Harvey B Newman, CaltechHarvey B Newman, Caltech

Optical Networks and GridsOptical Networks and GridsMeeting the Advanced Network Needs of ScienceMeeting the Advanced Network Needs of Science

May 7, 2002May 7, 2002http://l3www.cern.ch/~newman/HENPGridsNets_I2Mem050702.ppthttp://l3www.cern.ch/~newman/HENPGridsNets_I2Mem050702.ppt

HENP HENP Grids and NetworksGrids and Networks Global Virtual Organizations Global Virtual Organizations

Computing Challenges: Computing Challenges: Petabyes, Petaflops, Global VOsPetabyes, Petaflops, Global VOs

Geographical dispersion:Geographical dispersion: of people and resources of people and resources Complexity:Complexity: the detector and the LHC environment the detector and the LHC environment Scale: Scale: Tens of Petabytes per year of dataTens of Petabytes per year of data

5000+ Physicists 250+ Institutes 60+ Countries

Major challenges associated with:Major challenges associated with:Communication and collaboration at a distanceCommunication and collaboration at a distance

Managing globally distributed computing & data resources Managing globally distributed computing & data resources Cooperative software development and physics analysisCooperative software development and physics analysis

New Forms of Distributed Systems: Data GridsNew Forms of Distributed Systems: Data Grids

Four LHC Experiments: The Four LHC Experiments: The Petabyte to Exabyte Petabyte to Exabyte

ChallengeChallengeATLAS, CMS, ALICE, LHCBATLAS, CMS, ALICE, LHCB

Higgs + New particles; Quark-Gluon Plasma; CP ViolationHiggs + New particles; Quark-Gluon Plasma; CP Violation

Data storedData stored ~40 Petabytes/Year and UP; ~40 Petabytes/Year and UP; CPU CPU 0.30 Petaflops and UP 0.30 Petaflops and UP

0.1 to 1 Exabyte (1 EB = 100.1 to 1 Exabyte (1 EB = 101818 Bytes) Bytes) (2007) (~2012 ?) for the LHC Experiments(2007) (~2012 ?) for the LHC Experiments

All charged tracks with pt > 2 GeV

Reconstructed tracks with pt > 25 GeV

(+30 minimum bias events)

109 events/sec, selectivity: 1 in 1013 (1 person in a thousand world populations)

LHC: Higgs Decay into 4 muons LHC: Higgs Decay into 4 muons (Tracker only); 1000X LEP Data Rate(Tracker only); 1000X LEP Data Rate

LHC Data Grid HierarchyLHC Data Grid Hierarchy

Tier 1

Tier2 Center

Online System

CERN 700k SI95 ~1 PB Disk; Tape Robot

FNAL: 200k SI95; 600 TBIN2P3 Center INFN Center RAL Center

InstituteInstituteInstituteInstitute ~0.25TIPS

Workstations

~100-400 MBytes/sec

2.5 Gbps

0.1–1 GbpsPhysicists work on analysis “channels”

Each institute has ~10 physicists working on one or more channels

Physics data cache

~PByte/sec

~2.5 Gbps

Tier2 CenterTier2 CenterTier2 Center

~2.5 Gbps

Tier 0 +1

Tier 3

Tier 4

Tier2 Center Tier 2

Experiment

CERN/Outside Resource Ratio ~1:2Tier0/( Tier1)/( Tier2) ~1:1:1

Next Generation Networks for Experiments: Goals and NeedsNext Generation Networks for Experiments: Goals and Needs

Providing rapid access to event samples, subsets Providing rapid access to event samples, subsets and analyzed physics results from massive data storesand analyzed physics results from massive data stores From Petabytes by 2002, ~100 Petabytes by 2007, From Petabytes by 2002, ~100 Petabytes by 2007,

to ~1 Exabyte by ~2012. to ~1 Exabyte by ~2012. Advanced integrated applications, such as Data Grids, Advanced integrated applications, such as Data Grids,

rely on seamless operation of our LANs and WANsrely on seamless operation of our LANs and WANs With reliable, monitored, quantifiable high performanceWith reliable, monitored, quantifiable high performance

Providing analyzed results with rapid turnaround, byProviding analyzed results with rapid turnaround, bycoordinating and managing the coordinating and managing the LIMITED LIMITED computing, computing, data handling and data handling and NETWORK NETWORK resources effectivelyresources effectively

Enabling rapid access to the data and the collaborationEnabling rapid access to the data and the collaboration Across an ensemble of networks of varying capabilityAcross an ensemble of networks of varying capability

Large data samples explored and analyzed by thousands of Large data samples explored and analyzed by thousands of globally dispersed scientists, in hundreds of teamsglobally dispersed scientists, in hundreds of teams

