HDS&OPQ

pcl research paper

Hogan Development Survey & OPQ32iby Gillian Hyde

Reported here are the results of a study looking at the relationship between the HDS and the OPQ32i using a sample of

98 executives. We would like to thank Maria Yapp and Seana McLachlan of Xancam for providing us with the data for

this study.

Hogan Development Survey (HDS)Based on research into management derailment, the HDS identifies 11 patterns of dysfunctional interpersonal leadership

behaviour. These ‘dark side’ tendencies erode trust, loyalty and enthusiasm and are of particular concern in relation to

supervisory, managerial and leadership roles as they can seriously hinder career progression. The HDS, written by Bob

Hogan, measures eleven flawed interpersonal styles that become exaggerated under pressure and are difficult to detect

in interviews.

OPQ 32iThe OPQ 32i is based on an occupational model of personality, developed and published by SHL. There are 32 scales ar-

ranged around the three themes of "Relationships with People", "Thinking Style" and "Feelings and Emotions". These themes

are then further broken down into components measuring Influence, Sociability and Empathy (Relationships with people),

Analysis, Creativity and Change and need for Structure (Thinking style), and Emotion and Dynamism (Feelings and Emo-

tions). Table 1 presents the results of correlations between the HDS and OPQ32i.

Relationships between the OPQ32i and the HDS at the scale levelAll of the scales on the HDS significantly correlated (at the .01 level) with at least one OPQ32i scale, with the exception of

the HDS Passive Aggressive scale. It is also worth noting that while the HDS Eccentric scale did correlate at the .01 level

with two of the OPQ32i scales, the size of these coefficients was less than .30. Taking each of the remaining HDS scales in

turn we will discuss the three OPQ32i scales that they have the strongest relationships with.

Enthusiastic-VolatileThis scale has its three strongest correlations with Optimism (-.35**), Relaxed (-.34**) and Outspoken (.32**) indicating that

high scorers on HDS Volatile tend to focus on the negative, feel tense and find it hard to unwind, and can be inclined to

make their disagreements with others clear. This latter quality of being candid is an aspect of HDS Volatile that is often

overlooked and so it is interesting to see it highlighted in this result.

Shrewd-MistrustfulThe HDS Mistrustful scale has its three strongest correlations with the OPQ32i scales of Trust (-.52**), Competitive (.41**) and

Persuasive (.30**). In OPQ32i terms this suggests that high scorers on HDS Mistrustful are suspicious of others and find it dif-

