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AB-PAReferenceSupport

Agrawal,H.R.,Gunderson,J.,Holmes,B.M.,&Lyons-Ruth,K.(2004).Attachmentstudieswithborderlinepatients:Areview.HarvardReviewofPsychiatry,12,94-104.

Ainsworth,M.D.S.(1979).Infant-motherattachment.AmericanPsychologist,34,932-937.

Ainsworth,M.D.S.(1989).Attachmentsbeyondinfancy.AmericanPsychologist,44,709-716.

Idefinean“affectionalbond”asarelativelylong-enduringtieinwhichthepartnerisimportantasauniqueindividualandisinterchangeablewithnoneother.Inanaffectionalbond,thereisadesiretomaintainclosenesstothepartner.Inolderchildrenandadults,thatclosenessmaytosomeextentbesustainedovertimeanddistanceandduringabsences,butneverthelessthereisatleastanintermittentdesiretoreestablishproximityandinteraction,andpleasure–oftenjoy–uponreunion.Inexplicableseparationtendstocausedistress,andpermanentlosswouldcausegrief.(p.711)An”attachment”isanaffectionalbond,andhenceanattachmentfigureisneverwhollyinterchangeablewithorreplaceablebyanother,eventhoughtheremaybeotherstowhomoneisalsoattached.Inattachments,asinotheraffectionalbonds,thereisaneedtomaintainproximity,distressuponinexplicableseparation,pleasureandjoyuponreunion,andgriefatloss.(p.711)

Ainsworth,M.D.S.,Blehar,M.C.,Waters,E.,&Wall,S.(1978).Patternsofattachment.Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.

Anda,R.F.,Felitti,V.J.,Bremner,J.D.,Walker,J.D.,Ch.Whitfield,Perry,B.D.,Dube,S.R.,andGiles,W.H.(2006).Theenduringeffectsofabuseandrelatedadverseexperiencesinchildhood.EuropeanArchivesofPsychiatryandClinicalNeuroscience,256(3),174-186

Bacciagaluppi,M.(1985).Inversionofparent-childrelationships:Acontributiontoattachmenttheory.BritishJournalofMedicalPsychology,58,369-373.

Bailey,J.M.andShriver,A.(1999).Doeschildhoodsexualabusecauseborderlinepersonalitydisorder?JournalofSex&MaritalTherapy,25,45-57)

Inclinicalpracticeandintheliterature,patientswithborderlinepersonalitydisorder(BPD)havelonghadareputationfordistortedthinkingaboutwhattranspiresintheirinterpersonalrelationships(Kernberg,1985,Noy,1982).(p.21)

BPDpatientsoftendescribeothersasiftheybelieveothersareidealizedparagonsofperfectionordenigratedembodimentsofpuremalevolence.Theyoftendescribeinteractionalsequencesinmisleadingorself-servingways.Theyoftenrecounttheallegedmisdeedsofotherswhilesystematicallydownplayingtheirownprovocativebehavioraspotentialreasonsforthem.(p.22)

Barber,B.K.(1996).Parentalpsychologicalcontrol:Revisitinganeglectedconstruct.ChildDevelopment,67,3296–3319.

Initialempiricaltestsoftheseideashavebeenencouraging(Barberetal.,1994).Second-orderfactoranalysisofseveralmeasuresofcontrol—measuredatboththedyadic,parent-childlevelandthefamilysystemslevel—distinguishedpsychologicalcontrolfrombehavioralcontrol,andthecontrastingeffectsoftheseoninternalized(depression)andexternalized(delinquency)problemsamongpre-,early,andmid-adolescentswereconfirmed.

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Inrefocusingattentiononthepsychologicalcontrolconstruct,thissetofstudieshadthreebasicpurposes:(1)todemonstratethatpsychologicalcontrolcouldbereliablyandgenerallymeasured,(2)toverifyitssaliencetoaspectsofyouthdevelopment,and(3)totestthehypothesisthatpsychologicalcontrolwouldhavespecializedassociationswithyouthinternalizedproblems,incontrasttotheproposedspecializedassociationsbetweenbehavioralcontrolandexternalizedproblems.(p.3312-3313)

Allthreestudiesprovideevidencethattheconstructofpsychologicalcontrolcanbereliablymeasured.Inthesurveystudies(Studies1and3),carewastakentodemonstratereliabilityacrosssamples,varietyofmeasurement,sexofparentandyouth,age,race,socialclass,andreligiousaffiliation.TheexistingGRPBIwasrefinedinbothstudiestoasix-itemmeasureusefulforallsubgroups.Theeight-itemPGS-YSRfromStudy3improvesupontheGRPBIprimarilybecauseofthegreaterbehavioralspecificityoftheitems,renderingitmoredirectlyusefulforinterventionandpreventionefforts.(p.3313)

Totheextentthatpsychologicalcontrolrepresentsageneralizedpatternofbehavior(style)thatinvolves(endorses)constraining,invalidating,andemotionallymanipulativebehaviortowardachild,thenexplanationsofthesourceofsuchbehaviorliemorelikelyintheparent’sownhistoricalandemotionalexperiencethaninanyspecificeventorinteractionthatmayprecipitateit.Thus,itwouldbeofinteresttoinvestigatehowtheparentwasweird,Parentalbeliefsaboutchilddevelopmentandpersonalautonomy,aswellastheparentslevelofegointegration,self-esteem,andsatisfactioninotherinterpersonalrelationships.(p.3314)

Barber,B.K.(Ed.)(2002).Intrusiveparenting:Howpsychologicalcontrolaffectschildrenandadolescents.Washington,DC:AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

Barber,B.K.andHarmon,E.L.(2002).Violatingtheself:Parentingpsychologicalcontrolofchildrenandadolescents.InB.K.Barber(Ed.),Intrusiveparenting(pp.15-52).Washington,DC:AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

Psychologicalcontrolreferstoparentalbehaviorsthatareintrusiveandmanipulativeofchildren’sthoughts,feelings,andattachmenttoparents.(Barber&Harmon,2002,p.15)

Theessentialimpactofpsychologicalcontrolofthechildistoviolatetheself-systemofthechild.(Barber&Harmon:2002,p.24)

Asecond,commoncharacterizationofpsychologicalcontrolintheliteratureisthatitisparentingthatisintrusive.Thishelpsclarifythatpsychologicalcontrolisbehaviorthatviolatesthechild’spsychologicalworld.(Barber&Harmon,2002,p.15)

Numerouselementsofthechild’sself-in-relation-to-parenthavebeendiscussedasbeingcompromisedbypsychologicallycontrollingbehaviorssuchasindividuality(Goldin,1969;Kurdek,etal.,1995;Litovsky&Dusek,1985;Schaefer,1965a,1965b,Steinberg,Lamborn,Dornbusch,&Darling,1992);individuation(Barberetal.,1994;Barber&Shagle,1992;Costanzo&Woody,1985;Goldin,1969,Smetana,1995;Steinberg&Silverberg,1986;Wakschlag,Chase-Landsdale&Brooks-Gunn,19961996);independence(Grotevant&Cooper,1986;Hein&Lewko,1994;Steinbergetal.,1994);degreeofpsychologicaldistancebetweenparentsandchildren(Barberetal.,1994);andthreatenedattachmenttoparents(Barber,1996;Becker,1964).(Barber&Harmon,2002,p.25).

Barone,L.(2003).Developmentalprotectiveandriskfactorsinborderlinepersonalitydisorder:AstudyusingtheAdultAttachmentInterview.Attachment&HumanBehavior,5,64-77.

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Barnow,S.Aldinger,M.,Arens,E.A.,Ulrich,I.,Spitzer,C.,Grabe,H.,Stopsack,M.(2013).Maternaltransmissionofborderlinepersonalitydisordersymptomsinthecommunity-basedGriefswaldFamilyStudy.JournalofPersonalityDisorders,27,806-819,

offspringofmotherswithBPD(features)werefoundtobeatriskforvariouspsychopathologicalcomplaints(Weissetal.,1996).Forinstance,inaformerstudywefoundahigherprevalenceofemotionalandbehavioralproblemsinoffspringofmotherswithBPDthaninchildrenwithothermaternaldiagnosesorhealthymothers(Barnowetal.,2006).P808

maternalself-ratedBPDsymptomspredictedBPDfeaturesinoffspringabout5yearslater…BPDsymptomspassonfrommothertochild,evenifthemotherreportedsubthresholdBPDsymptoms.p.812

Barnow,S.,Arens,E.A.,Sieswerda,S.,Dinu-Biringer,R.,Spitzer,C.,Lang,S.,etal(2010).Borderlinepersonalitydisorderandpsychosis:areview.CurrentPsychiatryReports,12,186-195

Inconclusion,thisreviewrevealsthatpsychoticsymptomsinBPDpatientsmaynotpredictthedevelopmentofapsychoticdisorderbutareoftenpermanentandsevereandneedcarefulconsiderationbyclinicians.Therefore,adequatediagnosisandtreatmentofpsychoticsymptomsinBPDpatientsisemphasized.p.186

Inconclusion,wethereforesuggestthatitisnotacognitivedevelopmentaldeficitbutratheratendencytoconstrueinterpersonalrelationsasmalevolentthatcharacterizesBPD,andthismaybesharedwithcertainpsychoticdisorders.p.187

Childhoodtraumaticexperiencesmaycauseneurodevelopmentalchangesthatinturnincreasetheriskofsubsequentpsychoticreactions.p.188

BPDpatientstypicallyshowexaggeratedactivationintheamygdalaanddysfunctionalprefrontalactivityduringemotionalprocessing.P.191

ThefindingsindicatethatsimilarneurotransmittersystemsaredysfunctionalinBPDandpsychosis.P.191

Toconclude,psychoticsymptomsinBPDpatientsareaoftentrauma-andstress-related.Therefore,cliniciansneedtoadequatelycontextualizethepatient’ssymptomsbyinvestigatingtrauma-relatedhistoriesaswellasdailystressorsthatmaytriggersymptompresentation…asubstantialgroupofBPDpatientsdeveloppermanentandmoreseverepsychoticsymptoms…TheevidencefortheimportanceoftraumaticeventsduringchildhoodandPTSDinthedevelopmentofsubsequentpsychoticsymptomsinBPDpatientswouldsupporttheusefulnessoftrauma-focusedtherapyinthesepatients.P.192

BarnowS.,StopsackM.,JoergenGrabeH.J.,MeinkeC.,SpitzerC.,SieswerdaS.,KronmuK.(2009).Interpersonalevaluationbiasinborderlinepersonalitydisorder.BehaviourResearchandTherapy,47,359-365.

NegativeinterpersonalevaluativebiasinBPDismostpronouncedfortraitsthatcanbecharacterizedasaggressiveandthreatening(e.g.,brutal,exploitative,andmischievous).PatientswithBPD,butnotthecontrolgroups,werefoundtoshowparticularlymorenegativeevaluationsonaggressiverelativetonon-aggressivenegative(e.g.,depressiveandanxious)traits.Thisspecificevaluationbiasmightreflectthemanynegativeinterpersonalexperiencesofthesepatients,whichoftenincludechildhoodsexual,physicaloremotionalabuseorphysicaloremotionalneglect.(p.363)

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ThepresentstudyindicatesthatindividualswithBPDalsocharacterizetheirinterpersonalbehaviorasoverlynurturing,exploitable,andsociallyavoidant.ThesefindingsindirectlysupportclinicaldescriptionsshowingthatindividualswithBPDfluctuatebetweenproactivereassuranceseeking,sociallyavoidantbehavior,andoverlynurturingbehaviorinresponsetoseparationfromsignificantothers.

Bartholomew,K.,&Horowitz,L.M.(1991).Attachmentstylesamongyoungadults:Atestofafour-categorymodel.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,61,226-244.

Bartholomew,K.(1990).Avoidanceofintimacy:Anattachmentperspective.JournalofSocialandPersonalRelationships,7,147-178.

Baughman,H.M.,Jonason,P.K.,Lyons,M.,andVernon,P.A.(2014).Liarliarpantsonfire:CheaterstrategieslinkedtotheDarkTriad.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,71,35–38

Beck,A.T.,&Rector,N.A.(2002).Delusions:Acognitiveperspective.JournalofCognitivePsychotherapy,16(4),455-468.

Thecross-sectionalanalysisofdelusionalthinkingshowsseveralcognitivecharacteristics:egocentricbias(irrelevanteventsareconstruedasself-relevant);externalizingbias(stronginternalsensationsorsymptomsareattributedtoexternalagents);andintentionalizingbias(otherpeople'sbehaviorsarebelievedtobebasedonintentions-usuallymalevolent-towardsthepatient).Inaddition,defectiverealitytestingprecludesreevaluationandrejectionoferroneousconclusions.

First,thepathogenicbeliefhastakencontroloftheinformationprocessingsothattheinterpretationsofeventsshowasystematicbiasandappeartootherstobecontradictorytotheevidenceortologic.Second,theinterpretationsarelargelyidiosyncratic-theindividualattachespersonalmeaningstoeventsthatclearlyareirrelevanttohim.Third,thepatient'sbiasedandculturallyunacceptableinterpretationsofsituationsareconsideredrealandrationalbyhimbutunrealandirrationalbyothers.Inthisrespect,hiscognitionsare"ego-syntonic"indistinctiontocognitionsoftheobsessive,whichare"egoalien."However,thedelusionalpatientandtheobsessivemaybesimilarinsofarastheirdistressanddisabilityareinstigatedbytheir(mis)interpretationsofinnocuoussituationsandinternalcognitiveevents(Morrison,2001).(p.457)

Finally,thedominantbeliefsandconsequentlytheinterpretationsarerelativelyimpervioustoreality-testingbythepatient.Thepatientisunwillingorunabletoconsiderthathisideasandinterpretationsmightbewrong.Inpsychiatricterms,helacksinsight.

Beck,A.T.,Freeman,A.,Davis,D.D.,&Associates(2004).Cognitivetherapyofpersonalitydisorders.(2ndedition).NewYork:Guilford.

Evaluationoftheparticulardemandsofasituationprecedesandtriggersanadaptive(ormaladaptive)strategy.Howasituationisevaluateddependsinpart,atleast,ontherelevantunderlyingbeliefs.Thesebeliefsareembeddedinmoreorlessstablestructures,labeled“schemas,”thatselectandsynthesizeincomingdata.”(p.17)

Thecontentoftheschemasmaydealwithpersonalrelationships,suchasattitudestowardtheselforothers,orimpersonalcategories.(p.27)

Whenschemasarelatent,therearenotparticipatingininformationprocessing;whenactivatedtheychannelcognitiveprocessingfromtheearliesttothefinalstages(p.27

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Whenhypervalent,theseidiosyncraticschemasdisplaceandprobablyinhibitotherschemasthatmaybemoreadaptiveormoreappropriateforagivensituation.Theyconsequentlyintroduceasystematicbiasintoinformationprocessing(p.27)

Inpersonalitydisorders,theschemasarepartofnormal,everydayprocessingofinformation(p.27)

Somesubsystemscomposedofcognitiveschemasareconcernedwithself-evaluation,othersareconcernedwithevaluationofotherpeople(p.28)

Whenparticularschemasarehypervalent,thethresholdforactivationoftheconstituentschemasislow:theyarereadilytriggeredbyaremoteortrivialstimulus.Theyarealso“prepotent”;thatis,theyreadilysupersedemoreappropriateschemasorconfigurationsinprocessinginformation.(p.28)

They[narcissists]areabovetherulesthatgovernotherpeople(p.43)

Theconditionalbeliefsare,“Ifothersdon’trecognizemyspecialstatus,theyshouldbepunished(p.44)

Unliketheantisocialpersonality,theydonothaveacynicalviewofrulesthatgovernhumanconduct;theysimplyconsiderthemselvesexemptfromthem(p.44)

PatientswithBPDareaburdenforrelatives,friends,andcolleagues,andthereisahighriskthattheyinducepsychopathologyintheiroffspring.(p.188)

Thediagnosisof“borderline”wasintroducedinthe1930stolabelpatientswithproblemsthatseemedtofallsomewhereinbetweenneurosisandpsychosis.(p.189)

Aborderlineorganizationisdescribedasanimmaturepersonality,characterizedbyidentitydiffusionandtheuseofprimitivedefensessuchassplittingandprojectiveidentification.(p.189)

VariousstudieshavefoundthatpatientswithBPDarecharacterizedbydisorganizedattachmentrepresentations(Fonagyetal.,1996;Patricketal,1994).Suchattachmentrepresentationsappeartobetypicalforpersonswithunresolvedchildhoodtraumas,especiallywhenparentalfigureswereinvolved,withdirect,frighteningbehaviorbytheparent.Disorganizedattachmentisconsideredtoresultfromanunresolvablesituationforthechildwhen“theparentisatthesametimethesourceoffrightaswellasthepotentialhavenofsafety”(vanIJzendoorn,Schuengel,&Bakermans-Kranburg,1999,p.226).(P.191)

Sometraumaticexperiencesmayhavetakenplaceataveryearlyage,notablythekindofpunishing,abandoning,rejectingresponsesofthecaretakerthatledtodisorganizedattachment.(P.191)

Arntz(1994)hypothesizedthatchildhoodtraumasunderlietheformationofcoreschemas,whichintheirturn,leadtothedevelopmentofBPD.(p192)

Thespecificthemesareloneliness,unlovabilty,rejectionandabandonmentbyothers,andviewingtheselfasbadandtobepunished.(p.192)

Young’sschemamodel…patientswithBPDwerecharacterizedbyhigherself-reportsofbeliefs,emotions,andbehaviorsrelatedtothefourpathogenicBPDmodes(detachedprotector,abandoned/abusedchild,angrychild,andpunitiveparentmode)

PatientswithBPDarecharacterizedbyhypervigilance(beingvulnerableinadangerousworldwherenobodycanbetrusted)anddichotomousthinking(p.193)

Underdiagnosisconstitutesabigproblemthatresultsininsufficienttreatment.Inmanycaseswesaw,ittookyearsoffruitlessattemptstotreatthesepatientsbeforeitbecamecleartheywereinfactsufferingfromBPD(p.196)

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PatientswithBPDconsistentlymeetcriteriaofonetofiveotherpersonalitydisorders.(p.196)

TheconceptualizationofthecorepathologyofBPDasstemmingfromahighlyfrightened,abusedchildwhoisleftaloneinamalevolentworld,longingforsafetyandhelpbutdistrustfulbecauseoffearoffurtherabuseandabandonment,ishighlyrelatedtothemodeldevelopedbyYoung(McGinn&Young,1996)…Youngelaboratedonanidea,inthe1980sintroducedbyAaronBeckinclinicalworkshops(D.M.Clark,personalcommunication),thatsomepathologicalstatesofpatientswithBPDareasortofregressionintointenseemotionalstatesexperiencedasachild.Youngconceptualizedsuchstatesasschemamodes…(p.199)

YounghypothesizedthatfourschemamodesarecentraltoBPD:theabandonedchildmode(thepresentauthorsuggeststolabelittheabusedandabandonedchild);theangry/impulsivechildmode;thepunitiveparentmode,andthedetachedprotectormode…Theabusedandabandonedchildmodedenotesthedesperatestatethepatientmaybeinrelatedto(threatened)abandonmentandabusethepatienthasexperiencedasachild.Typicalcorebeliefsarethatotherpeoplearemalevolent,cannotbetrusted,andwillabandonorpunishyou,especiallywhenyoubecomeintimatewiththem.(p.199)

Usuallythepatientfearsthismode,notonlybecauseoftheintenseemotionalpainandthereactivationoftraumarelatedmemoriesandfeelingsbutalsobecauseitsactivationcanbefollowedbytheactivationofthepunitiveparentmode.(p.200)

Narcissisticpersonality:

Thefailuretobesuperiororregardedasspecialactivatesunderlyingbeliefsofinferiority,unimportance,orpowerlessnessandcompensatorystrategiesofself-protectionandself-defense.(p.241)

Narcissistscandisplay“adeceptivelywarmdemeanor.”(p.241)

Heorshe[thenarcissist]remainsfirmlyrootedintheimportanceofaflawlessorpowerfulimage…Withoutaflawlessimage,corebeliefsofinferioritybecomeactivated.(p.246)

Aschemaofoneselfasneedingtobespecialandsuperiortoescapeinferiority(p.247)

Insteadoflearningtoacceptandmasternormalandtransientfeelingsofinferiority,theseexperiencesarecastasthreatstobedefeated,primarilybyacquiringexternalsymbolsorvalidation.(p.247)

Thecorebeliefofnarcissisticpersonalitydisorderisoneofinferiorityorunimportance.Thisbeliefisonlyactivatedundercertaincircumstancesandthusmaybeobservedmainlyinresponsetoconditionsofself-esteemthreat.Otherwise,themanifestbeliefisacompensatoryattitudeofsuperiority.(p.249)

Narcissisticindividualsalsousepowerandentitlementasevidenceofsuperiority…Asameansofdemonstratingtheirpower,narcissistsmayalterboundaries,makeunilateraldecisions,controlothers,anddetermineexceptionstorulesthatapplytoother,ordinarypeople.(251)

Outoftheirvehementcertaintyofjudgment,boundaryviolationsofallsortsmayoccur,asnarcissistsarequitecomfortabletakingcontrolanddictatingorders(“Iknowwhat’srightforthem”)butquiteuncomfortableacceptinginfluencefromothers”(p.251)

Anotherconditionalassumptionofpoweristhebeliefofexemptionfromnormalrulesandlaws,eventhelawsofscienceandnature.(p.251-252)

Thus,heorsheisapttoapproachanynumberofsituationsfeelingautomaticallyentitledtopersonalgratification.(p.252)

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Ifothersfailtosatisfythenarcissist’s“needs,”includingtheneedtolookgood,orbefreefrominconvenience,thenothers“deservetobepunished…Evenwhenpunishingothersoutofintoleranceorentitlement,thenarcissistseesthisas“alessontheyneed,fortheirowngood”(p.252).

ThepatientwithNPDoftenhasalowtoleranceforfrustrationandexpectsnotonlytohavewisheseasilygratifiedbutalsotoremaininasteadystateofpositivereinforcement.Conditionalassumptionsmayincludethenotions,“IfIwantsomething,itisextremelyimportantthatIgetit,”and“Ishouldfeelhappyandcomfortableatalltimes,”and“IfI’mnothappy,noonecanbehappy,”and“Ineedtofeelspecialtofeelhappy.

Benoit,D.andParker,K.C.H.(1994).Stabilityandtransmissionofattachmentacrossthreegenerations.ChildDevelopment,65,1444-1456.

Book,A.,Visser,B.A.,andVolk,A.A.(2015).Unpacking‘‘evil’’:ClaimingthecoreoftheDarkTriad.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences73(2015)29–38.

Bowen,M.(1978).FamilyTherapyinClinicalPractice.NewYork:JasonAronson.

Bowlby,J.(1988).Asecurebase:Parent–childattachmentandhealthyhumandevelopment.NewYork:BasicBooks.

Idefinean“affectionalbond”asarelativelylong-enduringtieinwhichthepartnerisimportantasauniqueindividualandisinterchangeablewithnoneother.Inanaffectionalbond,thereisadesiretomaintainclosenesstothepartner.Inolderchildrenandadults,thatclosenessmaytosomeextentbesustainedovertimeanddistanceandduringabsences,butneverthelessthereisatleastanintermittentdesiretoreestablishproximityandinteraction,andpleasure–oftenjoy–uponreunion.Inexplicableseparationtendstocausedistress,andpermanentlosswouldcausegrief.(p.711)

An”attachment”isanaffectionalbond,andhenceanattachmentfigureisneverwhollyinterchangeablewithorreplaceablebyanother,eventhoughtheremaybeotherstowhomoneisalsoattached.Inattachments,asinotheraffectionalbonds,thereisaneedtomaintainproximity,distressuponinexplicableseparation,pleasureandjoyuponreunion,andgriefatloss.(p.711)

Bowlby,J.(1969).Attachmentandloss.Attachment,Vol.1.NY:BasicBooks.

Theparadoxicalfindingthatthemorepunishmentajuvenilereceivesthestrongerbecomesitsattachmenttothepunishingfigure,verydifficulttoexplainonanyothertheory,iscompatiblewiththeviewthatthefunctionofattachmentbehaviorisprotectionfrompredators(p.227)

themoreinsecureachild’sattachmenttohisprincipalfigureisthemoreinhibitedishelikelytobeindevelopingattachmentstoothers.(p.308)

Bowlby,J.(1973).Attachmentandloss:Vol.2.Separation:Anxietyandanger.NY:Basic.

Lifetimepatternsofattachment:“Confidenceintheaccessibilityandresponsivenessattachmentfigures,orlackofit,isbuiltupslowlyduringalltheyearsimmaturityandthat,oncedeveloped,expectationstendtopersistrelativelyunchangedthroughouttherestoflife,”(p.359)

Personalitycoalesces:“modelproposedpostulatesthatthepsychologicalprocessesthatresultinpersonalitystructureareendowedwithafairdegreeofsensitivitytotheenvironment,especiallytofamilyenvironment,duringtheearlyyearsoflife,butthesensitivitythatdiminishesthroughoutchildhoodandisalreadyverylimitedbytheendofadolescence.Thusthedevelopmentalprocessisconceivedasabletovaryitscourse,moreorlessadaptively,duringtheearlyyears,accordingtotheenvironmentinwhichdevelopmentisoccurring;andsubsequently,withthereductionofenvironmentalsensitivity,asbecomingincreasinglyconstrainedtotheparticularpathwaysalready

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chosen.(p.367)

Personalitycoalesces:Anorganismsensitivitytoenvironmentmayresultinadevelopingpersonality’snotonlytakingamaladaptivepathwaybut,becauseofincreasinghomeorhesis,becomingconfinedmoreorlesspermanentlytothatpathway.Psychopathicpersonality,aconsequenceofdevelopmenthavingoccurredinaseverelyatypicalfamilyenvironmentduringthefirstthreeorsoyearsoflife,canberegardedasanexampleofthismodeofpersonalitymaldevelopment.(p.368)

Personalitycoalesces:Structuralfeaturesofpersonality,oncedeveloped,havetheirownmeansofself-regulationthe10thalsotomaintainthecurrentdirectionofdevelopment(p.368)

Personalitycoalesces:“Novariables,itisheld,havemorefar-reachingeffectsonpersonalitydevelopmentthanhaveachild’sexperienceswithinhisfamily:for,startingduringthefirstmonthsofhisrelationswithhismotherfigure,andextendingthroughtheyearsofchildhoodandadolescenceinhisrelationswithbothparents,hebuildsupworkingmodelsofhowattachmentfiguresarelikelytobehavetowardshiminanyofavarietyofsituations;andonthosemodelsarebasedallhisexpectations,andthereforeallhisplansfortherestofhislife.”(p.369).

Bowlby,J.(1980).Attachmentandloss:Vol.3.Loss:Sadnessanddepression.NY:Basic.

misattributionofmeaning“Wheneverinformationthatwouldnormallybeacceptedforfurtherprocessingbecauseofitssignificancetotheindividualissubjectedtodefensiveexclusionforprolongedperiodstheconsequencesarefar-reaching.Amongthem,Ibelieve,aremost,perhapsall,ofthevastdiversearrayofphenomenonthatatonetimeoranotherhavebeendescribedinthepsychoanalyticliteratureasbeingdefenses(p.64)

Oneorasetofresponsesthepersonismakingmaybedisconnectedcognitivelyfromtheinterpersonalsituationthatiselicitingit,leavinghimunawareofwhyhewasrespondingasheis.”(p.65)

misattributionofmeaning“Hemaydwellsoinsistentlyonthedetailsofhisownreactionsandsufferingsthathehasnotimetoconsiderwhattheinterpersonalsituationresponsibleforhisreactionsmayreallybe.”(p.65)

misattributionofmeaning=psychopathology:“Defensiveexclusionisregardedasbeingattheheartofpsychopathology.(p.65)

ThiscognitivedisconnectionofaresponsefromtheinterpersonalsituationthateliciteditIbelieveplayanenormousroleinpsychopathology.(p.67)

misattributionofmeaning:“Misidentificationoftheinterpersonalsituationelicitingaresponse.Justasdefensiveactivitiesmayserveinparttoensurethatattentionisnotgiventoinflowthatisbeingdefensivelyexcluded,somaybetheattributionoftheresponsetosomeinsignificantsituationservetodirectattentionawayfromthesituationtrulyresponsible.SeveralexamplesaregivinginVolumeIIinthediscussionofphobias(Chapters18and19).Achildafraidtoleavehomeforfearofhismothermightdesertorcommitsuicideduringhisabsenceclaims,orispersuaded,thatwhatheisreallyafraidofhisbeingcriticizedbytheteacher;oranadult,similarlyafraidofwhatmighthappenathomeduringhisorherabsence,claimsthatwhatheorsheisreallyafraidofistogoaloneintopublicplaces.”(p.68)

childattachmentsuppression=grief:Thedeactivationofattachmentbehaviorisakeyfeatureofcertaincommonvariantsofpathologicalmourning(p.70)

attachment=personalitydisorder:“Disturbancesofpersonality,whichincludeabiastorespondtolosswithdisorderedmourning,areseenastheoutcomeofoneormoredeviationsindevelopment

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thatcanoriginateorgrowworseduringanyoftheyearsofinfancy,childhoodandadolescence.”(p.217)

Deviationsresultfromadverseexperiencesthechildhasinhisfamilyoforigin(orduringsubstitutecare),notablydiscontinuitiesinhisrelationshipsincertainwaysinwhichparent-figuresmayrespond,orfailtorespond,tohisdesirefortheloveandcare.(p.217)

Deviationsconsistentdisturbancesisthewayattachmentbehavioroftheindividualconcernedbecomesorganized,usuallyinthedirectioneitheranxiousandinsecureattachmentorelseofthevehementassertionofself-sufficiency.

Althoughthosewhomakeanxiousandambivalentattachmentsarelikelytohaveexperienceddiscontinuitiesinparentingand/oroftentohavebeenrejectedbytheirparents,therejectionismorelikelytotohavebeenintermittentandpartialthancomplete.Asaresultthechildren,stillhopingforloveandcareyetdeeplyanxiouslesttheybeneglectedordeserted,increasetheirdemandsforattentionandaffection,ifusedtobeleftaloneandprotestmoreorlessangrilywhentheyare.(p.219)

Role-reversal:“Likelytobeaparentwhohasused,orwhomaystillbeusing,strongpressuretoinverttherelationshiparerequiringthesonordaughtertodothecaregiving.”(p.223)

Narcissistic:Winnicott(1960)hasusedtheterm“falseself”todescribetheselfsuchapersonexperiencesandwhich,willinglyorunwillingly,hepresentstotheworld.Thistermismuchtobepreferredto“narcissistic”whichisanothersometimesusedbypsychoanalysttodescribetheseindividuals.(p.225)

Everysituationwemeetwithinlifeisconstruedintermsoftherepresentationalmodelswehaveoftheworldaboutusandofourselves.Informationreachingaoursenseorgansisselectedandinterpretedintermsofthosemodels,itssignificanceforusandforthosewecareforisevaluatedintermsofthem,andplansofactionconceivedandexecutedwiththosemodelsinmind.Onhowweinterpretandevaluateeachsituation,moreover,turnsalsohowwefeel.(p.229)

Achild’sattachmentbehaviorisactivatedespeciallybypain,fatigue,andanythingfrightening,andalsobythemotherbeingorappearingtobeinaccessible.(p.3)

Thebiologicalfunctionofthisbehaviorispostulatedtobeprotection,especiallyprotectionfrompredators.P.3

Attachmentbehaviorisinnowayconfinedtochildren.Althoughusuallylessreadilyaroused,weseeitalsoinadolescentsandadultsofbothsexeswhenevertheyareanxiousorunderstress.(p.4)

Afeatureoftheattachmentbehaviorofthegreatestimportanceclinically,andpresentirrespectiveoftheageoftheindividualconcerned,istheintensityoftheemotionthataccompaniesit,thekindofemotionarouseddependingonhowtherelationshipbetweentheindividualattachedandtheattachmentfigureisfairing.Ifitgoeswell,thereisjoyandasenseofsecurity.Ifitisthreatened,thereisjealousy,anxiety,andanger.Ifbrokenthereisgriefanddepression.(p.4)

Humaninfants,wecansafelyconclude,likeinfantsofotherspecies,arepreprogrammedtodevelopinasociallycooperativeway;whethertheydosoornotturnsinhighdegreeonhowtheyaretreated.(p.9)

Thepatternsofattachmentthatwereshowntofather’sresembledcloselythepatternsthatwereshowntomothers

Bowlby,J.(1979).Themakingandbreakingofaffectionalbonds.London:Tavistock.

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Clearlyitisstillafarcrybetweenshowingthechild’sbondstohismother,andoftentohisfatheralso,arethrownintodisequilibriumbyabriefseparation,anddemonstratingunequivocallythatlongorrepeatedseparationscausallyrelatedtosubsequentpersonalitydisorders.Yetthedetachedbehaviorsotypicalofyoungchildrenafterseparationbearsmorethanapassingresemblancetothedetachedbehaviorofsomepsychopaths,whilstitwouldbedifficulttodistinguishtheaggressivelydemandingbehaviorofmanyayoungchildrecentlyreunitedwithhismotherfromtheaggressivelydemandingbehaviorofmanyhystericalpersonalities.Topostulatethatineachtypeofcasethedisturbedbehavioroftheadultrepresentspersistenceovertheyearsofdeviantpatternsofbondingbehaviorthathavebecomeestablishedasaresultofbonddisruptionsoccurringduringchildhoodprovesuseful.(p.95-96)

BowlbyJ(1960)."Separationanxiety".InternationalJournalofPsychoanalysis41:89–113.

Bowlby,J.(1988).Asecurebase:clinicalimplicationsofattachmenttheory.London:Routledge.

Brennan,K.A.andShaver,P.R.(1998).AttachmentStylesandPersonalityDisorders:TheirConnectionstoEachOtherandtoParentalDivorce,ParentalDeath,andPerceptionsofParentalCaregiving.JournalofPersonality66,835-878.

Attachmentandpersonalitydisorder:“Researchonattachmentandpersonalitydisorders.Intheclinicalliterature,thereisincreasingsupportforconceptualizingpersonalitydisordersasdisordersofattachment(e.g.,Heard&Lake,1986;Shaver&Clark,1994;West&Sheldon,1988;West&Sheldon-Keller,1994).ThereisgrowingempiricalevidenceconnectingBorderlinepersonalitydisorderwithpatternsofinsecureattachmentreflectedinrepresentationsofchildhoodrelationshipswithparents(Patrick,Hobson,Castle,Howard,&Maughan,1994;Sacketal.,1996;Stalker&Davies,1995;Westetal.,1994).Patricketal.(1994)assessedinternalrepresentationsofattachment(viatheAAI;Georgeetal.,1984/1985/1996)andfoundthatindividualsclassifiedasBorderlineevincedthementalorganizationcharacteristicofpreoccupiedattachment.StalkerandDavies(1995)foundthesamepatterninasmall,clinicalsampleofsexuallyabusedwomen.(p.840)

TheirpatternoffindingsindicatethatbothpreoccupationandfearfulavoidancemaybemostcloselyassociatedwiththeBorderlinedisorder(p.841)

BremnerJD,RandallP,ScottTM,CapelliS,DelaneyR,Mc-CarthyG,CharneyDS(1995)Deficitsinshort-termmemoryinadultsurvivorsofchildhoodabuse.PsychiatryRes59:97–107

Bretherton,I.(1990).Communicationpatterns,internalworkingmodels,andtheintergenerationaltransmissionofattachmentrelationships.InfantMentalHealthJournal,11,237-252.

Bretherton,I.(1992).Theoriginsofattachmenttheory:JohnBowlbyandMaryAinsworth.DevelopmentalPsychology,1992,28,759-775.

Bowlbyproposesthatdefensiveexclusionofinformationfromawarenessderivesfromthesameprocessesasselectiveexclusion,althoughthemotivationforthetwotypesofexclusiondiffers.Threesituationsarebelievedtorenderchildrenparticularlypronetoengagingindefensiveexclusion:situationsthatparentsdonotwishtheirchildrentoknowabouteventhoughthechildrenhavewitnessedthem,situationsinwhichthechildrenfindtheparents'behaviortoounbearabletothinkabout,andsituationsinwhichchildrenhavedoneorthoughtaboutdoingsomethingofwhichtheyaredeeplyashamed.Althoughdefensiveexclusionprotectstheindividualfromexperiencingunbearablementalpain,confusion,orconflict,itisboundtointerferewiththeaccommodationof

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internalworkingmodelstoexternalreality.Indeed,anumberofclinicalstudiesreviewedinSeparation(e.g.,Cain&Fast,1972)suggestthatdefensiveexclusionleadstoasplitininternalworkingmodels.Onesetofworkingmodels—accessibletoawarenessanddiscussionandbasedonwhatachildhasbeentold—representstheparentasgoodandtheparent'srejectingbehaviorascausedbythe"badness"ofthechild.Theothermodel,basedonwhatthechildhasexperiencedbutdefensivelyexcludedfromawareness,representsthehatedordisappointingsideoftheparent.

Bretherton,I.,&Munholland,K.(2008).Internalworkingmodelsinattachmentrelationships:Elaboratingacentralconstructinattachmenttheory.InJ.Cassidy&P.Shaver(Eds.),Handbookofattachment(pp.102-130).NewYork:GuilfordPress.

Brown,E.M.,(1998).Thetransmissionoftraumathroughcaretakingpatternsofbehaviorinholocaustfamilies:Re-enactmentsinafacilitatedlong-termsecond-generationgroup.SmithCollegeStudiesinSocialWork,68,267-285.

Carlson,E.A.,Edgeland,B.,andSroufe,L.A.(2009).Aprospectiveinvestigationofthedevelopmentofborderlinepersonalitysymptoms.DevelopmentandPsychopathology,21,1311-1334

fromadevelopmentalperspective,disturbedbehaviorisconstructedthroughthecumulativeinteractionofriskandprotectivefactorsoperatingovertime…ofcentralimportancearethewaysinwhichearlyexperience,laterexperience,andcurrentcircumstancesinteracttoshapeadultadaptationordisturbance.(p.1313),

Traumaandmaltreatmentunderminethechild’scapacitytoattendto,recognize,andinterpretaccuratelythecuesandaffectivestatesofothersandbyextension,theself(Fonagyetal.,2000;Laub&Auerhahn,1993;Pollak,Cicchetti,Hornung,&Reed,2000;Pollak&Sinha,2002;Pollak,Vardi,PutzerBechnier,&Curtin,2005).Dissociativeprocessesinstillasenseofpassivitywherebyeventsareperceivedashappeningtotheindividualorcontrolledoutsideoftheself(i.e.,withoutvolition;Breger,1974;Bowlby,1969/1982).Childrenbecomehypervigilanttotheattitudesandintentionsofothers,furthercompromisingemergentself-awareness,asenseofauthorship,andtheabilitytoattendtointernalcues,emotionalneeds,andthoughts(Briere,1988;Calvery,Fischer,&Ayoub,1994;Putnam,1997;Rieder&Cicchetti,1989;Westen,1994).

Childrenmaybecomehyper-orhyporesponsivetoemotionalstimuli,particularlythosethatsignalthreatordanger,resultinginmarkedorunpredictableshiftsinarousallevelsdisproportionatetoenvironmentalcontext(Cicchetti&Curtis,2005;Cummings,Pellegrini,Notarius,&Cummings,1989;Eisenbergetal.,1997;Pollak,Cicchetti,Klorman,&Brumaghim,1997).

Earlyextremeexperienceisassociatedwithdeficitsinthecapacitytosymbolizeormentalizeaffectiveexperience(i.e.,toreflectonandintegrateaffectiveexperienceintohigherordercognition;Fonagy&Batement,2008;Fonagy&Target,1997).Trauma“overwhelmsanddefeatsone’scapacitytoorganizeit”(Laub&Auerhahn,1993,p.288).Thus,deficitsinaffectiveprocessingmayincludetheinabilitytodescribeinternalstates(i.e.,alexithymia;Krystal,1988)aswellasrestrictionsinattributionalfocus.1215

Repeatedexperiencesofcontradictorycuescontributetoacollapseinregulatorystrategiesforcopingwithdistress,reflectedininfancyinattachmentdisorganization(Hesse&Main,2000;Main&Solomon,1990).(p.1314)

Sustainedandpervasivetraumaticexperienceinearlychildhood,particularlyinthecontextofthecaregivingrelationship,compromisesthequalityofadaptationatmultiplelevelsoffunctioning(attentional,emotional,behavioral,representational,andrelational).Thesedistortionsanddisruptionsinbasicself-processescontribute

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totheemergenceofenduringcompensatoryregulatoryandrelationalstrategiestofacilitatethenegotiationofdevelopmentalchallenges.(p.1314}

Deviant,apparentlymanipulativeorcontrolling,interpersonalbehaviorsmaybeemployedwiththepurposeofelicitingotherstoattendtoregulatoryneeds.Aninabilitytocontrolone’sownbehaviorandemotion,andrelatedexperiencesoffear,maybemanifestedinfrustration,anger,andattemptstocontrolthefeelingsandbehaviorofothers(Siever&Koenigsberg,2000).(p.1315)

Compromiseddevelopmentalprocessesrelatedtothemisreadingofinterpersonalcues,lackofaccesstoinneremotionalexperience,andrelateddissociativerepresentationalexperienceleadtodisturbancesinsocialfunctioning.Inthisway,relationalfunctioningmaymirrorindividualexperience.Socialbehaviormaybecharacterizedbyintrusiveness,aggression,andinsensitivitytointerpersonalcuesandrules.(p.1315)

Incontrast,borderlinepersonalitysymptomsweresignificantlyrelatedtoearlyrelationalexperiencespreviouslyreportedinretrospectivestudies.Theseincludedattachmentdisorganization(12–18months)andmaltreatment(12–18months),maternalhostilityandboundarydissolution(42months),familydisruptionrelatedtofatherpresence(12–64),andfamilylifestress(3–42months).(p.1328)

Cassidy,J.,&Berlin,L.J.(1994).Theinsecure/ambivalentpatternofattachment:Theoryandresearch.ChildDevelopment,65,971−991.

“Althoughinfantbehaviorpatternsmaybeginasunderstandableresponsestoparentalbehavior,theinfantlatermaycometorecognizethatthesebehaviorpatternsareoneswithwhichtheparentfeelsmostcomfortable.”(p.986)

“Itseemslikelythatthechildhimselfwouldfeelmostcomfortablewhentheparentismostcomfortable.”(p.986)

“Childrenareskillfulinrecognizingwhatleadstoparentalcomfortandthenattempttocooperatewiththeirparentsinmaintainingthedesiredstate.”(p.986)

“Inthecaseofinsecure/ambivalentchildren,thechildrecognizesatsomelevelthattheparentdesiresarelationshipinwhichattachmentisemphasized.”(p.986)

“Thechildmayrealizethatthispatternofpreoccupationwiththeparent,heighteneddependency,andreducedexplorationareatsomelevelreassuringtotheparent:hisimmaturityreassurestheparentthatshewillbeneeded;hisdependencyreassurestheparentthatthechildwillremainclose,thatis,‘reassurestheparentthathewillnotbecomeanadultandleave’(Bacciagaluppi,1985,p.371).”(p.986)

Unlikethesecureinfant,whointimesofdistresshasonlyoneconsideration(howtoalerttheparentofhiswishforproximity),theinsecureinfanthastwoconsiderations(howtoalerttheparentofhiswishforproximityandhowtheparentsislikelytorespond).

Fortheinsecure/ambivalentinfant,thestrategyofheightenedattachmentbehaviorcanbeviewedasusefulforbothhimself(byincreasingthelikelihoodofgainingtheattentionoftheunpredictablyavailablecaregiver)andforhisparent(byassuringtheparentthathewillstayclosetoher).

Theinfant’sattemptstocooperatewiththeparentnecessitatealterationsofwhatmightbehisnormallyoccurringresponsestotheenvironment.

Main(1990)hasspeculatedthatsuchalterationsinvolvedchangesininfantattention,perception,andmemory.

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Foraninfantwhosecaregiverrequiresexaggeratedinfantdependence,ashiftinattentiontowardattachment-elicitingsituationsthroughmanipulationsofperceptionandthoughtmayoccur.

Similarly,suchaninfantmayselectivelyattendtothefrighteningaspectsoftheenvironment,interpreting,asMain(1990)hassuggested,“anenvironmentknownatsomeleveltobequiescentasthreatening”(page.61).

Heightenedrecallofmemoriesthatactivateattachment-relatedbehaviorsandemotionsmayalsooccur.Theinfantsperception(basedonpreviousinteractions)ofprobableparentalunresponsivenessisaccurate.Thisaccurateperceptionofparentalbehavioristhoughttonecessitateadistortedperceptionoftheenvironmentasfrightening.Thisdistortion,inturn,servestoheightenattachmentbehaviorandusefullyincreasesthelikelihoodthatthechildwillgainaccesstotheattachmentfigurewhenneeded.Itisproposedherethatbecauseanotheroftheinfant’sperceptions–thattheparentprefershimtoemphasizeattachment–isalsoaccurate,infantdistortionoftheenvironmentcanbeviewedasusefulinmeetingtheparentsneedsaswellashisownneeds.

Cohen,O.(1998).Parentalnarcissismandthedisengagementofthenon-custodialfatherafterdivorce.ClinicalSocialWorkJournal,26,195-215

“…divorceandlossofcustodyposeaspecialthreattothenarcissist’sweakself”(p.195)

Theperception[ofnarcissisminapatient]ishamperedbythefactthatnarcissisticindividualsmaywellbeintelligent,charming,andsometimescreativepeoplewhofunctioneffectivelyintheirprofessionallivesandinarangeofsocialsituations(Akhtar,1992;Hendler,1975).P.197

Whilenarcissismisrecognizedasaseriousmentaldisorder,itsmanifestationsmaynotbeimmediatelyrecognizedaspathological,evenbypersonsinthehelpingprofessions,anditsimplicationsmayremainunattendedto.(p.197)

Thenarcissist’smajorexternalquality,hissenseofgrandioseself-importance(DSM-IV,1994;Kernberg,1984;Kohut,1971),compensatesforadeficientself-conceptandextremelypainfulvulnerability.(p.197-198)

Kohutseesit[pathologicalnarcissism]asanimpairmentofthecohesion,continuity,strength,andharmonyoftheself(Tolpin&Kohut,1980).Kernberg(1984)definesitbythefailuretointegratethe“good”and“bad”selfrepresentationsintoarealisticself-concept.(p.198)

Thenarcissistexaggerateshisownimportance,achievements,abilities,talents,andefforts,whilesplittingoff,disassociating,orrepressingnegativeelementsofhisselfandprojectingthemontoothers.(p.198)

Narcissisticparentsareseenastreatingtheirchildrenasextensionsofthemselves,expectingthemtomeettheirownnarcissisticneeds,asunabletomeettheirchildren’sneedsforacceptance,ascriticalandangrywhentheirchildrentrytoexpresstheirownfeelings,will,andindependentpersonality;andasobstructingthedevelopmentoftheirchildren’strueself.Nonetheless,narcissisticpossessivenessofthechilddoesnotnecessarilyexcludeemotionalgiving.Miller(1981)notesthathenarcissisticmotheroftenlovesherchildpassionately.Muchthesamemaybesaidofnarcissisticfather.Manysuchfatherswillspendagreatdealoftimewiththeirchildrenandinvestagreatdealofenergyinfosteringtheirchildren’sdevelopment.Tobesure,theywillgenerallyfocusnotontheirchildren’semotionalneeds,butonpromotingtheirintellectual,artistic,orathleticdevelopment,whichwillserveasreflectionsandproofoftheirownsuccessasparents.Nonetheless,whileheismarried,anarcissisticmanmaybeahighlypresentfather,concernedwithandinvolvedinhischildren’slives.Eventhoughhisinvolvementstemsfromhisownneeds,he,hischildren,andthosearoundhimmaywellexperiencehimasacaringfather.(p.199)

Forthenarcissisticman,divorcebringsanothermajorthreat:thethreattohisgrandioseself-image

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and,withit,totheveryfragilesenseofselfitprotects.Byitsverynature,divorceconstitutesanarcissisticthreat.Itraisesquestionsabouttheindividual’sabilitytoloveandbelovedandembodieshisorherfailuretomaintainanimportantrelationship.Theindividual’sshortcomingsare,moreover,publiclyexposed.(p.200)

[Narcissists]insistonanallornothingrelationshipwiththeirchildren,aninsistencewhichisconsistentwithboththeblackandwhitethinkingthathasbeenfoundamongnarcissisticindividuals(Kernberg,1984)andthepossessivenessthathasfrequentlybeennotedinnarcissisticparents(Miller,1981)(p.205)

Forthenon-custodialnarcissisticfather,thefightforcustodyseemstobelessafightforaccessthanafightforpossessionofhischildrenthatheisunwillingtorelinquish.(p.205)

Theirneedtoprovethattheyarewonderfulfathersseemstoexceedtheirneedforactualcontactwiththeirchildren.Theyconstantlytellofwhattheydoorhavedonefortheirchildren,whiledenigratingboththecontributionofthechild’smotherandtheabilitiesandachievementsofthechild.(p.206)

Thesupportoftheirfragileandthreatenedself-conceptmayalsobeanotheraimofthelitigationforgreateraccessandcustody,theawardofwhichcouldbeinterpretedasapublicconfirmationoftheircapacityasfathersandproofthattheyarethebetterparent.(p.206)

Thepropensitytoblameisanoutstandingfeature…ofnarcissisticbehavioringeneral.Itisawayforthenarcissisttoseehimselfinagoodlightandamanifestationofthesplittingoffofthenegativeaspectsoftheselfandprojectingthemontoothersthatisamajornarcissisticdefense.(p.206)

Collins,N.L.(1996).Workingmodelsofattachment:Implicationsforexplanation,emotion,andbehavior.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,71,1996.

