Health, Education and Child Labour

8/8/2019 Health, Education and Child Labour

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A Look into the Linkages Between the Above


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1. Introduction :Inter-relations

2. Health Education - And how productivity isaffected : Case Study on

3. Child Labour Health : Case Study on

4. Child Labour Education : Case Study on

5. Conclusion : Some Solutions


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Health

LabourEducation


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Parents Socio EconomicParents Socio Economic

Status : measured byStatus : measured byincome and educationincome and education

Childs healthChilds health

Childs healthChilds healthFuture EducationFuture Education

and Incomeand Income


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y Displays an Intergenerational Transmission

y Which leads to what? - Chicken and Egg Effect

y Health is however inherently multidimensional anddifficult to summarize in a single index

y Seven health indices (smoking, drinking, body massindex, sleeping, exercise, breakfast, and snacks)

y Income : Too intertwined with education to be factored

out


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y It follows that parents with higher levels of educationtend to bring up healthier kids.

MoreAwareness

aboutHealth

Better Accessto Facilities

Plan andHave

Children

Provide morestable andnurturing

environment

Why?


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y A good education during childhood also leads to goodhealth later in life

y Sick because you cant go to school, or sick becauseyou didnt go? - New studies show that correlationDOES reflect cause and effect

y Dr. Lleras-Muneys study on income-health disparities


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y Poor Education : can lead to limited job options,lower incomes greater work-related stress limit afamily's chances to live in a healthy home andneighbourhood increasing their exposure toharmful conditions further emotional stresses thatcan lead to illness.

y

Better Education : more likely to have jobs thatprovide health insurance coverage to be moreknowledgeable about their health to have moretime to attend to their health. A good education can

lay the foundation for a healthy life.


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505560

65707580859095

100105110

65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95%

Literacy Rate

Literacy Rate and Health in Indonesia

Life Expectancy at Birth Mortality Rate (Under 5)


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Child LaborWork that harms children or keeps them from attendingschool- Child Labor Public Education Project of theUniversity ofIowa

SomeCharacteristics

Violates nations minimum age laws

Threatens childrens physical, mental or emotional well-being

Intolerable abuse, such as child slavery, child trafficking, debtbondage, forced labor etc.


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Occurrence

International LaborOrganization246 million children 5-17

WHO179 million(1 in 8) are trapped in worst forms

Majority are in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, mining etc


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Statistics

Slavery and forced child laborSouth Asia, South-East Asia and West Africa

Prostitution and trafficking of children Girls from Belarus, Russian Federation andUkraine are being transported to Hungary, Poland and the Baltic States

AgricultureSri Lanka, developing Asian countries

MiningDeveloping countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America

Ceramics and glass factory workDeveloping countries in Asia, Morocco

Deep-sea fishingDeveloping Asian countries, especially in Myanmar, Indonesia, thePhilippines and Thailand

Child domestic workersDeveloping Asian countries, Zimbabwe,Morocco


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Causes-Conditions safe for adults may not be safe and healthyfor children due to physical differences

Unskilled & labor-intensive

Inadequate training

Illegal & inappropriate work

Lesser experience

Chemical exposure..e.g. pesticide

Machinery and sharp tools

Unhygienic sanitation


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Effects

Rapid skeletal growth

Development of organs and tissues

Greater risk of hearing loss

Greater need for food and rest

Higher chemical absorption rates

Low heat tolerance

Psychosocial effects

Long hours of work harm childrens social and educational development-US adolescents over 20 hours per week -more problem

behaviorTraumatic effects caused by slavery, soldiering, prostitution, drug trafficking


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Statistics

ILO sponsored survey undertaken in Philippines shows that-60 of economically active children hazardous working-19 exposed to biological hazards-26 chemical and 51%einvironmental

-Of all children workers, 24% suffer work related illness, much higher than thatfor adults


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Measures Taken

In 2006

ILO

set a visionary target-to end worst forms of child labor by 2016

Declining in Asia-Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean

Increasing in sub-Saharan Africa


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CycleVery poor families rely on income from child labor less child labor less

income less foodworse health less educationlow productivity badeconomy


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Inversely relatedDirectly relatedChild Labor- opportunity cost of educationDeveloping countries

Practiced modernization since 1670sFailed- didnt achieve its goal.

Child labor

Global child laborers (International LaborOrganization, ILO)-208 million (2004)- 215 million (2010)


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y Developing countries

y Considered as ridiculous by social norms.

y Poor families may have lower private returns toeducation because the opportunity cost is higher.

y Poverty positively related with hrs of child labor.(Luxury axiom)

y Parental influence (vicious cycle of receiving littleeducation reverse causality is possible)


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Positive correlation

No work more time to invest on education

Opportunity cost of education- working

Higher return on education


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Some cases can negatively effect Education

y Taking away the rights of children to work may meantaking away the minimum opportunities for their

economic subsistence.y Long term effect- no money for education leads to no

education at all.

y Coexist?

y working children attend schooly Lower quality of education receive


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y Parent income, education and employement

y Income shock

y Child wage

y Household sizey Gender

y Birth order

y School cost and quality

y Region of Residence


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In spite of the Cycle, to salvage the solution, we should increase education

standards, enhance health, and fight for child labor


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y http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/health/03aging.html?_r=1

y http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/science/2007010

3_AGING_GRAP

HIC.html

y http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10860298

y Journal of Economic Literature 2009, 47:1, 87-122

http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jel.47.1.

87


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http://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/what_is_chil

d_labor.htmlhttp://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/health_issues.htmlhttp://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/childlabour/en/http://www.ilo.org/ipec/lang--en/http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html

http://www.childinfo

.org/labour_education

.htmlhttp://www.thefreelibrary.com/Child+labor:+developing+country+estimates+dou

ble-a019661621The United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), May 2006, Child ProtectionInformation Sheet from Child LaborRobin Clark-Bennett, Carol Hodne, and Jennifer Sherer, September 2004, ChildLabor and Health: Adult Education WorkshopINTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONFERENCE 99th Session 2010 ReportI(B), Accelerating action against child labourThe GlobalOccupational Health network (Summerr 2005). Topic: Child Labor &Adolescent workers, Issue No. 9, Gohnet NewsletterStephen Bazen and Claire Salmon, Institut de Recherche en Gestion et enEconomie, (May 2005). Parents health and child labor: an empirical analysis offamily labour supply in Bangladesh

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Health, Education and Child Labour