacts had not
changed – so the one we did on the previous version the
Draft Publication in 2017 stands.
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
1
Health
Impa
ct Assessm
ent S
creening
Rep
ort:
Halton Local Plan 20
14‐203
7 Re
vised Co
re Strategy Po
licies an
d Delivery
and Allocatio
ns Pub
lication Docum
ent (2017)
Public Health
Evide
nce & In
telligence Team
Ha
lton Bo
rough Co
uncil
Runcorn To
wn Ha
ll He
ath Ro
ad
Runcorn
WA7
5TD
Teleph
one: 0303 33
3 43
00
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
2
Re
ader In
form
ation
Author
Sharon
McAteer: Pub
lic Health
Develop
men
t Manager
Co
ntrib
utors
Anne
Moyers: Sen
ior P
lann
ing Po
licy Officer
Num
ber o
f pages
26
Date re
lease
Septem
ber 2
017
Descrip
tion
This do
cumen
t describes th
e process a
nd outcomes of a
rapid, desktop
he
alth im
pact assessm
ent (HIA) sc
reen
ing for the
Halton Local Plan 20
14‐
2037
Delivery and Allocatio
ns (incorpo
ratin
g Partial Review Core Strategy)
Publication Do
cumen
t
Contact
sharon
.mcateer@halto
n.gov.uk
Re
lated do
cumen
ts
Halto
n’s C
ore Strategy Local Plan HIA
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
3
Conten
ts
1.
Introd
uctio
n ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
2.
Backgrou
nd ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 The Co
re Strategy .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2. Health
with
in th
e Co
re Strategy .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.
What is H
ealth
Impact Assessm
ent (HIA)? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
3.1 What is h
ealth
impact assessm
ent ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2
What can
HIA offe
r? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
3.3. A so
cial m
odel of h
ealth
and
well‐b
eing
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
3.4. Use of e
xpertise, evide
nce and local kno
wledge ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
4. W
hat a
re th
e major health
and
socio‐econ
omic issues fo
r the
Borou
gh of H
alton?
.................................................................................................................................................. 7
4.1 Locatio
n ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
5.2 Po
pulatio
n & Dem
ograph
y ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.3 De
privation ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
5.4. Life
Expectancy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
0 6. How
can
spatial plann
ing prom
ote good
health
?: what the
evide
nce tells us ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 6.2. Noise .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
6.3. Air Quality .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
6.4. Road Traffic Acciden
ts ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.5. Active travel ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
5 6.6.Green
space, m
ental w
ellbeing
and
social coh
esion .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
6.7. Employmen
t and
health
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
7. Con
clusions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
References ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Figu
res
Figu
re 1: Social determinan
ts of h
ealth
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Figu
re 2: Location of Halton Bo
roug
h ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Figu
re 4: H
alton Po
pulatio
n Structure ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Figu
re 6: D
istrib
ution of depriv
ation across Halton, 2015 IM
D .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Figu
re 5: Trend
in life expectancy at birth, Halton males and
females .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
0 Figu
re 11: Integration of th
e Sustaina
ble Co
mmun
ities Strategy with
other strategies and
plans .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
4
1. Introdu
ction
Since the first Com
mun
ity Strategy, Health
has been on
e of the
objectiv
es of the
Local Strategic Partnership and
is reflected
in Halton Bo
rough Co
uncil’s corpo
rate
plan.
There is
a long
accep
ted relatio
nship be
tween a pe
rson
’s health
status and the
broad
social a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal context with
in which the
y live. T
he s
ocial,
econ
omic and
enviro
nmen
tal con
text at whatever level, region
al, sub
regional o
r local is the
focus o
f spatia
l plann
ing po
licy.
The
HIA
process
offers a
system
atic approach involving
an eviden
ce‐based
assessmen
t of the
poten
tial h
ealth
impacts de
velopm
ents, strategies and projects
may have on
health
, iden
tifying
both ne
gativ
e and po
sitive elem
ents. It offers
recommen
datio
ns fo
r actio
n that can
be taken to m
inim
ise or elim
inate po
tential
negativ
e im
pacts
on he
alth be
fore a
project,
developm
ent
or strategy is
implem
ented. It also
looks at th
e op
portun
ities to
maxim
ise positive con
tributions.
In this way it is
prospe
ctive
assessmen
t of p
oten
tial he
alth con
sequ
ences of
prop
osed
actions.
In early 200
9, the
the
n Halton & St Helen
s He
alth Im
pact Assessm
ent Group
, co‐
ordinated by
Halton & St He
lens Prim
ary Ca
re Trust’s Pub
lic Health
Team, were
approached
by Tim G
ibbs, then
Prin
cipal Planning
Officer at H
alton
Borough
Coun
cil to cond
uct a
HIA screening
exercise
on the draft P
referred
Options stage of
the Co
re Strategy prior to it going to pub
lic con
sulta
tion. A
repo
rt was produ
ced in
July 200
9 de
tailing
a range of recommen
datio
ns to make be
st use of the he
alth
oppo
rtun
ities to
Core Strategy cou
ld divest to the local p
opulation. T
he group
and
mem
bers of the
plann
ing team
cam
e together again, a
t the Prop
osed
Sub
miss
ion
documen
t stage in
Octob
er 201
0, to
look
at h
ow th
e original re
commen
datio
ns had
be
en handled
. A furthe
r set of recom
men
datio
ns w
ere made following a second
HIA exercise.
At both stages, the
group
took
a strategic app
roach to th
eir assessmen
t, using the
social m
odel of h
ealth
and
stand
ard screen
ing template that had
been de
velope
d arou
nd this to con
sider the
exten
t to w
hich policies with
in the
Core Strategy
supp
orted
issues such
as g
ood
quality
hou
sing
and
addressed
fuel p
overty,
lifestyles and
risk taking
beh
aviour, access to
open
/green
space to
encourage
physical activity
and
others.
This repo
rt re
flects a screen
ing exercise con
ducted
on the De
livery and Allocatio
ns
Local P
lan (DALP) draft docum
ent. As HIAs had
alre
ady be
en con
ducted
at v
arious
stages of the Co
re Strategy, this repo
rt assesses the extent to which the
key
them
es o
f these
HIAs rem
ains relevant to the
DALP
and
whe
ther the
DALP
continue
s to en
sure the
health im
plications of its vario
us po
licies
are
acknow
ledged
.
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
5
2. B
ackgroun
d 2.1 Th
e Co
re Strategy
The Co
re Strategy sets o
ut in
‘Halton’s Story of P
lace’ ho
w the
Borou
gh h
as
develope
d over tim
e and introd
uces the
Borou
gh’s characteristics, in
clud
ing the
issue
s and challenges that the Bo
rough no
w faces and
tho
se likely to have an
im
pact and
driv
e furthe
r change during the pe
riod to 202
8 and be
yond
. The
Core
Strategy the
n introd
uces a vision
for the
Borou
gh, imagining the place we wou
ld
like Ha
lton to be by20
28 and
iden
tifies a serie
s of 13 Strategic Objectiv
es that will
help us to deliver that visio
n. From this, a Spatia
l Strategy has been prep
ared
, show
ing
how d
evelop
men
t will b
e distrib
uted
throu
ghou
t the
Borough, a
nd
indicatin
g which areas w
ill b
e subject to the
most substantial change. This
is
followed
by a serie
s of core
policies relatin
g to key the
mes o
f de
velopm
ent
includ
ing transport, urban de
sign, con
servation and he
alth.
The Co
re Strategy will significantly
con
tribute to th
e de
livery of a prosperou
s, well
conn
ected and attractiv
e Bo
rough, sup
porting he
althy commun
ities, p
erform
ing a
key role with
in the
Liverpo
ol City
Region and well p
osition
ed to respon
d to fu
ture
econ
omic and
social changes and
challenges.
On
17th A
pril 20
13 H
alton
Borough
Coun
cil resolved
to
approve
the
form
al
adop
tion of th
e Ha
lton Co
re Strategy Local Plan as part o
f the
develop
men
t plan for
the Bo
rough, and
to de
lete certain of the saved po
licies from
the
Halton UDP
(as
set o
ut in
App
endix 4 of th
e Co
re Strategy do
cumen
t). A
s such, p
lann
ing de
cision
s will b
e taken
in a
ccordance
with
its con
tents, u
nless material considerations
indicate otherwise
. The Ha
lton Co
re Strategy Local Plan1 is th
e lead
docum
ent w
ithin Halton’s Planning
Po
licy Fram
ework setting ou
t the overall strategy for future develop
men
t in the
Bo
rough looking ahead to 202
8.