Copyright © 2008 Psychological Consultancy Ltdwww.psychological-consultancy.com

pcl research paper



Table 1Correlations Between the OPQ 32i and the HDS

VOL MIS CAU DET PAS ARR MAN DRA ECC PER DEP

Pers .05 .30** -.26** -.29** .01 .25* .42** .33** .26* -.07 .09

Cont .09 .17 -.14 -.09 .08 .41** .29** .27** .23* .14 -.09

Outsp .32** .21* -.01 -.09 -.04 .07 .16 .03 .07 .00 -.34**

Ind .25* .26** .18 .29** .22 .13 .01 -.15 .17 .13 -.23*

Out -.03 .13 -.36** -.50** -.02 .28** .58** .39** .20 -.31** -.11

Aff .00 .11 -.03 -.29** .07 .00 .30** .17 -.07 -.26** .07

Soc -.19 .02 -.43** -.28** -.14 .00 .37** .29** .16 -.17 -.02

Mod -.08 -.02 .32** .21* -.02 -.38** -.37** -.25* -.16 .02 -.06

Dem -.11 -.11 -.06 -.09 -.07 -.02 .11 -.09 -.06 .02 .31**

Care -.16 -.21* .12 .02 .06 -.29** -.19 -.05 .02 -.00 .24*

Data -.06 -.27** .11 .16 .06 -.10 -.47** -.28** -.23* .19 .17

Eval .11 -.04 .12 .19 -.05 -.02 -.32** -.14 .01 .25* -.03

Beh -.18 .09 -.14 -.25* .07 -.03 .11 .10 .04 -.01 .04

Conv .13 -.05 .30** .31** .10 -.27** -.41** -.39** -.12 .24* .24*

Conc .09 -.15 .18 .18 .06 -.24* -.23* -.30** -.07 -.10 -.02

Inn .03 .01 -.15 -.12 -.02 .28** .27** .28** .18 -.07 -.03

Var .12 .19 -.05 .01 -.11 -.03 .05 .11 -.00 -.27** .14

Adap .16 .18 .15 .01 -.06 -.25* -.06 .08 -.13 -.19 .12

Forw -.08 .01 -.21* -.16 -.00 .26** .22* .16 .25* .05 -.10

Det -.05 -.08 .07 .19 .25* .09 -.39** -.18 -.12 .56** -.03

Consc .05 -.07 .02 .07 .06 .06 -.20* -.11 -.03 .41** .01

Rule .04 -.17 .29** .40** -.06 -.12 .35** -.31** -.25* .30** .20*

Rel -.34** -.28** -.15 -.06 -.06 .01 .13 .19 .08 -.23* .07

Worr .27** -.03 .50** .36** .02 -.39** -.34** -.33** -.27** .03 .20

Tough -.22* -.22* -.29** -.06 -.26* -.08 .02 .01 .03 -.18 -.08

Opt -.35** -.27** -.01 .11 -.16 -.00 -.08 -.05 -.07 -.09 .03

Trust -.18 -.52** .03 -.02 -.08 -.23* -.18 -.13 -.26** -.17 .34**

Emo .05 .01 .27** .36** .06 -.26* -.35** -.35** -.09 .19 -.10

Vig .04 -.04 -.11 -.10 -.02 .08 .05 .06 -.06 -.08 -.24*

Comp .11 .41** .05 -.08 -.11 .23* .23* .22* .05 .07 -.14

Ach .04 .06 -.19 -.02 .02 .29** .19 .08 .10 .04 -.13

Dec -.00 .09 -.15 -.10 .05 .18 .21* .31** .15 -.25* -.31**

Note: Pers=Persuasive; Cont=Controlling; Outsp=Outspoken; Ind=Independent Minded; Out=Outgoing; Aff=Affiliative; Soc=Socially Confident; Mod=Modest; Dem=Democratic; Care=Caring; Data=Data Rational; Eval=Evaluative; Beh=Behavioural; Conv=Conventional; Conc=Conceptual; Inn=Innovative; Var=Variety seeking; Adap=Adaptable; Forw=Forward thinking; Det=Detail conscious; Consc=Conscientious; Rule=Rule following; Rel=Relaxed; Worr=Worrying; Tough=Tough minded; Opt=Optimistic; Trust=Trusting; Emo=Emotionally controlled; Vig=Vigorous; Comp=Competitive; Ach=Achieving; Dec=DecisiveN = 98 *p < .05 **p < .01Raw data kindly provided by Xancam

pcl research paper



ficult to trust them, like to win and enjoy competitive activities, and that they can enjoy persuading others and trying to

change their views.

Careful-CautiousThe HDS Cautious scale has its three highest correlations with OPQ32i Worrying (.50**), Socially Confident (-.43**) and Out-

going (-.36**). This indicates that high scorers on the HDS Cautious scale are more likely to feel nervous and worry about

negative outcomes, may feel awkward in unfamiliar situations and prefer not to be the centre of attention.

Independent-DetachedThis scale has its three largest correlations with Outgoing (-.50**), Rule following (.40**) and equally, at .36**, with Worrying

and Emotionally controlled. These relationships with the OPQ32i paint a picture of a reserved individual who doesn't like to

break the rules and who is somewhat nervous and worried but who can keep their feelings and emotions hidden.

Focused-Passive AggressiveThere were no significant correlations with any scales of the OPQ32i reinforcing the view that this HDS scale is particularly

complex and has no obvious correlate with normal personality.

Confident-ArrogantThe HDS Arrogant scale has its strongest correlations with Controlling (.41**), Worrying (-.39**) and Modest (-.38**) suggesting

that those who score high on HDS Arrogant are likely to be people who take control of situations and who enjoy being in

charge, they feel calm and unflustered at key events, and they probably enjoy talking about their own achievements.