Workingmodelsofattachmentarehighlyaccessiblecognitiveconstructsthatwillbeautomaticallyactivatedinmemoryinresponsetoattachment-relevantevents.Onceactivated,theyarepredictedtohaveadirectimpactonsocialinformationprocessing(includingattention,memory,andinference)andonemotionalresponsepatterns…Theimpactofworkingmodelsonbehaviorinanygivensituationwillbelargelymediatedbythesubjectiveinterpretationofthesituationalongwithone’semotionalresponse.(p.812)

Crittenden,P.M.(1999).Dangeranddevelopment:Theorganizationofself-protectivestrategies.InJ.I.VondraandD.Barnett,(Eds.)Atypicalattachmentininfancyandearlychildhoodamongchildrenatdevelopmentalrisk.MonographsoftheSocietyforResearchonChildDevelopment(p.145-171).

Theorganizationofattachmentbehaviorfunctionstopromoteprotectionundercircumstancesofdanger.(p.170)

Cui,L.,Morris,A.S.,Criss,M.M.,Houltberg,B.J.,andJenniferS.Silk,J.S.(2014).ParentalPsychologicalControlandAdolescentAdjustment:TheRoleofAdolescentEmotionRegulation.Parenting:ScienceandPractice,14,47–67.

Becausepsychologicalcontrolisemotionallymanipulativeinnature,makingparentalloveandacceptancecontingentonchildren’sbehavior,itislikelythatpsychologicalcontrolhasadeleteriousimpactonemotionregulation(Morrisetal.,2002).Indeed,thereasonsforthislinkarerootedinthedefiningfeaturesofpsychologicalcontrol.

Specifically,psychologicalcontrolhashistoricallybeendefinedaspsychologicallyandemotionallymanipulativetechniquesorparentalbehaviorsthatarenotresponsivetochildren’spsychological

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andemotionalneeds(Barber,Maughan,&Olsen,2005).Psychologicallycontrollingparentscreateacoercive,unpredictable,ornegativeemotionalclimateofthefamily,whichservesasoneofthewaysthefamilycontextinfluenceschildren’semotionregulation(Morris,Silk,Steinberg,Myers,&Robinson,2007;Steinberg,2005).

Suchparentingstrategiesignorethechild’sneedforautonomy,impedethechild’svolitionalfunctioning,andinterveneintheindividuationprocess(Barber&Xia,2013;Soenens&Vansteenkiste,2010).Insuchanenvironment,childrenfeelpressuretoconformtoparentalauthority,whichresultsinchildren’semotionalinsecurityanddependence(Morrisetal.,2002).”(Cui,Morris,Criss,Houltberg,&Silk,2014,p.48)

Dutton,D.G.,Denny-Keys,M.K.,&Sells,J.R.(2011).ParentalpersonalitydisorderandItseffectsonchildren:Areviewofcurrentliterature.JournalOfChildCustody,8,268-283.

“Custodyevaluationsfrequentlyinvolveassessmentofparentalpsychopathology(Ackerman&Ackerman,1996;Bagby,Nicholson,Buis,Radovanic,&Fidler,1999;Bathurst,Gottfried,&Gottfried,1997;Lempel,1999),basedonthenotionthatparentalpathology,especiallypersonalitydisorders,mayaffectthequalityofcareparentsgivechildren.(p.268)

“OneofthemostimpactfulconsequencesbroughtaboutasaresultofgrowingupwithparentalPDisthewayinwhichachildisraisedwithemotionallyunavailable,unpredictable,orhostile-abusiveparentingandtheconsequencesofthisupbringingonattachmentissues.”(p.271)

Narcissism-Horne(1998):“Theresultsindicatedmothers’narcissismratescorrelatedsignificantlyandpositivelywiththeirsons’narcissismandnegativelywiththeirsons’expressionsofempathy.”…Daughters’narcissism,expressedempathy,andself-esteemscoreswereallcorrelatedwithmothers’scores,suggestingastrongersame-sexlinkageofinfluencebetweenchildren’sbehaviorsandparentalnarcissism.

Horne,S.(1998).Theroleofparentalnarcissismanddepressioninpredictingadolescentempathy,narcissism,self-esteem,pleasingothers,andpeerconflict(Doctoraldissertation,UniversityofGeorgiaPhDPhilosophy).

Horne:Aparentwhoisnarcissistic...willbeaffectivelyunavailabletohisorherchildrenandmayinhibitthedevelopmentofvitalhumancapacitiesinadolescentssuchashighself-esteem.Becausechildrenofnarcissisticparentsmayberequiredtofulfilltheirparents’needsforadmirationandrecognition,theymaydeveloppleasingothers’behaviorinexcessofchildrenofnonnarcissisticparentsandmaydisplaywhatappearstobeheightenedempathicskillswhichmayactuallybehypervigilanceoraheightenedprotectivestancethatmasqueradesasempathy.Thesechildrenwouldmostlikelyavoidconflictandappearnarcissisticiftheirparentsendorsenarcissistictendencies.(p.76)

SomepsychotherapistsobservesimilarbehaviorstothosestudiedbyHorne(1998)inchildrenlivingwithnarcissisticparents.Termed‘‘co-narcissism’’byRappoport(2005),thisgroupingofbehavioraltendenciesseemstofocusonthechildren’sgeneralizationoftheparents’behaviortootherindividualswithintheirlives.Loweredself-esteem,asaresultofanincompleteself-schema,isobservedaswellasamorepredominantdesiretopleaseothersandfocusattentiononthethoughtsandactionsofthosearoundthem(Rappoport).Unabletopenetratetheirparents’self-absorption,thechilddevelopsachronicobsessionwithpleasingothers.(p.276)

“theessentialcausallinkofchildren’sbehavioralproblemstoparentalpersonalitymaynotbetoconventionallydefinedPDsbutrathertoattachmentdisordersintheparent.Inarecentmeta-analysisof69samples,Fearon,Bakermans-Kranenburg,vanIjzendoorn,Lapsley,&Roisman(2010)foundthatinsecureanddisorganizedattachmentsinparentsincreaseriskforexternalizingproblemsinchildren,withthelargereffectbeingfoundforboys.Theeffectforboyswasd’.0.35,thatis,asizeable(1=3ofaSD)difference.”(p.280)

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RutterandQuinton(1984):Bothparentalmentaldisorderandmaritaldiscordtendedtopersistthroughoutthe4-yearperiodofthestudyandparentalPDchildrenhadanincreasedriskofpersistentemotional-behavioraldisturbancesandconductdisorders.(p.269)

Nordahletal.(2007)”“Thehighestcorrelationsfoundwithinterpersonaldifficulties[inparents]wereBorderline,Self-defeating,andAvoidanttraits(0.649,0.599,and0.527,respectively),andwithself-centeredstyle[inparents]wereHistrionicandNarcissistictraits(0.472and0.418,respectively)inthemothers.Somenegativecorrelationswereobservedwith‘‘self-centeredstyle’’andsomeFunction2traits(neglectiveandself-centered),

Johnsonetal.(2006)foundthatparentswithPDswere‘‘morethanthreetimesaslikelyasthosewithoutpersonalitydis-orderstoreporthavingengagedin 5typesofproblematicchild-rearingbehaviors,’’andthosePDparent-patientswhodidnothaveanyco-occurringdisorderwerealso‘‘significantlymorelikelythanthosewithoutpersonalitydisorderstoreport 5typesofproblematicchild-rearingbehaviors’’(p.346).

Dutton,D.G.,&Painter,S.(1993).Emotionalattachmentsinabusiverelationships:Atestoftraumaticbondingtheory.ViolenceandVictims,8(2),105-20.

Feeney,J.A.&Noller,P.(1990).Attachmentstyleasapredictorofadultromanticrelationships.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,58,281-291.

Finnegan,R.A.,Hodges,E.V.E.,&Perry,D.G.(1996).Preoccupiedandavoidantcopingduringmiddlechildhood.ChildDevelopment,67,1318−1328.

Fonagy,P.,Luyten,P.,andStrathearn,L.(2011).Borderlinepersonalitydisorder,mentalization,andtheneurobiologyofattachment.InfantMentalHealthJournal,32,47-69.

Dependingontheissueofdifferentsecondaryattachmentstrategiesandcontextualfactors,someBPDpatientswillbeprimarilycharacterizedbypreoccupiedoravoidantattachmentwhiletheattachmentsystemwillbedisorganized(eitherfrominfancyorasaconsequenceofsubsequentstress)inotherindividuals.P.49

Fonagy,P.,Steele,M.&Steele,H.(1991).Intergenerationalpatternsofattachment:Maternalrepresentationsduringpregnancyandsubsequentinfant-motherattachments.ChildDevelopment,62,891-905.

FonagyP.&TargetM.(2005).Bridgingthetransmissiongap:Anendtoanimportantmysteryinattachmentresearch?AttachmentandHumanDevelopment,7,333-343.

Fonagy,P.,Target,M.,Gergely,G.,Allen,J.G.,andBateman,A.W.(2003).ThedevelopmentalrootsofBorderlinePersonalityDisorderinearlyattachmentrelationships:Atheoryandsomeevidence.PsychoanalyticInquiry,23,412-459.

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Fuselier,G.Dwayne,PhD."PlacingtheStockholmSyndromeinPerspective."FBILawEnforcementBulletin(July1999):23-26.

Fruzzetti,A.E.,Shenk,C.andHoffman,P.(2005).Familyinteractionandthedevelopmentof

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borderlinepersonalitydisorder:Atransactionalmodel.DevelopmentandPsychopathology,17,1007-1030.

“Inextremelyinvalidatingenvironments,parentsorcaregiversdonotteachchildrentodiscriminateeffectivelybetweenwhattheyfeelandwhatthecaregiversfeel,whatthechildwantsandwhatthecaregiverwants(orwantsthechildtowant),whatthechildthinksandwhatthecaregiverthinks.”(p.1021)

Garety,P.A.andFreemanD.(1999)Cognitiveapproachestodelusions:Acriticalreviewoftheoriesandevidence.TheBritishJournalofClinicalPsychology;38,113-154

Gerson,M.1984).Splitting:thedevelopmentofameasure.JournalofClinicalPsychology,40,157-162.

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FirstcitedbyPaulhusandWilliams(2002),theDarkTriadreferstoasetofthreedistinctbutrelatedantisocialpersonalitytraits:Machiavellianism,narcissism,andpsychopathy.EachoftheDarkTriadtraitsisassociatedwithfeelingsofsuperiorityandprivilege.This,coupledwithalackofremorseandempathy,oftenleadsindividualshighinthesesociallymalevolenttraitstoexploitothersfortheirownpersonalgain.(Giammarco&Vernon,2014,p.23)

Green,A.(1980).ChildMaltreatment.NewYork:Aronson.

Rolereversaloccurswhentheunfulfilledabusingparentseeksdependencygratification,whichisunavailablefromhisspouseandfamily,fromhis“parentified”child,basedonhisidentificationwiththe“child-victim.”(p.41)

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Thepeoplerespondingtoeachotherinthetrianglearenotpeers,butoneofthemisofadifferentgenerationfromtheothertwo…Intheprocessoftheirinteractiontogether,thepersonofonegenerationformsacoalitionwiththepersonoftheothergenerationagainsthispeer.By‘coalition’ismeantaprocessofjointactionwhichisagainstthethirdperson…Thecoalitionbetweenthetwopersonsisdenied.Thatis,thereiscertainbehaviorwhichindicatesacoalitionwhich,whenitisqueried,willbedeniedasacoalition…Inessence,theperversetriangleisoneinwhichtheseparationofgenerationsisbreachedinacovertway.Whenthisoccursasarepetitivepattern,thesystemwillbepathological.(p.37)

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Herman,J.L.,andvanderKolk,B.A.(1987).TraumaticantecedentsofBPD.InB.A.vanderKolk(Ed.)PsychologicalTrauma(111-126).Washington,D.C.:AmericanPsychiatricPress,Inc.

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Jacobvitz,D.B.,Morgan,E.,Kretchmar,M.D.,andMorgan,Y.(1991).Thetransmissionofmother-childboundarydisturbancesacrossthreegenerations.DevelopmentandPsychopathology,3,513-527.

Jellema,A.(2000).Insecureattachmentstates:Theirrelationshiptoborderlineandnarcissisticpersonalitydisordersandtreatmentprocessesincognitiveanalytictherapy.ClinicalPsychologyandPsychotherapy,7,138-154.

Johnson,J.,Cohen,P.,Kasen,S.,&Brook,J.(2008).Psychiatricdisordersinadolescenceandearlyadulthoodandriskforchild-rearingdifficultiesduringmiddleadulthood.JournalofFamilyIssues,29(2),210–233.

Johnson,J.,Cohen,P.,Kasen,S.,Ehrensaft,M.,&Crawford,T.(2006).AssociationsofparentalpersonalitydisordersandaxisIdisorderswithchildrearingbehavior.Psychiatry,69(4),336–350.

Johnson,J.,Cohen,P.,Kasen,S.,Smailes,E.,&Brook,J.(2001).Associationofmaladaptiveparentalbehaviorwithpsychiatricdisorderamongparentsandtheiroffspring.ArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry,58,453–460.

Jonason,P.K.andKrause,L.(2013).TheemotionaldeficitsassociatedwiththeDarkTriadtraits:Cognitiveempathy,affectiveempathy,andalexithymia.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,55,532–537

Jonason,P.K.,Lyons,M.Baughman,H.M.,andVernon,P.A.(2014).Whatatangledwebweweave:TheDarkTriadtraitsanddeception.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,70,117–119

Thereisanewkidonthe(personalitypsychology)blocktorivaltheBigFive.TheDarkTriadtraitsarecharacterizedbyentitlement,superiority,dominance(i.e.,narcissism),glibsocialcharm,manipulativeness(i.e.,Machiavellianism),andcalloussocialattitudes,impulsivity,andinterpersonalantagonism(i.e.,psychopathy)."(Jonason,Lyons,Baughman,&Vernon,2014,p.117

Jones,D.N.andPaulhus,D.L.(2014).IntroducingtheShortDarkTriad(SD3):ABriefmeasureofdarkpersonalitytraits.Assessment,21,28-41.

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Juni,S.(1995).Triangulationassplittingintheserviceofambivalence.CurrentPsychology:ResearchandReviews,14,91-111.

Thetransformationofthefalteringdyadintoaviabletriangleispredicatedonthepremisethatthree-personrelationshipsarestableonlyintwoconditions:eitheronewiththreepositivevectors,oronewithonepositiveandtwonegativevectors.Thetriangulationprocessisthusahomeostaticmaneuver,shiftinganunstabledyadintoastabletriad.P.92

Hoffman,stating:"Theenemyofmyenemyismyfriend"(p.128).

Thetwostabletrianglesarepostulatedasthe"allpositive"andthe"twoagainstone."Mostcrucialisthecorollaryhypothesisthatanyotherpermutationwouldbepronetohomeostaticpressureforittobecometransformedintooneofthestablevariants.P.92

Fromtheperspectiveofobjectrelations,itisclearthatthetriangulatedpersonisnotvaluedasapersoninhisownright;ratherhisfunctionissolelythatofarepositoryoftransferentialaffectfromthedyadwhichcannotbeaffectivelyelaboratedatitsnaturalsource.Thus,Alanen's(1977)depictionofthedoublebindvictimintermsofKohut's(1977)narcissisticobject,insofarasheisdepersonalizedandusedintheserviceoftheperpetrator'sownneeds,seemsquiteapplicableindefiningtheroleofthetriangulatedaswell.P.93

Theprocessfeaturesatriangulationwhichwasaffectedbytheutilizationofsplitting,projectiveidentification,andafusionofobjectsintheserviceofmasteringambivalence.P.93

Haley:perversetriangle

Theantithesisofcapacityforambivalence,however,isadispositiontowardsplitting(Juni,1991),forsplittingavoidsthejuxtapositionoftwoopposingaffectssothattemperingofrespectivefeelingsisnotnecessaryp.96

Indeed,thesharingofhatefeelingstowardanobjectservestocementapositivealliance.P.101

Kerig,P.K.(2005).Revisitingtheconstructofboundarydissolution:Amultidimensionalperspective.JournalofEmotionalAbuse,5,5-42.