2.2. Health
with
in th
e Co
re Strategy
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent o
f the
draft Core Strategy was con
ducted
at several
times during its develop
men
t. This e
nsured
that local health
needs and
prio
rities
were considered
across a
ll relevant policies o
f the
plan.
Additio
nally, a sp
ecific po
licy on
Health
and
Wellbeing
(Policy CS22
) was includ
ed
to cover th
e most impactful con
sequ
ences o
f spatia
l plann
ing to local health
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
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rt: H
alton DA
LP
6
3.
Wha
t is Health
Impa
ct Assessm
ent (HIA)?
3.1 Wha
t is he
alth im
pact assessm
ent2?
HIA can be
defined
as the estim
ation of th
e effects of a specified actio
n on
the health of a
defined
pop
ulation.
Its purpo
se is:
• To
assess the po
tential he
alth impacts ‐ po
sitive and ne
gativ
e ‐ of policies,
programmes and
projects
• to im
prove
the
quality
of pu
blic po
licy
decisio
n making
through
recommen
datio
ns to
enhance
pred
icted
positive
health impacts and
minim
ise
negativ
e on
es
3.2 Wha
t can
HIA offer?
There
is no
statutory
requ
iremen
t to carry
out HIAs. Ho
wever, they are
increasin
gly recognise
d as having an
impo
rtant contrib
ution towards establishing
the po
tential impacts and be
nefits of schem
es, d
esigns and
policies. HIA's strength
lies in providing
a too
l which enables in
form
ed policy de
cisio
ns to be
made based
on a valid assessm
ent of the
ir po
tential h
ealth
impacts, at the same tim
e adding
he
alth awaren
ess to policy making at every level. In the
lon
ger term
it has the
potential to make concern for improving pu
blic health
the no
rm and
a ro
utine part
of all pu
blic policy de
velopm
ent.
3.3. A social m
odel of h
ealth
and
well‐b
eing
HIA is based on
a holistic, social m
odel of he
alth w
hich recognises that the
well‐
being of in
dividu
als and commun
ities is determined
by a wide range of econo
mic,
social and
enviro
nmen
tal influen
ces a
s well as b
y he
redity and
health
care.
Figure 1: Social determinan
ts of h
ealth
3.4. Use of e
xpertise, evide
nce an
d local kno
wledge
HIA seeks to utilise
a w
ide range of professional a
nd w
ider stakeho
lder expertise
and know
ledge, includ
ing the local com
mun
ities who
se lives will be affected
by the
policy or develop
men
t being
assessed. It u
ses b
oth qu
antitative, sc
ientific eviden
ce
together w
ith qualitative inform
ation. This may in
clud
e the op
inions, e
xperience
and expe
ctations of pe
ople m
ost directly affe
cted
by pu
blic policies and tries to
balance the vario
us type
s of e
vide
nce.
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
7
4. W
hat a
re th
e major health
and
socio‐econo
mic issues fo
r the
Bo
rough of Halton?
4.1 Locatio
n Ha
lton is
made of the
tow
ns of Ru
ncorn and Widne
s, located
on the Mersey
estuary. It
has a legacy o
f chem
ical ind
ustry and
1960
s Ru
ncorn
New
Tow
n de
velopm
ent p
roviding
an influ
x in pop
ulation from
the ne
ighb
ourin
g city of
Liverpoo
l. W
ith the
decline of the
che
mical in
dustry the
area struggles with
high
local
unem
ploymen
t rates. New
er service
and
commun
ication
indu
stry
developm
ents have taken place in Daresbu
ry and
Manor Park and the science park
has high
quality labo
ratorie
s. These together w
ith lo
gistics de
velopm
ents, a
re of
strategic im
portance in
the econ
omic re
gene
ratio
n of th
e bo
rough.
More de
tails abo
ut th
e bo
rough can be
foun
d in th
e Co
re Strategy
3 Figure 2: Location of Halton Bo
rough
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
8
4.2 Po
pulatio
n & Dem
ograph
y The po
pulatio
n of H
alton
was in
decline du
ring the late 199
0s b
ut h
as b
een
increasin
g sin
ce 200
1. As w
ith m
any areas, the
num
ber of peo
ple aged
over 65
years, as a prop
ortio
n of the
overall po
pulatio
n, is growing, alth
ough
the
borou
gh
continue
s to h
ave
a ‘you
nger’ age
structure
than
the
national and
region
al
averages. In 199
6, 12.9%
of the po
pulatio
n were aged
65 and over, b
y 20
11 this
has increased to 15%
. The 65
+ prop
ortio
n of th
e po
pulatio
n is projected to rise by
a third
over the ne
xt ten
years; from
18,60
0 in 201
1 to 24,70
0 in 202
1. The
working
age pop
ulation, 16‐64
is projected
to fa
ll from
82,00
0 in 201
1 to 77,500 by
20
21 w
ith the
0‐15 po
pulatio
n projected to rise
from 24,80
0 to 27,30
0 over the
same pe
riod. Figure 4 show
s the 20
11 estim
ated
pop
ulation structure and nu
mbe
r pe
r ward.
Figure 3: H
alton Po
pulatio
n Structure
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
9
4.3 Dep
rivation
Deprivation is a m
ajor determinant of health
. Lower in
come levels often lead
to
poorer levels of n
utrition, p
oor ho
using cond
ition
s, and
ine
quita
ble access to
healthcare and
other services. De
privation, m
easured using the En
glish
Inde
x of
Multip
le Dep
rivation (IM
D) 201
5 ranks H
alton as th
e 27
thmost d
epriv
ed autho
rity in
England (out of 32
6 local authorities). This
is the 3rd worst out of the six
local
authorities who
make up
the Liverpoo
l City
Region, beh
ind Liverpoo
l and
Kno
wsle
y.
It is
a slight worsening
of po
sition sin
ce the
IMD
2007
whe
n the bo
rough was
ranked
30t
h most d
epriv
ed but th
e same as th
e 20
10 IM
D.
The ward with
the
highe
st average IM
D score in 201
5 and therefore the
most de
prived
ward in Halton is Windm
ill Hill. T
he le
ast de
prived
ward in
Halto
n is Birchfield.
The overall IMD is made up
of seven do
main measures. Da
resbury ward
does w
ell a
cross all o
f these whilst W
indm
ill Hill has som
e of the
highe
st
scores.
De
privation scores at small area geograph
y (kno
wn as Low
er Sup
er Outpu
t Areas) sho
ws that th
e area
with
the highest d
epriv
ation is located in Halton
Castle ward.
There are 21
LSO
As in Ha
lton that fall in the
top
10%
most de
prived
natio
nally. This accou
nts for 26.6%
of H
alton’s p
opulation
The nu
mbe
r of LSO
As falling in the
top
10%
most de
prived
nationally has
remaine
d the same as 200
7.
Figure 4: D
istribution of dep
rivation across Halton, 2015 IM
D
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
10
4.4. Life
Expectancy
As a re
sult of th
e redu
ction in m
ortality, life expectancy has im
proved
but re
mains
substantially below
the
England
rates. Life
expectancy in the
borou
gh rem
ains
below both the North W
est and England averages. The gap be
tween the natio
nal
and local life
expectancy rates has redu
ced over recen
t years. Ho
wever, H
alton
wom
en have some of th
e lowest life
expectancy in England
. Re
ducing
all age all‐cause m
ortality ineq
ualities be
tween Ha
lton and the natio
nal
average will in
turn re
duce th
e life expe
ctancy differen
ce.
With
in Halton there are also geo
graphical v
ariatio
ns. Men
in the
most de
prived
areas live 12
.7 years less th
an m
en in
the least d
epriv
ed areas of the
borou
gh. For
wom
en, this diffe
rence is slightly
less w
ith fem
ale life expe
ctancy at birth in the
most de
prived
areas being
9.3 years less than
that in the
least dep
rived
areas
(based
on 20
08‐12 data).
Figure 5: Trend
in life expectancy at birth, Halton males and
females
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
11
The he
alth status of the
pop
ulation
is refle
cted
in
the priorities of the
Local
Strategic Partne
rship. The
challenges and
opp
ortunitie
s facing
Halton has led to th
e iden
tification of a num
ber o
f prio
rities for the
Borou
gh ‐ ou
tline
d in th
e Sustainable
Commun
ities Strategy (SCS) 20
11‐202
6 ‐ over the
med
ium term w
ith the
overall
aim of m
aking it a be
tter place to live and work. T
he current Strategy is Ha
lton’s
third
. It recognise
s the substantial improvem
ents that have been made bu
t that
more
still n
eeds to
be d
one.
In p
articular the
strategy comes at a tim
e of
significant financial challenges to
the pu
blic sector a
s well as to individu
als with
the
implem
entatio
n of the
Welfare Re
form
s. The
SCS
provides an
overarching
fram
ework through which th
e corporate, strategic and
ope
ratio
nal p
lans of a
ll the
partne
rs can
con
tribute. Each of the five strategic priorities is
overseen
by a
specialist strategic partne
rship, w
ith an overarching Local Strategic Partne
rship
bring key iss
ues from
each together, to m
anage priorities in a co‐ordinated and
integrated
way.
Figure 6: Integratio
n of the
Sustainab
le Com
mun
ities Strategy with
other
strategies and
plans
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
12
The overall aim
for H
ealth
in Halton, iden
tified in th
e SCS is:
To create a he
althier commun
ity and
work together to
promote wellbeing
and a po
sitive expe
rience of life with
goo
d he
alth, n
ot sim
ply an
absen
ce of
disease, and
offe
r op
portun
ities for peo
ple to take respon
sibility for the
ir he
alth with
the ne
cessary supp
ort a
vailable.
Objectiv
es
To
und
erstand fully the
causes of ill h
ealth
in Halton and act together to
improve the overall health
and
well‐b
eing
of local peo
ple.
To
lay firm fo
undatio
ns fo
r a health
y start in life and supp
ort tho
se m
ost in
need
in the commun
ity by increasin
g commun
ity engagem
ent in health
issue
s and
promoting autono
my.
To
redu
ce th
e bu
rden
of d
isease and preven
table causes of d
eath in
Halton
by re
ducing
smoking levels, alcoh
ol con
sumption and by
increasin
g ph
ysical
activ
ity, improving diet and
the early
detectio
n and treatm
ent o
f dise
ase.
To
respon
d to th
e ne
eds of an ageing
pop
ulation im
proving their q
uality of
life and thus enabling them
to lead
longer, active and more fulfilled lives.
To
rem
ove barriers that disable pe
ople and
con
tribute to poo
r he
alth by
working
across partne
rships to address the wider determinants of he
alth
such as un
employmen
t, ed
ucation
and
skills, ho
using, crim
e and
environm
ent.
To
improve access to
health
services, including
prim
ary care.
It thus recognises that h
ealth
is created
and
maintaine
d with
in the
social,
environm
ental and econ
omic enviro
nmen
t in w
hich peo
ple live. More de
tails
abou
t the
SCS
can
be foun
d at link
One
Halton: Health
and
Wellbeing
Strategy 2017
‐ 2022
The Health
and
Wellbeing
Board ope
rates as the
Health
Strategic Partnership. It
has be
en in
ope
ratio
n sin
ce April 20
13 and
has develop
ed its second
Joint H
ealth
&
Wellbeing
Strategy, based
in the
find
ings of the
Joint Strategic Needs Assessm
ent
and consultatio
n with
staff a
nd local residen
ts. It has five priorities for action:
Child
ren an
d Yo
ung Pe
ople (C
YP):
improved
levels of e
arly child
developm
ent*
Gen
erally W
ell: increased levels of
physical activity
& health
y eatin
g an
d redu
ction in harm from
alcoh
ol*
Long
‐Term Con
ditio
ns: red
uctio
n in
levels of h
eart disease and
stroke
Men
tal H
ealth
: improved
preven
tion, early detectio
n an
d treatm
ent*
Ca
ncer: red
uced
level of p
remature
death*
Older Peo
ple: im
proved
qua
lity of
life
(* den
otes prio
rity same/simila
r to the 2013
‐2016 Strategy)
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
13
5. How
can
spa
tial plann
ing prom
ote good
health
? Wha
t the
evide
nce tells us
5.1. Overall
Health experience, in
clud
ing he
alth in
equalities, are spatia
lly app
aren
t in H
alton
and much of the
poo
r he
alth experienced
across the bo
rough is closely related to
the socio‐econ
omic characteristics of certain areas. More data on the local h
ealth
expe
rience can be
foun
d in th
e Joint S
trategic Needs Assessm
ent4.
Goo
d spatial p
lann
ing can he
lp to address these kind
s of disp
arities by addressin
g some of th
eir roo
t causes throu
gh th
e de
velopm
ent a
nd re
gene
ratio
n agen
da5 .
This includ
es im
pacts o
n:
Individu
al beh
aviour and
lifestyle: prope
nsity
of p
eople to w
alk, cycle, o
r play
in the
ope
n air is affected
by the conven
ience, quality and safety of p
edestrian
and cycling routes and
by the availability of lo
cal ope
n space. It also
promotes a
sense of wellbeing
and
protects o
lder peo
ple from
dep
ression.’
Social and
com
mun
ity in
fluen
ces: Regen
eration can provide the op
portun
ities
need
ed for social interaction such as common
activities and
meetin
g places:
scho
ols, post offices, pu
bs and
con
vivial, safe streets. Social sup
port is also
necessary for the
most v
ulne
rable grou
ps.
Local structural con
ditio
ns: T
he sup
ply of affo
rdable quality ho
using, accessib
le
work op
portun
ities, an
efficien
t and
affordable transpo
rt system and
well‐
desig
ned op
en pub
lic sp
aces can
all im
prove he
alth.
Gen
eral socioecon
omic, cultural a
nd enviro
nmen
tal con
ditio
ns: q
uality of air,
water and
soil resou
rces. E
fforts to red
uce em
issions of g
reen
house gases that
through clim
ate change will have sig
nificant h
ealth
con
sequ
ences.
Spatial plans are abo
ut con
trolling the way develop
men
t takes place in
the future –
how m
uch takes place, w
here, whe
n and in w
hat way? The critically impo
rtant
factor is to
ensure that th
e spatial p
lann
ing po
licies and the interven
tions explicitly
address he
alth and
are calculated to im
prove he
alth outcomes by facilitating or
requ
iring
con
ditio
ns that supp
ort he
althier living cond
ition
s. It is
acknow
ledged
that evide
nce of what w
orks, a
nd of c
ausality, is difficult to id
entify in m
any areas
of pub
lic health
and
enviro
nmen
t.
The He
althy Urban
Develop
men
t Unit6have outlined
a series of possib
le spatia
l planning
interven
tions likely to im
prove he
alth. Th
ey w
ere be
en used to sup
port
the de
velopm
ent o
f the
Halton Co
re Strategy de
tailed in App
endix 1.
5.2. Noise
Noise has th
e po
tential to affect health
in a variety of w
ays; so
me of th
e effects c
an
be aud
itory and
occur as a
dire
ct im
pact of the
noise. D
irect aud
itory effe
cts u
sually
result in dam
age to the
ear; in particular dam
age to the
inne
r ear bu
t this on
ly
occurs from in
tense and prolon
ged expo
sure. S
uch risks are gen
erally associated
with
occup
ational he
alth in the workplace and
will be managed
tho
ugh
good
working
practice for w
orkers in
the constructio
n ph
ase together with
the provision
of app
ropriate p
ersonal protectio
n eq
uipm
ent.
Workplace e
xposure
is no
t a
commun
ity health
issue.
There are also a wide range of non
‐aud
itory health
effe
cts that m
ay be associated
with
exposure to enviro
nmen
tal no
ise, althou
gh the
pathw
ays and strength of
association for these are no
t fully und
erstoo
d. Examples of no
n‐auditory health
effects include
:
anno
yance;
men
tal health
;
cardiovascular and
physio
logical;
pe
rformance (tasks and
acade
mic); and
night‐tim
e effects (sle
ep disturbance).
Consen
sus on
the level and
duration of noise re
quire
d to in
stigate po
tential h
ealth
im
pacts
is no
t clearly
de
fined
. Th
e main
emph
asis
of n
oise s
tand
ards a
nd
regulatio
ns is the
refore placed on
disturbance and sle
ep dep
rivation, as they are
the most immed
iate con
sequ
ences o
f noise im
pacts a
nd app
licab
le to
everyon
e.