Baseline BW for the US-CERN Link:Baseline BW for the US-CERN Link: HENP Transatlantic WG (DOE+NSF HENP Transatlantic WG (DOE+NSF))

US-CERN Link: 622 Mbps this monthUS-CERN Link: 622 Mbps this month DataTAG 2.5 Gbps Research Link in Summer 2002DataTAG 2.5 Gbps Research Link in Summer 2002 10 Gbps Research Link by Approx. Mid-200310 Gbps Research Link by Approx. Mid-2003

Transoceanic Networking

Integrated with the Abilene,

TeraGrid, Regional Nets

and Continental Network

Infrastructuresin US, Europe,

Asia, South America

Baseline evolution typicalBaseline evolution typicalof major HENPof major HENP

links 2001-2006 links 2001-2006

Transatlantic Net WG (HN, L. Price) Bandwidth Requirements [*]

Transatlantic Net WG (HN, L. Price) Bandwidth Requirements [*]

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

CMS 100 200 300 600 800 2500

ATLAS 50 100 300 600 800 2500

BaBar 300 600 1100 1600 2300 3000

CDF 100 300 400 2000 3000 6000

D0 400 1600 2400 3200 6400 8000

BTeV 20 40 100 200 300 500

DESY 100 180 210 240 270 300

CERN BW

155-310

622 2500 5000 10000 20000

[*] [*] Installed BW. Maximum Link Occupancy 50% Installed BW. Maximum Link Occupancy 50%

AssumedAssumed

See http://gate.hep.anl.gov/lprice/TANSee http://gate.hep.anl.gov/lprice/TAN

AMS-IX Internet Exchange Throughput Accelerating Growth in Europe (NL)

AMS-IX Internet Exchange Throughput Accelerating Growth in Europe (NL)

Monthly Traffic2X Growth from 8/00 - 3/01;2X Growth from 8/01 - 12/01 ↓

2.0 Gbps

4.0 Gbps

6.0 GbpsHourly Traffic

3/22/02

Emerging Emerging Data GridData Grid User Communities User Communities

NSF Network for Earthquake Engineering NSF Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES)Simulation (NEES) Integrated instrumentation, Integrated instrumentation,

collaboration, simulationcollaboration, simulation Grid Physics Network (GriPhyN)Grid Physics Network (GriPhyN)

ATLAS, CMS, LIGO, SDSSATLAS, CMS, LIGO, SDSS Access Grid; VRVS: supporting Access Grid; VRVS: supporting

group-based collaborationgroup-based collaboration

AndAnd Genomics, Proteomics, ...Genomics, Proteomics, ... The Earth System Grid and EOSDISThe Earth System Grid and EOSDIS Federating Brain DataFederating Brain Data Computed MicroTomography Computed MicroTomography …… Virtual Observatories Virtual Observatories

Upcoming Grid Challenges: SecureWorkflow Management and Optimization

Upcoming Grid Challenges: SecureWorkflow Management and Optimization

Maintaining a Maintaining a Global ViewGlobal View of Resources and System State of Resources and System State Coherent end-to-end System MonitoringCoherent end-to-end System Monitoring Adaptive Learning: new paradigms for execution Adaptive Learning: new paradigms for execution

optimization (eventually automated)optimization (eventually automated) Workflow Management,Workflow Management, Balancing Policy Versus Balancing Policy Versus

Moment-to-moment Capability to Complete TasksMoment-to-moment Capability to Complete Tasks Balance High Levels of Usage of Limited Resources Balance High Levels of Usage of Limited Resources

Against Better Turnaround Times for Priority JobsAgainst Better Turnaround Times for Priority Jobs Matching Resource Usage to Policy Over the Long Matching Resource Usage to Policy Over the Long

TermTerm Goal-Oriented Algorithms; SteeringGoal-Oriented Algorithms; Steering Requests Requests

According to (Yet to be Developed) MetricsAccording to (Yet to be Developed) Metrics Handling User-Grid Interactions: Guidelines; AgentsHandling User-Grid Interactions: Guidelines; Agents Building Higher Level Services, and an IntegratedBuilding Higher Level Services, and an Integrated

Scalable (Agent-Based) User Environment for the AboveScalable (Agent-Based) User Environment for the Above

((Physicists’) Application CodesPhysicists’) Application Codes Experiments’ Software Framework LayerExperiments’ Software Framework Layer

Modular and Grid-aware: Architecture able to Modular and Grid-aware: Architecture able to interact effectively with the lower layers interact effectively with the lower layers

Grid Applications LayerGrid Applications Layer (Parameters and algorithms that govern system operations)(Parameters and algorithms that govern system operations)