Thebreakdownofappropriategenerationalboundariesbetweenparentsandchildrensignificantlyincreasestheriskforemotionalabuse.(p.6)

Whiletheconceptofboundarieshasarichhistoryinboththefamilysystemsandpsychodynamicliteratures(Ackerman,1958;seeChase,1999foranhistoricaloverview),andmightbesaidtostandattheboundarybetweenthetwoschoolsofthought,italsopromisestocontributetoamuch-neededbridgebetweenthem(Minuchin,1985;Slipp,1991).(p.6)

Likethemembranearoundacell,boundariesneedtobefirmenoughtoensuretheintegrityoftheindividualandyetpermeableenoughtoallowcommunicationamongfamilymembers.Clearboundariesdefineappropriatefamilyroles,markdevelopmentaldifferencesamongfamilymembers,andgiveindividualstheopportunitytomeettheiremotionalneedsindevelopmentallyappropriateways.Diffuseboundaries,ontheotherhand,mayresultinconfusionbetweenthegenerations(e.g.,“Whoistheparentandwhoisthechild?”;Hiester,1995)andincreasethelikelihoodthatchildrenwillbeburdenedwithresponsibilitiesbeyondtheiryears.Inturn,overlyrigidboundariesconstrictfamilyrelationships(e.g.,childrenshouldbeseenandnotheard),limitemotionalcontactamongfamilymembers,andinterferewiththeexperienceofbelongingandmutuality.(p.6)

Inthethroesoftheirowninsecurity,troubledparentsmayrelyonthechildtomeettheparent’semotionalneeds,turningtothechildtoprovidetheparentwithsupport,nurturance,orcomforting(Zeanah&Klitzke,1991).Ultimately,preoccupationwiththeparents’needsthreatenstointerfere

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withthechild’sabilitytodevelopautonomy,initiative,self-reliance,andasecureinternalworkingmodeloftheselfandothers(Carlson&Sroufe,1995;Leon&Rudy,thisvolume).(p.6)

whenparent-childboundariesareviolated,theimplicationsfordevelopmentalpsychopathologyaresignificant(Cicchetti&Howes,1991).Poorboundariesinterferewiththechild’scapacitytoprogressthroughdevelopmentwhich,asAnnaFreud(1965)suggested,isthedefiningfeatureofchildhoodpsychopathology.(p.7)

Athemethatappearstobecentraltotheconceptualizationofboundarydissolutionisthefailuretoacknowledgethepsychologicaldistinctivenessofthechild.(p.8)

Examinationofthetheoreticalandempiricalliteraturessuggeststhattherearefourdistinguishabledimensionstothephenomenonofboundarydissolution:rolereversal,intrusiveness,enmeshment,andspousification.(p.8)

Enmeshmentinoneparent-childrelationshipisoftencounterbalancedbydisengagementbetweenthechildandtheotherparent(Cowan&Cowan,1990;Jacobvitz,Riggs,&Johnson,1999).(p.10)

However,anemotionallyneedyparentwhoisthreatenedbythechild’semergentsenseofindividualitymayactinwayssoastoprolongthissenseofparent-infantoneness(Masterson&Rinsley,1975).Bybindingthechildinanoverlycloseanddependentrelationship,theenmeshedparentcreatesapsychologicalunhealthychildrearingenvironmentthatinterfereswiththechild’sdevelopmentofanautonomousself.(p.10)

Barber(2002)definespsychologicalcontrolascomprising“parentalbehaviorsthatareintrusiveandmanipulativeofchildren’sthoughts,feelings,andattachmentstoparents,andareassociatedwithdisturbancesintheboundariesbetweenthechildandtheparent”(p.15)(seealsoBradford&Barber,thisissue).(p.12)

AsOgden(1979)phrasedit,“Itisasiftheparentsaystothechild,ifyouarenotwhatIneedyoutobe,youdonotexistforme”(p.16).(p.12)

Ratherthantellingthechilddirectlywhattodoorthink,asdoesthebehaviorallycontrollingparent,thepsychologicallycontrollingparentusesindirecthintsandrespondswithguiltinductionorwithdrawalofloveifthechildrefusestocomply.Inshort,anintrusiveparentstrivestomanipulatethechild’sthoughtsandfeelingsinsuchawaythatthechild’spsychewillconformtotheparent’swishes.(p.12)

Inordertocarveoutanislandofsafetyandresponsivityinanunpredictable,harsh,anddeprivingparent-childrelationship,childrenofhighlymaladaptiveparentsmaybecomeprecociouscaretakerswhoareadeptatreadingthecuesandmeetingtheneedsofthosearoundthem.Theensuingpreoccupiedattachmentwiththeparentinterfereswiththechild’sdevelopmentofimportantegofunctions,suchasselforganization,affectregulation,andemotionalobjectconstancy.(p.14)

Thereisevidencefortheintergenerationaltransmissionofboundarydissolutionwithinthefamily.Adultswhoexperiencedboundarydissolutionintheirrelationshipswiththeirownparentsaremorelikelytoviolateboundarieswiththeirchildren(Hazen,Jacobvitz,&McFarland,thisvolume;Shaffer&Sroufe,thisvolume).(p.22)

Kernberg,O.F.(1975).Borderlineconditionsandpathologicalnarcissism..NewYork:Aronson.

Onesubgroupofborderlinepatients,namely,thenarcissisticpersonalities…seemtohaveadefensiveorganizationsimilartoborderlineconditions,andyetmanyofthemfunctiononamuchbetterpsychosociallevel.(p.xiii)

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Transientpsychoticepisodesmaydevelopinpatientswithborderlinepersonalityorganizationwhentheyareunderseverestress(p.4)

Mostofthesepatients[i.e.,narcissistic]presentanunderlyingborderlinepersonalityorganization.(p.16)

Thesepatientspresentanunusualdegreeofself-referenceintheirinteractionswithotherpeople,agreatneedtobelovedandadmiredbyothers,andacuriousapparentcontradictionbetweenaveryinflatedconceptofthemselvesandaninordinateneedfortributefromothers.Theiremotionallifeisshallow.Theyexperiencelittleempathyforthefeelingsofothers,theyobtainverylittleenjoymentfromlifeotherthanfromthetributestheyreceivefromothersorfromtheirowngrandiosefantasies,andtheyfeelrestlessandboredhenexternalglitterwearsoffandnonewsourcesfeedtheirselfregard.Theyenvyothers,tendtoidealizesomepeoplefromwhomtheyexpectnarcissisticsupplies,andtodepreciateandtreatwithcontemptthosefromwhomtheydonotexpectanything(oftentheirformeridols).Ingeneral,theirrelationshipswithotherpeopleareclearlyexploitativeandsometimesparasitic.Itisasiftheyfeeltheyhavetherighttocontrolandpossessothersandtoexploitthemwithoutguiltfeelings–andbehindasurfacewhichveryoftenischarmingandengaging,onesensescoldnessandruthlessness.(p.17)

Theantisocialpersonallymaybeconsideredasubgroupofthenarcissisticpersonality.AntisocialpersonallystructurespresentthesamegeneralconstellationoftraitsthatIhavejustmentioned,incombinationwithadditionalseveresuperegopathology.(p.18)

Probablythebestknowmanifestationofsplittingisthedivisionofexternalobjectsinto“allgood”onesand“allbad”ones”p.29

Denialp32

“theiridentificationwithan“allgood”object,idealizedandpowerfulasaprotectionagainstbad“persecutory”objects.(p.33)

Theneedtocontroltheidealizedobjects,tousetheminattemptstomanipulateandexploittheenvironmentandto“destroypotentialenemies,”islinkedwithinordinateprideinthe“possession”oftheseperfectobjectstotallydedicatedtothepatient.(p.33)

Underneaththefeelingsofinsecurity,self-criticism,andinferioritythatpatientswithborderlinepersonalityorganizationpresent,onecanfrequentlyfindgrandioseandomnipotenttrends.Theseveryoftentaketheformofastrongunconsciousconvictionthattheyhavetherighttoexpectgratificationandhomagefromothers.,tobetreatedasprivileged,specialpersons.Thedevaluationofexternalobjectsispartofacorollaryoftheomnipotence;ifanexternalobjectcanprovidenofurthergratificationofprotection,itisdroppedanddismissedbecausetherewasnorealcapacityforloveofthisobjectinthefirstplace.(p.33)

They[narcissists]areespeciallydeficientingenuinefeelingsofsadnessandmournfullonging;theirincapacityforexperiencingdepressivereactionsisabasicfeatureoftheirpersonalities.Whenabandonedordisappointedbyotherpeopletheymayshowwhatonthesurfacelookslikedepression,butwhichonfurtherexaminationemergesasangerandresentment,loadedwithrevengefulwishes,ratherthanrealsadnessforthelossofapersonwhomtheyappreciated.(p.229)

Thedefensiveorganizationofthesepatients[narcissists]isquitesimilartothatoftheborderlinepersonalityorganizationingeneral…whatdistinguishesmanyofthepatientswithnarcissisticpersonalitiesfromtheusualborderlinepatientistheirrelativegoodsocialfunctioning,theirbetterimpulsecontrol,and…thecapacityforactiveconsistentworkinsomeareaswhichpermitsthempartiallytofulfilltheirambitionsofgreatnessandofobtainingadmirationfromothers.Highlyintelligentpatientswiththispersonalitystructuremayappearasquitecreativeintheirfields:

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narcissisticpersonalitiescanoftenbefoundasleadersinindustrialorganizationsoracademicinstitutions;theymayalsobeoutstandingperformersinsomeartisticdomain.(p.229)

Thenormaltensionbetweenactualselfontheonehand,andidealselfandidealobjectontheother,iseliminatedbythebuildingupofaninflatedselfconceptwithinwhichtheactualselfandtheidealsselfandidealobjectareconfused.Atthesametime,theremnantsoftheunacceptableselfimagesarerepressedandprojectedontoexternalobjectswhicharedevalued.P.217

KernsKA(2008)."AttachmentinMiddleChildhood".InCassidyJ,ShaverPR.HandbookofAttachment:Theory,ResearchandClinicalApplications.NewYorkandLondon:GuilfordPress.pp.366–82.

Kohut,H:Thoughtsonnarcissismandnarcissisticrage.PsychoanalyticStudyoftheChild1972;27:560-400.

Thedesiretoturnapassiveexperienceintoanactiveone(Freud,1920,p.16),themechanismofidentificationwiththeaggressor(A.Freud,1936),thesadistictensionsretainedinindividualswhoaschildrenhadbeentreatedsadisticallybytheirparents---allofthesefactorshelpexplainthereadinessoftheshame-proneindividualtorespondtoapotentiallyshame-provokingsituationbytheemploymentofasimpleremedy:theactive(oftenanticipatory)inflictingonothersofthosenarcissisticinjurieswhichheismostafraidofsufferinghimself.P.381

Korn,D.L.(2009).EMDRandthetreatmentofcomplexPTSD:Areview.JournalofEMDRPracticeandResearch,3,264-278.

Chronicabuse,oftencoupledwithfailuresinattachment,appeartohaveaprofoundeffectoncognitive,affective,andpsychosocialdevelopment,leadingtoaninadequatesenseofself,impairedschemas,deficitsinaffectregulationandimpulsecontrol,andproblemsinformingandmaintaininghealthy,secureattachmentsinadulthood.

Krugman,S.(1987).Traumainthefamily:PerspectivesontheIntergenerationalTransmissionofViolence.InB.A.vanderKolk(Ed.)PsychologicalTrauma(127-151).Washington,D.C.:

“Thechildiselevatedintotheparentalhierarchyandthesystemisstabilizedthroughrolereversal.Thechildmaythusbeeithercovertlyalliedwithoneparentagainsttheother,orparentifiedandobligedtocareforaparent.”(p.139)

Lee,K.,andAshton,M.C.(2012).TheHfactorofpersonality:Whysomepeoplearemanipulative,self-entitled,materialistic,andexploitative—andwhyitmattersforeveryone.Waterloo,Canada:WilfridLaurierUniversityPress.

Levy,K.N.(2005).Theimplicationsofattachmenttheoryandresearchforunderstandingborderlinepersonalitydisorder.DevelopmentandPsychopathology,17,p.959-986

Linehan,M.M.(1993).Cognitive-behavioraltreatmentofborderlinepersonalitydisorder.NewYork,NY:Guilford

“Theytendtoseerealityinpolarizedcategoriesof“either-or,”ratherthan“all,”andwithinaveryfixedframeofreference.Forexample,itisnotuncommonforsuchindividualstobelievethatthesmallestfaultmakesitimpossibleforthepersontobe“good”inside.Theirrigidcognitivestylefurtherlimitstheirabilitiestoentertainideasoffuturechangeandtransition,resultinginfeelingsof

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beinginaninterminablepainfulsituation.Thingsoncedefineddonotchange.Onceapersonis“flawed,”forinstance,thatpersonwillremainflawedforever.”(p.35)

Linehan,M.M.&Koerner,K.(1993).Behavioraltheoryofborderlinepersonalitydisorder.InJ.Paris(Ed.),BorderlinePersonalityDisorder:EtiologyandTreatment.Washington,D.C.:AmericanPsychiatricPress,103-21.

Lopez,F.G.,Fuendeling,J.,Thomas,K.,andSagula,D.(1997).Anattachment-theoreticalperspectiveontheuseofsplittingdefenses.CounselingPsychologyQuarterly,10,461-472.

Lyddon,W.J.andSherry,A.(2001).Developmentalpersonalitystyles:Anattachmenttheoryconceptualizationofpersonalitydisorders.JournalofCounselingandDevelopment,79,405-417

Lyons-Ruth,K.,Bronfman,E.andParsons,E.(1999).Maternalfrightened,frightening,oratypicalbehavioranddisorganizedinfantattachmentpatterns.InJ.Vondra&D.Barnett(Eds.)Atypicalpatternsofinfantattachment:Theory,research,andcurrentdirections.MonographsoftheSocietyforResearchinChildDevelopment,64,(3,SerialNo.258).

“Lyons-RuthandBlock(1996)demonstratedanassociationbetweenviolenceorabuseintheparent’spastandanincreasedtendencyforinfantinsecureattachmentbehaviorstotakedisorganizedratherthanavoidantorambivalentforms.Inaddition,Lyons-RuthandBlock(1996)demonstratedthatviolenceorabuseinmother’schildhoodwasassociatedwithtwosomewhatdifferentpatternsofmaternalinteractionwiththeinfantathome.Violenceorharshpunishmentinmother’schildhoodwasassociatedwithmorehostileandintrusivebehaviorstowardherinfant,whiletheoverallseverityoftrauma,includingsexualabuse,wasrelatedtoincreasedwithdrawingbehaviors.(p.96)

“Themaintenanceofunintegratedrepresentationsofpastexperiences,inturn,interfereswiththedevelopmentofaflexibleinternalworkingmodelforrelatingtherangeofhumanemotionstotheirsourcesinexperience,or,intheterminologyofFonagy,Steele,Steele,Moran&Higgitt(1991),interfereswiththegradualdevelopmentofapsychologicallysophisticatedtheoryofmind.(p.96)

Macfie,J.Fitzpatrick,K.L.,Rivas,E.M.andCox,M.J.(2008).Independentinfluencesuponmother-toddlerrole-reversal:Infant-motherattachmentdisorganizationandrolereversalinmother’schildhood.AttachmentandHumanDevelopment,10,29-39

Macfie,J.,McElwain,N.L.,Houts,R.M.,andCox,M.J.(2005)Intergenerationaltransmissionofrolereversalbetweenparentandchild:Dyadicandfamilysystemsinternalworkingmodels.Attachment&HumanDevelopment,7,51-65.

Rolereversalisthusariskfactorinachild’sdevelopment,andintergenerationaltransmissionofrolereversalwouldtransfertheseriskstothenextgeneration.P52

Main,M.,&Goldwyn,R.(inpress-a).Interview-basedadultattachmentclassifications:relatedtoinfant-motherandinfant-fatherattachment.DevelopmentalPsychology.

Main,M.,&Hesse,E.(1990).Parents’unresolvedtraumaticexperiencesarerelatedtoinfantdisorganizedattachmentstatus:Isfrightenedand/orfrighteningparentalbehaviorthelinkingmechanism?InM.T.Greenberg,D.Cicchetti,&E.M.Cummings

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(Eds.),Attachmentinthepreschoolyears:Theory,research,andintervention(pp.161–182).Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.

Mann,B.J.,Borduin,C.M.,Heneggeler,S.W.,andBlaske,D.M.(1990).Aninvestigationofsystemicconceptualizationsofparent-childcoalitionsandsymptomchange.JournalofConsultingandClinicalPsychology,58,336-344.

Masterson,J.F.&Rinsley,D.B.(1975).Theborderlinesyndrome:Theroleofthemotherinthegenesisandpsychicstructureoftheborderlinepersonality.InternationalJournalofPsychoanalysis,56,163-177

Objectrelationshiptheorymaybedefinedasthepsychoanalyticapproachtotheinternalizationofinterpersonalrelations.P.163

Failureofdevelopmentofanintegratedobjectrepresentationinhibitsandultimatelylimitsdevelopmentofthecapacityforunderstandingof,andempathyfor,otherpersonsp.164

Morecharacteristicforborderlinepersonalityorganizationmaybeafailurerelatedtoaconstitutionallydeterminedlackofanxietytoleranceinterferingwiththephaseofsynthesisofintrojectionsofoppositevalences.Themostimportantcauseoffailureintheborderlinepathologyisprobablyaquantitativepredominanceofnegativeinterjections.Excessivenegativeintrojectionsmatstembothfromaconstitutionallydeterminedintensityofaggressivedrivederivativesandfromsevereearlyfrustration.Pp164-165

Thechild’sindividuationconstitutesamajorthreattothemother’sdefensiveneedtoclingtoherinfantand,asaconsequence,driveshertowardremovalofherlibidinalavailability.P.165

Splitobjectrelationsunit(Kernberg,1972).Theobjectrelationunitisderivedfrominternalizationoftheinfant’sinteractionswiththemotheringobject.Theunitcomprisesaselfrepresentation,anobjectrepresentation,andanaffectivecomponentwhichlinksthemtogether.Theobjectrelationsunitoftheborderlineturnsouttobesplitintotwopart-units,eachofwhichinturncomprisesapart-selfrepresentationandapart-objectrepresentationtogetherwiththeirassociatedaffects.P.168

Mikulincer,M.,Gillath,O.,andShaver,P.R.(2002).Activationoftheattachmentsysteminadulthood:Threat-relatedprimesincreasetheaccessibilityofmentalrepresentationsofattachmentfigures.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,83,881-895.

Miller,J.D.,Dir,A.,Gentile,B.,Wilson,L.,Pryor,L.R.,andCampbell,W.K.(2010).SearchingforaVulnerableDarkTriad:ComparingFactor2psychopathy,vulnerablenarcissism,andborderlinepersonalitydisorder.JournalofPersonality,78,1529-1564.

Inthecurrentstudy,weposittheexistenceofasecondrelatedtriad-onethatincludespersonalitystylescomposedofbothdarkandemotionallyvulnerabletraits…Themembersofthisputativevulnerabledarktriad(VDT)wouldinclude(a)Factor2psychopathy,(b)vulnerablenarcissism,and(c)borderlinePD(BPD).”(Miller,Dir,Gentile,Wilson,Pryor,&Campbell,2010,p.1530)

Webelievethatthecurrentevidencesupportstheexistenceofasecond‘‘dark’’triad,onethatischaracterizedbyanantagonisticinterpersonalstyleandemotionalvulnerability…AllVDT[VulnerableDarkTriad]membersmanifestedsignificantrelationswithsimilaretiologicalfactors,suchasretrospectivereportsofchildhoodabuseandcolder,moreinvalidatingparentingstyles.”(Miller,Dir,Gentile,Wilson,Pryor,&Campbell,2010,p.1554)

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Millon.T.(2011).Disordersofpersonality:introducingaDSM/ICDspectrumfromnormaltoabnormal.Hoboken:Wiley.

Whennotfacedwithhumiliatingorstressfulsituations,CENsconveyacalmandself-assuredqualityintheirsocialbehavior.Theiruntroubledandself-satisfiedairisviewedbysomeasasignofconfidentequanimity.(p.388-389)

Thereisalsoatendencyforthem[narcissists]tofloutconventionalrulesofsharedsocialliving.Viewingreciprocalsocialresponsibilitiesasbeinginapplicabletothemselves,theyshowandactinamannerthatindicatesadisregardformattersofpersonalintegrity,andanindifferencetotherightsofothers.(p.389)

“Narcissistsareneitherdisposedtosticktoobjectivefactsortorestricttheiractionswithintheboundariesofsocialcustomorcooperativeliving…Freetowanderintheirprivateworldoffiction,narcissistsmaylosetouchwithreality,losetheirsenseofproportion,andbegintothinkalongpeculiaranddeviantlines.”(Millon,2011,p.415)

“Rarelyphysicallyabusive,angeramongnarcissistsusuallytakestheformoforalvituperationandargumentativeness.Thismaybeseeninaflowofirrationalandcausticcommentsinwhichothersareupbraidedanddenouncedasstupidandbeneathcontempt.Theseonslaughtsusuallyhavelittleobjectivejustification,areoftencoloredbydelusions,andmaybedirectedinawild,hit-or-missfashioninwhichthenarcissistlashesoutatthosewhohavefailedtoacknowledgetheexaltedstatusinwhichheorshedemandstobeseen.”(Millon,2011,pp.408).

Underconditionsofunrelievedadversityandfailure,narcissistsmaydecompensateintoparanoiddisorders.Owingtotheirexcessiveuseoffantasymechanisms,theyaredisposedtomisinterpreteventsandtoconstructdelusionalbeliefs.Unwillingtoacceptconstraintsontheirindependenceandunabletoaccepttheviewpointsofothers,narcissistsmayisolatethemselvesfromthecorrectiveeffectsofsharedthinking.Alone,theymayruminateandweavetheirbeliefsintoanetworkoffancifulandtotallyinvalidsuspicions.Amongnarcissists,delusionsoftentakeformafteraseriouschallengeorsetbackhasupsettheirimageofsuperiorityandomnipotence.Theytendtoexhibitcompensatorygrandiosityandjealousydelusionsinwhichtheyreconstructrealitytomatchtheimagetheyareunableorunwillingtogiveup.Delusionalsystemsmayalsodevelopasaresultofhavingfeltbetrayedandhumiliated.Herewemayseetherapidunfoldingofpersecutorydelusionsandanarrogantgrandiositycharacterizedbyverbalattacksandbombast.”(Millon,2011,pp.407-408).

“Werenarcissistsabletorespectothers,allowthemselvestovalueothers’opinions,orseetheworldthroughothers’eyes,theirtendencytowardillusionandunrealitymightbecheckedorcurtailed.Unfortunately,narcissistshavelearnedtodevalueothers,nottotrusttheirjudgments,andtothinkofthemasnaïveandsimpleminded.Thus,ratherthanquestionthecorrectnessoftheirownbeliefstheyassumethattheviewsofothersareatfault.Hence,themoredisagreementtheyhavewithothers,themoreconvincedtheyareoftheirownsuperiorityandthemoreisolatedandalienatedtheyarelikelytobecome.”(Millon,2011,p.415)

“Deficientinsocialcontrolsandself-discipline,thetendencyofCENnarcissiststofantasizeanddistortmayspeedup.Theairofgrandiositymaybecomemoreflagrant.Theymayfindhiddenanddeprecatorymeaningsintheincidentalbehaviorofothers,becomingconvincedofothersmaliciousmotives,claimsuponthem,andattemptstoundothem.Astheirbehaviorsandthoughtstransgressthelineofreality,theiralienationwillmount,andtheymayseektoprotecttheirphantomimageofsuperioritymorevigorouslyandvigilantlythanever…Nolongerintouchwithreality,theybegintoaccuseothersandholdthemresponsiblefortheirownshameandfailures.Theymaybuilda“logic”basedonirrelevantandentirelycircumstantialevidenceandultimatelyconstructadelusionsystemtoprotectthemselvesfromunbearablereality.”(Millon,2011,p.415)

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Mineka,S.,Davidson,M.,Cook,M.andKeir,R.(1984).ObservationalConditioningofSnakeFearinRhesusMonkeys.JournalofAbnormalPsychology,93,355-372.

Minuchin,S.(1974).FamiliesandFamilyTherapy.HarvardUniversityPress.

Enmeshmentanddisengagementrefertoatransactionalstyle,orpreferenceforatypeofinteraction,nottoaqualitativedifferencebetweenfunctionalanddysfunctional…Operationsattheextremes,however,indicateareasofpossiblepathology.Ahighlyenmeshedsubsystemofmotherandchildren,forexample,canexcludefather,whobecomesdisengagedintheextreme.(p.55)

Membersofenmeshedsubsystemsorfamiliesmaybehandicappedinthattheheightenedsenseofbelongingrequiresamajoryieldingofautonomy…Inchildrenparticularly,cognitive-affectiveskillsaretherebyinhibited(p.55)

Parentingalwaysrequirestheuseofauthority.Parentscannotcarryouttheirexecutivefunctionsunlesstheyhavethepowertodoso.(p.58)

Childrenandparents,andsometimestherapists,frequentlydescribetheidealfamilyasademocracy.Buttheymistakenlyassumethatademocraticsocietyisleaderless,orthatafamilyisasocietyofpeers.Effectivefunctioningrequiresthatparentandchildrenacceptthefactthatthedifferentiateduseofauthorityisanecessaryingredientfortheparentalsubsystem.Thisbecomesasocialtraininglabforthechildren,whoneedtoknowhowtonegotiateinsituationsofunequalpower.(p.58)

Atherapist’ssupportoftheparentalsubsystemmayconflictwithatherapeuticgoalofsupportingachild’sautonomy.Insuchsituations,thetherapistshouldrememberthatonlyaweakparentalsubsystemestablishesrestrictivecontrol,andthatexcessivecontroloccursmostwhenthecontrolisineffective.Supportingtheparents’responsibilityandobligationtodeterminefamilyrulessecuresthechild’srightandobligationtogrowandtodevelopautonomy.Thetherapist’staskistohelpthesubsystemsnegotiateandaccommodatetoeachother.Pp.58-59)

Aninappropriatelyrigidcross-generationalsubsystemofmotherandsonversusfatherappears,andtheboundaryaroundthiscoalitionofmotherandsonexcludesthefather.Across-generationaldysfunctionaltransactionalpatternhasdeveloped(pp.61-62)

Theparentsweredivorcedsixmonthsearlierandthefatherisnowlivingalone…Twoofthechildrenwhowereveryattachedtotheirfather,nowrefuseanycontactwithhim.”(p.101)Theyoungerchildrenvisittheirfatherbutexpressgreatunhappinesswiththesituation(p.101)

Theboundarybetweentheparentalsubsystemandthechildbecomesdiffuse,andtheboundaryaroundtheparents-childtriad,whichshouldbediffuse,becomesinappropriatelyrigid.Thistypeofstructureiscalledarigidtriangle.(p.102)

Therigidtrianglecanalsotaketheformofastablecoalition.Oneoftheparentsjoinsthechildinarigidlyboundedcross-generationalcoalitionagainsttheotherparent.(P.102)

Minuchin.S.&Nichols,M.P.(1993).Familyhealing:Strategiesforhopeandunderstanding.NewYork:Touchstone.

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Moor,A.andSilvern,L.(2006).Identifyingpathwayslinkingchildabusetopsychologicaloutcome:Themediatingroleofperceivedparentalfailureofempathy.JournalofEmotionalAbuse,6,91-112.

“Theactofchildabusebyparentsisviewedinitselfasanoutgrowthofparentalfailureofempathyandanarcissisticstancetowardsone’sownchildren.Deficiencyofempathicresponsivenesspreventssuchself-centeredparentsfromcomprehendingtheimpactoftheiracts,andincombinationwiththeirfragilityandneedforself-stabilization,predisposesthemtoexploitchildreninthisway.”(Moor&Silvern,2006,p.95)

“Onlyinsofarasparentsfailintheircapacityforempathicattunementandresponsivenesscantheyobjectifytheirchildren,considerthemnarcissisticextensionsofthemselves,andabusethem.Itistheparents’viewoftheirchildrenasvehiclesforsatisfactionoftheirownneeds,accompaniedbythesimultaneousdisregardforthoseofthechild,thatmakethevictimizationpossible.(Moor&Silvern,2006,p.104)

“Theindicationthatposttraumaticsymptomswerenolongerassociatedwithchildabuse,acrossallcategories,afterstatisticallycontrollingfortheeffectofperceivedparentalempathymightappearsurprisingatfirst,astraumasymptomsarecommonlyconceivedofasconnectedtospecificallyterrorizingaspectsofmaltreatment(e.g.,Wind&Silvern,1994).However,thisfindingis,infact,entirelyconsistentwithbothKohut’s(1977)andWinnicott’s(1988)conceptionofthetraumaticnatureofparentalempathicfailure.Inthisview,parentalfailureofempathyispredictedtoamounttoatraumaticexperienceinitselfovertime,andsubsequentlytoresultintrauma-relatedstress.Interestingly,eventhoughthistheoreticalconceptualizationoftraumadiffersinsubstantialwaysfromthemodernuseoftheterm,itwasstillnonethelesscapturedbythepresentmeasures.”(p.197)

O’Connor,E.,Bureau,J.F.,McCartney,K.,andLyons-Ruth,K.(2011).RisksandOutcomesassociatedwithdisorganized/controllingpatternsofattachmentatagethreeyearsintheNationalInstituteofChildHealthandHumanDevelopmentStudyofEarlyChildCareandYouthDevelopment.InfantMentalHealthJournal,32,450-472.

Ogata,S.N.,Silk,K.R.,Goodrich,S.,Lohr,N.E.,Westen,D.,&Hill,E.M.(1990).Childhoodsexualandphysicalabuseinadultpatientswithborderlinepersonalitydisorder.TheAmericanJournalofPsychiatry,147(8),1008-13.Retrievedfromhttp://search.proquest.com/docview/220484391?accountid=458Piaget,J.(1950).Thepsychologyofintelligence.London:RoutledgeKeganPaul

Opjordsmoen,S.(2014).Delusionaldisorderasapartialpsychosis.SchizophriaBulletin,40,244-247

M CF

DiagramofanInvertedHierarchy&EnmeshmentS.Minuchin

FamilyHealing,p.42

Cross-GenerationalCoalition&Cutoff(FamilyHealing,p.42)

F C

M

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Inhistextbookfrom1838,Esquirolmadethefirstcomprehensivepsychopathologicaldescriptionofparanoia,whichhelabeledpartialpsychosis.Thiswasaconditionwithencapsulated,wellorganized,andpersistentdelusions.Thesearedefendedwithagreatdealofemotionsandsharpargument.Theindividualappearsquiteconvincing,especiallybecauseheorsheotherwisebehavesrationally.Theintellectualcapacityisusedtoachievedefinedgoalsaccordingtothedelusionalcontent.Thisconditionisdifficulttouncoverbecauseofdissimulationandadaptation.Thefrequencyinthepopulationisunknown,buttheconditionisrareinpsychiatrictreatmentfacilities,andusuallyonlywhenthepersonsbecomelitigiousorcriminal.InDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders,FifthEdition,theconditioniscoveredbytheconceptofdelusionaldisorder,butthatconceptalsocomprisesbenignacute/subacuteconditionsaswellascasesthatturnouttohavethediagnosischangedtoschizophrenia.

Thefinaloutcomeofthisdevelopmentofasystemoffixeddelusionswaslabeled“partialpsychosis,”wherethepsychopathologicalpart,thedelusions,wasencapsulated,andtherestofthepersonalitywasasnormalasitusedtobe.

AccordingtoEsquirol,thepartialpsychosisisaconditionwithencapsulatedandwell-organizeddelusionsthatarefixed,continuous,anddefendedinanintelligentway.Thepersonwiththisdisorderisoftencharacterizedby

1. anegocentric,autophilic,self-overratedarrogance.

2. anegative,suspiciousattitudetotheoutsideworld,whichisperceivedashostile,andfromwhichthepatientisolateshim/herself.

3. atendencytomisinterpretationsandmisjudgments.

4. adiminishedcapacityforsocialadjustmentandflexibilitybecauseoftheabove-mentionedpoints.

Paulhus,D.L.,&Williams,K.M.(2002).Thedarktriadofpersonality:Narcissism,Machiavellianism,andpsychopathy.JournalofResearchinPersonality,36,556–563.

Pearlman,C.A.,Courtois,C.A.(2005).ClinicalApplicationsoftheAttachmentFramework:RelationalTreatmentofComplexTrauma.JournalofTraumaticStress,18,449-459.

Reenactmentsofthetraumaticpastarecommoninthetreatmentofthispopulationandfrequentlyrepresenteitherexplicitorcodedrepetitionsoftheunprocessedtraumananattemptatmastery.Reenactmentscanbeexpressedpsychologically,relationally,andsomaticallyandmayoccurwithconsciousintentorwithlittleawareness.(p.455)

Oneprimarytransference-countertransferencedynamicinvolvesreenactmentoffamiliarrolesofvictim,perpetrator-rescuer-bystanderinthetherapyrelationship.Therapistandclientplayouttheseroles,oftenincomplementaryfashionwithoneanother,astheyrelivevariousaspectsoftheclient’searlyattachmentrelationships.(p.455)

Pistole,M.C.(1995).Adultattachmentstyleandnarcissisticvulnerability.PsychoanalyticPsychology,12,115-126.

Platt,H.,Tyson,M.,&Mason,O.(2002).Adultattachmentstyleandcorebeliefs:Aretheylinked?ClinicalPsychologyandPsychotherapy,9,323-348

Prager,J.(2003).Lostchildhood,lostgenerations:theintergenerationaltransmissionoftrauma.JournalofHumanRights,2,173-181.