Charming-ManipulativeThis scale correlates most strongly with the OPQ32i scales Outgoing (.58**), Data Rational (-.47**) and Persuasive (.42**)

indicating that high scorers on HDS Manipulative will be sociable and lively in group situations, that they like to work with

opinions and feelings rather than facts and figures, and that they are happy to sell to, negotiate and persuade others.

Vivacious-DramaticHDS Dramatic has its strongest relationships with the OPQ32i scales Outgoing (.39**), Conventional (-.39**) and Emotionally

controlled (-.35**). This pattern of results indicates that high scorers on HDS Dramatic will be talkative and enjoy being the

centre of attention, they will prefer unconventional approaches to work and that they may be inclined to display their

emotions.

Imaginative-EccentricAs mentioned in the introduction this scale had no correlations above .30 with any OPQ32i scales. This should not really be

surprising as the HDS Eccentric scale does not have any obvious links with normal personality.

pcl research paper



Diligent-PerfectionisticThis scale correlated positively with Detail Conscious (.56**), Conscientious (.41**) and negatively with Outgoing (-.31**).

This reflects tendencies for high scorers on HDS Perfectionistic to be methodical, detail conscious, organised, conscientious

about completing work, and perhaps quieter and more reserved in social situations.

Dutiful-DependentThis scale correlated negatively with Outspoken (-.34**), positively with Trusting (.34**) and equally but in opposite direc-

tions with Democratic (.31**) and Decisive (-.31**). These results indicate that high scorers on HDS Dependent are unlikely

to openly criticise others and may not like to put forward their own opinions; they are trusting individuals who prefer not to

make decisions alone and they tend to be quite cautious about making decisions.

Relationships between the OPQ32i and the HDS at the cluster level The 11 scales of the HDS fall into 3 clusters that characterise the underlying insecurity or anxiety for any particular scale.

Moving Away clusterThe first 5 scales of the HDS – from Enthusiastic-Volatile to Focused Passive-Aggressive – are in the Moving Away cluster. The

Moving Away scales combine themes of insecurity, mistrust, hostility and social withdrawal.

Moving Against clusterThe second cluster, Moving Against, relates to the next four scales of the HDS – Confident-Arrogant through to Imaginative-

Eccentric. The Moving Against cluster of scales share aspects of social self-confidence, impulsivity, energy, competitiveness,

and a talent for self-display.

Moving Towards clusterThe final cluster, Moving Towards, contains the HDS scales Diligent-Perfectionistic and Dutiful-Dependent and these scales

share themes of conformity, obedience, and eagerness to please.

Looking at the relationships between the OPQ32i scales and the HDS scales, there are clearly six OPQ32i scales that show

striking patterns of results across the Moving Away, Moving Against, Moving Towards themes. This pattern of results is shown

graphically in Figure 1 and is described in detail below.

1. OPQ32i Outgoing scale The OPQ32i Outgoing scale has generally low or negative relationships with the Moving Away scales, generally high posi-

tive with Moving Against and negative with Moving Towards.

2. OPQ32i ModestOPQ32i Modest relates mostly at around the zero or positive level with Moving Away scales, strongly negatively with Mov-

ing Against and at around the zero level with Moving Towards.

pcl research paper



3. OPQ32i ConventionalThe Conventional scale has broadly low or positive relationships with Moving Away, strongly negative relationships with

Moving Against and positive relationships with Moving Towards.

4. OPQ32i InnovativeInnovative tends to have zero or low negative relationships with Moving Away scales, significantly positive with Moving

Against (except interestingly enough, Eccentric), and zero or negative with Moving Towards.

5. OPQ32i WorryingThe OPQ32i scale Worrying has strongly positive relationships with most of the Moving Away scales, strongly negative with

Moving Against and zero or positive with Moving Towards.

6. OPQ32i Emotionally ControlledFinally, the Emotionally Controlled scale relates at the zero level or positively with Moving Away, strongly negatively with

most Moving Against scales and non-significantly with Moving Towards.

These relationships between the OPQ32i and the HDS clusters provide (a) important interpretive information for these 6

OPQ32i scales and (b) support for the HDS taxonomy and its factor structure.

Figure 1Noteworthy relationships between OPQ32i and HDS across the Moving Away, Against and Towards clusters

Documents

HDS&OPQ