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
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rt: H
alton DA
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14
World Health
Organisa
tion (W
HO) guidance
7 on
com
mun
ity noise le
vels likely to
result in onset of h
ealth
impacts and anno
yance were used
in th
e de
velopm
ent o
f the Noise and
Vibratio
n elem
ent of the
Enviro
nmen
tal Statem
ent.
There are a
numbe
r of recom
men
ded no
ise level lim
its dep
endant on the specific en
vironm
ent
and critical h
ealth
effe
ct. For instance the
guidance recommen
ds a limit of 55d
B L A
eq during the daytim
e and even
ing to avoid serious ann
oyance and
50dB
L Aeq
to
avoid mod
erate anno
yance. It
notes no
ise levels shou
ld be lower during the
even
ing and whe
re enviro
nmen
ts w
ith vulne
rable pe
ople are likely to be
affe
cted
e.g. sc
hools, care ho
mes and
hospitals.
5.3. Air Qua
lity
Road
Transpo
rt is respon
sible for the
following po
llutant emiss
ions: Oxide
s of
Nitrogen
, particulate
matter (fine
particles with
a d
iameter o
f less than
10
micrometers), o
zone
, carbo
n mon
oxide, carbo
n dioxide and VO
Cs (V
olatile Organic
Compo
unds such as Ben
zene
). Emiss
ions from veh
icles in con
gested
areas are
respon
sible for lo
cal a
ir po
llutio
n, and
the
CO2 em
issio
ns have be
en id
entified as
being a major con
tributor to clim
ate change. The external costs of air po
llutio
n from
road transport have becom
e a subject of in
creasin
g concern in recen
t years.
Such costs can
be categorised
as follows:
the costs to hum
an health
in the
form
of p
remature illne
sses and
deaths,
the increased mon
ey costs im
posed on
health
services
the en
vironm
ental d
amage to air, w
ater, forests, etc. and the effects of
increased clim
ate change.
Nitrogen
dioxide
is a respiratory irritant associated
with
both acute (sho
rt‐term)
and
chronic (lo
ng‐term) effects on
hum
an h
ealth
, particularly in
peop
le w
ith
asthma. Nitrogen
dioxide
(NO
2) and nitric oxide
(NO) a
re both oxides of n
itrogen
, and are collectively referred
to as n
itrogen
oxide
s (NOx).
The principal sou
rce of nitrogen
oxide
s em
issions is
road transport. Major roads
carrying
large volumes of traffic are a pred
ominant sou
rce, as are conu
rbations and
city cen
tres with
con
gested
traffic.
Repo
rts by
the
UK Governm
ent Co
mmittee
on the Med
ical Effe
cts of Air Po
llutio
n (COMEA
P)8 con
clud
e that air po
llutio
n:
has sho
rt te
rm and
long
term
dam
aging effects o
n he
alth;
can worsen the cond
ition
of tho
se with
heart dise
ase or lung
dise
ase;
can aggravate bu
t doe
s not app
ear to cause asthma; and
has effects on
death rates and
thu
s im
pacts on
average life expectancy in
the longer term (thou
gh the
exten
t of this is
not fully u
nderstoo
d at
presen
t mod
elling by
COMEA
P suggests it to
be of significance9).
NICE guidance N
G70
on
air qu
ality
, pu
blish
ed Jun
e 20
17,10 covers a range of
measures concerning
road‐traffic‐related
air po
llutio
n and its links to ill h
ealth
. It
aims to im
prove air q
uality and so prevent a ra
nge of health
con
ditio
ns and
deaths.
The guideline recommen
ds taking a nu
mbe
r of actions in combinatio
n, because
multip
le interven
tions,
each prod
ucing
a sm
all be
nefit,
are
likely
to act
cumulatively to produ
ce significant change. It includ
es re
commen
datio
ns on:
planning
developm
ent m
anagem
ent
clean air zon
es
redu
cing
emiss
ions from
pub
lic se
ctor transport services a
nd veh
icle fleets
sm
ooth driv
ing and speed redu
ction
walking
and
cycling
aw
aren
ess raisin
g
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pact Assessm
ent screening
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rt: H
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5.4. Roa
d Traffic
Acciden
ts
Road
traffic injurie
s are a glob
al pub
lic health
problem
affe
cting all sectors of
society. The
majority
of road
traffic accide
nt victim
s includ
e the most vulnerable
road
users su
ch as p
edestrians, cyclists, children and passen
gers.
The rate of d
eaths and serio
us injurie
s from
road
collisions has been de
clining over
recent decades (b
y abou
t 4% per year in all age group
s and 9%
in children). N
early
half (46%
) of UK de
aths from uninten
tional injury in peo
ple aged
1–14 are road
related1
1 . The nu
mbe
rs killed
or serio
usly injured
increases w
ith age. Th
ere is a
noticeable increase between ages 10 and 11
, which coincides w
ith the
move to
second
ary scho
ol and
probably with
increasin
g un
supe
rvise
d travel. N
ationally, in
2007
, 65
% of children or you
ng peo
ple killed or seriously injured
were bo
ys. In
urban settings m
ost casualties (7
5%) a
re on minor ro
ads.12 You
nger children (aged
up to abou
t 8) ten
d to be injured in streets close to their ho
me. As they get older
(aroun
d 11
and
abo
ve) children tend
to be
injured
further from hom
e, and
on
busie
r roads, reflecting their increasin
g licen
ce to
travel ind
epen
dently. Ro
ad
desig
n has a
key influ
ence on speed1
3 (De
partmen
t for Transpo
rt 200
8). ‘Excess and
inapprop
riate’ speed contrib
utes to arou
nd 30%
of fatal crashe
s in high‐income
coun
tries.14
5.5. Active travel
An extensive
research eviden
ce base clearly
de
mon
strates
a do
se–respo
nse
relatio
nship in the
adu
lt po
pulatio
n be
tween ph
ysical activity
and
chron
ic dise
ase
morbidity and
mortality. A rapidly expanding
bod
y of evide
nce also in
dicates that
sede
ntary be
haviou
r (sitting) m
ay b
e a risk factor for p
hysic
al h
ealth
that is
inde
pend
ent o
f participation in physic
al activity
15.
NICE guidance PH8
, issue
d Janu
ary 20
0816, on ph
ysical activity
and
the en
vironm
ent
recommen
ds that all those
involved
in the
developm
ent,
mod
ificatio
n and
mainten
ance of towns, urban extensions, major regen
eration projects and
the
transport infrastructure sho
uld work together to en
sure plann
ing applications for
new develop
men
ts always prioritise
the
need for pe
ople (includ
ing those who
se
mob
ility is im
paire
d) to
be ph
ysically active as a ro
utine part of the
ir daily life. The
y
shou
ld ensure local facilitie
s and services are easily accessib
le on foot, b
y bicycle
and by
other m
odes of transpo
rt involving ph
ysical activity
. They re
commen
d that an assessmen
t, in advance, to de
term
ine what impact (b
oth
intend
ed and
uninten
ded) the
propo
sals are likely to have on
physic
al activity
levels
be und
ertaken. (For exam
ple, w
ill lo
cal s
ervices be
accessib
le on foot, by
bicycle or by pe
ople w
hose m
obility is im
paire
d?) The results sho
uld be
made
publicly available and accessible. Existing im
pact assessm
ent too
ls could be
used.
They sh
ould also
;
involve all local com
mun
ities and
experts at all stages of the
develop
men
t to
ensure th
e po
tential for physic
al activity
is m
axim
ised.
Plan
and
provide
a com
preh
ensiv
e ne
twork of rou
tes for walking, c
ycling and
using othe
r mod
es of transpo
rt involving ph
ysical activity
.
Ensure pub
lic ope
n spaces and
pub
lic paths can
be reache
d on
foot, b
y bicycle
and using othe
r mod
es of transpo
rt in
volving ph
ysical activity
. The
y shou
ld also
be
accessib
le by pu
blic transport.
Ensure pub
lic ope
n spaces and
pub
lic paths are m
aintaine
d to a high standard.
They sh
ould be safe, attractive and welcoming to everyon
e.
Ensure new
workplaces are linked to w
alking
and
cycling ne
tworks. Whe
re
possible,
these
links shou
ld im
prove
the
existin
g walking
and
cycling
infrastructure by creatin
g ne
w, throu
gh rou
tes (and
not ju
st links to the
new
facility).
