Handling & Evaluation of lung biopsies

Prepared by:Mr: Mahmoud El-HindiMiss: Afnan Abdelmoneim

Objectives

1. Handling and Evaluation of lung biopsies

2. Understand methods for detection

Lungs Introduction

The lungs are part of our respiratory system along with the trachea, bronchioles, nasal cavity, larynx and the pharynx.

Without our respiratory system our bodies would not be able to breathe in the oxygen we need to live.

Lung structure

The major features of the lungs include the bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveoli. The alveoli are the microscopic blood vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

Lung Structure

Lungs functions

Your lungs, as part of the respiratory system work to bring oxygen into the body and exhale waste gases such as carbon dioxide out of the body. As this takes place your lungs expand and decrease in size.

Where does the oxygen go?

The blood cells that circulate through tiny blood vessels near the lungs pick up oxygen and carry it around the body to the sites of respiration.

The oxygen will soon react with glucose to produce energy that our bodies need.

Other Functions

Help in the regulation of blood pressure. Balance the pH of blood. Filter out small blood clot from veins. Influence the concentration of some

biologic substances and drugs used in medicine in blood.

Provide airflow for the creation of vocal sounds.

Location of your lungs

The base of your lungs rests on the diaphragm. The diaphragm separates the lungs and heart from the organs in your abdomen.

As the background picture shows your lungs are enclosed within your rib cage. They are protected by the breast bone, back bone as well as the rib cage.

Overview

Pulmonary allograft biopsies are an important aspect in the care of lung transplant patients.

The biopsies are reviewed to assess for histological findings that may reveal acute rejection, infection, airway inflammation, chronic rejection (bronchiolitis obliterans), and/or vascular rejection.

Cont.

Evaluating tissue for the presence of infection is very important as an infectious process may occur simultaneously with rejection and be a confounding factor in the interpretation of lung transplant biopsies.

Additional diagnostic comments may be made about the presence or absence of chronic airway rejection (bronchiolitis obliterans), as well as chronic vascular rejection.

Diseases of the Lung

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer, like all cancers is a disease that disrupts the DNA in your body’s cells. There are many different causes that can cause lung cancer; smoking, air pollution, and radon gas etc.

There are two types, small cell lung cancer

and non-small cell lung cancer.

These are determined by the appearance of the tumor cells.

Lung Cancer

Normal Lung

Lung Cancer

Silicosis

Silicosis is a respiratory disease caused by inhaling silica dust.

Three types of silicosis exist; simple chronic, accelerated and acute silicosis.

It can be detected by eithera chest x-ray, pulmonary function tests purified protein derivative or a skin test.

The outcome varies on theamount of damage to the lungs.

Silicosis

simple chronic, accelerated and acute silicosis.

Other lung diseases & problems

Asthma – is a chronic, ongoing lung disease linked to acute flare-ups or attacks of difficulty with breathing.

Pneumonia - is a general term for a wide variety of conditions that cause an inflammation of the lungs.

Bronchitis – is an inflammation of the air passages within the lungs.

Pulmonary fibrosis – is hardening or scarring of lung tissue because of excess collagen.

COPD – is a chronic, ongoing, progressive disease of the lower respiratory tract in the lungs.

Cont. Cystic fibrosis – is a chronic, progressive and debilitating disease

that affects the lungs, intestines, liver, and pancreas.

Mesothelioma – is a relatively rare cancer, that is usually associated with asbestos.

Tuberculosis – is a bacteria that usually causes disease in the lung.

Collapsed lung – is a condition where all or part of the lung collapses or deflates due to the space between the lung and the chest cavity becoming filled with air.

Lung abscess – is having pus in the lung.

Respiratory infections – is any infection that occurs to the respiratory system.

How to keep your lungs healthy

Don’t smoke anything. Maintain a healthy diet. Try to exercise regularly. Being immunized can lower your risk of

contracting a lung condition. Use a humidifier to help keep your home

as free of irritants and germs as possible.

Thank You For Your Attention