Hans Kelsen a New Science of Politics Hans Kelsens Reply to Eric Voegelins New Science of Politics 2005

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  • 8/13/2019 Hans Kelsen a New Science of Politics Hans Kelsens Reply to Eric Voegelins New Science of Politics 2005

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    Hans Kelsen

    A w Science o PoliticsHans Kelsen s Reply to Eric Voegelin sNew Science of Politics .

    A Contribution to the Critique of Ideology

    Edited E,ckhart Arnold

    verlagFrankfurt Lancaster

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    Hans Kelsen

    A New Science of Politics

    Hans Kelsens Reply

    to Eric Voegelins New Science of Politics

    A Contribution to the Critique of Ideology

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    Bibliographic i.nforntllhOD S)ublished by nie Deutsche BiblioU,ekDie Deutsche Bibliotbek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographic;

    detailed bibliographic data is available in the Intemet at http://dnb.ddb.dc

    North and South America byTransaction BooksRutgers UniversityPiscataway, NJ [email protected]

    United Kingdom, Ire Iceland, Turkey, Malta, Portugal byGazelle Books Services Lim.itcd

    White Cross Mills ighto\lvnLANCASTER, LAl [email protected]

    Die Herausgabe von Hans KeIsens Voegelin-Rezension ~ New Scienceof Politics in diesem Band erfolgt mit Zustinlmung des Hans KelsenInsituts inWien.

    i1

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    nhaltsv erzeichnis

    1 Einleitung o rwor t1.2 Zur Textgestalt

    2 Hans Kelsen: A New Science of Politics2. ] A Crusade against Positivism . .2.2 A new Theory of Representation2.2.1 ].2.2.2 2 .2.2.3 3 .2.3 GnostidsITI a new category of political science.2.3.] 2.3.2 22.3.3 32.3.4 4.

    7792929536676768393 2

    3 Nachwort: Voegelins Neue Wiss enschaft im Lichte von KelsensKritik 1093.] Ein]eitung 1093.2 Kelsens RepHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 Die wissenschaftliche Bedeutung von Kdens Replik III3.2.2 Der biographisch-zeitgeschichtliche Kontext 1123.2.3 Die Entstehung von Kelsens Replik 1153.3 Zur Beurteilung von Kelsens Replik . . . . . . . . . 1183.3.1 Wertfreiheit nnd Wissenschaftsideal . . . 1193.3.2 Kelsens Analyse von Voegelins Reprasentationsbegriff1223.3.3 Exkurs zu Voegelins Theone der Wahrheitsreprasen-tatian: Voegdin als Theoretiker eines Mullah-Staates 1253.3.4 Kelsen tiber die Gnosistheorie nnd Voegelins Umgang mit der Geistesgeschichte.. . . . . . . . . 1283.3.5 AbschlieHende Bemerkungen zu Voegelins politi-scher Theologie . 31.4 iteratur 133

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    pitell inleitung

    VorwortDie in diesem Band erstrnals veroffentlichte Schrift Hans Kelsens unter demTitel A New Sdence of Politics ist eine ausftihdiche und sehr kritischeAuseinandersetzung mit Eric Voegelins . New Science of Politics . HansKelsen hat diese Schrift bereits ]954 also unmittelbar nach dem Erscheinen von Voegelins Werk verfassl He sie aber aus verschiedenen Grlindenauf die im Naehwort eingegangen wird unveroffentlicht.Eine Herausgabe dieser Schrift schien mir sinnvoll urn nieht zu sagen geboten weil das neuerwachte Interesse dessen sich Eric VoegeHn in jiingsterZeit erfreut sich zwar ineiner immer umfangreieher werdenden SekundarIiteratur niederschUigt aber bisher noch wenig zu einer kritisehen Auseinandersetzung mit Voegelin geftihrt hat. Es scheint dass Voegelin von seinenKritikern ignoriert wird und von denen die ihn nieht ignorieren nur sehenkritisiert wird. Eine Ausnahme bildet Hans Keisen der Voegelin lnit seinerRezension der . Neuen Wissensehaft der Politik eine eingehende Kritik aufhohem argumentativen Niveau gewidmet hat. Grund genug hatte er dazugreift Voegelin in seiner Neuen Wissenschaft def Polititk doeh nieht nurbestimmte wissensehaftHche uDd politisehe Positionen an sondern das Projekt einer rationalen wertfreien und weltanschaungsunabhangigen Gesel1sehaftswissenschaft tiberhaupt also einer Art von Wissenschaft die HansKelsen der sich selbst aIs Positivist einordnete zutiefst am Herzen lag.Die ethisch-politische Frage urn die es in dieser Diskussion ebenfallsgeht ob eine von religiosen Anspruchen befreite politisehe Ordnung mogHeh und wiinschenswert ist wurde in der Geistesgeschichte unter anderemTile] und von anderen Protagonisten freilieh schon after durchgespielt zurnBeispiel in def Diskussion urn Carl Schmitts Politische Theologie . Deno h lohnt sich die Auseinandersetzung mit Voege]ins Variante einer Politischen Theologie und ihren K.ritikern. Denn zum einen hat Voegelin der anders als def ehemalige Nazi Carl Schlnitt - nieht moralisch diskreditiert ist

