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N. Aljovi, 22/05/2009. 1

The Verb and its ComplementationComplements of copular verbs

current predicate appear, feel, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, taste

resultative predicate become, get, go, grow, turn, make

Subject complement, or predicational complement: He turnedplumber.He has gone socialist.

Adverbial complement (Q's predicative adjunct! : - The party will beat 11 o'clock. The drinks are for you.

Monotransitive VP frame: V+Complement

"irect o#ject: N$s, %inite clauses, non&%inite clauses. $assiviation. A roup

o% transitive ver#s t)at

cannot undero passiviation (12.1*!:They have a nice house, Theylack confdence, Will this suit you?

Adjunct (adver#ial! as co+ple+ent (Ac!: HE lives in China, He livesco!ortably, They live on rice, Theylived in the nineteenth century. "#ll get into the car. The bookis selling badly, The door unlockes easily. weigh fvepounds, cost a doller, contain uch...Adjunct (adver#ial! as a second co+ple+ent (-"Ac! (note p. 5!Thehostess showed e to thedoor, He saw $ary home.

Intransitive VP frame (V (A))

o)n snores. 3ar4 is sli++in. our %riends )ave arrived. 6e s+o7es ever4da4. 8)e to+atoes are roin ell.

Ditransitive verbs

IO + DO : He o%ered the boy an icecrea& He o%ered anicecrea to the boy. o+issi#le:This university o%ers a possibility to take e'aswithout restrictions.-ariations : N$ or $$He asked us (uestions about the war. He asked a (uestion ofus.ask of, bring to, do (a favour) for, do (a disservice) to, find for, give to , leave

for/to , lend to, make for, offer to, owe to,

pay for, pour for, promise to, read to, save for, show to, teach to, tell to,

throw to.

No variation:

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He wished us all the happiness. ) He wished all the happines!or.. usallow, refuse, wish

;it)er o#ject o+issi#le:" paid *ohn. " paid the oney. " paid the oney to *ohn.ask, owe, pay, teach, tell, show.

Ditransitive prepositional verbs

-er#s ta7in to co+ple+enst, t)e second o% )ic) is realised #4 a $$. ;to, ledati u sli7u, ?aliti a ne7i+@ (see

iBanovi 200C, p. 2D.!

- transitive $$ co+ple+ent. Ee+antics: '-$' )as +ore or less idio+atic

+eanin (not ala4sentirel4 predicti#le %ro+ t)e +eanin o% - $!

Anal4sis: contra Quir7 C: 8o anal4ses (12.5, p. 50!

1! ...... - A A F $$

2! ...... - " " F N$He looked at the girlur anal4sis ! .... - (or G!

Aru+ents: 1 Gon%usin use o% la#els@ 2. Anal4sis 2 predicts t)at t)e

preposition and t)e N$

t)at %ollos it do not consitute a p)rase. 6oever:1. 8)e preposition +ust precede t)e N$, and cannot %ollo it:

N. Aljovi, 22/05/2009. 2a+ look at the girlher vs. b+ )look the girlher atc!. a#+ call up the girl)her vs. b#+ call herthe girl up2. Goordination:a+ look at the gril and at the boy c!. b+ )call up the girl andup the boy. A s)ared constituent coordination:a+ He wrote and spoke about the sae proble vs. b+ )He

called and rang up the sae girl twiceD. 3ove+ent: 8)e preposition can #e +oved it) t)e N$ (in Huestions %or

eIa+ple! or it can

sta4 #e)ind (preposition strandin!

a) A#out )at pro#le+ did )e tal7J #! K)at pro#le+ did )e tal7 a#outJ

c) LMp )at irl did )e callJ d! K)at irl did )e call upJ

Conclusion:

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$repositional ver#s are transitive verbs that select prepositional objects ($$s

as t)eir o#jects!. live

on vs. ?ivjeti od@ re%er to vs.odnositi se na@ #ut: rite a#out & pisati o@ rel4 on

& osloniti se na.

he combination of a verb plus a preposition may have more or less

idiomatic meaning.

loo7 at (ledati u!, loo7 %or (tra?iti!, loo7 a%ter (#rinuti se o!, call on

(posjetiti!, call %or (a)tijevati!,

deal it) (#aviti se =i+e!, account %or (o#jasniti/opisati!, stare at (#uljiti u!,

ait %or (=e7ati!, ...

Syntactic properties summary

1. 8)e preposition %ollos t)e ver# #ut +ust precede its on co+ple+ent

N$.

2. 8)e $$ co+ple+ent can #e separated %ro+ t)e ver# #4 an adver#, #ut not

#4 t)e co+ple+ent o%t)e preposition:They called early on the an, )They called theman on. 3an4 prepositional ver#s allo t)e noun p)rases to #eco+e t)e su#ject o%

a passive

trans%or+ation o% t)e sentence, t)e preposition is stranded:The an wascalled on.ut: - The lawn can#t be walked on. vs. ?The lawn wasis notwalked on.

Differences: prepositional verbs an! V+A (PP)$repositional o#jects de+and prono+inal Huestions: with whom, about

what, who, what .... $

Oree co+#ination ver#s de+and adver#ial Huestions (interr. adver#ials! :

)ere, )en, )o, etc.

They called on $ary - Who did they call on? )Where...The called at the hotel - Where did they call? )What did theycall at?$assiviation/ The an was called on vs. )The hotel was calledat 0call 0in+ at a place - svratiti negd1e+

"ype II prepositional verbsDitransitive verbs "ou#le o#jects 1 2, it) t)e second o#ject realied

as a $$

& 2lease reind e of our meeting? 2assive/ - 3he wasreinded of her duties.blame something on someone, provide smt. for someone, supply something

for/to someone

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blame someone for something, provide someone with smt, supply someone

with smt.

P#rasal verbs (p. DC, 12.2,!

a ver# plus a particle (preposition/adver#li7e!. -er4 o%ten )ave

unpredicti#le idio+atic +eanins.

8)e4 can #e intransitive as ell as transitive.

Intransitive p#rasal verbs:

sit down, drink up, take off, break down, give in, etc.

8)e particle: adver# t)at can %unction as a place adjuncts ot)erise@

preposition

Anal4sis: V + particle.

"ransitive p#rasal verbs:

set up a new unit, fnd out whether they are coing, drinkup your ilk

Syntactic properties1. t)e particle can precede or %ollo t)e direct o#ject N$: set a new unitup; drink your ilk up

#ut: )fnd whether they are coing outN. Aljovi, 22/05/2009.

2. t)e particle must %ollo apronominal direct o#ject: set it up vs. )setup itesides, no adverbial can appear #eteen t)e ver# and a particle %olloin

it: & )set iediately up a

new unitP#rasal$prepositional verbs!!catch up" with", come up with, cut down on, give in to, keep up with, look

down on, put up with,

stay away from

8)e %irst particle is a particle, t)e second is a preposition: -particle

$$co+ple+ent

& Who does he puts up with ? 0stranding+& We look !orward eagerly to your ne't party. 0adverb be!orethe preposition+

)We are looking !orward it to.transitive p)rasal ver#s selectin %or a $$ co+ple+ent;Iercices:

K)ic) o% t)e sentences #elo contain p)rasal ver#s and )ic) contain

prepositional ver#sJ4. 5o one can account !or Willia#s e'traordinary behaviour.6. The $inistry turned down our proposal.

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7. 8ou can always rely on 2hilip.9. The boys waited patiently !or their others.:. 8ou will have to allow !or a slight loss o! (uality in theprocess.

;. . He looked up all the dicult words in this dictionary.@. $rs. Carey put on her nicest dress.4A. They could think o! no better solution.

Similarity: prepositional ver#s and transitive p)rasal ver#s loo7 ver4 +uc)

ali7e )en passivied:They rang up the telephone copany.They looked a!ter her child.

c. The telephone copany was rung up several ties thisorning. (preposition strandin!d. The child was very well looked a!ter. (ver#&particle co+#ination!

Note t)at t)ere is no ot)er alternative to (d! a#ove, )ere t)e preposition

could #e pie&piped alon

it) t)e N$ t)at +oves to t)e su#ject position o% t)e sentence@ in ot)er

ords t)e (e! is

unra++atical: e+ )B!ter the child was well looked.Comple% transitive complementation

$redicative&adver#ial co+ple+ent : DO oC intensive relationship4. baa set the prisoners free 2. baa Dung the dooropen8AEP: & rac7et t)e +ajor constituents. & a#el t)e +ajor constituents o% t)e

-$s. & K)at 7ind o% constituents are t)e4:

o#liator4 or optionalJ K)at is t)e %unction o% t)e A$ '%ree'J

1' set RN$ t)e prisonersS RA$ %reeS

A co+pleI %unction: - " Pc+Ac". 8raditional na+e: comple% transitive

complementation: -

" G.