Du
ring bu
ilding de
sign or refurbishmen
t, en
sure staircases are designe
d an
d po
sitione
d to encou
rage p
eople to u
se the
m. M
ake sure the
y are clearly
sig
nposted and well lit.
NICE guidance PH4
1, issued
Novem
ber 20
1217, o
n prom
oting walking
and
cycling
recommen
ds that local, high
‐level strategic policies and plans shou
ld sup
port and
en
courage
both w
alking
and
cycling. T
his includ
es a
com
mitm
ent to invest
sufficien
t resources to ensure more walking
and
cycling – and a recognition
that
this will ben
efit individu
als and the wider com
mun
ity. R
elevant po
licies and plans
includ
e those on
:
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pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
16
air q
uality
commun
ity sa
fety
disability
ed
ucation
en
vironm
ent (includ
ing sustainability and carbon
redu
ction)
he
alth and
wellbeing
housing
land
use, plann
ing and de
velopm
ent con
trol
ph
ysical activity
regene
ratio
n and econ
omic develop
men
t
transport.
Furthe
rmore
the
guidance recom
men
ds that local authorities sho
uld
ensure
walking
and
cycling programmes form a core part of local transpo
rt in
vestmen
t planning, o
n a continuing
basis. In
line
with
the De
partmen
t for Transpo
rt's Manual
for streets and the Ch
artered Institu
tion of Highw
ays and Transportatio
n's Manual
for streets 2 – wider app
lication of the
prin
ciples, p
edestrians and
cyclists sho
uld
be con
sidered
before othe
r user group
s in the
design process – this he
lps en
sure
that th
ey are not provide
d for a
s an aftertho
ught.
5.6.Green
spa
ce, m
ental w
ellbeing
and
social coh
esion
There is m
ounting eviden
ce th
at access to green
space can
have a po
sitive im
pact
on both ph
ysical health
and
men
tal w
ellbeing. In add
ition
to th
e im
pacts of being
able to use the natural e
nviro
nmen
t to und
ertake physic
al activity
detailed in the
previous sectio
n – as part o
f active travel or for re
creatio
n – having
access to green
ou
tdoo
r space can im
prove the men
tal w
ellbeing
of children, you
ng peo
ple and
adults. This is not a new
con
cept. Inde
ed it has been arou
nd since the 18
th Cen
tury
whe
n indu
stria
lists and
philanthrop
ists lobb
ied coun
cils to
increase access to parks
and bu
ilt workers’ villages th
at in
clud
ed green
space such as parks and
allotm
ents
for the he
alth and
wellbeing
of their workers e.g. Salta
ire in
Yorkshire and
Port
Sunlight in
Wirral. The Garde
n City m
ovem
ent was also
borne
out of the idea of
creatin
g he
althy natural enviro
nmen
ts as p
art o
f tow
n life.
Whilst the
stren
gth of the
evide
nce is varie
d, a num
ber of studies have suggested
improved
outcomes for tho
se w
ith men
tal illne
ss, redu
ctions in
stress a
nd
influ
ences on
longevity
. It can also have fin
ancial ben
efits, redu
cing
health
care
costs for treatin
g men
tal illness a
nd dise
ases associated with
physical inactivity
.
Access to an
d use of green
space can
also
build social coh
esion, especially tho
se
desig
ned to in
crease com
mun
ity in
teraction be
tween diffe
rent group
s of peo
ple.
They can
increase op
portun
ities to
volunteer,
participate in local activity
with
ne
ighb
ours and
increase com
mun
ity sa
tisfaction indicators.
To capita
lise on
these po
tential impacts a
set o
f prin
ciples have be
en develop
ed18:
1. Ensure easy access for a
ll: nearby locatio
n for local re
siden
ts; rem
ove barriers to
specific grou
ps
2. Provide
app
ropriate re
sources: capita
l and
revenu
e 3. M
aintain a high
level o
f safety from
hazards in
clud
ing crim
e(bo
th perceived
and
actual)
4. Increase visitor satisfactio
n by
attractive facilities a
nd events
5. Con
sult, produ
ce and
implem
ent regularly upd
ated
managem
ent p
lans
6. Promote be
nefits for th
e wider city
(e.g. cultural, socio‐econ
omic)
For p
eople to use green
spaces th
ey m
ust feel ‘safe’. This can be
helpe
d by:
• Ha
ving
well‐m
aintaine
d areas
• Im
proving visib
ility: red
ucing high
‐level, de
nse vegetatio
n, having long
views
• Ha
ving
num
erou
s meetin
g po
ints
• Re
ducing
dog
fouling/graffiti/v
andalism
• Ha
ving
park staff
A set of recom
men
datio
ns from the
Faculty of Pu
blic Health
brie
fing expand
on
these po
ints. The
re m
ay be furthe
r op
portun
ities for the
develop
men
t of the
parkland
and
woo
dland area
with
the
se impacts in m
ind. The
borou
gh has an
excellent track record on
its green
spaces be
ing aw
arde
d with
Green
Flags and
could de
velop this space with
the aim of a
pplying for this aw
ard. Each green space
is judged
against a
set o
f eight crite
ria: includ
ing he
alth, safety and
security
,
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pact Assessm
ent screening
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rt: H
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commun
ity in
volvem
ent, access and
sustainability; a
ll crite
ria th
at fit w
ell w
ith th
e aims o
f improving he
alth and
wellbeing.
5.7. Employmen
t and
health
The curren
t econ
omic clim
ate on
ly serves to und
erline the im
portant relatio
nship
betw
een work and he
alth. Whilst jo
b insecurity and be
ing forced
to work in an
unsafe enviro
nmen
t with
out adeq
uate protection from
hazards und
oubted
ly have
well d
ocum
ented adverse effects on
health
, overall, fo
r working
aged adults, b
eing
in employmen
t confers po
sitive he
alth ben
efits. These range from
the
ability to
afford goo
d qu
ality
hou
sing, increased
financial accessib
ility to he
althy food
s and
leisu
re activities, w
ith workplaces providing pe
er sup
port to
make po
sitive lifestyle
changes.
Additio
nally, employmen
t is b
eneficial for health
as it:
He
lps to prom
ote recovery and
rehabilitation.
Minim
ises
the
harm
ful effects
of long
‐term sic
kness
absence
and
worklessness.
Re
duces the chances of chron
ic disa
bility, lon
g‐term
incapacity
for w
ork
and social exclusio
n.
Prom
otes fu
ll participation in so
ciety1
9 .
Redu
ces p
overty and
improves quality of life and
well‐b
eing.
Prob
ably the
most profou
nd im
pact how
ever, is on
a person’s men
tal w
ellbeing.
There is consistent evide
nce that th
e econ
omic dow
nturn may increase suicide
and
alcoho
l‐related
death rates, which can
be seen
as markers of de
terio
ratio
n of
men
tal h
ealth
. The majority
of ne
w disa
bility claims are on
the
basis of m
ental
health. Men
tal h
ealth
can
develop
as co‐m
orbiditie
s am
ong those initially out of
the labo
ur m
arket throu
gh physical con
ditio
ns.
Those still in
work bu
t sufferin
g from
job insecurity may experience men
tal h
ealth
effects that red
uce prod
uctiv
ity, through stress, anxiety and de
pressio
n‐related
disorders. W
orrie
s abou
t job losses have made stress the
most common
cause of
long
‐term sick leave in Britain with
employers planning
redu
ndancies m
ost likely to
see a rise in staff men
tal h
ealth
problem
s. With
the
fear of being
targeted for
redu
ndancy schem
es over a qu
arter of employees are struggling into w
ork whe
n sic
k, according
to a CIPD survey of n
early
2 m
illion workers
20.
Being un
employed
and
econo
mically inactive (i.e. une
mployed
and
not seeking
work) is
associated
with
an
increased
risk
of men
tal he
alth prob
lems.21
Une
mployed
peo
ple are tw
ice as likely to have dep
ression as peo
ple in w
ork.
