Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Ministry of Water and Irrigation
Groundwater in AZRAQ Basin
JORDAN : FOURTH DRIEST COUNTRY IN THE
WORLD
Jordan is an arid to semi arid country
An area of about 90.000 km2.
A population of 6 million.. Annual growth
rate of about 2.2 %
High flow of refugees from surrounding
countries adds burden to water supply
system due to instability in the region .
About 73% of the population lives in
urban areas concentrated in the northern
and middle parts of Jordan .
JORDAN IN FACTS AND FIGURES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jordan_pop.png
ِAverage Annual Rainfall
• High Land
400 – 600 mm (2.9%)
• Jordan Valley 50-300 mm (5.7%)
• Desert Area (Badia) 50 – 200 mm (91.4%)
Aquifer Safe Yield
MCM/yr
1) Amman-zarqa 60-70
2) Azraq 30-35
3) Yarmouk 30-35
4) Jordan River
Side Wadis
28-32
5) Jordan River 15-20
6) Dead Sea 40-50
7) Hammad 11-12
8) Sarhan 7-10
9) Jafr 7-10
10) Disi / Mdawara 2-3
ً 11) Wadi Araba /
North
5-7
12) Wadi Araba /
South
4-6
Total 240-294
Ground Water Basins
Hammad
Sarhan
Azraq
Yarmouk
Dead Sea
AlJafar
Amman-
zarqa
Wadi
araba-
South Disi-Mdawara
flow direction of
geound water
Jordan Valley
JV Side
Wadis
CHALLENGES
Populationgrowth (2.5%/year) and large refugee influxes.
Rising water needs for
expanding economic sectors, such as industry and tourism.
High rate of non-revenue-
water at around 40%. Limited funding and private
sector participation.
Weak coordination with neighboring countries of shared water resources.
Limited energy sources and high dependency on foreign sources (96% of energy comes from imported oil and gas ).
Climate change predictions:
20-25% decrease and strong variability of rainfall; temperature rise of 2ºC
Long distances between areas
of high consumption and of abstraction high transportation costs.
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
Jordan is heavily dependent on groundwater resources (over 50% of supply).
10 out of the 12 groundwater basins are over-exploited.
Agriculture is the largest water consumer with 56% of the water use in
Jordan in 2011.
Municipal
347 MCM
39 %
Livestock
8 MCM
ca 1%
Industrial
37 MCM
4 %
Irrigation
506 MCM
56 %
Water consumption in Jordan
by sector (2011)
8
OVERVIEW
Basin size: the largest in Jordan
Safe yield: 34 MCM
Elevation: 500 – 1500 masl
Rainfall: 50 - 400 mm/year
Uniqueness: Azraq Oasis
s
9
AZRAQ BASIN WATER RESOURCES
Surface Water
Wadi System with seasonal runoff
Two main springs; Druze and shishan
Groundwater
The Upper Shallow Aquifer
The Middle Limestone aquifer
The Deep Sand stone Aquifer
10
AZRAQ BASIN DILEMMA
- Groundwater over exploitation
- Around 20 m drawdown in the water table level
Continuous deterioration of water quality.
Ground water over-abstraction has led to complete cessation of the
two main springs
Azraq oasis problem; drought.
Very high évapotranspiration
11
OVER ABSTRACTION FROM GROUND WATER BASINS IN
JORDAN
GROUNDWATER BASINS SAFE YIELD (MCM/YEAR) ABSTRACTION (MCM/YEAR) % OF OVER ABSTRACTION
1. JAFR 9,00 24 267%
2. AZRAQ 24 54 225%
3. SIDE WADIS 15 28,5 190%
4. AMMAN-ZARQA 87,5 155 177%
5. NORTHERN WADI ARABA 3,5 5,75 164%
6. SOUTHERN WADI ARABA 5,5 8 145%
7. JORDAN RIVER 21 30 143%
8. DEAD SEA 57 81 142%
9. YARMOUK 40 51 128%
10. SARHAN 5 1 20%
11. HAMMAD 8 0,75 9%
12. DISI AND MUDAWARRA (125) 61,5 Non-renewable
TOTAL 275,50 500,50 182%
12
AZRAQ BASIN – AVG. TREND -1.3 M/YR
AS RESULT OF OVER PUMPING
13
SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN SALINITY IN MOST
WELLS
17 wells in deep 200m are operated since the 80s.
Change of quality was detected in water
withdrawn from AWSA wells.
Salt water confined at the center of the basin.
15
In order to enhance the groundwater management in
Azraq basin the groundwater resources monitoring is
highly needed.
MWI requested KFW to support monitoring project by
using new technology.
Installing of egis- imaGeau Equipment's at AWSA
wellfield in Azraq basin.
Enhancing sustainable GW management by application
of real –Time and high temporal monitoring schemes.
Monitoring project to evolution of the
brackish in AWSA wellfield by :
• Measuring electrical conductivity
• Measuring Water level
• Groundwater flow direction
17
AWSA WELLFIELD
18
SALT-WATER INTRUSION
19
PROJECTION OF SALT-WATER INTRUSION
Immediate ACTION: set up a hydraulic barrier to
confine the brackish water plume :
• increase maximum volume extraction from
southern part of well field (AWSA 12,13,15)
• Install treatment plant (reverse osmosis) to treat
the brackish water
• Mix treated water with groundwater abstracted
from the Northern part of the wellfield
• Pipe and discharge the brines to Qa Al’Azraq for
natural evaporation
21
Thank you