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Metamorphosis & Metamorphosis & Insect DietInsect Diet

Incomplete Incomplete MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

Insects pass through 3 separate stages of growth; as egg, nymph, and adult.

•Locusts, grasshoppers, cockroaches, termites and

dragonflies

Egg develops into adult by nymphs which are,

essentially, adults lacking wings

Moulting takes place during instars (each

nymphal stage)

Complete MetamorphosisComplete Metamorphosis

Insects pass through four separate stages of growth, as egg (embryo), larva, pupa, and adult

(imago).

Also called holometabolism Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths) Siphonaptera (fleas)Dpitera (flies) Strepsiptera (parasites)Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, bees) Thysanoptera

(thrips)

* Thrips metamorphosis is intermediate between simple and complex

Amphibian Amphibian MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

Lepidopterous InsectLepidopterous Insect

►Lepidopterous insects live a four stage Lepidopterous insects live a four stage life style: Egg, Nymph and Adultlife style: Egg, Nymph and Adult

►These insects have four large scale These insects have four large scale covered wings that bear distinctive covered wings that bear distinctive

markings and larva that are caterpillarsmarkings and larva that are caterpillars

EggEgg•Butterfly eggs are made of a hard-ridged outer layer of shell

called the chorion.

•This is lined with a thin coating of wax which prevents the egg from drying out before the larva has had time to fully develop.

•Each egg contains a number of tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end, called micropyles; the purpose of these holes is to allow

sperm to enter and fertilize the egg.

•Butterfly and moth eggs vary greatly in size between species, but they are all either spherical or ovate.

LarvaeLarvae► Larvae has ONE basic function:….Larvae has ONE basic function:….

► Also…Also…► Distribution of species as larvae are motileDistribution of species as larvae are motile

► In parasitic species, they help move the In parasitic species, they help move the parasite to the hostparasite to the host

► Larvae are responsible for feeding and growth.Larvae are responsible for feeding and growth.

CaterpillarCaterpillarSegmented body: Head, thorax (3 pairs of joined legs), and an

abdomen (5 pairs of stumpy prolegs + 1 clasper)

•Simple eyes (ocelli) which only detect changes in light

•Powerful jaws: Mandibles which have sharp cutting surfaces

•Maxillae: Help guild food into mouth

•Contain chemical detectors which help the caterpillar identify food

Pupa & ChrysalisPupa & Chrysalis► PupaPupa-(pl. pupae) the third, inactive stage of -(pl. pupae) the third, inactive stage of

insects with complete metamorphosis, the insects with complete metamorphosis, the transition stage between the larval and transition stage between the larval and

adult stages. Usually non-mobile.adult stages. Usually non-mobile.

► ChrysalisChrysalis-a butterfly pupa, not enclosed in -a butterfly pupa, not enclosed in a cocoon, a pupa without a protective cover.a cocoon, a pupa without a protective cover.

Butterflies are today distributed throughout the

world except in the very cold and arid regions. There are an estimated 17,500 species of

butterflies (Papilionoidea) out of about 180,000 species of

Lepidoptera

ButterflyButterfly

Magnified scale from a butterfly's

wing

Nutritional RequirementsNutritional Requirements

►EggEgg Yolk: Contains proteins, phospholipids and Yolk: Contains proteins, phospholipids and

fats needed for rapid development.fats needed for rapid development.►CaterpillarCaterpillar

Leaves: Protein for growth & carbohydrate Leaves: Protein for growth & carbohydrate for energyfor energy

►PupaPupa None: Uses stored energy for None: Uses stored energy for

metamorphosismetamorphosis►Butterfly / MothButterfly / Moth

Nectar: High source of energy for flyingNectar: High source of energy for flying

►Depending on what an Depending on what an insect eats, it is insect eats, it is described as being described as being either;either;

►Phytophagous: Feeding Phytophagous: Feeding on plantson plants

►Zoophagous: Feeding on Zoophagous: Feeding on other organismsother organisms

►Saprophagous: Feeding Saprophagous: Feeding from decaying organic from decaying organic mattermatter

Insect DietInsect Diet

PhytophagousPhytophagous

► Anthophagous: FlowersAnthophagous: Flowers► Clethorophagous: SeedsClethorophagous: Seeds

► Cone-feeding: Seeds & cones of conifersCone-feeding: Seeds & cones of conifers► Frugivorous: Fruit or fruiting bodies of plantsFrugivorous: Fruit or fruiting bodies of plants

► Heteroconophagous: Stems & NeedlesHeteroconophagous: Stems & Needles► Nectarivorus: NectarNectarivorus: Nectar

► Phyllopphagous: Leaves of plantsPhyllopphagous: Leaves of plants► Pollenophagous: PollenPollenophagous: Pollen

► Root-feeding: RootsRoot-feeding: Roots► Sap-feeding: SapSap-feeding: Sap

► Xylophagous: woody tissues (wood)Xylophagous: woody tissues (wood)

Cool FactsCool Facts► “Wings or wing pads are not visible on the outside of the

larva, but when larvae are dissected, tiny developing wing disks can be found on the second and third thoracic segments, in place of the spiracles that are apparent on abdominal segments. Wing disks develop in association with a trachea that runs along the base of the wing, and are surrounded by a thin peripodial membrane, which is linked to the outer epidermis of the larva by a tiny duct. “ (Wikipedia)

► :Butterflies feed primarily on nectar from flowers. Some also derive nourishment from pollen, tree sap, rotting fruit, dung, and dissolved minerals in wet sand or dirt. Butterflies play an important ecological role as pollinators.”

► “…a butterfly is seen as the personification of a person's soul, whether they be living, dying, or already dead.”

BibliographyBibliography► BOOKS:► McKay, Mathew (2005), The Hutchinson Encyclopedia, Hodder

Arnold► Pappas, Theodore (2003), Britannica Precise Encyclopedia,

Encyclopedia Britannica► Relf, Diane (2002), The Virginia Gardener Handbook, No publisher

stated► Swihart, S. L (1967). Hearing in butterflies. J. Insect Physiol 13, 469

► WEBSITES:► http://www.tolweb.org/Papilionidae/12177http://www.tolweb.org/Papilionidae/12177► http://www.insectnet.com/photos/fauna1/bairdii_chrys2.htmhttp://www.insectnet.com/photos/fauna1/bairdii_chrys2.htm► http://http://www.backyardnature.net/metacomp.htmwww.backyardnature.net/metacomp.htm► http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/bugs/life/cycles.aspxhttp://www.museum.vic.gov.au/bugs/life/cycles.aspx► http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly