Health and Social Care Revision

Infancy 0-3 Years

Physical • Infants can sit with their head held

steady for a few seconds, if supported• Can get from the lying to sitting position• Learn to crawl• Learn to walk

Intellectual• Know they own name• They understand and obey a couple of

words like no and bye and gestures• Try and join in with nursery ryhmes

Emotional• Bonding with mother and cuddling• Recognize familiar people• Able to express their feelings trying new

things either confident or shy

Social• Babies will smile at their parents• Play alone but near other children • They begin to play with other infants,

they share with each other

Childhood4-11 years

Physical• Become stronger – growth spurts• Head is bigger, but smaller in proportion

to the rest of the body• Muscle tissue increase – baby fat is lost

Intellectual• No longer ego centric• Wider vocabulary• Understand concepts

Emotional• Show affection towards others• Need reassurance from immediate

careers• Has quarrels and temper tantrums

Social• Can be separated from career• Make close friendships• Aware of sexual difference, choose to

play with same sex

Adolescences11 – 18 years

PhysicalPuberty• BOYS; hair growth, voice breaks, spots,

growth spurt, shoulders broaden. Age 12 – 14• GIRLS; periods, hair growth, growth

spurt, spots, breast increase, hips increase Age 10-12

Intellectual• Aware of what others think about you• Compare own life to lives of others• Start to develop strong feelings about

society, e.g. religion and politics

Emotional• Mood swings• At the same time they are looking for a

sense of personal identity, to discover ‘who they are’. One way is by reacting against their parents’ ideas about politics or religion or by drinking and smoking.

• Insecurity; a time when our personality is developed, based on our individual characteristics, habits and experiences.

Social• Take responsibly for themselves –more

independent • Influenced heavily by peers• Conflict with parents

Adulthood 18 - 65

Physical• Gain weight and find it harder to lose weight• Menopause in women – end of periods. 24 – 55

years old take 1 to 4 years

Intellectual• Never stops learning, there is always

something to learn, whether it be a new game or learn what to do with a new job• As adults age they react more slowly and

find it more difficult to remember things under pressure. However to balance this they have learned from experience and are better at problem solving and making decisions. This compensates for any decline in intellectual ability over the life stage.

Emotional• More able to share • Control emotions – sometimes hide

them• Sees things from another persons view

Social• Relationships with parents change• Learn how to behave in a formal social

setting – work• They way you socialize changes

Later adulthood65+

Physical• Skins wrinkles – loss of elasticity• Get tired easily• Hair thins and goes gray – some men get

bald

Intellectual• Due to the deterioration of the nervous

system, they have difficulty remembering things• Reaction times are slower• Become more confused, confusion is

temporary, where are dementia cannot be restored as brain cells cease to function

Emotional• Prepared to listen to others• Give support to others

Social• Some older people miss regular contact with workmates, othersenjoy having more time to spend on their hobbies & interests. Howpeople are affected may depend on their income.• The children of older adults will probably be adults, living their ownlives, sometimes far away. The older person may feel isolated & notneeded, they may have the pleasures of grandchildren, without beingresponsible for them• They may suffer bereavement (death) of close friends, partners,Relatives. They have to adapt to a smaller social circle.

Factors affecting growthPHYSICAL; diet, illness can affect you – a scar

from chicken pox, born with genetic disorders like sickle cell, exercise burns of fat, strengthens muscles and improves endurance, self esteem and immune system

SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL; next pageENVIRONMENTAL; where you live and kind of

house you live inECONOMIC; money and assets

Social & Emotional Factors• Ethnicity and Religion; ethnicity – what culture/race

you are a part of. You may be victim/cause of racism or discrimination.

• Life Experiences; you form stereotypes of things • Gender; gender is more about the your treated• Family; support, you might no have or get on with

them• Friendships; sharing secrets and jokes, trust,

provide support, listen to problems• Educational Experiences;

Age & Appearance • AGE; children rely on their family, where

as adolescences want more independence and they often identify themselves in groups• APPEARANCE; new born baby – no

control. People wear make up, have piercings and tattoos. Diet and exercise can change body shape

Gender & Culture• GENDER; the way society expects people of each

sex to be. E.g. Men – mechanics, builders and women – teachers and nurses.

• CULTURE; diet, values, language, dress, beliefs, music and sport.

Features of RelationshipsFAMILY; - Love- Responsibility- Protection- Sharing - Care- Mutual support

FRIENDSHIPS;- Mutual support- Trusting one another- Make you feel valued- Honest- Giving reassurance- Haring- Providing stimulation- loyalty

INTIMATE/SEXUAL;- Touch- Trust- Companionship- AttractionWORKING;- Loyalty- Respect- Trust- Reliability- Honesty- Co operation

Types of FamiliesNUCLEAR; mother, father and childrenSINGLE/LONE PARENT; either a mother/father

raising the childrenSTEP-FAMILY; when a mother/father remarries

and one of the mom or dad in the new relationship has children. If the new couple have a child – its a half family

LOOKED-AFTER FAMILY; a family who have adopted/fostered a child

Abuse and Neglect• Physical; being hit or punched• Verbal; being called names• Emotional; being deprived of love• Sexual; having intimate relationships with

permission• Psychological; fear – being afraid

VERBAL; it could affect emotional, social and intellectual development, as their self – esteem may be lowered therefore they don’t want to go to school and learn or go out and socialize.

Physical/Sexual;P - scarsI – may not attend school, or when they do cant

concentrateE- unhappy, sad, wont trust againS – wont go out and socialize

Stages of GriefSHOCK & DENIAL; learning the loss with a reaction of

disbelief. Deny the reality of the loss at some level, in order to avoid pain. Shock provides emotional protection from being overwhelmed all at once. May last for several weeks

Pain & Guilt; shock is replaced with suffering of pain – important to experience pain fully and not hideit or escape/avoid it with alcohol or drugs. May have guilty feelings or remorse of things you did or did not do with the loved one.

Anger; you may lash out and lay blame for the death on somebody else. This is time of release of bottled up emotions. You may question “why me”. Also may bargain in vain, e.g. I will stop drinking if you bring that person back

Depression; a long period of sad reflection will overtake you. Finally realise the magnitude of the loss. You may isolate yourself.

Upward Turn; adjust to life without loved one. Life becomes calmer, more organized and less stressful. Depression lifts.

Reconstruction and working through; your mind starts working again and you work on life without them

Acceptance and Hope; accept the reality and will try and find a way through this

Self-ConceptSelf- Image; how we view ourselvesSelf-esteem; how much we like ourselvesIdeal-self; the sort of person you would like to beFactors that affect self-concept; SLAG CAREESexuality Lifestyle Age GenderCulture Appearance Religion Education Environment

KeywordsEGO-CENTRIC; does not think about other people just

themselves.GROSS MOTOR SKILL; moving something with their

big muscles e.g. Picking up a large teddyFINE MOTOR SKILL; moving something small with

their small muscles e.g. Pinching.GENDER ROLE; how they are expected to behaveRACISM; assumptions of peoples raceMILESTONE; an expected pattern of growth or

development is reached

Answering Exam Questions• When it says “... Development” write about

Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, Social• Factors aren't development- take factors from the

question and write how that factor will affect the development

IDENTIFY; to select and list item(s)EXPLAIN; to give reasons and/or the procedure DESCRIBE; to paint a picture in wordsANALYSE; discuss in detailEVALUATE; explain strengths and weaknesses