Policy and priority metricsPolicy and priority metrics Workflow evaluation metricsWorkflow evaluation metrics Task-Site Coupling proximity metricsTask-Site Coupling proximity metrics

Global End-to-End System Services LayerGlobal End-to-End System Services Layer Monitoring and Tracking Component performanceMonitoring and Tracking Component performance Workflow monitoring and evaluation mechanismsWorkflow monitoring and evaluation mechanisms Error recovery and redirection mechanismsError recovery and redirection mechanisms System self-monitoring, evaluation and System self-monitoring, evaluation and

optimizationoptimization mechanisms mechanisms

Application Architecture: Application Architecture: Interfacing to the GridInterfacing to the Grid

COJAC: CMS ORCA Java Analysis Component: Java3D Objectivity JNI

Web Services

COJAC: CMS ORCA Java Analysis Component: Java3D Objectivity JNI

Web Services

Demonstrated Caltech-Riode Janeiro (Feb.) and ChileDemonstrated Caltech-Riode Janeiro (Feb.) and Chile

The simulation program developed within MONARC (MModels odels OOf f NNetworked etworked AAnalysis At nalysis At RRegional egional CCenters) enters) uses a process- oriented approach for discrete event simulation, and provides a realistic modelling tool for large scale distributed systems.

Modeling and Simulation:Modeling and Simulation:MONARC System (I. Legrand)MONARC System (I. Legrand)

SIMULATION of Complex Distributed Systems for LHC

MONARC SONN: 3 Regional Centres MONARC SONN: 3 Regional Centres Learning to Export Jobs (Day 9)Learning to Export Jobs (Day 9)

NUST20 CPUs

CERN30 CPUs

CALTECH25 CPUs

1MB/s ; 150 ms RTT

1.2 MB

/s

150 ms R

TT

0

.8 M

B/s

200

ms

RTT

Day = 9

<E> = 0.73

<E> = 0.66

<E> = 0.83

By I. Legrand

TeraGrid (www.teragrid.org)TeraGrid (www.teragrid.org)NCSA, ANL, SDSC, CaltechNCSA, ANL, SDSC, Caltech

NCSA/UIUC

ANL

UIC Multiple Carrier Hubs

Starlight / NW UnivStarlight / NW Univ

Ill Inst of Tech

Univ of ChicagoIndianapolis (Abilene NOC)

I-WIRE

Caltech

San Diego

DTF Backplane: 4 X 10 Gbps

AbileneChicago

Indianapolis

Urbana

OC-48 (2.5 Gb/s, Abilene)Multiple 10 GbE (Qwest)Multiple 10 GbE (I-WIRE Dark Fiber)

Source: Charlie Catlett, Argonne

A Preview of the Grid Hierarchyand Networks of the LHC Era

NLNLSURFnet

GENEVA

UKUKSuperJANET4

ABILENE

ABILENE

ESNETESNET

CALREN

CALREN

ItItGARR-B

GEANT

NewYork

FrFrRenater

STAR-TAP

STARLIGHT

DataTAG ProjectDataTAG Project

EU-Solicited Project. EU-Solicited Project. CERNCERN, PPARC (UK), Amsterdam (NL), and INFN (IT);, PPARC (UK), Amsterdam (NL), and INFN (IT);and US (DOE/NSF: UIC, NWU and Caltech) partnersand US (DOE/NSF: UIC, NWU and Caltech) partners

Main Aims: Main Aims: Ensure maximum interoperability between US and EU Grid ProjectsEnsure maximum interoperability between US and EU Grid ProjectsTransatlantic Testbed for advanced network researchTransatlantic Testbed for advanced network research

2.5 Gbps Wavelength Triangle 7/02 (10 Gbps Triangle in 2003)2.5 Gbps Wavelength Triangle 7/02 (10 Gbps Triangle in 2003)

Wave

Triangle

RNP Brazil (to 20 Mbps)

FIU Miami/So. America (to 80 Mbps)

A Short List: Revolutions in Information Technology (2002-7)

A Short List: Revolutions in Information Technology (2002-7)

Managed Managed Global Data Grids (As Above)Global Data Grids (As Above) Scalable Data-Intensive Metro and Long HaulScalable Data-Intensive Metro and Long Haul

Network TechnologiesNetwork Technologies DWDM: 10 Gbps then 40 Gbps per DWDM: 10 Gbps then 40 Gbps per ; ;

1 to 10 Terabits/sec per fiber 1 to 10 Terabits/sec per fiber 10 Gigabit Ethernet (See www.10gea.org) 10 Gigabit Ethernet (See www.10gea.org)

10GbE / 10 Gbps LAN/WAN integration 10GbE / 10 Gbps LAN/WAN integration Metro Buildout and Optical Cross ConnectsMetro Buildout and Optical Cross Connects Dynamic Provisioning Dynamic Provisioning Dynamic Path Building Dynamic Path Building

““Lambda GridsLambda Grids” ” Defeating the “Last Mile” ProblemDefeating the “Last Mile” Problem

(Wireless; or Ethernet in the First Mile) (Wireless; or Ethernet in the First Mile) 3G and 4G Wireless Broadband (from ca. 2003);3G and 4G Wireless Broadband (from ca. 2003);

and/or Fixed Wireless “Hotspots” and/or Fixed Wireless “Hotspots” Fiber to the HomeFiber to the Home Community-Owned NetworksCommunity-Owned Networks

Key Network Issues & Challenges

Key Network Issues & Challenges

Net Infrastructure Requirements for High ThroughputNet Infrastructure Requirements for High Throughput Packet Loss must be ~Zero (at and below 10Packet Loss must be ~Zero (at and below 10-6-6))

I.e. No “Commodity” networksI.e. No “Commodity” networks Need to track down uncongested packet lossNeed to track down uncongested packet loss

No Local infrastructure bottlenecksNo Local infrastructure bottlenecks Multiple Gigabit Ethernet “clear paths” between Multiple Gigabit Ethernet “clear paths” between

selected host pairs are needed nowselected host pairs are needed now To 10 Gbps Ethernet paths by 2003 or 2004To 10 Gbps Ethernet paths by 2003 or 2004

TCP/IP stack configuration and tuning Absolutely RequiredTCP/IP stack configuration and tuning Absolutely Required Large Windows; Possibly Multiple StreamsLarge Windows; Possibly Multiple Streams New Concepts of New Concepts of Fair UseFair Use Must then be Developed Must then be Developed

Careful Router, Server, Client, Interface configuration Careful Router, Server, Client, Interface configuration Sufficient CPU, I/O and NIC throughput sufficientSufficient CPU, I/O and NIC throughput sufficient

End-to-endEnd-to-end monitoring and tracking of performance monitoring and tracking of performance Close collaboration with local and “regional” network staffsClose collaboration with local and “regional” network staffs

TCP Does Not Scale to the 1-10 Gbps RangeTCP Does Not Scale to the 1-10 Gbps Range

True End to End Experience

User perception ApplicationOperating systemHost IP stackHost network cardLocal Area Network Campus backbone

networkCampus link to regional

network/GigaPoPGigaPoP link to

Internet2 national backbones

International connections

EYEBALL

APPLICATION

STACK

JACK

NETWORK

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

Internet2 HENP WG [*]Internet2 HENP WG [*] Mission: To help ensure that the requiredMission: To help ensure that the required

National and international network infrastructuresNational and international network infrastructures(end-to-end)(end-to-end)

Standardized tools and facilities for high performance Standardized tools and facilities for high performance and end-to-end monitoring and tracking, andand end-to-end monitoring and tracking, and

Collaborative systemsCollaborative systems are developed and deployed in a timely manner, and used are developed and deployed in a timely manner, and used

effectively to meet the needs of the US LHC and other major effectively to meet the needs of the US LHC and other major HENP Programs, as well as the at-large scientific community.HENP Programs, as well as the at-large scientific community. To carry out these developments in a way that is To carry out these developments in a way that is

broadly applicable across many fields broadly applicable across many fields Formed an Internet2 WG as a suitable framework: Formed an Internet2 WG as a suitable framework:

Oct. 26 2001 Oct. 26 2001 [*] Co-Chairs: S. McKee (Michigan), H. Newman (Caltech);[*] Co-Chairs: S. McKee (Michigan), H. Newman (Caltech);

Sec’y J. Williams (Indiana) Sec’y J. Williams (Indiana) Website: Website: http://www.internet2.edu/henphttp://www.internet2.edu/henp; also see the Internet2; also see the Internet2

End-to-end Initiative: End-to-end Initiative: http://www.internet2.edu/e2ehttp://www.internet2.edu/e2e

A Short List: Coming Revolutions in Information Technology

A Short List: Coming Revolutions in Information Technology

Storage VirtualizationStorage Virtualization Grid-enabled Storage Resource Middleware (SRM)Grid-enabled Storage Resource Middleware (SRM) iSCSI (Internet Small Computer Storage Interface);iSCSI (Internet Small Computer Storage Interface);

Integrated with 10 GbE Integrated with 10 GbE Global File Systems Global File Systems Internet Information Software TechnologiesInternet Information Software Technologies