22In
2001
, the psychiatric
morbidity survey foun
d that com
pared to tho
se w
ith no
men
tal illne
ss, those with
men
tal illne
ss w
ere more likely to b
e econ
omically
inactiv
e. For se
rious m
ental illness this c
ould be more than
twice as likely.23
Conservativ
e estim
ations are that the de
velopm
ent will create at le
ast 1,00
0 ne
w
direct and
500
indirect jo
bs during the op
erational p
hase, w
ith abo
ut 400
‐500
jobs
durin
g the constructio
n ph
ase. T
he occup
ier may also
need to take on
add
ition
al
staff a
t certain times of y
ear, e.g. th
e run up
to Christmas whe
n consum
er dem
and
increases. Du
ring the op
erational p
hase the
re w
ill be a mix of po
sts, both office
and shop
‐floo
r together w
ith HGV drivers. The local a
utho
rity has a good
track
record of local recruitm
ent.
Halton Em
ploymen
t Partne
rship has de
velope
d a
recruitm
ent o
ffer to em
ployers. This provides fu
ll recruitm
ent service, d
ealing with
applications and
screening
app
licants for in
terview. This resulte
d in 73%
of ne
w
jobs at the
Tesco chilled distrib
ution centre with
in 3MG being
filled by
local peo
ple
and a commen
datio
n from
Tesco abo
ut th
e qu
ality
of interview
ees.
The Em
ploymen
t, Learning
and
Skills Spe
cialist Strategic partnership has a ra
nge of
high
qu
ality
‘employability’
activ
ities.
Pre‐em
ploymen
t supp
ort
includ
ing
awaren
ess raising
in schoo
ls and
colleges as w
ell as efforts to ensure local p
eople
can
access local job
oppo
rtun
ities. These
efforts
shou
ld he
lp to im
prove
unem
ploymen
t rates, and
ensure local p
eople are able to be
com
petitive in the
jobs m
arket.
Mon
itorin
g of p
oten
tial local em
ployees will b
e through
the
Employmen
t Learning and Skills d
ivision
’s inform
ation and data sy
stem
. Pe
ople w
ith disa
bilities and long
‐term health
con
ditio
ns fa
ce a num
ber of barrie
rs
in accessin
g em
ploymen
t and remaining
in work. In 200
9 77
% of no
n‐disabled
pe
ople were in work in th
e North W
est com
pared to 44%
of p
eople with
disa
bilities
(across England abou
t 50%
of p
eople with
disa
bilities are em
ployed
)24 . Barrie
rs to
em
ploymen
t for peo
ple with
disa
bilities or long
‐term health
con
ditio
ns includ
e25 :
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
18
Be
liefs th
at an individu
al is unable to work, which can
be de
motivating.
Worsening
health
due
to time spen
t une
mployed
.
Need for w
orkplace adjustm
ents, spe
cialist equ
ipmen
t and
facilities.
Lack of affo
rdable priv
ate or pub
lic transport.
Ineq
ualities in edu
catio
n preven
ting access to
skilled and professio
nal job
s.
It is
estim
ated
that 28
% of 19
year olds w
ith disa
bilities participate in
higher edu
catio
n compared to 41%
of the
non
‐disa
bled
pop
ulation.
Pe
ople with
disa
bilities are less likely to have any
qualifications: 2
4% have
no qualifications com
pared to 10%
of the
non
‐disa
bled
pop
ulation, and
are
less likely to
have level two or degree level qualifications.
De
creasin
g availability of unskilled work.
The high
costs of e
mploymen
t (transport, childcare, clothing).
The welfare re
form
s are likely to m
ean many pe
ople on incapacity ben
efits lo
osing
entitlemen
t to be
nefits. W
hilst (re)en
terin
g the job market c
an brin
g fin
ancial and
resulta
nt health
& social b
enefits the
abo
ve barrie
rs need to be addressed. S
ome
are
long
term
–
making
sure disabled
youn
gsters are
supp
orted
to gain
qualificatio
ns, includ
ing higher level qualifications. O
thers can be
add
ressed
by
employers a
nd local partnerships throu
gh:
De
livery of individu
ally ta
ilored advice and
guidance.
Effective managem
ent o
f disa
bilities a
nd long
‐term health
con
ditio
ns.
Ad
aptatio
ns to
the workplace and
working
con
ditio
ns.
Multid
isciplinary interven
tions includ
ing workplace com
pone
nts.
Early
engagem
ent w
ith workers to
minim
ise absen
ce.
Provision
of financial incentives fo
r job
seekers a
nd employers
Many of the
se initia
tives are alre
ady in place throu
gh the
Halton Em
ploymen
t Partne
rship. For instance, it w
as noted
during the HIA exercise th
at CAB
have do
ne
work on
impact of w
elfare re
form
s and have secured
som
e fund
ing to sup
port local
peop
le who
may be affected
. 2 local w
ork programme contracts will also
be able to
supp
ort p
eople with
com
plex needs e.g. m
ental health
issues.
Disability
Employmen
t Ad
visers (DEA
s) based
at the
Jobcen
tre
Plus provide
specialist supp
ort on
employmen
t iss
ues affecting pe
ople w
ith d
isabilities and
carers. T
hey can supp
ort p
eople to draw up an
action plan
to help them
into work
or help keep
the
ir existin
g job. The
y can carry ou
t an
employmen
t assessmen
t to
find jobs th
at m
atch individu
als e
xperience and skills.
Supp
orted Em
ploymen
t Services
Any pe
rson
of working
age w
ho has disa
bility, lives in Ha
lton, and
wou
ld like
assistance
with
em
ploymen
t or training
towards it
can
access Supp
orted
Employmen
t Services. T
hrou
gh Job
Reten
tion supp
ort is also available to sup
port
peop
le w
ho are in
employmen
t, bu
t du
e to deterioratio
n in the
ir he
alth, b
oth the
employee
and
the em
ployer need he
lp and
advice.
The service can also provide
help and advice to
local b
usinesses and em
ployees in
relatio
n to:
Disability Aw
aren
ess
Disability Discrim
ination Act
Access to
Work
Disabled
Persons Tax Credit
Halton Day Services P
rojects for peo
ple with
disab
ilitie
s Ha
lton Da
y Services have won
national a
wards for the
ir social enterprise
projects
which offe
r clients excellent w
ays to develop
the
ir em
ploymen
t and social skills.
This supp
ort is available to any
halt o
n resid
ent o
ver the
age of w
ith som
e form
of
learning
disa
bility and/or highe
r supp
ort ne
eds. A
n exam
ple of the
projects is
Coun
try Garde
n Ca
terin
g who
offe
r a caterin
g service, offe
ring bu
ffets and
also
caters fo
r many cafes in Halton includ
ing Norton Priory Cafe, M
urdishaw
& Ditton
Co
mmun
ity Cen
tre, and
Dorset G
arde
ns.
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
19
6. Con
clusions
The DA
LP fo
llows the visio
n and strategic ob
jectives of the
Core Strategy and
con
tinue
s to reflect the
key health
impacts that spatia
l plann
ing can have on he
alth. There is
significant e
ffort m
ade to try to m
axim
ise po
sitive be
nefits. The
se are especially strong
aroun
d activ
e travel and
ope
n space.
The Food
and
Drin
k Po
licy wou
ld ben
efit from
explicit men
tion of the
negative he
alth and
com
mun
ity safety im
pacts alcoho
l can
have on
the
local a
rea. In particular, the
increasin
g ho
spita
l related
alcoh
ol adm
issions and
anti‐social, family and
violent beh
aviours e
xcessiv
e alcoho
l use can
result in.
What h
as been clear since the initial HIA of the
Core Strategy is th
at th
e planning
policy team
und
erstand the relatio
nships between spatial p
lann
ing and he
alth. They have
sought to
incorporate ways o
f facilitatin
g the achievem
ent o
f positive health
and
wellbeing
outcomes, both individu
al and
at the
com
mun
ity level, with
in all relevant policies.
Core Strategy retained
and
revised po
licies a
ll have an im
pact on he
alth to
greater or lesser e
xten
ts. Th
e main po
licies c
ontained
with
in th
e DA
LP in
relatio
n to health
are:
ED1
Employmen
t Develop
men
t HC
8 Food
and
Drin
k RD
2 Gypsy and
Travellers (A
llocatio
ns)
HE4
Green
Infrastructure
RD4
Ope
n Space Provision
for R
esiden
tial D
evelop
men
ts
HE6
Ope
n Space and Outdo
or Spo
rts P
rovisio
n RD
5 Specialist H
ousin
g HE
7 Po
llutio
n and Nuisance
C1
Transport N
etwork and Accessibility
HE8
Contam
inated
Land
C4
Expansion of Jo
hn Len
non Airport
HE9
Water M
anagem
ent a
nd Flood
Risk
C5
Ope
ratio
n of Jo
hn Len
non Airport
GR1
De
sign of Develop
men
t HC
1 Vital and
Viable Ce
ntres
HC5
Commercial Leisure Develop
men
ts and
Cultural Facilitie
s
HC
6 Co
mmun
ity Facilitie
s (includ
ing he
alth fa
cilities)
Decision on
add
ition
al HIA work
A full HIA is not re
quire
d
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
20
7. HIA screening
che
cklist
Will th
e po
licy ha
ve an
effect on:
Relevant DAL
P po
licies
Wha
t positive
and
negative im
pacts d
o yo
u think there may be? Are th
ere an
y im
pacts a
bout which you
feel uncertain? Which group
s will be affected
by these
impa
cts?