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Whatislost,inaword,isanidentitythatdemarcatesthechildren’sexperiencefromtheirparents:whatisproduced,inthesameinstance,islostchildhoodsandlostgenerations.(p.174)

FreudinMosesandMonotheism:“freudsuggeststhatoverwhelmingexperienceis‘takenupintowhatpassesasnormalegoandaspermanenttrendswithinit;and,inthismanner,passestraumafromonegenerationtothenext.Inthisway,traumaexpressesitselfastimestandingstill…Traumaticguilt---foratimeburiedexceptthroughthecharacterformationofonegenerationafterthenext---findsexpressioninanunconsciousreenactmentofthepastinthepresent.(p.176)

Trauma,asawoundthatneverheals,succeedsintransformingthesubsequentworldintoitsownimage,secureinitscapacitytore-createtheexperiencefortimeimmemorial.Itsucceedsinpassingtheexperiencefromonegenerationtothenext.Thepresentislivedasifitwerethepast.Theresultisthatthenextgenerationisdeprivedofitssenseofsociallocationanditscapacitytocreativelydefineitselfautonomouslyfromtheformer…whentimebecomesdistortedasaresultofoverwhelmingevents,thenaturaldistancebetweengenerations,demarcatedbythepassingoftimeandchangingexperience,becomesobscured.(p.176)

Holocaustresearch:childrendifferentiatelesscompletelyfromtheirparents,seethemselvesasprotectorsoftheirparentsratherthanviceversa,andtendtoinhibittheirownimpulsetoestablishindependenceandautonomy.Identitydevelopment,inshort,becameseverelyhinderedbecausethesechildrenhavenotbeenabletoexperiencethemselvesaspersonsoccupyingaparticulardiscretelocationintimeandspace

Psychogiou,L.,DaleyD.,Thompson,M.J.,andSonuga-Barke,E.J.S.(2008).Parentingempathy:Associationswithdimensionsofparentandchildpsychopathology.BritishJournalofDevelopmentalPsychology,26,221-232.

Empathyisdefinedastheunderstandingandsharinginanother’semotionalstateanditcombinesbothaffectiveandcognitivedimensions(Hoffman,2000;Snow,2000).Thecognitivecomponentorperspectivetaking,involvestheunderstandingofanother’spointofview,andtheaffectivecomponentinvolvesthevicariousexperienceofemotionsconsistentwiththoseoftheother.Theseincludefeelingsofcompassion,tenderness,andsympathy.(p.2211)

Oneemotionalresponsethatisrelatedto,butantagonisticwithempathyisegoisticpersonaldistress.Distressinvolvesfeelingalarmed,upset,disturbed,distressed,and/orperturbed(Batson,Fulz,&Schoenrade,1987;Batson,1991).(p.221)

Batsonetal,suggestthategoisticdistresselicitsthemotivationtohaveone’sowndistressreducedwhereasempathyelicitsthealtruisticmotivationtohavetheother’sneedreduced.(p.222)

Ainsworth,Bell,andStayton(1971,p.43)mentionedthatthematernalcapacityto‘perceivethingsfromthechild’spointofview’isfundamentaltosensitiveparenting.(p.222)

Raineki,C.,Moriceau,S.,Sullivan,R.M.(2010).Developinganeurobehavioralanimalmodelofinfantattachmenttoanabusivecaregiver.BiologicalPsychiatry,67,1137-1145.

Apotentialevolutionaryexplanationsuggestsselectionpressuressupportedinfantsthatremainedattachedbecauseitincreasedtheprobabilityofsurvival.Fromanadaptivepointofview,perhapsitisbetterforanaltricialanimaltoremainattachedtoanabusivecaregiverthanreceivenocare.(p.1143)

Bowlby(52)suggestedthatinfants’attachmenttothecaregiverischaracterizedbyinfantproximityseekingtothecaregiver,despiteabusiveandroughtreatmentbyanabusivecaregiver.

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52.BowlbyJ(1965):Attachment.NewYork:BasicBooks.

Rappoport,A.(2005).Co-narcissism:Howweaccommodatetonarcissisticparents.TheTherapist.

Co-narcissisticpeople,asaresultoftheirattemptstogetalongwiththeirnarcissisticparents,workhardtopleaseothers,defertoother’sopinions,worryabouthowothersthinkandfeelaboutthem,areoftendepressedoranxious,findithardtoknowtheirownviewsandexperience,andtakeblameforinterpersonalproblems.P.2

Theunderlyingdynamicofnarcissismisadeep,usuallyunconscious,senseofoneselfasdangerouslyinadequateandvulnerabletoblameandrejection.

Totheextentthatparentsarenarcissistic,theyarecontrolling,blaming,self-absorbed,intolerantofothers’views,unawareoftheirchildren’sneedsandoftheeffectsoftheirbehaviorontheirchildren,andrequirethatthechildrenseethemastheparentswishtobeseen.Theymayalsodemandcertainbehaviorfromtheirchildrenbecausetheyseethechildrenasextensionsofthemselves,andneedthechildrentorepresentthemintheworldinwaysthatmeettheparents’emotionalneeds.(p.2)

havelowself-esteem,workhardtopleaseothers,defertoothers’opinions,focusonothers’worldviewsandareunawareoftheirownorientations,areoftendepressedoranxious,findithardtoknowhowtheythinkandfeelaboutasubject,doubtthevalidityoftheirownviewsandopinions(especiallywhentheseconflictwithothers’views),andtaketheblameforinterpersonalproblems.(p.2)

Often,thesamepersondisplaysbothnarcissisticandco-narcissisticbehaviors,dependingoncircumstances.Apersonwhowasraisedbyanarcissisticoraco-narcissisticparenttendstoassumethat,inanyinterpersonalinteraction,onepersonisnarcissisticandtheotherco-narcissistic,andoftencanplayeitherpart.Commonly,oneparentwasprimarilynarcissisticandtheotherparentprimarilyco-narcissistic,andsobothorientationshavebeenmodeledforthechild.(p.2)

Inanarcissisticencounter,thereis,psychologically,onlyonepersonpresent.Theco-narcissistdisappearsforbothpeople,andonlythenarcissisticperson’sexperienceisimportant.Childrenraisedbynarcissisticparentscometobelievethatallotherpeoplearenarcissistictosomeextent.Asaresult,theyorientthemselvesaroundtheotherpersonintheirrelationships,loseaclearsenseofthemselves,andcannotexpressthemselveseasilynorparticipatefullyintheirlives.(p.3)

themotivationofselfishnesspredominatesinthemindsofnarcissisticpeople.Itisamajorcomponentoftheirdefensivestyle,anditisthereforeamotivationtheyreadilyattributeto(orprojectonto)others.(p.3)

Inregardtonarcissisticparents,thechildmustexhibitthesamequalities,values,feelings,andbehaviorwhichtheparentemploystodefendhisorherself-esteem.(p.3)

Whatdefinescomplianceinthissenseisthatthechildbecomesthecounterparttheparentneedsfrommomenttomomenttohelptheparentmanagethreatstohisorherself-esteem.(p.4)

Ifinditveryhelpfulinmyworkasatherapisttoexplainnarcissismandco-narcissismtomypatients.Havinganintellectualunderstandingofthenatureoftheproblemgoesagreatdistancetowardshelpingthemmakesenseoftheirlivesandwhytheirrelationshipstakeonthecharacteristicsthattheydo.Italsogivesusaframeworkwithinwhichwecandiscusstheissuesofconcerntothem,andhelpsthemunderstandwhattoworkontofreethemselvesfromtheseproblems.(p.4)

Theirdeep-seatedconvictionoftheirownworthlessness,andtheirstrongdefensesagainstthetherapistdiscoveringthis“truth”aboutthem,makesitdifficultforthemtofeelsafewiththetherapistandtobenefitfromthetherapeuticrelationship.(p.5)

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Rasmussen,K.R.andBoon,S.D.(2014).RomanticrevengeandtheDarkTriad:Amodelofimpellanceandinhibition.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,56,51–56

Roisman,G.I.,Madsen,K.H.,Hennighousen,L.Sroufe,L.A.,andCollins,W.A.(2001).Thecoherenceofdyadicbehavioracrossparent-childandromanticrelationshipsasmediatedbytheinternalizedrepresentationofexperience.AttachmentandHumanBehavior,3,156-172.

Sable,P.(1997).Attachment,detachmentandborderlinepersonalitydisorder.Psychotherapy:Theory,Research,Practice,Training,34(2),171-181.

Borderlinepersonalitydisorderisconceivedasaconditionofprofoundinsecureattachment,withextremeoscillationsbetweenattachmentanddetachment,betweenalongingandyearningforsecureaffectionalbondsalternatingwithadreadandavoidanceofsuchcloseness.(p.173)

Duetoearlytraumaticchildhoodexperiences,systemsmediatingattachmentfeelingsandbehaviorhavebeendeactivatedanddistorted,resultinginheightenedsensitivitytoseparationandloss.However,becausethoughtsandfeelingshavebeendisconnectedfromthecircumstancesthatelicitedthem,theseindividualsarenotawareofwhytheyreactastheydo.(p.173)

Similarly,the"defensivenumbing"(Bowlby,1979,p.11)ofdetachmentcanpersistbeyondreunionandevenintoadulthood.(p.173)

Sable,P.(2008).Whatisadultattachment?ClinicalSocialWorkJournal,36,21-30

Sackett,G.P.,Griffin,G.A.,Pratt,C.etal(1967)Motherinfantandadultfemalechoicebehaviorinrhesusmonkeysaftervariousrearingexperiences.JournalofComparitivePhysiologicalPsychology,63,376-381

Schneider,C.andBrimhall,A.S.(2014)Fromscaredtorepaired:Usinganattachment-basedperspectivetounderstandsituationalcoupleviolence.JournalofMaritalandFamilyTherapy,40,367-379

“Anindividual’sattachmentstyleportraysthetypicalreactionsthatpersonmayhavetotheabsenceofanattachmentfigureaswellashisorhertypicalstrategyinreestablishingasenseofsafety.Thesepreviousattachmentexperiencescanbecome“proceduralscripts”thatguideindividualsintheircurrentrelationships(Johnson,2004;pp.31).Thesescripts,broughttothecurrentrelationship,canbeself-fulfillingandinfluencetheinterpersonaldynamicandrelationship.”(p.368-369))

Schuengel,C.,Bakermans-Kranenburg,M.,&VanIJzendoorn,M.H.(1999).Frighteningmaternalbehaviorlinkingunresolvedlossanddisorganizedinfantattachment.JournalofConsultingandClinicalPsychology,67(1),54-63.

Seay,B.Alexander,B.K.,andHarlow,H.F.(1964).Maternalbehaviorofsociallydeprivedrhesusmonkeys.JournalofAbnormalandSocialPsychology,69,345-354

AllsevenoftheseMMmonkeysweretotallyinadequatemothers…Initially,theMMmonkeystendedtoignoreorwithdrawfromtheirbabiesevenwhentheinfantsweredisengagedandscreaming…Laterthemotherlessmonkeysignored,rejected,andwerephysicallyabusivetotheirinfants.(p.353)

Asurprisingphenomenawastheuniversallypersistingattemptsbytheinfantstoattachtothemother’sbodyregardlessofneglectorphysicalpunishment.Whentheinfantsfailedtoattachtotheventralsurfaceofthemother,theywouldclingtothedorsalsurfaceandattempttomovetothe

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mother’sventralsurface.(p.353)

“TheinfantsoftheMM[motherlessmonkeys]groupinitiallyapproachedtheirmothersmorefrequentlyandshowedsignificantlymorenonspecificcontactswiththemthatdidFM[feralmother]infants.BothdifferencesreflectfailureofMMinfantstoattainandmaintainsatisfactorycontactwiththeirmother,andareconsistentwiththefindingsonrejectionofinfantsbymothers.”P.348

Shaffer,A.,&Sroufe,L.A.(2005).TheDevelopmentalandadaptationalimplicationsofgenerationalboundarydissolution:Findingsfromaprospective,longitudinalstudy.JournalofEmotionalAbuse.5(2/3),67-84.

Rolereversalsobservedamongchildrenwithdisorganizedattachmenthistories,whichmayincludebothcontrolling/punitiveandcaregivingbehaviorpatterns,maybeattemptsatfearmasteryandself-protection(p.72)

Inthisstudythedissolutionofgenerationalboundarieswaschild-specificwithintheidentifiedfamilies.(p.75)

Amaternalhistoryofsexualexploitationhasemergedasasignificantpredictorofboundarydissolutionat42months(p.75)

Motherswhotendtodisregardgenerationalboundariesininteractingwiththeirchildrenarenotsimplymore“warm”thanothermothers,butinfactshowmoreconflictorhostility.(p.78)

Parent-initiatedboundarydissolutioninearlychildhoodinstantiatesapatternofrelationshipdisturbanceinthechild.Rolereversalisapparentbyearlyadolescenceandtheavailabledatasuggestlinkstopsychopathologyinlateradolescence,particularlyasaresultofsexualizedbehaviorobservedatage13.(p.80

Shaw,D.(2010).EnterGhosts:Thelossofintersubjectivityinclinicalworkwithadultchildrenofpathologicalnarcissists.PsychoanalyticDialogues,20(1),46-59.

“Exposuretoparentalnarcissisticpathologyconstitutescumulativerelationaltrauma,whichsubvertsthedevelopmentofintersubjectiverelatingcapacitiesinthedevelopingchild.Thistraumaisinheritedandbequeathedintergenerationally.”(p.46)

Sieswerda,S.,Arntz,A.,Mertens,I.,andVertommen,S.(2006).Hypervigilanceinpatientswithborderlinepersonalitydisorder:Specificity,automaticity,andpredictors.BehaviorResearchandTherapy,45,1011-1024

BPDpatientsshowedhypervigilanceforbothnegativeandpositivecues,butwerespecificallybiasedtowardsschema-relatednegativecues.PredictorswereBPDschemas,childhoodsexualtraumas,andBPDanxietysymptoms.P.1011

BPDpatientsprocessinformationthroughaspecificsetofthreecorebeliefsorschemasofthemselvesandothers,i.e.,‘Iampowerlessandvulnerable’,‘Iaminherentlyunacceptable’,and‘Othersaredangerousandmalevolent’.NeedingsupportinadangerousworldbutnottrustingothersbringsBPDpatientsinastateofhypervigilance.Schema-specificinformationishighlyprioritizedordifficulttoinhibitinthisstate,resultinginbiasesinearlyinformationprocessingphasessuchasselectiveattention.P.1011

ThescarcityofselectiveattentionstudiesofBPDisincontrastwiththeacknowledgementofanxietyasasignificantaspectofBPDalreadyintheearliestpaperson‘borderlinepatients’(Hoch&Cattell,1959;Stern,1932),therelationofBPDwithchildhoodtrauma(Herman,Perry,&vanderKolk,1989;Sabo,1997;Zanarini,1997),andtherelativelyhighcomorbidityofBPDbothwithanxietydisorders

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(Zanarinietal.,1998b;Zimmerman&Mattia,1999)andanxiousclusterpersonalitydisorders(PDs)(Zanarinietal.,1998a).p.1012

BPDisoftenconceptualizedasaposttraumadisorder(Gunderson&Sabo,1993;Hermanetal.,1989),aviewthatissupportedbydataonhighprevalencesofinterpersonalchildhoodtraumasinBPD(Hermanetal.,1989;Sabo,1997;Zanarini,1997).Cognitive-behavioraltheoriesconceptualizethesetraumasaslearningexperiencesresultinginspecifictrauma-relatedcognitiveschemas.Theseschemasfacilitatebutalsobiasinformationprocessing(Arntz,2004;Pretzer,1990),orresultinrelativelyisolatedmemorystructuresgeneratingpathologicalfearbehaviorsandcognitions(Foa,Steketee,&Rothbaum,1989).P.1012

Hypervigilanceforschema-relatednegativestimuliwasrelatedtocurrentanxiety(e.g.,BPDanxietysymptoms)andpredictedbyahistoryofchildhoodsexualabusep.1021

Simpson,J.A.(1990).Influenceofattachmentstylesonromanticrelationships.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,59,971-980.

Smolewska,K.andDion,K.L.(2005).Narcissismandadultattachment:amultivariateapproach.SelfandIdentity,4,59-68.

Soenens,B.,&Vansteenkiste,M.(2010).Atheoreticalupgradeoftheconceptofparentalpsychologicalcontrol:Proposingnewinsightsonthebasisofself-determinationtheory.DevelopmentalReview,30,74–99.

Psychologicalcontrolcanbeexpressedthroughavarietyofparentaltactics,including(a)guilt-induction,whichreferstotheuseofguiltinducingstrategiestopressurechildrentocomplywithaparentalrequest;(b)contingentloveorlovewithdrawal,whereparentsmaketheirattention,interest,care,andlovecontingentuponthechildren’sattainmentofparentalstandards;(c)instillinganxiety,whichreferstotheinductionofanxietytomakechildrencomplywithparentalrequests;and(d)invalidationofthechild’sperspective,whichpertainstoparentalconstrainingofthechild’sspontaneousexpressionofthoughtsandfeelings.(p.75)

theinsidiouslymanipulativetacticsusedbyinternallycontrollingparentsarerelativelymorelikelytoinducefeelingsofundueloyaltytowardsparentsandotherinternalpressurestocomplywithparentalauthority.Suchcompliancewouldbedrivenbyadesiretoavoidfeelingguiltyandbyanxietytoloseparents’love.(p.82)

Theneedthatismostdirectlyfrustratedbyparentalpsychologicalcontrolistheneedforautonomy.Childrenofpsychologicallycontrollingparentsfeelforcedtoact,feel,orthinkinawaythatisdictatedbytheparent.(p.89)

Sroufe,L.A.(2005).Attachmentanddevelopment:Aprospective,longitudinalstudyfrombirthtoadulthood,AttachmentandHumanDevelopment,7,349-367.