Global Information “Broadcast” ArchitectureGlobal Information “Broadcast” ArchitectureE.g the Multipoint Information Distribution E.g the Multipoint Information Distribution

Protocol (Tie.Liao@inria.fr)Protocol (Tie.Liao@inria.fr) Programmable Coordinated Agent ArchitecturesProgrammable Coordinated Agent Architectures

E.g. Mobile Agent Reactive Spaces (MARS)E.g. Mobile Agent Reactive Spaces (MARS) by Cabri et al., University of Modena by Cabri et al., University of Modena

The “Data Grid” - Human InterfaceThe “Data Grid” - Human Interface Interactive monitoring and control of Grid resources Interactive monitoring and control of Grid resources

By authorized groups and individualsBy authorized groups and individualsBy Autonomous AgentsBy Autonomous Agents

HENP Major Links: Bandwidth Roadmap (Scenario) in Gbps

HENP Major Links: Bandwidth Roadmap (Scenario) in Gbps

Year Production Experimental Remarks

2001 0.155 0.622-2.5 SONET/SDH

2002 0.622 2.5 SONET/SDH DWDM; GigE Integ.

2003 2.5 10 DWDM; 1 + 10 GigE Integration

2004 10 2-4 X 10 Switch; Provisioning

2005 2-4 X 10 ~10 X 10; 40 Gbps

1st Gen. Grids

2006 ~10 X 10 or 1-2 X 40

~5 X 40 or ~20-50 X 10

40 Gbps Switching

2008 ~5 X 40 or

~20 X 10

~25 X 40 or ~100 X 10

2nd Gen Grids Terabit Networks

2010 ~Terabit ~MultiTerabit ~Fill One Fiber or Use a Few Fibers

HENP Scenario Limitations:Technologies and Costs

HENP Scenario Limitations:Technologies and Costs

Router Technology and Costs Router Technology and Costs (Ports and Backplane) (Ports and Backplane)

Computer CPU, Disk and I/O ChannelComputer CPU, Disk and I/O Channel Speeds to Send and Receive Data Speeds to Send and Receive Data

Link Costs: Unless Dark Fiber (?)Link Costs: Unless Dark Fiber (?) MultiGigabit Transmission Protocols MultiGigabit Transmission Protocols

End-to-End End-to-End ““100 GbE” Ethernet (or something else) by100 GbE” Ethernet (or something else) by

~2006: for LANs to match WAN speeds ~2006: for LANs to match WAN speeds

HENP Lambda Grids:Fibers for Physics

HENP Lambda Grids:Fibers for Physics

Problem: Extract “Small” Data Subsets of 1 to 100 Terabytes Problem: Extract “Small” Data Subsets of 1 to 100 Terabytes from 1 to 1000 Petabyte Data Storesfrom 1 to 1000 Petabyte Data Stores

Survivability of the HENP Global Grid System, with Survivability of the HENP Global Grid System, with hundreds of such transactions per day (circa 2007)hundreds of such transactions per day (circa 2007)requires that each transaction be completed in a requires that each transaction be completed in a relatively short time. relatively short time.

Example: Take 800 secs to complete the transaction. ThenExample: Take 800 secs to complete the transaction. Then Transaction Size (TB)Transaction Size (TB) Net Throughput (Gbps)Net Throughput (Gbps) 1 101 10 10 10010 100 100 1000 (Capacity of 100 1000 (Capacity of

Fiber Today) Fiber Today) Summary: Providing Switching of 10 Gbps wavelengthsSummary: Providing Switching of 10 Gbps wavelengths

within 2-3 years; and Terabit Switching within 5-7 yearswithin 2-3 years; and Terabit Switching within 5-7 yearswould enable “Petascale Grids with Terabyte transactions”,would enable “Petascale Grids with Terabyte transactions”,as required to fully realize the discovery potential of major HENP as required to fully realize the discovery potential of major HENP programs, as well as other data-intensive fields.programs, as well as other data-intensive fields.

10614 Hosts;6003 Registered Users in 60 Countries 41 (7 I2) Reflectors Annual Growth 2 to 3X

Networks, Grids and HENPNetworks, Grids and HENP Next generation 10 Gbps network backbones are Next generation 10 Gbps network backbones are

almost here: in the US, Europe and Japanalmost here: in the US, Europe and Japan First stages arriving, starting nowFirst stages arriving, starting now

Major transoceanic links at 2.5 - 10 Gbps in 2002-3Major transoceanic links at 2.5 - 10 Gbps in 2002-3 Network improvements are especially needed in Network improvements are especially needed in

Southeast Europe, So. America; and some other regions:Southeast Europe, So. America; and some other regions: Romania, Brazil; India, Pakistan, China; Africa Romania, Brazil; India, Pakistan, China; Africa

Removing regional, last mile bottlenecks and Removing regional, last mile bottlenecks and compromises in network quality are now compromises in network quality are now All on the critical pathAll on the critical path

Getting high (reliable; Grid) application performance Getting high (reliable; Grid) application performance across networks means!across networks means!