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    8eline, trotz autoritarer Zilge, sehr viel demokratiefahigere Variante von Po-litischer Theologie entworfen, wie sic hcutigen Sympalhisanten mit diesemKonzept ehCf vertl etbar erschcinen konntc. 2um anderen werden dcrartigeFragen im Grunde niemals ganzlich erledigt, und erst recht hn interkultu-rellen Dialog ist zu erwarten, dass uns die religiose PoIitikbcgrUndung inZukunft auch weiterhin begegnet.

    Der Kommentar zur Diskussion zwischen Kelsen und Voegelin libel Voe-gelins Neue Wissenschaft der PoHtik soH jedoch dem Nachwort vorbehal-ten bleiben. Hier IDochle ich es nicht verstiumen einigenMenschen zu dan-ken, die auf verschiedeneWeise dazu beigetragen haben, dass diescs Bucherscheinen konnle. An erster SteHe habe ieh Professor Dietmar Hlerz vondel Universitat Erfurt zu danken. Professor Herz hat mich auf das Manu-skript von Hans Kelsen aufmerksam gemaeht und diese Vcr6ffentlichungiiberhaupt erst angeregt. Weiterhin moehte ich Josephine Hagc danken, diemil beiI Korrekturlesen und Vergleichen des Textes mit der Manuskript-

    ~ o p geholfen hat. Danken moehtc ieh aueh Professor Peter J Opitz vomEric Voegelin Arehiv in Miinehen, del mireinige wertvolJe Hinweise Zli EdeVoegelins Neuer Wissensehaft der Politik und ihrer Enlstehungsgeschiehtegegeben hat. Professor Opitz vertriu zu Eric Voegelins Neuer Wissenschaftdef Pohtik freilieh eine ganz andere Meinung, als sie in Hans Kdsens Re-zension und im Naehtwort zu diesem Band ausgedrUekt ist. Fur cine andereLcsart von Voegelins Text und all denjcnigen, die tiefer in diesc Materie ein-dIingen wollen, empfehlc ich daher Petcr Opitz Nachwort Z Neuausgabevon 2004 der Neucn Wissensehaft der Politik von Eric Veogc]in. SchlieB-lich moehte ieh natlirlich dem Hans Kclsen Insitut in Wien fur die Genehmi-gung zur Vel offentlichung des Manuskripts danken.

    Eckhart Al nol.d, Dusseldorf 4

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    91.2 Zur TextgestaltDas Manuskript von Hans Kelsens Voegelin-Rezension hegt in Form eines125 semtigen Typoskripts mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen vor. Das Original des Manuskripts liegt im Hans Kelsen Insitut in Wien. Ein Kopie befindetsich im Eric Voegelin Archiv in Miinchen. Bei der Ubtertragung des Manuskriptes wurde groBter Wert auf Texttreue gdegt, d.h. der Text wurde bis aufdie weiler unten aufgezahlten wenigen Anderungen eins zu eins iibertragen,wobei die handschriftlichen Streichungen und Korrekturen jedoch berlicksichtigt wurden. Hervorhebungen im Text, die Kelsen stets durch Unterstreichungen markiert hat, wurden dUTch Kursivschrift wiedergegeben. Ansonsten wurdenledigHch die FuBnotenim Text - abweichend vom Manuskript- mit einer durchgehenden NUlnmerierung vers,ehen. Die KapiteRiberschriften und auch die Nummerierung der Teilkapitel wurden hingegen aus demManuskript tibernommen.Das Original des Textes wurde von Hans Kelsen in englischer Spracheverfasst. Auf eine Ubers,etzung ins Deutsche wurde verzichtet, da die Kenntnis des EngHschen im deutschen Sprachraurn so weit verbreitet ist, dassdie Zuganglichkeit des Textes ftir deutschsprachige Leser dadurch kamuer-schwert wird, wahrend umgekehrt sehr vie1 mehr Leser den englischen Originahext verstehen k5nnen alseine deutsche Ubersetzung.

    An folgenden SteUen wurden Anderungen am Text Kelsens vorgenommen. Die Notwendigkeit zu diesen Anderungen ergab sich daraus, dass dasManuskript an den entsprechenden Stellen unvollsHindig oder syntaktischfehlerhaft war:]. Auf Seite ]5 wurde in FuBnote ]2 das Wort philosophy zwischenAristotle s und justke eingeftigt. 1m Manuskript ist das Wort philosophy ohne genaue Zuordnung am unteren Rand vennerkt.2. Auf Sdte 72 wurde der Text der FuBnote 187 durch einen Verweis auf

    die im TexterorLerte TextsteUeeines Buches von Hendrik Berkhof ersetzt, da aus delu sachlichen Zusammenhang heralls zu vermuten ist,dass Hans Kelsen an dieser Stelle auf Berkhof verweisen wollte. 1mManuskript ist diese FuBnote unvollstandig und lautet Cf upra p.....3. Auf Seite 99 konnte die Position des Satzes The split into two worldsis the result of the Russian revolution but was not at aU the result ofthe gnostic Puritan revolution. nur aus dem Textzusammenhang ermittelt werden. 1m Manuskript ist def Satz ohne genaue Angabe der

    Position einige Zeilen weiter unten nachtdiglich am Rand angebrachtworden. Der Zusammenhang legt jedoch nabe . dass dieser Satz weiteroben eingeftigt werden muss.