6. 3he called her baby eorge. 6. 3he called the proposalabsurd.7. Her baby was called eorge. 9. )eorge was called herbaby.Comple% transitive verbs (suc) as call, set, fling! re#uire two Go+ple+ents:

a ", anot)er )ic)

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)as an adver#ial %unction relatin it to t)e ver#, and +ore i+portantl4 a

predicative %unction relatin

it to t)e "irect o#ject.

8AEP: rac7et t)e $cAc in t)e %olloin sentences and inicate )o t)e4

are realied:

& Who le!t the door open? - They elected baa president. -*i treated the whole a%air as a 1oke.& 3he threw the window open.&' Pre!icative a!uncts

N. Aljovi, 22/05/2009. D

$racket constituents in t)e %olloin sentences. a#el t)e -$ constituents.

8r4 to deter+ine )ic)

-$&constituents are Go+ple+ents and )ic) are optional Adjuncts (i.e.

adver#ials!:

They have painted the house red .They have appointed *ohn Frown their new anager." always eat vegetables raw.3he arried young.

The (ueen naed the ship $argo "".He returned her all her letters unopened.

They elected you their chairan.Go+pare:

paint t)e )ouse red

set t)e prisoners %ree"i%%erence:

red is o+issi#le,free is not:

&They have painted the house, and ore specifcally theypainted it red.& )baa set the prisoners, and ore specifcally he setthe !ree.& "! they have painted the house red, they have painted thehouse.& )"! they set the prisoners !ree, they set the.

Also consider:G He le!t the house angry with his wi!eG naware o! the danger he walked into the building.Ounctions: t)e )ouse "@ anr4 it) )is i%e A ()o )e le%t t)e )ouse!

$ ()at state o% +ind

)e as in! dual %unction: P+A pre!icative a!unct.

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8AEP : denti%4 t)e $redicative Adjuncts in t)e %olloin eIa+ples. 6o

are t)e $As realiedJ

&They painted the door green.& 3he arried the 2rince o! Wales young.

& Curious, he opened the letter.& Iord 3oaes died a Catholic at the age o! >:.& $y !riends !ro 5ew 8ork have arrived sa!e and sound.

Summariin* " can #e %olloed #4 ele+ents t)at appear to #e predicative

and/or adver#ial and

t)at can #e o#liator4 or optional:

- " paG o#liator4, it) co+pleI transitive ver#s- " pA optional, si+ilar to paG se+anticall4 (predicative relation to Eor "!

- " Ac o#liator4, it) certain transitive ver#s (put...!

Go++on %eature : passiviation8AEP: denti%4 t)e ele+ents t)at %ollo "os in t)e %olloin sentences:G *ohn put the oney in the bo'.G He worded the letter very care!ully.G The children always reind e )0o! their grand!ather+.G The doctor put her on a diet.G He kept his oney in a shoe-bo'.G The overnent has brought the country close toeconoic ruin.

G The police posted 6A en around the house.on$finite clauses as !irect obectKit)out su#ject: He wants to talk to you, He likes talkingKit) su#ject:He wants her to come He saw her comeHe saw her coming He !ound the seats occupied.

N. Aljovi, 22/05/2009. 5

Comple% transitive complementation.

Anal4sis: E - " $c(or G!, .... " ... )er@ %& to&in%. clause (E! -to co+e

- 3he was seen coing, They are considered to be veryhonest people. Etc.Sections '.*+, present similar cases as involving complementation by

non*finite clauses with an overt subject.

,' Infinitival clauses -it# subect

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actual main verbs- assu+e, #elieve, consider, %eel, %ind, i+aine, 7no,

suppose, t)in7.

;.*ohn believed that the stranger was a policean*ohn believed the stranger to be a policeanThe stranger was believed to be a policean)The stranger was believed that ... was a policean

The pro!essor assued that the student knew soe JrenchThe pro!essor assued the student to know soe Jrench0!oral+

The student was assued ... to know soe Jrenchon*factual- allo, appoint, cause, co+pell... p. 51 c)ec7 'eIpletive t)ere

test' and corre%erential

su#ject

*ohn intended $ary to sing an aria. They elected her to bethe ne't treasurer.Attention: passiviation is not ala4s possi#le

Gorre%erential su#jects:

& %actual and causative ver#s & re%leIive,

#elieved t)at )ad on #elieved myself to )ave on

& so+e volitional, attutudinal ver#s: ero

intended t)at s)ould o intended ReroES to o

&' .are infinitive clauses -it# subect

1. 8)ree causative ver#s: have (Fcause!, let, make2. Eo+e ver#s o% perception:feel, hear, notice, observe, see, smell, watch

(also it) in

participial clause!

.elp and know +a4 occur it) t)e #are in%initive or t)e to&in%initive

clausesThey had Fob teach $ary. " watched Fob teach $ary.$assive trans%or+ation: #are in%. to&in%initive : o# as +ade/seen toclean )is roo+.

No passive:feel, let, have, watch (see N8; p. 52!

/' $in* participial clauses -it# subect1& perception (+an4 it) #are in%. too!:feel, hear, notice, observe, overhear,

percieve, see,

smell, spot, spy, watch.

2& o% encounter: catch, discover, find, have

& causative:get, have

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%ound )i+ drivin +4 car.

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2. angry about, angry at/with.

about happy annoyed, reasonable, worriedat alarmed, clever, good, hopelessforgrateful, sorryfrom different distant, distinct, freeof afraid, fond, full, tired,on/upon dependent, keen based, set,to close, due grateful, similar, opposedwith bored, friendly, happy, pleased&lausal adjectival complements

certainty aware, certain, confident, sure indicativevolition an2ious, eager, willing 3putative3 should or subjunctiveemotive adj. angry, annoyed glad, pleased surprised 3putative3 should orindicative

We were confdent that Karen was still alive." a an'ious that he beshould be ?is peritted to resign." a sorry 0that+ you have to leave so early (indicative refers toan event as an established fact)" a surprised 0that+ you didn#t call the doctor be!ore 0that+anyone o! your intelligence should swallow a lie likethat.;Itraposition-"t is true that she is a vegetarian t)at&c. eItraposed su#ject, not

co+pl. o% A."t is essential that the ban 0should+ be li!ted toorrow."t is strange that she isshould be so late."t is unclear what they would do.4h*clause complements" was doubt!ull 0as to+ whether " should stay.* careful about, fussy about, unclear about, uncertain of, unsure of,

o*infinitival complements

N. Aljovi, 22/05/2009. CFob is splendid to build a house. 0care!ul, careless, craLy,

!oolish, nice, wrong...+Fob is slow to build a house. 0(uick, propt M a sall groupo! B+Fob is sorry to make a mistake 0a!raid, ashaed, glad,interested, relieved, worried...+

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Fob is hesitant to build a house. 0able, an'ious, certain,eager, keen, willing...+& Mnspeci%ied e+#edded E:Fob is hard to convince 0e'trp/ "t is hard to convince Fob, To

convince Fob is hard+ 0dicult,easy, ipossible...+The !ood is ready 0!or you+ to eat. 0available, !ree, so!t...+"t is iportant to be accurate. 0e'trp+ 0!ortunate, possible,surprising, wrong+- Fob ust be a splendid cra!tsan to have built this house.(discontinuous co+p. o% A!

*5ng clause complements

I'm busy (with getting the house redecorated!e're fortunate (in having "unt #ary as a baby$sitter.

%%s&!e are used to not having a car.I'm hopeless at keeping the garden tidy.he's not capable of looking after herself.-je?#e:

2. Identify the functions and categorial status of the constituents inthe following sentences and phrasesfollowing the model answer: (4X5p)MO!": 8o loaves ill #e su%%icient.

E F E - EGE F N$ to loaves- F auI copula ill #eEG F A$ su%%icient1. $anda live entirel4 o%% #a+#oo s)oots.

2. 8)e4 sa4 )e's eItre+el4 intellient.

. +erel4 anted to 7no )is na+e.

D. 8)e picture as loo7ed at #4 +an4 tourists.

#. $se labeled brac%eting to identify the grammatical category ofeach word in the following sentence &'(p):

& t %inall4 )it +e so+e doen or so 4ears later. )ad one to Eanta Oee tointervie a painter

and as sittin in a local pia parlour, drin7in #eer and eatin pia and

atc)in a

+iraculousl4 #eauti%ul sunset.

*. +ay for each of the following syntactic notions whether it is &a) afunctional category , &b) a le-ical

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category, or &c) a sentential function &'().preposition, co+ple+ent, adver#ial, adjective, +odi%ier, conjunction,

pronoun, predicate,

deter+iner, adver#.

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