End-to-end monitoring; a coherent approach End-to-end monitoring; a coherent approach Getting high performance (TCP) toolkits in users’ Getting high performance (TCP) toolkits in users’

handshands Working in concert with AMPATH, Internet E2E, I2 Working in concert with AMPATH, Internet E2E, I2

HENP WG, DataTAG; the Grid projects and the GGFHENP WG, DataTAG; the Grid projects and the GGF

Some Extra Some Extra

Slides FollowSlides Follow

HENP Related Data Grid HENP Related Data Grid ProjectsProjects

ProjectsProjects PPDG IPPDG I USAUSA DOEDOE $2M$2M 1999-20011999-2001 GriPhyNGriPhyN USAUSA NSFNSF $11.9M + $1.6M$11.9M + $1.6M2000-20052000-2005 EU DataGridEU DataGrid EUEU ECEC €10M€10M 2001-20042001-2004 PPDG II (CP)PPDG II (CP) USAUSA DOEDOE $9.5M$9.5M 2001-20042001-2004 iVDGLiVDGL USAUSA NSFNSF $13.7M + $2M$13.7M + $2M 2001-20062001-2006 DataTAGDataTAG EUEU ECEC €4M€4M 2002-20042002-2004 GridPP GridPP UKUK PPARCPPARC >$15M>$15M 2001-20042001-2004 LCG (Ph1)LCG (Ph1) CERN MSCERN MS 30 MCHF30 MCHF 2002-20042002-2004

Many Other Projects of interest to HENPMany Other Projects of interest to HENP Initiatives in US, UK, Italy, France, NL, Germany, Japan, …Initiatives in US, UK, Italy, France, NL, Germany, Japan, … US and EU networking initiatives: US and EU networking initiatives: AMPATH, I2, DataTAG AMPATH, I2, DataTAG US Distributed Terascale Facility: US Distributed Terascale Facility:

($53M, 12 TeraFlops, 40 Gb/s network)($53M, 12 TeraFlops, 40 Gb/s network)

Mobile Agents: (Semi)-Autonomous, Mobile Agents: (Semi)-Autonomous, Goal Driven, AdaptiveGoal Driven, Adaptive Execute AsynchronouslyExecute Asynchronously Reduce Network Load: Local ConversationsReduce Network Load: Local Conversations Overcome Network Latency; Some OutagesOvercome Network Latency; Some Outages Adaptive Adaptive Robust, Fault Tolerant Robust, Fault Tolerant Naturally Heterogeneous Naturally Heterogeneous Extensible Concept: Extensible Concept: Coordinated Agent Coordinated Agent

Architectures Architectures

Beyond Traditional Architectures:Beyond Traditional Architectures:Mobile AgentsMobile Agents

““Agents are objects with rules and legs” -- D. TaylorAgents are objects with rules and legs” -- D. Taylor

Application

Se

rvic

e

Ag

entAgent

Ag

ent A

gen

tA

gen

t

Ag

ent

Ag

ent

Farm Monitor

Client(other service)

LookupService

LookupService

Registration

Farm Monitor

Discovery

Proxy

Component Factory

GUI marshaling

Code Transport

RMI data access

Push & Pullrsh & ssh

scripts; snmp

Globally Scalable Monitoring ServiceGlobally Scalable Monitoring Service

I. Legrand

RCMonitorService

National R&E Network ExampleGermany: DFN TransAtlanticConnectivity Q1 2002

STM 4

STM 16

STM 16

2 X OC12 Now: NY-Hamburg 2 X OC12 Now: NY-Hamburg and NY-Frankfurtand NY-Frankfurt

ESNet peering at 34 MbpsESNet peering at 34 Mbps Upgrade to 2 X OC48 expected Upgrade to 2 X OC48 expected

in Q1 2002 in Q1 2002 Direct Peering to Abilene and Direct Peering to Abilene and

Canarie expectedCanarie expected UCAID will add (?) another 2 UCAID will add (?) another 2

OC48’s; Proposing a Global OC48’s; Proposing a Global Terabit Research Network (GTRN) Terabit Research Network (GTRN)

FSU Connections via satellite:FSU Connections via satellite:Yerevan, Minsk, Almaty, BaikalYerevan, Minsk, Almaty, Baikal Speeds of 32 - 512 kbpsSpeeds of 32 - 512 kbps