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    KapitelHans Kelsen: A New Scienc e Politics2 A Crusade against Positivism is an undeniable fact that the extraordinary progress science has achievedin modern times is in the first place the result of its emancipation from thebonds in which t h o ~ o y had held i t during the Middle Ages. The principleof truthfuHy describing reality and explaining it on a strictly empirical basiswithout having recourse to theology or any other metaphysical speculationiscal ed positwvism. is another fact that a positivistic social science is not ina position to justify an established social order as the realization of absolutevalues. For it can evaluate a social institution only as a means appropriate toachieve a presupposed end but inappropriate if another end is presupposed.That is to say it can evaluate a social institution only conditionally or whatamounts to the same it can attribute to i t only a relative value value positive or negative - meaning the relationship of a means to an end. This isa rdationship of cause and effect and can be ascertained in a scientific wayon the basis of human experience. Consequently a positivistic social sciencecannot evaluate an end which is not itself a means for another end but anultimate end. It cannot evaluate a social institution unconditionally Of whatamounts to the same it cannot attribute to it an absolute value. The absolute in general and absolute values in particular belong to a transcendentalsphere which is beyond scientific experience the field of theology and othermetaphysical speculations. Hence scientific positivism goes hand in handwith relativism.When the foundations of the established social order are shaken by warsand revolutionary movements and the need for an absolute . not merelyative justification of that order becomes urgent religion and with religiontheology and other metaphysical speculations are brought to the front of ioteUectuallife and become ideological instruments of politics. In view of thegreat importance science assumes in modem society the - always existingbut in periods of social equilibrium repressed - tendency of using social sci-

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    ence for the same purpose increases. And this tendency manifests itself in apassionate opposition against relativistic positivism and the attempt to bringscience again under the sway of theology and other metaphysical speculations.A characteristic and very serious symplOm of this tendency is a recentlypublished book which has created widespread comment Eric Vocgelin's

    The New Science of Politics. t undertakes not more and not less than acomplete restoration of political science, which is necessary because - asProfessor Voegelin asserts - this science has been destroyed by positivism.Voegelin does not underestimate the gigantic import of his enteq)rise. Hesays: When science is as thoroughly ruined as it was around 1900 the Inercrecovery of theoretical craftsmanship is a considerabl.c task, to say nothingof the amounts of materials that must be reworked in order to reconstructthe order of relevance in facts and problems. 2 In opposition to dcstruclivepositivism which shirked its task to penetrate to a theoretical understanding of the source of order and its validity that is, thc idca of justice, thenew science of politics is to be established with respect to this task on thebasis of metaphyskal spenllation and theological symbolization ; that is tosay, placed under the spiritual authority of Plato and Thomas Aqllinas, themain but not the only representatives of this type of thinking.J Voegelin accuses positivism of having destroyed science, but does not give any approximately clear definition of that school of thought against which he p ~ e d shis grave indictment The collective term positivism in general, and theterm positivistic social or pohlical science in particular,. comprises manydifferent types of theoretical systems which have only a negative criterionin common: the refusal to have recourse to metaphysical - and that i m p ~ e sreligious-theological - speculation. Voegelin seenlS to be conscious of thisfact, for he speaks of the variety of positivistic phenomena and considers linappropriate to define positivism as the doctrine of this or that outstandingpositivistic thinker. 4 Hence the decisive trend in his fight against positivismcan be only the reaction against the anti-metaphysical attitude prevailing inmodern social philosophy and science. The emancipation of political science from metaphysics and especially fron1 theology does not go back asfar in time as the emancipation of natural science. Until the end of the 18thcentury, theology kept political science under its strict control. The doctrinethat the state is a divine institution and the ruler an authority ordained byGod was almost generally accepted. Hence it is not exactly a new science

    IEric Voegelin, The ew Science Politics An huroduction. Charles Walgreen Lectures.The University of Chicago Press 1952.2L.c., 23

    3L.c., p4- 6fL.c., pp.. .

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    13727. Juli 1954 Kelsen an Voegelin . er riefwechselliegt imHans Kelsen-Institut in Wien. Eine Kopie des Briefwechsels befindet sich im Eric Voege-l in Archiv in MUnchen.Constitution of the Islamic Republichttp://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/irOOOOO_.html of Iran, auf: