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Module 2/Handout 1/A three minute guide to metacognition Handout 1: A three minute guide to metacognition Metacognition means thinking about your own thinking Two parts are involved: 1. Reflection . . . appreciating what we know/prior knowledge. 2. Self regulation . . . managing learning and the application of previous knowledge/experience to a new learning situation. Metacognitive approaches can help learners to become reflective in their learning and to employ effective learning strategies to learning situations. Teachers need to facilitate and support learners in their problem solving, helping them develop skills on how to learn. We need to encourage learners to be aware of their own thinking – both in a conscious way and also strategically, when using thinking that is directed towards a goal. As learners begin to understand this process, they will then be able to learn more effectively and intentionally. Teachers also need to ensure that learners have the knowledge and awareness to be able to monitor and adapt their own knowledge (Tarricone, 2011). The more general strategies learners learn, the better they become at using them across different learning situations. ‘The broader the range of strategies that learners know and can appreciate where they apply, the more precisely they can shape their approaches to the demands of a particular circumstance’ (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000, page 100). Metacognitive knowledge = reflecting on what we already know Metacognitive regulation = directing our learning Three useful ways to support learners to direct their own learning involves getting them to PMC: Plan approaches to tasks – identify the problem, choose strategies, organise their thoughts, and predict outcomes. Monitor activities during learning – test, revise, and evaluate the effectiveness of their strategies. Check outcomes – evaluate the outcomes/learning objectives against specific criteria. Building a culture of metacognition in the classroom The culture of the classroom should support learners in being proactive and empowered to think, reflect and problem solve. Teachers who are developing metacognitive skills in the classroom can help learners incorporate active reflection in their learning. They can model and scaffold the processes of reflection, questioning, evaluating, and other thinking strategies. Teachers need to provide learners with opportunities to reflect on learning and to learn to regulate or direct their work. We can encourage learners to do the following. Predict outcomes – what will happen when or if . . . ? Ask questions – learners can demonstrate the direction their thinking is taking them as they work. The ‘What? Why? When? Where?’ of a learning situation. Selfassess learning – learners need to reflect on their learning and determine skills acquisition or learning development. Become resilient learners – to appreciate that if they make a mistake, that mistake can be used as a learning experience. Mistakes or misconceptions are valuable learning experiences. Resilient learners are also more able to complete a task which may have initially been challenging for them (Colby, 2011). Learners also need to be able to direct their thinking and clarify the areas where they require assistance. As Larkin (2010, page 7) suggests, we need to ensure that learners are ‘consciously thinking about thinking’. The more we facilitate metacognition into everyday classroom practice, the more it will occur.

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Page 1: Handout 1: A three minute guide to metacognitionlearning.gov.wales/docs/learningwales/publications/moduletwo...Module 2/Handout 1/A three minute guide to metacognition Handout 1: A

Module 2/Handout 1/A three minute guide to metacognition 

Handout 1: A three minute guide to metacognition 

Metacognition means thinking about your own thinking Two parts are involved:  

1. Reflection . . . appreciating what we know/prior knowledge. 

2. Self regulation . . . managing learning and the application of previous knowledge/experience to a new learning situation. 

Metacognitive approaches can help learners to become reflective in their learning and to employ effective learning strategies to learning situations. Teachers need to facilitate and support learners in their problem solving, helping them develop skills on how to learn.  We need to encourage learners to be aware of their own thinking – both in a conscious way and also strategically, when using thinking that is directed towards a goal. As learners begin to understand this process, they will then be able to learn more effectively and intentionally.    Teachers also need to ensure that learners have the knowledge and awareness to be able to monitor and adapt their own knowledge (Tarricone, 2011).  The more general strategies learners learn, the better they become at using them across different learning situations. ‘The broader the range of strategies that learners know and can appreciate where they apply, the more precisely they can shape their approaches to the demands of a particular circumstance’ (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000, page 100).   

Metacognitive knowledge = reflecting on what we already know Metacognitive regulation = directing our learning 

 Three useful ways to support learners to direct their own learning involves getting them to PMC: 

Plan approaches to tasks – identify the problem, choose strategies, organise their thoughts, and predict outcomes. 

Monitor activities during learning – test, revise, and evaluate the effectiveness of their strategies.   Check outcomes – evaluate the outcomes/learning objectives against specific criteria. 

 Building a culture of metacognition in the classroom The culture of the classroom should support learners in being proactive and empowered to think, reflect and problem solve. Teachers who are developing metacognitive skills in the classroom can help learners incorporate active reflection in their learning. They can model and scaffold the processes of reflection, questioning, evaluating, and other thinking strategies. Teachers need to provide learners with opportunities to reflect on learning and to learn to regulate or direct their work.  We can encourage learners to do the following. 

•   Predict outcomes – what will happen when or if . . . ? •   Ask questions – learners can demonstrate the direction their thinking is taking them as they work. The 

‘What? Why? When? Where?’ of a learning situation. •   Self‐assess learning – learners need to reflect on their learning and determine skills acquisition or learning 

development. •   Become resilient learners – to appreciate that if they make a mistake, that mistake can be used as a learning 

experience. Mistakes or misconceptions are valuable learning experiences. Resilient learners are also more able to complete a task which may have initially been challenging for them (Colby, 2011).  

 Learners also need to be able to direct their thinking and clarify the areas where they require assistance. As Larkin (2010, page 7) suggests, we need to ensure that learners are ‘consciously thinking about thinking’.   The more we facilitate metacognition into everyday classroom practice, the more it will occur.