SILK Project (2002): NATO fundingSILK Project (2002): NATO funding Links to Caucasus and CentralLinks to Caucasus and Central Asia (8 Countries) Asia (8 Countries)

Currently 64-512 kbpsCurrently 64-512 kbpsPropose VSAT for 10-50 X BW:Propose VSAT for 10-50 X BW: NATO + State Funding NATO + State Funding

National Research Networks in Japan

National Research Networks in Japan

SuperSINET SuperSINET Started operation January 4, 2002Started operation January 4, 2002 Support for 5 important areas:Support for 5 important areas:

HEP,HEP, Genetics, Nano-Technology, Genetics, Nano-Technology,Space/Astronomy, Space/Astronomy, GRIDsGRIDs

Provides 10 Provides 10 ’s:’s: 10 Gbps IP connection 10 Gbps IP connection Direct intersite GbE linksDirect intersite GbE links Some connections to Some connections to 10 GbE 10 GbE in JFY2002in JFY2002

HEPnet-J HEPnet-J Will be re-constructed with Will be re-constructed with MPLS-VPN in SuperSINET MPLS-VPN in SuperSINET

Proposal: Two TransPacific Proposal: Two TransPacific 2.5 Gbps Wavelengths, and 2.5 Gbps Wavelengths, and Japan-CERN Grid Testbed by ~2003 Japan-CERN Grid Testbed by ~2003

Tokyo

Osaka

Nagoya

Internet

Osaka U

Kyoto U

ICR

Kyoto-U

Nagoya U

NIFS

NIG

KEK

Tohoku U

IMS

U-TokyoNAO

U Tokyo

NII Hitot.

NII Chiba

IP

WDM path

IP router

OXC

ISAS

ICFA SCIC Meeting March 9 at CERN: Updates from Members

ICFA SCIC Meeting March 9 at CERN: Updates from Members

Abilene UpgradeAbilene Upgrade from 2.5 to 10 Gbps from 2.5 to 10 Gbps Additional scheduled lambdas planned Additional scheduled lambdas planned

for targeted applications for targeted applications US-CERNUS-CERN

Upgrade On Track: 2 X 155 to 622 Mbps in April; Upgrade On Track: 2 X 155 to 622 Mbps in April; Move to STARLIGHTMove to STARLIGHT

2.5G Research Lambda by this Summer: STARLIGHT-CERN2.5G Research Lambda by this Summer: STARLIGHT-CERN 2.5G Triangle between STARLIGHT (US), SURFNet (NL), 2.5G Triangle between STARLIGHT (US), SURFNet (NL),

CERNCERN SLAC + IN2P3 (BaBar) SLAC + IN2P3 (BaBar)

Getting 100 Mbps over 155 Mbps CERN-US LinkGetting 100 Mbps over 155 Mbps CERN-US Link 50 Mbps Over RENATER 155 Mbps Link, Limited by ESnet50 Mbps Over RENATER 155 Mbps Link, Limited by ESnet 600 Mbps Throughput is BaBar Target for this Year600 Mbps Throughput is BaBar Target for this Year

FNALFNAL Expect ESnet Upgrade to 622 Mbps this MonthExpect ESnet Upgrade to 622 Mbps this Month Plans for dark fiber to STARLIGHT, could be done in ~6 Plans for dark fiber to STARLIGHT, could be done in ~6

Months; Railway and Electric Co. providers consideredMonths; Railway and Electric Co. providers considered

ICFA SCIC: A&R Backbone and International Link Progress

ICFA SCIC: A&R Backbone and International Link Progress

GEANT Pan-European BackboneGEANT Pan-European Backbone ( (http://www.dante.net/geanthttp://www.dante.net/geant)) Now interconnects 31 countriesNow interconnects 31 countries Includes many trunks at 2.5 and 10 GbpsIncludes many trunks at 2.5 and 10 Gbps

UKUK 2.5 Gbps NY-London, with 622 Mbps to ESnet and Abilene2.5 Gbps NY-London, with 622 Mbps to ESnet and Abilene

SuperSINET (Japan):SuperSINET (Japan): 10 Gbps IP and 10 Gbps Wavelength 10 Gbps IP and 10 Gbps Wavelength Upgrade to Two 0.6 Gbps Links, to Chicago and SeattleUpgrade to Two 0.6 Gbps Links, to Chicago and Seattle Plan upgrade to 2 X 2.5 Gbps Connection to Plan upgrade to 2 X 2.5 Gbps Connection to