Actio
n
Wha
t impa
ct will th
e DA
LP
have on lifestyles a
nd
wellbeing
? Diet a
nd
nutrition
Exercise
and
ph
ysical activity
Sub
stan
ce
use: to
bacco, alcoh
ol or
drug
s Risk
taking
beha
viou
r Edu
catio
n an
d lifelon
g learning
or skills
C1: transpo
rt
RD2: Ope
n Spaces
(residen
tial)
HC1: com
mun
ity
facilities
HC8: Foo
d & Drin
k HE
4: Green
infrastructure
HE6: Ope
n space and
outdoo
r spo
rt
provision
GR1
: design of
developm
ent
Ha
ving
access to the rig
ht ty
pes o
f local facilities is a
n im
portant p
art o
f commun
ity infrastructure
Green
travel (p
romoting he
althy lifestyles) is an essential com
pone
nt of local
transport p
lans and
infrastructure
Re
levant policies m
ake the clear links between op
en sp
ace and commun
ity
wellbeing
Exercise and
physic
al activity
facilities s
hould be
designe
d to re
flect th
e po
pulatio
n/de
mograph
ics ne
ed. This includ
es th
e ne
eds o
f tho
se with
physic
al,
sensory and learning
disa
bilities a
nd other vulne
rable grou
ps
Ph
ysical activity
is effe
ctive in th
e treatm
ent o
f men
tal illness a
s well as improving
physical health
Hot foo
d takeaw
ays a
nd alcoh
ol can
both have detrim
ental effe
cts o
n he
alth.
Consideration shou
ld be given to ways o
f lim
iting
unh
ealth
y retail ou
tlets
(includ
ing bu
t not limite
d to fast fo
od, tanning
salons and
licensed
premise
s)
and/or m
itigatin
g their impacts. Dep
endant on the retail offer, i.e. con
centratio
n of licensed
premise
s, re
siden
ts m
ay be expo
sed to greater risks throu
gh acciden
tal
injurie
s or p
ublic sa
fety causes.
Bu
sinesses o
peratin
g in th
e bo
rough shou
ld be en
couraged
to ado
pt goo
d em
ploymen
t practice and commit, fo
r example, to
Health
Works Awards Gold
standard to
improve their e
mployees’ overall ph
ysical and
men
tal health
and
wellbeing. This ultimately contrib
utes to
lower sickne
ss absen
ce, greater
prod
uctiv
ity and
an im
proved
sense of personal health
and
wellbeing
Overall, th
e po
lices sh
ould have a po
sitive effect on lifestyle factors.
Strengthen
the ne
ed to
en
sure facilities m
eet the
ne
eds o
f tho
se with
physic
al,
sensory and learning
disabilities a
nd other
vulnerable group
s Strengthen
the ne
gativ
e im
pacts a
lcoh
ol m
isuse has
on local health
and
commun
ity wellbeing
with
in
the HC
8 Food
and
Drin
k po
licy
HC8: Ju
stificatio
n 18
.31
2015
/16 data sh
ows that for
both Halton Re
ception and
Year 6 children there
percen
tage who
are obe
se is
statistically highe
r than the
North W
est a
nd England
averages
HE6: Ju
stificatio
n 19
.50 ii –
desig
n shou
ld be fit fo
r pu
rpose for a
ll includ
ing
those with
disabilitie
s
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
21
Will th
e po
licy ha
ve an
effect on:
Relevant DAL
P po
licies
Wha
t positive
and
negative im
pacts d
o yo
u think there may be? Are th
ere an
y im
pacts a
bout which you
feel uncertain? Which group
s will be affected
by these
impa
cts?
Actio
n
Wha
t impa
ct will th
e DA
LP
have on the social
environm
ent? Social
status Employment (pa
id
or unp
aid) and
worklessness
Social/fam
ily su
pport
Stress Incom
e an
d child
po
verty
ED1: employmen
t RD
2: Gypsy and
traveller a
llocatio
ns
RD2: Ope
n Spaces
(residen
tial)
HC1: com
mun
ity
facilities
He
alth im
pacts from a local com
mun
ity perspectiv
e, hen
ce fu
ture econo
mic
grow
th, employmen
t premise
s and
site delivery plan
s, m
ust e
mph
asise
the
necessity
of local employmen
t for local peo
ple given the ob
viou
s links to
all social
environm
ent factors (sho
wn op
posite). In th
e interest of sustainable
developm
ent, as well econo
mic, enviro
nmen
tal, and social wellbeing
of the
Bo
rough resid
ents it is im
portant that g
reater employmen
t opp
ortunitie
s are
created or fa
cilitated
with
in th
e Bo
rough, particularly fo
r residen
ts of the
borou
gh
New
develop
men
ts m
ust e
nhance th
e em
ploymen
t and
edu
catio
nal prospects of
local residen
ts eith
er th
rough increased local provisio
n or alte
rnatively accessed
via effective pu
blic or g
reen
transport.
Bu
sinesses o
peratin
g in th
e bo
rough shou
ld be en
couraged
to ado
pt goo
d em
ploymen
t practice and commit, fo
r example, to
Health
Works Awards Gold
standard to
improve their e
mployees’ overall ph
ysical and
men
tal health
and
wellbeing. This ultimately contrib
utes to
lower sickne
ss absen
ce, greater
prod
uctiv
ity and
an im
proved
sense of personal health
and
wellbeing.
RD2: Ju
stificatio
n section
16.12 failure to
allocate
sufficien
t provisio
n with
adeq
uate facilities could
increase risks to he
alth,
environm
ental health
and
infectious disease risks
Wha
t impa
ct will th
e DA
LP
have on the ph
ysical
environm
ent? Living
cond
ition
s Working
cond
ition
s Pollutio
n or
clim
ate chan
ge Accidental
injurie
s or p
ublic sa
fety
Tran
smission of infectious
disease
•
RD2: Ope
n Spaces
(residen
tial)
HC1: com
mun
ity
facilities
C1: transpo
rt
C4: A
irport
expansion
C5: A
irport
operation
HC1 vital and
viable
centres
HE7: pollutio
n and
noise
HE
8 contam
inated
land
New
hou
sing shou
ld be affordable, i.e. for families on restricted bu
dgets a
nd/or
first time bu
yers. Positive im
pacts w
ill re
sult from
quality/affordable hou
sing as
improving living cond
ition
s im
proves m
ental/p
hysic
al health
which promotes
improved
chances of e
mploymen
t, redu
ces stress a
nd sh
ould decrease child
po
verty as families increase th
eir incom
e.
Bo
th on and off site
infrastructure plans m
ust a
ccou
nt fo
r the
impact on existing
and prop
osed
resid
ents/com
mun
ities, taking measures to mitigate poten
tially
negativ
e im
pacts o
n living cond
ition
s, working
con
ditio
ns, pollutio
n and accide
ntal
injurie
s/pu
blic sa
fety.
The prom
otion of health
y town centres is recom
men
ded as part o
f HC1
and
other
relevant policies i.e. an em
phasis for o
pen space – recreatio
n/exercise, goo
d pe
destria
n/cycle routes, health
y shop
s etc.
A vibrant e
cono
my may transla
te into better living cond
ition
s.
Co
mmun
ity con
sulta
tion shou
ld con
sider th
e im
pact th
at new
buildings will have
on th
e lifestyle factors listed
opp
osite
.
Ensure develop
ers h
ave
access to
the HIA guidelines
and supp
ort the
m
RD4 po
licy – op
en sp
ace
shou
ld be accessible fo
r all
resid
ents includ
ing those
with
mob
ility problem
s or
othe
r disa
bilities
RD4 Justificatio
n 16
.21 – this
provision
also
has th
e be
nefit
of helping
to develop
a se
nse
of com
mun
ity
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
22
Will th
e po
licy ha
ve an
effect on:
Relevant DAL
P po
licies
Wha
t positive
and
negative im
pacts d
o yo
u think there may be? Are th
ere an
y im
pacts a
bout which you
feel uncertain? Which group
s will be affected
by these
impa
cts?
Actio
n
HE9: water
managem
ent
GR1
: design of
developm
ent
CS(R)3: h
ousing
supp
ly
CS(R)13: affo
rdable
housing
RD1: re
siden
tial
developm
ent
allocatio
ns
RD5: sp
ecialist
housing
GR5
: ren
ewable
and low carbo
n en
ergy
Families living
in sa
fer, cleane
r hou
sing of a certain/highe
r stand
ard will be less
vulnerable to
illness, especially th
e olde
r and
you
nger pop
ulation.
New
develop
men
ts m
ust e
nhance th
e em
ploymen
t and
edu
catio
nal prospects of
local residen
ts eith
er th
rough increased local provisio
n or alte
rnatively accessed
via effective pu
blic or g
reen
transport.
Po
llutio
n and nu
isance can have a cum
ulative effect on he
alth and
com
mun
ity
wellbeing. Poo
r air qu
ality
may occur in
areas whe
re th
ere is already considerable
health burde
n and mitigatin
g measures n
eed to ta
ke th
is into accou
nt
Whe
rever p
ossib
le, the
retail offer sho
uld refle
ct current and
predicted
pop
ulation
demograph
ics, both in te
rms o
f the
offe
r and
accessib
ility to
ensure relevance and
sustainability.
The requ
iremen
t to cond
uct a
health
impact assessm
ent o
n larger re
tail/ho
using/mixed
de
velopm
ents sh
ould m
itigate poten
tially negative he
alth im
pacts a
nd iden
tify
improvem
ent o
pportunitie
s. Guide
lines have be
en develop
ed to
supp
ort d
evelop
ers in
prod
ucing high
quality HIAs that take local needs in
to accou
nt. Bo
th on and off site
infrastructure plans m
ust a
ccou
nt fo
r the
impact on existing and prop
osed
resid
ents/com
mun
ities, taking measures to mitigate poten
tially negative im
pacts o
n living
cond
ition
s, working
con
ditio
ns, pollutio
n and accide
ntal injurie
s/pu
blic sa
fety.
16.27 – ne
eds to take
accoun
t of children of all
abilitie
s RD
5 Justificatio
n 16
.41.
Whe
n considering qu
ality
of
access needs to
take accou
nt
that m
any pe
ople in
need of
specialist h
ousin
g with
have
mob
ility or o
ther physic
al,
sensory or learning
disabilities.
Locatio
ns sh
ould ensure they
do not isolate olde
r /vulne
rable pe
ople from
the
wider com
mun
ity whilst
ensurin
g they are
safeguarde
d Ensure re
levant policies
(pollutio
n and nu
isance an
d transport p
olicies) have
compliant with
NICE
guidance on ou
tdoo
r air
pollutio
n NG70
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
23
Will th
e po
licy ha
ve an
effect on:
Relevant DAL
P po
licies
Wha
t positive
and
negative im
pacts d
o yo
u think there may be? Are th
ere an
y im
pacts a
bout which you
feel uncertain? Which group
s will be affected
by these
impa
cts?
Actio
n
How will th
e DA
LP im
pact
on access to an
d qu
ality
of
services? Health
care
Tran
sport Social se
rvices
Housing services Edu
catio
n Leisu
re
CS(R)15:
sustainable
transport
C1: transpo
rt
netw
ork
HC1: vita
l and
viable cen
tres
HC5: com
mercial
leisu
re
developm
ents and
cultu
ral facilitie
s HC
6: com
mun
ity
facilities
Co
nsideration must b
e given to th
e ability of e
xisting green corridor infrastructures
to cop
e with
increased de
mand and whe
ther th
ey re
quire
add
ition
al
investmen
t/expansion.
Growth m
ust b
e considered
in line
with
the provision
of h
ealth
care, so
cial
services, edu
catio
n and leisure etc., i.e. are th
ere adeq
uate local services a
nd can
these cope
with
the increased pressure/dem
and arising
from
pop
ulation
increases? It sho
uld be
a prerequ
isite th
at locality grow
th ta
kes a
ccou
nt of such
future dem
ands on local services. H
ow can
the pu
blic/priv
ate sector work/plan
be
tter to
gether re
garding future develop
men
t and
mainten
ance of services to
minim
ise th
e im
pact on the local pop
ulation?
Partnership working
is key. Greater
investmen
t and
con
sidered
develop
men
t into chosen
localities w
ill, in turn, brin
g associated
health
ben
efits if aligne
d to th
e etho
s of local provisio
n
Growth m
ust b
e considered
in parallel w
ith travel infrastructure plans, i.e. do the
existing road
and
/or m
otorway networks have the capacity to
deal w
ith increased
demand arising
from
the de
velopm
ent o
f ide
ntified
sites to en
sure access to
health care providers a
nd other su
pport services.
Ensurin
g the correct infrastructure is in place, i.e. roads/pub
lic transport is k
ey to
en
sure access to he
alth care providers a
nd other su
pport services.
HC6: In
the HIA of the
Core
Strategy th
ere was a
recommen
datio
n that
before any
com
mun
ity
facility was closed the
coun
cil sho
uld un
dertake to
unde
rstand
why
it is not
being utilised. Cou
ld th
is be
includ
ed in
the po
licy?
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
24
8. Is fu
rthe
r HIA re
commen
ded??
Based on
the eviden
ce presented
in th
is re
port and
the HIA screen
ing checklist in
the previous se
ction, th
e table be
low has been used
to decide whe
ther a m
ore in‐dep
th HIA
is ne
eded
. Th
e characteristics o
f the
plan, organisa
tional factors and
the nature of p
oten
tial health
impacts h
ave all been taken into accou
nt.
Favouring furthe
r HIA
Characteristic
s of the
policy
Not fa
vouring
furthe
r HIA
Yes
Is th
e po
licy im
portant to your organisa
tion?
(i.e. cost, siz
e, sc
ope, statutory du
ties)
No
Yes
Is th
e po
licy likely to cause significant disruption to th
e po
pulatio
ns iden
tified?
(balance positive lo
ng te
rm effe
cts a
nd
short term disruptions)
No
Yes
Is th
e po
licy po
tentially con
tentious/sen
sitive?
No
No
Is th
e po
licy already be
ing appraised by
ano
ther ty
pe of impact assessm
ent? (i.e. Sustainability Ap
praisal)
Yes
Organ
isationa
l Factors
Yes
Is th
ere discussio
n at th
e po
licy level in your organisa
tion abou
t the
poten
tial health
impacts o
f this p
olicy?
No
Yes
Is th
ere commun
ity con
cern abo
ut th
is policy?
No
Yes
Will so
me iss
ues b
e miss
ed in
the plan
ning
process, w
hich wou
ld be highlighted
by carrying
out a HIA?
No
No
Will th
e organisatio
ns or ind
ividuals with
a stake in th
is po
licy be
com
mitted
to th
e process o
f a H
IA?
Yes
Yes
Are there barriers (p
olitical or institutional), which will prevent a HIA from
being
carrie
d ou
t?
No
Yes
Ca
n you influ
ence th
e ou
tcom
e of th
e po
licy with
the results of a
HIA?
No
The na
ture of the
poten
tial health
impa
cts
Yes /
Don
’t Kn
ow
Are there po
tentially se
rious negative im
pacts, which re
quire
furthe
r research?
No
No
Is th
ere already valid
evide
nce, which describes th
e he
alth im
pacts o
f this k
ind of policy?
Yes
High
High
Is th
ere likelihoo
d that th
e he
alth im
pacts o
f this p
olicy might be intensifies fo
r disa
dvantaged grou
ps?
Po
sitive he
alth im
pacts
Negative he
alth im
pacts
Mod
/ Low
Mod
/ Low
5
9
Health Im
pact Assessm
ent screening
repo
rt: H
alton DA
LP
25
References
1h
ttp://www3.halto
n.gov.uk/lg
nl/policyand
resources/po
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ingtranspo
rtation/28
9056
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uel A
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ealth
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e coun
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artm
ent o
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rt: H
alton DA
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t‐ph
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