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Health Effects of Air Pollution
Wednesday, February 6, 2006ENV 4101/5105
Godish Chapter 5 and Online Respiratory Health Module (http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/default.htm)
For extra reference: EPA http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/
Introduction Methods of Exposure Criteria Air Pollutants:
Review: NAAQS from CAA Primary standards Secondary standards
Hazardous Air Pollutants: Regulated under 1990 CAA Amendments
Some other important health aspects Bioaerosols, medicinal purposes
Exposure
Chronic Acute
Air Pollution Episode Dependent on local
conditions Epidemiological studies
Statistical relationship between environmental factors and human disease
Challenging Toxicological studies Pollutant interactions
Smog Episode in NYC, 1963National Archives, photo by Chester Higgins
Respiratory System Via
inhalation/respiratory as well as eye/skin
Three parts of respiratory system Naso-pharyngeal (HAR) Tracheo-bronchial (TBR) Pulmonary-Alveolar
(GER) Lungs portal of entry
Purpose GER SA > 75 m2 Dr. Owens, UF ABE2062 Course
http://faculty.abe.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_20/lect_20.htm
Respiratory System Natural protection
mechanisms Naso-pharyngeal (HAR)
Tracheo-bronchial (TBR) Mucociliary “escalator” Bronchial constriction
Pulmonary-Alveolar (GER) Macrophages (phagocytosis) No ciliary action
Fisher and Paykel Health Carehttp://www.fphcare.com/humidification/foradults2.asp
Question: Why doesn’t the pulmonary-alveolar region have more natural protection mechanisms?
Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
Very small solids/liquids that remain suspended Causes: materials handling, combustion
processes, gas conversion reactions Main sources:
Pollutant Primary Stds.Averaging Times
Secondary Stds.
Particulate Matter (PM10)
Revoked(2) Annual(2) (Arith. Mean)
150 µg/m3 24-hour(3)
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
15.0 µg/m3 Annual(4) (Arith. Mean)
Same as Primary
35 µg/m3 24-hour(5)
Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
Two possible fates Factors affecting fate
Aerodynamic properties
Physiological behavior
Adapted from Universite Lavalhttp://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21789/ch01.html
Methods of Deposition Impaction* Interception* Diffusion* Electrostatic Attraction Gravitational Settling
Which mechanisms will work better for large particles? For small particles?
Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
Major contributors Impaction
Predominant for dp 3 m PM2.5 regulations
Primarily in HAR or TBR Visual example:
http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/respiratory/section04-1.html
Brownian diffusion Predominant for dp 0.5
m Visual example:
http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/respiratory/section04-3.html
Gravitational Settling 3-5 m (VTS dar
2) Distal/horizontal
regions of bronchial airways
Visual example: http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/respiratory/section04-2.html
Minimal effect Electrostatic
Attraction Interception
Elongate particles Visual example:
http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/respiratory/section04-4.html
Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
Why is there a dip in deposition fraction between 0.1 and 1 m? Assume this is for nasal breathing. How might this graph change
for mouth breathing?
DF=TotalDFHA=Head AirwaysDFTB=TracheobronchialDFAL=Alveolar region
dp>PM2.5
0.1<dp<1
dp<0.1
Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
Health effects Wheezing and coughing Heart attacks and death
TSP (Total Suspended Particles) In presence of SO2, direct correlation between TSP
and hospital visits for bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, and cardiac disease
~60,000 deaths from PM (AHA) 1% increase in mortality for every 10 mg/m3 increase
in PM (AHA) Respiratory mortality up 3.4% for the same (AHA) Cardiovascular mortality up 1.4% for the same (AHA)
Wide Range
Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
PM10 (<10 m, coarse (2.5-10 m) and fine particles) Anything larger deposited in the HAR (nasal-pharangycal)
PM2.5 (<2.5 m, fine particles) Most serious health effects in alveolar/gas exchange
region shift in regulation focus
May adsorb chemicals & intensify their effects Toxic or carcinogenic – pesticides, lead, arsenic,
radioactive material 8% increase in lung cancer for each 10 g/m3 increase of PM2.5
Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
Asthma 14 Americans die/day of asthma
3x greater than 20 yrs ago Increased health care costs
Particulate episodes Inversions (covered officially later) In presence of SO2
1930: Meuse Valley in Belgium- 60 deaths 1948: Donora, PA- 20 deaths 1952: “Lethal London Smog”- 12,000 deaths
Criteria Air Pollutants: Carbon Monoxide
Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas “Silent Killer”
Review… Cause: incomplete combustion Source: transportation sector, energy production, residential
heating units, some industrial processes Ambient concerns addressed by NAAQS OSHA (50 ppm avg over 8-hour period)
PollutantPrimary
Stds.Averaging
TimesSecondary
Stds.
Carbon Monoxide
9 ppm 8-hour(1) None
(10 mg/m3)
35 ppm 1-hour(1) None
(40 mg/m3)
Criteria Air Pollutants: Carbon Monoxide
Reacts with hemoglobin in blood Forms carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)
rather than oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) Prevents oxygen transfer
Toxic effects on humans Low-level: cardiovascular and
neurobehavior High-level: headaches/nausea/fatigue
to possible death Oxygen deficient people esp.
vulnerable (anemia, chronic heart or lung disease, high altitude residents, smokers)
Cigarette smoke: 400-450 ppm; smoker’s blood 5-10% HbCO vs 2% for non-smoker
CDC CO Poisoninghttp://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm
Criteria Air Pollutants: Carbon Monoxide
Concern in homes especially - Install CO monitor! No indoor home regulations
>70 ppm flu-like symptoms (w/out fever) 150-200 ppm disorientation,
drowsiness, vomiting >300 ppm unconsciousness,
brain damage, death 500 Americans die/year from
unintentional CO poisoning What are some potential sources
of CO poisoning? Treatment: fresh air, oxygen
therapy, hyperbaric chamber
Parrish Medical Centerhttp://www.parrishmed.com/programs_services/wound_hyperbaric.cfm
Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone
Cause: product of photochemical rxns Source: cars, power plants, combustion,
chemical industries Acute Health effects
Severe E/N/T (ear/nose/throat) irritation Eye irritation at 100 ppb Interferes with lung functions
Coughing at 2 ppm Chronic Health Effects
Why do we use ozone as disinfectant for WW?
Irreversible, accelerated lung damage
Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx
Cause: Fuel combustion at high temps Source: mobile and stationary combustion sources Prolonged exposure pulmonary fibrosis,
emphysema, and higher LRI (lower respiratory tract illness) in children
Toxic effects at 10-30 ppm Nose and eye irritation Lung tissue damage
Pulmonary edema (swelling) Bronchitis Defense mechanisms
Pneumonia Aggravate existing heart disease
Criteria Air Pollutants: SOx
Cause: Burning fuel that contains sulfur Source: Electric power generation, diesel trucks Gas and particulate phase Soluble and absorbed by respiratory system Short-term intermittent exposures
Bronchoconstriction (temporary breathing difficulty) E/N/T irritation Mucus secretion
Long-term exposures Respiratory illness Aggravates existing heart disease
Intensified in presence of PM London issues were combination of the two
Criteria Air Pollutants: Lead (Pb)
Source: burning fuels that contain lead (phased out), metal processing, waste incinerators
Absorbed into blood; similar to calcium Accumulates in blood, bones, muscles,
fat Damages organs – kidneys, liver, brain,
reproductive system, bones (osteoporosis) Brain and nervous system – seizures, mental
retardation, behavioral disorders, memory problems, mood changes,
Young children - lower IQ, learning disabilities Heart and blood – high blood pressure and
increased heart disease Chronic poisoning possible
Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/air/air_quality_monitoring/air_pollutants/airborne_lead/
Criteria Air Pollutants: Air Quality Index (AQI)
Do we have a way to determine local air quality? AQI/PSI (formerly Pollutants Std Index)
Assigns numerical rating to air quality of six criteria pollutants (TSP, SO2, CO, O3, NO2, and TSP*SO2)
API Value Air Quality Descriptor
0-50 Good
51-100 Moderate
101-199 Unhealthful
200-299 Very unhealthful
300 Hazardous
Criteria Air Pollutants: Air Quality Index (AQI) Begin by calculating individual subindex for each pollutant Subindex is defined as segmented linear function
What is the index value if 8-hr CO is 9 mg/m^3? Overall API is the MAXIMUM of all the sub-index values
Index Value
24 hr TSP
g/m3
24 hr SO2
g/m3
TSPxSO2
g/m3)2
8 hr COmg/m3
8 hr O3
g/m3
1 hr NO2
g/m3
0 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A
50 75 80 N/A 5 118 N/A
100 260 365 N/A 10 235 N/A
200 375 800 65,000 17 400 1130
300 625 1600 261,000
34 800 2260
400 875 2100 393,000
46 1000 3000
500 1000 2620 490,000
57.5 1200 3750
Criteria Air Pollutants: Air Quality Index (AQI)
Group Work: Calculate the PSI and give a verbal description of air that contains 7 mg/m3 CO (8-hour average), 300 g/m3 TSP (24-hour average), and 300 g/m3 SO2 (24-hour average)?
Reminder: Good (0-50); Moderate (51-100); Unhealthful (100-199); Very Unhealthful (200-299); Hazardous (>300)
Value 24 hr TSP
g/m3
24 hr SO2
g/m3
TSPxSO2
g/m3)2
8 hr COmg/m3
8 hr O3
g/m3
1 hr NO2
g/m3
0 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A
50 75 80 N/A 5 118 N/A
100 260 365 N/A 10 235 N/A
200 375 800 65,000 17 400 1130
300 625 1600 261,000 34 800 2260
400 875 2100 393,000 46 1000 3000
500 1000 2620 490,000 57.5 1200 3750http://www.dep.state.fl.us/air/flaqs/forecast.htm
HAPs: Mercury Elemental Hg inhaled as a vapor,
absorbed by lungs Cause: vaporized mercury Sources: coal combustion, accidental
spill, mining Effects: Nervous system (acute, high),
respiratory system (chronic, low), kidneys, skin, eyes, immune system; Mutagenic properties
Symptoms Acute: chills, nausea, chest
pains/tightness, cough, gingivitis, general malaise
Chronic: weakness, fatigue, weight loss, tremor, behavioral changes istockphoto.com
http://www.istockphoto.com/imageindex/728/1/728179/Mercury_drops_Hg.html
HAPs: Dioxins
Generic term for several chemicals that are highly persistent in the environment
chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs)
chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) certain polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) Cause: burning chlorine-based
compounds with hydrocarbons Sources: waste incinerator
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
3,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl
HAPs: Dioxins Varying toxicity
Generally problems with high exposures
Exact effects of low exposures not really known
Health Effects Carcinogenic
Some are “known human carcinogen” (2,3,7,8 tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD)
Others are “reasonably anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen”
Reproductive and developmental effects
Chloracne
Comparative Photos Showing Yuschenko Immediately Prior To And Immediately Following Dioxin Poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko(Note: this is an extreme case of dioxin poisoning)
Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols
Aerosols with organic origin
Non-viable: pollen, dander, insect excreta, sea salt
Viable: microorganisms Cause: aerosolization of
organic material Sources:
Human: sneezing, coughing Non-human: wind, waves,
WWTP Health Effects: allergies
(pollen) to death (pathogenic organisms)
Pathogenic – Minimum Infectious Dose
Mechanical aeration in oxidation ditch at UF WWTP
Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols
Allergies Pollen, dander, fungi (spores)
Airborne transmission of disease
Bird flu, SARS, Legionnella (pneumonia)
Indoor Air Quality Ventilation Systems – moist
ductwork, protection, recycled air
Office Buildings – Sick Building Syndrome
Hospital (nosocomial) Biological Warfare
Anthrax, Ebola virus
Morning Glory Pollen SEMUniversity of West GA Microscopy Center
http://www.westga.edu/~geosci/wgmc/plants_pics.htm
Other Aerosols: Medicinal Applications
Purposely applied medicine Take advantage of lung’s portal of
entry (GER – thin membrane of alveolar)
Asthma Inhaler
Diabetes Pfizer uses Insulin
http://aerosol_beta.ees.ufl.edu/Healthaerosol/section03-2.html
Review of Lecture Respiratory System and
methods of deposition1. _____________________2. _____________________3. _____________________
Particulate Matter _____________________
Carbon Monoxide _____________________
Ozone _____________________
NOx _____________________
SOx
_____________________ Lead
_____________________ HAPs
Mercury _______________________
Dioxins _______________________
Bioaerosols _____________________