US West Coast by 2003US West Coast by 2003 CA*net4 (Canada):CA*net4 (Canada): Interconnect customer-owned dark fiber Interconnect customer-owned dark fiber

nets across Canada at 10 Gbps, starting July 2002 nets across Canada at 10 Gbps, starting July 2002 ““Lambda-Grids” by ~2004-5Lambda-Grids” by ~2004-5

GWIN (Germany):GWIN (Germany): Connection to Abilene Connection to Abilene to 2 X 2.5 Gbps in 2002 to 2 X 2.5 Gbps in 2002

RussiaRussia Start 10 Mbps link to CERN and ~90 Mbps to US NowStart 10 Mbps link to CERN and ~90 Mbps to US Now

[*] See “Macroscopic Behavior of the TCP Congestion Avoidance Algorithm,” Matthis, Semke, Mahdavi, Ott, Computer Communication Review 27(3), 7/1997

Throughput quality improvements:BWTCP < MSS/(RTT*sqrt(loss)) [*]

Throughput quality improvements:BWTCP < MSS/(RTT*sqrt(loss)) [*]

China Recent Improvement

80% Improvement/Year

Factor of 10 In 4 Years

Eastern Europe Keeping Up

TCP Protocol Study: Limits We determined Precisely

The parameters which limit the throughput over a high-BW, long delay (170 msec) network

How to avoid intrinsic limits; unnecessary packet loss

Methods Used to Improve TCP Linux kernel programming in order

to tune TCP parameters We modified the TCP algorithm A Linux patch will soon be available

Result: The Current State of the Art for Reproducible Throughput

125 Mbps between CERN and Caltech190 Mbps (one stream) between CERN

and Chicago shared on 2 155 Mbps links

Status: Ready for Tests at Higher BW (622 Mbps) this Month

Congestion window behavior of a TCP connection over the transatlantic line

3) Back to slow start(Fast Recovery couldn’t repair the lostThe packet lost is detected by timeout => go back to slow start cwnd = 2 MSS)

2) Fast Recovery (Temporary state to repair the lost)1) A packet is

lost New loss

Losses occur when the cwnd is larger than 3,5 Mbyte

TCP performance between CERN and Caltech

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Connection number

Mbp

s

Without tunning

By tunning theSSTHRESHparameter

Maximizing US-CERN TCP Maximizing US-CERN TCP Throughput (S.Ravot, Caltech)Throughput (S.Ravot, Caltech)

Reproducible 125 Mbps Between

CERN and Caltech/CACR

Rapid Advances of Nat’l Backbones:Next Generation Abilene

Rapid Advances of Nat’l Backbones:Next Generation Abilene

Abilene partnership with Qwest extended Abilene partnership with Qwest extended through 2006through 2006

Backbone to be upgraded to 10-Gbps in phases, Backbone to be upgraded to 10-Gbps in phases, to be Completed by October 2003to be Completed by October 2003 GigaPoP Upgrade started in February 2002GigaPoP Upgrade started in February 2002

Capability for flexible Capability for flexible provisioning in support provisioning in support of future experimentation in optical networkingof future experimentation in optical networking In a multi- In a multi- infrastructure infrastructure

US CMS TeraGrid Seamless US CMS TeraGrid Seamless PrototypePrototype

Caltech/Wisconsin Condor/NCSA ProductionCaltech/Wisconsin Condor/NCSA Production Simple Job Launch from CaltechSimple Job Launch from Caltech

Authentication Using Globus Security Infrastructure (GSI)Authentication Using Globus Security Infrastructure (GSI) Resources Identified Using Globus Information Resources Identified Using Globus Information

Infrastructure (GIS)Infrastructure (GIS) CMSIM Jobs (Batches of 100, 12-14 Hours, 100 GB Output)CMSIM Jobs (Batches of 100, 12-14 Hours, 100 GB Output)

Sent to the Wisconsin Condor Flock Using Condor-G Sent to the Wisconsin Condor Flock Using Condor-G Output Files Automatically Stored in NCSA Unitree (Gridftp)Output Files Automatically Stored in NCSA Unitree (Gridftp)

ORCA Phase: Read-in and Process Jobs at NCSAORCA Phase: Read-in and Process Jobs at NCSA Output Files Automatically Stored in NCSA UnitreeOutput Files Automatically Stored in NCSA Unitree

Future: Multiple CMS Sites; Storage in Caltech HPSS Also,Future: Multiple CMS Sites; Storage in Caltech HPSS Also,Using GDMP (With LBNL’s HRM).Using GDMP (With LBNL’s HRM).

Animated Flow Diagram of the DTF Prototype:Animated Flow Diagram of the DTF Prototype: http://cmsdoc.cern.ch/~wisniew/infrastructure.htmlhttp://cmsdoc.cern.ch/~wisniew/infrastructure.html