Sroufe,L.A.,&Sampson,M.C.(2000).Attachmenttheoryandsystemsconcepts.HumanDevelopment,43,321-326.

Stepp,S.D.,Whalen,D.J.,Pilkonis,P.A.,Hipwell,A.E.,&Levine,M.D.(2011).ChildrenofmotherswithBorderlinePersonalityDisorder:Identifyingparentingbehaviorsaspotentialtargetsforintervention.PersonalityDisorders:Theory,Research,andTreatment.1-16.Advanceonlinepublication.doi:10.1037/a0023081

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Thereisgoodevidenceforthetransgenerationaltransmissionofthisdisorder[borderlinepersonalitydisorder](forareviewseeWhite,Gunderson,Zanarini,&Hudson,2003).(p.2)

IndividualswithBPDtendtohaveattachmentstylesclassifiedasdisorganizedandunresolved(Levy,2005)P.3

Whenthissamegroupofinfantswas12monthsold[i.e.,infantsofBPDmothers],80%presentedwithbehavioralpatternsconsistentwithdisorganizedattachmenttotheirmothers(Hobsonetal2005).P.3

Thischronicinvalidationofemotionalexperiencesmaydisrupttheadaptivedevelopmentofemotionprocessingsystems.ItislikelythatmotherswithBPD,asaresultoftheirowndifficultiesunderstandingtheirfeelings,lackofskillstomanagetheirownemotions,andtheirownchildhoodhistoryofparentalinvalidationwouldhaveahardtimemodelingappropriateemotionsocializationstrategies.MotherswithBPDmaythusteachtheirchildrenmaladaptivewaysofexpressingandmanagingemotions.P.5

Stolorow,R.Brandchaft,B.,andAtwood,G.(1987).PsychoanalyticTreatment:AnIntersubjectiveApproach.Hillsdale,NJ:AnalyticPress

Stone,G.,Buehler,C.,&Barber,B.K..(2002)Interparentalconflict,parentalpsychologicalcontrol,andyouthproblembehaviors.InB.K.Barber(Ed.),Intrusiveparenting:Howpsychologicalcontrolaffectschildrenandadolescents.Washington,DC.:AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

Parentalpsychologicalcontrolisdefinedasverbalandnonverbalbehaviorsthatintrudeonyouth’semotionalandpsychologicalautonomy.(Stone,Buehler,&Barber,2002,p.57)

Thecentralelementsofpsychologicalcontrolareintrusionintothechild’spsychologicalworldandself-definitionandparentalattemptstomanipulatethechild’sthoughtsandfeelingsthroughinvokingguilt,shame,andanxiety.Psychologicalcontrolisdistinguishedfrombehavioralcontrolinthattheparentattemptstocontrol,throughtheuseofcriticism,dominance,andanxietyorguiltinduction,theyouth’sthoughtsandfeelingsratherthantheyouth’sbehavior.”(Stone,Buehler,andBarber,2002,p.57)

Thisstudywasconductedusingtwodifferentsamplesofyouth.ThefirstsampleconsistedofyouthlivinginKnoxCounty,Tennessee.ThesecondsampleconsistedofyouthlivinginOgden,Utah.(Stone,Buehler,andBarber,2002,p.62)

“Theanalysesrevealthatvariabilityinpsychologicalcontrolusedbyparentsisnotrandombutitislinkedtointerparentalconflict,particularlycovertconflict.Higherlevelsofcovertconflictinthemaritalrelationshipheightenthelikelihoodthatparentswouldusepsychologicalcontrolwiththeirchildren.Thismightbebecausebothparentalpsychologicalcontrolandcovertconflictareanxiety-driven.Theysharedefiningcharacteristics,particularlythequalitiesofintrusiveness,indirectness,andmanipulation.”(Stone,Buehler,andBarber,2002,p.86)

“Theconceptoftriangles“describesthewayanythreepeoplerelatetoeachotherandinvolveothersinemotionalissuesbetweenthem”(Bowen,1989,p.306).Intheanxiety-filledenvironmentofconflict,athirdpersonistriangulated,eithertemporarilyorpermanently,toeasetheanxiousfeelingsoftheconflictingpartners.Bydefault,thatthirdpersonisexposedtoananxiety-provokinganddisturbingatmosphere.Forexample,achildmightbecomethescapegoatorfocusofattention,therebytransferringthetensionfromthemaritaldyadtotheparent-childdyad.Unresolvedtensioninthemaritalrelationshipmightspillovertotheparent-childrelationshipthroughparents’useofpsychologicalcontrolasawayofsecuringandmaintainingastrongemotionalallianceandlevelofsupportfromthechild.Asaconsequence,thetriangulatedyouthmightfeelpressuredorobligedto

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listentooragreewithoneparents’complaintsagainsttheother.Theresultingenmeshmentandcross-generationalcoalitionwouldexemplifyparents’useofpsychologicalcontroltocoerceandmaintainaparent-youthemotionalallianceagainsttheotherparent(Haley,1976;Minuchin,1974).”(Stone,Buehler,andBarber,2002,p.86-87)

Svrakic,D.M.(1990).Functionaldynamicsofthenarcissisticpersonality.AmericanJournalofPsychiatry.44,189-203.

Narcissisticobjectrelationsarepartialandtheytypicallyalternatebetween“allgood”and“allbad”perceptionofone’sselfandoftheexternalworld.P.190

Narcissistpersonseliminatebadaspectsofthemselvesusingmassiveprojections.Naturally,suchprojectionscontaminateexternalobjectsthatarethenexperiencedas“dangerous,threatening,andworthless.”(p.193)

Titelman,P.(2003).EmotionalcutoffinBowenfamilysystemstheory:AnOverview.InEmotionalcutoff:Bowenfamilysystemstheoryperspectives,P.Tetelman(ed).NewYork:HaworthPress.

TheoriginsoftheconceptofcutoffarerootedinBowen’sparallelearlyunderstandingsofdifferentiation,triangles,thenuclearfamilyemotionalprocess,familyprojectionprocess,andmultigenerationaltransmissionprocess.(p.16)

Bowentheorypostulatestwomainvariablesinhumanfunctioning:anxietyanddifferentiation.Histheorymakesthedistinctionbetweenacuteandchronicanxiety.Acuteanxietyoccursinresponsetorealthreatsandistime-limited.Chronicanxietygenerallyoccursinresponsetoimaginedthreatsandisnotexperiencedastime-limited.Acuteanxietyisfedbyfearofwhatis:chronicanxietyisfedbyfearofwhatmightbe(Kerr&Bowen,1988,p.113)(p.20)

Differentiationofselfcanbedescribedasthewayanindividualmanagestheinterplayofindividualityandtogethernessforceswithinarelationshipsystem(Kerr&Bowen,1988,p.95).Differentiationofselfcanalsobedescribedastheabilitytoactforoneselfwithoutbeingselfishandtheabilitytoactforotherswithoutbeingselfless.Differentiationinvolvestheabilitytobeanindividualwhilesimultaneouslyfunctioningaspartoftheteam(Kerr&Bowen,1988,p.63).(p.20)

Atthelevelofthenuclearfamilywithchildren,differentiationdescribesthevariationinthedegreeofemotionalseparatenessamongthemembersofthefamily.Conversely,atthelevelofthenuclearfamily,undifferentiationreferstoacontinuumalongwhichfamilymembersare”emotionallystuck-together.”Atthelevelofthefamilyoforigin,differentiationdescribesthedegreetowhichfamilymembershaveopen,one-to-onerelationshipswithoneanother.Conversely,undifferentiationatthelevelofthefamilyoforigindescribesthedegreeofunresolvedattachmentbetweentheindividualandhisorherparentsthroughoverclosenessorcutoff.(p.20-21)

Emotionalstuck-togetherfusionandemotionalcutoffareinterrelatedexpressionsofundifferentiation…Thegreaterthedegreeofstuck-togetherfusioninafamily,thegreaterthedegreeofcutoffthatwillfollow.Thisinterlockingprocesscontinuestothemultigenerationalhistoryofthefamily.(p.21)

Whenapatternoffusionexistsinonesegmentofafamily,nuclear,familyoforigin,orextended,thereisanequivalentdegreeofcutoffinthesameforanothersegmentofthefamilyasamultigenerationalsystem.Thisfollowstheideainsystemsthinkingachangeinonepartofthesystemelicitscompensatorychangeinanotherpartofthemultigenerationalfamilysystem.(p.21)

Fusionisdefinedastheemotionalonenessemotionalstock-togethertweenfamilymembers.

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Emotionstuck-togetherfusionthatemotionalcutofforinterrelatedexpressionsofundifferentiated…thegreaterthedegreeofstucktogetherfusionandthefamily,thegreaterthedegreeofcutoffthatwillfollow.Thisinterlockingprocesscontinuestothemultigenerationalhistoryofthefamily…whatapatternoffusionexistsinonesegmentoftheafamily,Nuclear,familyoforigin,orextended,thereisanequivalentdegreeofcutoffinthesameforanothersegmentofthefamilyasamultigenerationalsystem.(p.21)

Cutoffisnotcreatedorsustainedbyasingleindividual.Ittakestwoormoreindividualstosustainit.Inaddition,ittakesatleastoneparentandachildforprocessofcutofftooccur.However,cutoffisintegrallyrelatedtotheprocessoftheparent-childtriangle,aswellastheemotionalimmaturitythatresidesintheparentsandtheirrelationshipstotheirownparents.Inshort,cutoffisrootedintheemotionalprocessofthefamilyasamultigenerationalunit.(p.23)

Trippany,R.L.,Helm,H.M.andSimpson,L.(2006).Traumareenactment:Rethinkingborderlinepersonalitydisorderwhendiagnosingsexualabusesurvivors.JournalofMentalHealthCounseling,28,95-110.

reenactment:Victimsofpasttraumamayrespondtocontemporaryeventsasthoughthetraumahasreturnedandre-experiencethehyperarousalthataccompaniedtheinitialtrauma.(p.100)

Researchshowsthatdisturbanceswithattachmentandbondinginearlychildhoodaffectpersonalitydevelopmentandhealthyinterpersonalfunctioningasanadult,oftenresultinginthedevelopmentofpersonalitydisorderssuchasBPS(Adams,1999;Mahler,1971)

Tronick,E.Z.(2003).Ofcourseallrelationshipsareunique:Howco-creativeprocessesgenerateuniquemother-infantandpatient-therapistrelationshipsandchangeotherrelationships.PsychoanalyticInquiry,23,473-491.

vanderKolk,B.A.(1987).Theseparationcryandthetraumaresponse:Developmentalissuesinthepsychobiologyofattachmentandseparation.InB.A.vanderKolk(Ed.)PsychologicalTrauma(31-62).Washington,D.C.:AmericanPsychiatricPress,Inc.

“Increasedimprintingtoabusingobjectshasbeendemonstratedinbirds(33),dogs(34),monkeys(35,36),andhumanbeings(7).Sackettetal.(37)foundthatmonkeysraisedbyabusivemotherclingtothemmorethanaverage:Theimmediateconsequenceofmaternalrejectionistheaccentuationofproximityseekingonthepartoftheinfant.Aftersimilarexperiments,HarlowandHarlow(35)concluded:“Insteadofproducingexperimentalneurosiswehadachievedatechniqueforenhancingmaternalattachment.”(p.34)

33:Ratner,A.M.(1976).Modificationsofducklingfilialbehaviorbyaversivestimulation.JournalofExperimentalPsychology,2,266-284.

34:Stanley,W.C.andElliot,O.(1962).DifferentialhumanhandlingasreinforcingeventsandastreatmentsinfluencinglatersocialbehaviorinBasejipuppies.PsychologicalReports,10,775-788.

35:Harlow,H.F.;Harlow,M.K,Kimmel,H.D.(Ed),(1971).Experimentalpsychopathology:Recentresearchandtheory.,(pp.203-229).SanDiego,CA,US:AcademicPress

vanderKolk,B.A.(1987).Thepsychologicalconsequencesofoverwhelminglifeexperiences.InB.A.vanderKolk(Ed.)PsychologicalTrauma(1-30).Washington,D.C.:AmericanPsychiatricPress,Inc.

reenactment:“Whenthetraumafailstobeintegratedintothetotalityofaperson’slifeexperiences,thevictimremainsfixatedonthetrauma.Despiteavoidanceofemotionalinvolvement,traumatic

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memoriescannotbeavoided:evenwhenpushedoutofwakingconsciousness,theycomebackintheformofreenactments,nightmares,orfeelingsrelatedtothetrauma…Recurrencesmaycontinuethroughoutlifeduringperiodsofstress.”(p.5)

VanderKolk,B.A.(1989).Thecompulsiontorepeatthetrauma:Re-enactment,revictimization,andmasochism.PsychiatricClinicsofNorthAmerica,12,389-411.

“victimsoftraumarespondtocontemporarystimuliasifthetraumahadreturned,withoutconsciousawarenessthatpastinjuryratherthancurrentstressisthebasisoftheirphysiologicemergencyresponses.Thehyperarousalinterfereswiththeirabilitytomakecalmandrationalassessmentsandpreventsresolutionandintegrationofthetrauma.

Peoplewhohavebeenexposedtohighlystressfulstimulideveloplong-termpotentiationofmemorytractsthatarereactivatedattimesofsubsequentarousal.Thisactivationexplainshowcurrentstressisexperiencedasareturnofthetrauma;itcausesareturntoearlierbehaviorpatterns.

“Disorganizedattachmentcanbedescribedasthebreakdownofanotherwiseconsistentandorganizedstrategyofemotionregulation…Disorganizedattachmentbehaviorsarenotjustbizarreandincoherent,theyareconsideredtobeindicatorsofanexperienceofstressandanxietywhichthechildcannotresolvebecausetheparentisatthesametimethesourceoffrightaswellastheonlypotentialhavenofsafety.”(p.226)

Maltreatingparents,forexample,aresupposedtocreatedisorganizedattachmentwiththeir[children]becausetheyconfronttheir[children]withapervasiveparadox:theyarepotentiallytheonlysourceofcomfortfortheirchildren,whereasatthesametimetheyfrightentheirchildrenthroughtheirunpredictableabusivebehavior.Theparentisthoughttobeasourceoffearforthechildandatthesametimetheonlyattachmentfigurewhocanproviderelieffromdistress.(pp.226-227)

Disorganizationofattachment,however,doesnotonlyoccurinfamilieswithamaltreatingparentbuthasalsobeenfoundtodevelopwhentheparentisstrugglingwithunresolvedlossofanattachmentfigureorothertraumaticexperience.(p.227)

Disorganizationofattachmentisconsideredtobeamajorriskfactorinthedevelopmentofchildpsychopathology.(p.227)

Disorganizedattachmentmaycertainlybeconsideredanimportantriskfactorinthedevelopmentofchildpsychopathology.(p.244)

vanderKolk,B.A.(2005).Developmentaltraumadisorder.PsychiatricAnnals,35(5),401-408.

vanIjzendoorn,M.H.(1992)Intergenerationaltransmissionofparenting:Areviewofstudiesinnonclinicalpopulations.DevelopmentalReview,12,76-99

vanIJzendoorn,M.H.,Schuengel,C.,&Bakermans-Kranenburg,M.J.(1999).Disorganizedattachmentinearlychildhood:Meta-analysisofprecursors,concomitants,andsequelae.DevelopmentandPsychopathology,11,225–249.

“Theincompatiblebehaviorsofflightandproximityseekingareproposedtoleadtotemporarybreakdownoforganizedattachmentbehavior”(p.227)

Watson,P.J.andBiderman,M.D.(1993).NarcissisticPersonalityInventoryfactors,splittingandself-consciousness.JournalofPersonalityAssessment,61,41-57.

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Wai,M.andTiliopoulos,N.(2012).Theaffectiveandcognitiveempathicnatureofthedarktriadofpersonality.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,52,794–799

Weniger,G.,Lange,C.Sachsse,U.,andIrle,E.(2009).Reducedamygdalaandhippocampussizeintrauma-exposedwomenwithborderlinepersonalitydisorderandwithoutposttraumaticstressdisorder.JournalofPsychiatryNeuroscience,34,383-388.

Viewingtheclient’sstrugglesfromatraumaframeworkallowsthecounselortoviewthesymptomsascopingmechanismsforhisorhertraumahistoryandallowsfortheexplanationtotheclient,inanonthreateningmannerofhowsuchpastexperiencesarebeingreenactedthroughpresentchoices.”(p.105)

Widiger,T.A.andTrull,T.J.(2007).Platetectonicsintheclassificationofpersonalitydisorder:Shiftingtoadimensionalmodel.AmericanPsychologist,62,71-83.

Zanarini,M.C.,Williams,A.A.,Lewis,R.E.,Reich,R.B.,R,B.R.,&al,e.(1997).Reportedpathologicalchildhoodexperiencesassociatedwiththedevelopmentofborderlinepersonalitydisorder.TheAmericanJournalofPsychiatry,154(8),1101-6.

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